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Turizmin nispeten yeni bir alt dalı olan arkeoturizm, son zamanlarda miras turizmine dönük artan ilgide önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Dünyanın farklı bölgelerindeki kritik miras alanları, ev sahibi ülkelerde birçok kişi için iş fırsatı yaratmanın yanı sıra bu ülkelere büyük ekonomik girdi sağlayıcılar haline gelmiştir. Ancak, aynı şey Paleolitik Çağ'dan bu yana antik kültürlerin kesintisiz izlerini barındıran devasa bir alan olarak benzersiz olmasına rağmen, Anadolu (Asia Minor) için geçerli değildir. Uygun bir arkeoturizm planlaması ve çevre yönetimi, Türkiye’nin genel refahına katkıda bulunan, bölgenin kültürel, ekonomik ve bütüncül gelişiminin anahtarı olacaktır., Archaeotourism, a relatively new sub-branch, has played significant roles in the recently growing interest in heritage tourism. Critical heritage areas in different parts of the world have become great economic contributors to their host countries, generat-ing job opportunity for many. However, the same thing is not valid for Asia Minor alt-hough it is unique as a huge area to host continual traces of ancient cultures from the Palaeolithic Age. A proper archaeotourism planning and environment management can be the key to cultural, economic and integrational development of the region, contrib-uting to the overall wellbeing of Turkey.

Genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) can vary over the years between different patient groups and regions. The prevalence of intravenous drug users (IVDU) is known to increase in our country, yet there are a limited number of studies investigating the distribution of HCV genotypes in this group. These data are essential for monitorization of the changes in HCV epidemiology. The present study aimed to evaluate the five-year results of HCV genotyping among patients infected with HCV related to IVDU and unrelated to drug use. Plasma samples of 720 patients (HCV antibody, HCV RNA positive), which were sent to our laboratory for HCV genotyping between January 2014-March 2019 were analyzed. HCV RNA extraction from plasma samples was performed in the automated-extraction system of EZ1 advanced (Qiagen, Germany) using the EZ1 virus mini kit v2.0 (Qiagen, Germany). Amplicons were obtained by amplifying the 5’NCR and core gene region in the Rotorgene 6000 real-time PCR (Qiagen, Germany) device with the HCV RNA real-time quantitative 2.0 (NLM, Italy) kit. For the genotyping, a commercial line probe assay (LIPA) based on in vitro reverse hybridization GEN-C2.0 kit (NLM, Italy) which can distinguish 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 genotypes and 1a, 1b, 2a/c, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3k, 4a, 4b, 4c/d, 4e, 4f, 4h, 5a, 6a/b, 6g, 6f/q, 6m, 7a subtypes of HCV, based on variations in the 5’-NCR and core regions was used. HCV genotype distribution of 266 IVDU (93.2%: male; median age: 25 ± 6.82) and 454 non-drug users (51.3%: male; median age: 56.5 ± 16.06) were examined. In order of frequency in the group with IVDU; genotype 1a, 3a, 1b, 4c/d, 2b, 4, 3 were observed and genotype 1, 2a/c and mixed genotype (1+3a) were detected in one patient. In the group without IVDU, in order of frequency; genotype 1b, 1a, 3a, 1, 2a/c, 4 were observed and genotype 2b, 4c/d, 5a, 6a/b, 6 and mixed genotype (3+4) were detected in one patient. Genotypes 1a and 3a were significantly higher in the IVDU group (p< 0.00001, p< 0.00001), while 1b was significantly higher in patients without IVDU (p< 0.00001). Genotypes 1a and 3a were more common in young men (p< 0.00001, p= 0.000163), while 1b was higher in middleaged women (p< 0.00001). The incidence of genotypes 1b (p= 0.021) and 3a (p= 0.012) was higher in foreign nationals than the Turkish patients. When the HCV genotype distribution was examined by years, it was observed that the percentages of genotype 1b and 1a were decreasing, while the percentage of genotype 3a was increasing. As a result, in this study, HCV genotype distribution among IVDU was observed to be different from the general population without IVDU. It was found that genotypes 1a and 3a were more common in the IVDU group. As in the other regions of our country, genotype 1b was found most frequently in the general population. Genotype 3a increases significantly compared to years. In our study, the determination of genotypes existing in different parts of the world may be due to the foreign nationals living in our city and our region is a tourism center. It is also necessary to investigate whether there is an increase in IVDU over the years.

Bu çalıĢmada spor takım eFANgelizmi ilefutbol izleyicilerinin seyirci, taraftar ve fanatik tutumları arasındaki iliĢkiyi ortaya koymak amaçlanmıĢtır. Bu amaç BeĢiktaĢ, Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray ve Trabzonspor taraftarları olmak üzere dört ayrı ana kütleden toplanan toplam 362 futbol izleyicisi üzerinde test edilmiĢtir. Verilerin toplanmasında futbol izleyicilerinin düzeylerini (seyirci, taraftar, fanatik) belirleyebilmek amacıyla “Futbol Taraftarı Fanatiklik Ölçeği” ve futbol izleyicilerinin takımla ilgili inançların ve takım merkezli etkileĢimlerin hararetli bir Ģekilde yayılması yoluyla harekete geçirilen taraftar davranıĢını belirlemek için ise “Spor Takımı Evangelizmi (eFANgelizmi) Ölçeği” kullanılmıĢtır. Verilerin analizinde normallik sınaması yapılarak verilerin normal dağıldığı tespit edilmiĢ ve parametrik testlerden yararlanılmıĢtır. AraĢtırmaya katılan futbol izleyicilerinin taraftar fanatiklik ölçeğine göre %34,8’i (126) fanatik, % 35,4’ü (128) taraftar ve %29,8’i seyircidir (sporsever); futbol izleyicilerinden fanatiklerin spor takımı eFANgelizmi seyirci ve taraftara göre anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunmuĢtur. Ayrıca spor takımı eFANgelizmi ile futbol taraftarı fanatiklik (Ģiddete yönelik düĢünce/eylem eğilimi ve kurumsal aidiyet) alt boyutları arasında pozitif yönlü bir iliĢki tespit edilmiĢtir. Buradan hareketle, fanatik ve taraftar olan eFANgelistlerin herhangi bir beklenti içerisine girmeden taraftarı oldukları takımları tanıtarak, takım merkezli etkileĢimlerin yayılmasını sağladıkları söylenebilir. The aim of this research is to reveal the correlation between sports team eFANgelism and the spectator, fan and fanatic attitudes of football Spectators. Besiktas, Galatasaray Fenerbahce, Trabzonspor fans, this goal was tested on a total of 362 football spectators gathered from four separate main masses: Galatasaray and Trabzonspor. The "football fan fanaticism scale “was used to determine the level of Football Spectators (spectators, fans, fanatics) and the” sports team evangelism scale “was used to determine fan behavior mobilized by the heated dissemination of Football Spectators' beliefs about the team and team-centered interactions. In the analysis of the data, a normality test was performed and it was determined that the data was distributed normally and parametric tests were used. According to the fan fanaticism scale, 34.8% (126) were fanaticism, 35.4% (128) were fans and 29.8% were spectators (sports fans); sports team eFANgelism of football spectators was found to be significantly higher than spectators and fans. In addition, a positive correlation was found between sports team eFANngelism and the lower dimensions of football fan fanaticism (tendency to think/act towards violence and institutional belonging). Based on this, it can be said that eFANgelists, who are fanatics and fans, promote the teams they are supporters of without any expectations, ensuring the spread of team-centered interactions.

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms and can be transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another. With direct effects or complications they cause, infectious diseases such as febrile diseases, syphilis, brucellosis, malaria, Lyme Disease, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus, rabies and coronavirus disease (COVID) can cause psychiatric symptoms. Medicines such as mefloquine and interferon used in the treatment of infectious diseases can also cause psychiatric symptoms. Infectious diseases such as influenza A viruses and toxoplasma gondii parasite can be present in the etiology of some psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia. Psychiatric disorders can also facilitate the spread of infectious diseases. As we have seen in the COVID-19 outbreak, global spread of infectious diseases is called a pandemic. During and after the pandemic, the frequency of psychiatric symptoms increases due to the direct effects of the pandemic or, quarantine and social isolation applied due to the pandemic. These symptoms include depressive symptoms, sleep disturbances, anxiety, obsessive symptoms, irritability, loneliness, helplessness, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. There is a high comorbidity between infectious diseases and psychiatric diseases, and clinicians should always consider this condition in epidemics and later periods.

Hyponatremia is a potentially dangerous side effect of antidepressants. Almost every antidepressant can cause hyponatremia. Duloxetine-induced hyponatremia is a side effect that is usually seen in older women. In addition to advanced age and female sex; low body weight, presence of comorbid diseases are other important risk factors for the development of hyponatremia. In this case report we present a patient with depressive disorder who developed hyponatremia with duloxetine treatment which resolved immediately after the cessation of the medication with supportive electrolyte treatment. In our case, the resolution of hyponatremia with supportive electrolyte treatment in addition to the cessation of duloxetine reminds us about the importance of monitoring sodium levels both before and after antidepressant treatment in geriatric populations., Hiponatremi, antidepresanların potansiyel olarak tehlikeli bir yan etkisidir. Hemen hemen her antidepresan hiponatremiye neden olabilir. Duloksetin kaynaklı hiponatremi genellikle yaşlı kadınlarda görülen bir yan etkidir. İleri yaş ve kadın cinsiyetine ek olarak; düşük vücut ağırlığı, komorbid hastalıkların varlığı hiponatremi gelişimi için diğer önemli risk faktörleridir. Bu olgu sunumunda, ilacın kesilmesinden hemen sonra düzelen duloksetin tedavisi ile hiponatremi gelişen depresif bozukluğu olan bir hasta sunulmaktadır. Bizim olgumuzda, duloksetin kesilmesine ek olarak, hiponatreminin destekleyici elektrolit tedavisi ile çözülmesi bize geriatrik popülasyonlarda antidepresan tedavisinden önce ve sonra sodyum seviyelerinin izlenmesinin önemini hatırlatmaktadır.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliabilities of the Biosen C Line (BCL) laboratory and Lactate Scout (LS) hand-held portable lactate analyser within a wide range lactate concentration. LS analyser was compared to the BCL analyser (reference method) to evaluate its validity. Materials and methods: Blood samples were taken during an incremental treadmill test under laboratory conditions. In order to evaluate reliability, 99 blood samples with lactate concentrations changed between 0.8-11.1 mM were measured twice. Results: For the LS analyser, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.994; typical error of measurement (TE) and coefficient of variation (CV) were 0.200 mM and 2.95%, respectively. For the BCL analyser, ICC was 1.000; TE and CV were 0.044 mM and 0.50%, respectively. LS hand-held portable- and BCL laboratory analysers’ reliability results show perfect accordance. In order to evaluate LS analyser reliability, 99 blood samples with lactate concentrations between 0.8-11.1 mM were also measured, giving a high validity coefficient of 0.976. Validity was also separately assessed for the three sample ranges of 5.0 mM, yielding ICC values of 0.862, 0.903 and 0.783, respectively. Comparing with the Bland & Altman method, LS and reference method mean lactic acid concentration difference was -0.097 mM, and limits of agreement -1.342 and 1.147 mM. Conclusion: The results of the study revealed that the LS analyser has high validity, however at concentrations higher than 5.0 mM, its measures are found significantly lower than those of the reference method.

Gebelik dönemi kadın yaşamında fizyolojik, ruhsal ve sosyal değişimlerin yaşandığı bir dönemdir. Gebelik dönemi ve sonrasındaki bu değişimler çeşitli ruhsal hastalıklara sebep olabilmektedir. Bu hastalıklardan doğum sonrası depresyon perinatal dönemde sık görülmektedir. Doğum sonrası depresyon anne ve bebek için önemli bir morbidite ve mortalite sebebidir. Peripartum başlangıçlı bir major depresif epizod hamilelikte ve ya doğum sonrası 4 haftaya kadar ortaya çıktığında doğum sonrası depresyon olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Sıklığı son derece yüksektir. Etyolojisinde biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyokültürel faktörlerin etkili olduğu bildirilmektedir. Çökkünlük, anhedoni, suçluluk düşünceleri, sinirlilik, konsantrasyon bozukluğu, psikomotor ajitasyon, psikomotor retardasyon, uyku düzensizliği, iştah ve kilo değişiklikleri gibi major depresyon semptomları ile prezante olur. Tedavisinde ise bir çok farklı seçenek bulunmaktadır. Bu seçeneklerin çoğu major depresyon tedavisinden uyarlanmıştır. Tedavide serotonin geri alım inhibitörleri (SSRI), serotonin noradrenalin geri alım inhibitörleri (SNRI), trisiklik antidepresanlar, östradiol, progesteron, psikoterapiler, elektronvulsiv terapi ve brexanolone kullanılabilmektedir. Brexanolone doğum sonrası depresyon tedavisinde umut vaat eden yeni bir ilaçtır. Doğum sonrası depresyona özel endikasyon almış tek tedavidir. Bu derleme çalışması, güncel veriler ışığında doğum sonrası depresyonun etyoloji, tanı ve tedavisindeki yeni gelişmeleri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Rationale, aims and objectives: This study aims to assess fear, anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, burnout, and insomnia of healthcare workers (HCWs) during novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and to identify their relation to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Method: Totally 600 HCWs were included in this cross-sectional study. A Sociodemographic Data Form, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were used. Results: Of participants, 364 were females and 236 were males with a mean age of 33.49±7.29 years. About 95.3% of HCWs had a fear of infecting their loved ones. Mean MBI and ISI scores were significantly higher among HCWs working in COVID-19 clinics and intensive care units (p=0,000; p=0,039). Mean CAS, FCV-19S, MBI, and ISI scores were significantly higher in women than men (p=0,000; p=0,000; p=0,027; p=0,005). Mean CAS and ISI scores were significantly higher among nurses (p=0,008; p=0,004), while mean ASI-3 of the other HCWs and MBI scores of physicians were significantly higher (p=0,009; p=0,000). Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic is a major health issue associated with psychiatric illnesses in HCW subgroups with distinct sociodemographic characteristics. It is of utmost importance to develop individualized preventive and therapeutic psychiatric services for HCWs.

Objective: To investigate the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients admitted to an addiction center.Methods: The medical files of 4990 patients were analyzed retrospectively.Res...

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to seek evidence for the validity and reliability of the Childbirth Trauma Index Scale, originally developed by Anderson for adolescents, among women in 18–45 age group.MethodTwo hundred twenty women who were in the postpartum period until 72 hours after birth were included in the study. In the study, the Impact of Events Scale was used to test the criterion validity of the Childbirth Trauma Index Scale, being adapted to Turkish.ResultsThe goodness of fit values obtained by the first level CFA (χ2 (19, N = 220) 91.75; p < .01; χ2/SD = 4.82; CMIN = 91.75; RMSEA = 0.132; CFI = .90; GFI = .90) shows that the proposed two-factor model is acceptable in accordance with the data.ConclusionBirth Trauma Index is recommended to be used as a data collection tool in postpartum clinics and primary health care services by health personnel in order to detect postpartum birth trauma.

Heritage tourism has been cited as a progressively increasing popular tourism form globally. Archaeological heritage is among the most significant contributors to the trend. This multi-disciplinary study of archaeology, gastronomy, and tourism aims to revive past authentic culinary culture, asking: (1) can archaeological research contribute to reviving the authentic culinary culture of the prehistoric people? (2) which ancient form is preferred by today’s tourists: as it actually was about 10,000 years ago or it needs manipulation in favour of modern fashion? Two archaeologist authors researched and interpreted the materials excavated in Çatalhöyük, a UNESCO Neolithic heritage site. Then, a gastronomist author re-evaluated the data to cook special dishes in line with the interpreted genuine culinary culture. The sensory analysis of the dishes was scientifically carried out by tourism experts at three different times. The results showed that foods of the past survive and the taste of prehistoric times coincides with that of today and that past culinary products are practically provided in archaeodestinations and enjoyed by masses. Moreover, it constitutes the groundwork for future empirical studies focusing on food-born increased site visitations. The study comprises both practical and theoretical implications in destination managing, servicing, and creating attractions in heritage areas.

Yeni koronavirüs hastalığı (COVID-19) pandemisi Aralık 2019'dan bu yana tüm dünyayı etkilemektedir. Pandemi sürecinde sağlık çalışanları COVID-19 ile mücadelede en önde savaşmaktadır ve birçok sağlık çalışanı bu mücadele sırasında hayatını kaybetmiştir. Pandeminin ön saflarında yer alan sağlık çalışanları bu dönemde yoğun ruhsal ve fiziksel stres altındadır. Pandemi dönemlerinde genel popülasyonda ve özellikle sağlık çalışanlarında psikiyatrik belirtiler ve hastalıklar artmaktadır. Özellikle tükenmişlik, depresyon ve anksiyete belirtileri önemli ölçüde artar. Bu olgu sunumunda, COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında semptomları başlayan, intihar düşüncelerinin eşlik ettiği depresyonu olan ve elektrokonvülsif terapi ile tam remisyona giren bir hekim sunulmaktadır. COVID-19 pandemisinin sağlık çalışanlarının ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri bu olgu sunumu çerçevesinde tartışılmaktadır., Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has been affecting the whole world since December 2019. During the pandemic, healthcare professionals are at the forefront of the fight against COVID-19, and many healthcare workers died during this fight. Healthcare workers, who are at the forefront of the pandemic, are under intense mental and physical stress along this period. This disease makes increase psychiatric symptoms for general population and especially in health professionals at pandemic conditions. In particular, the symptoms of burnout, depression, and anxiety have rised significantly. With this case report, we present a physician who had symptoms that started during the COVID-19 pandemic, had depression accompanied by suicidal thoughts, and went into complete remission with electroconvulsive therapy. The mental health effects of healthcare workers who have had COVID-19 are discussed within the frame of this case report.

Objective We aimed to compare the effectiveness of extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) implant and sublingual buprenorphine-naloxone (BUP-NX) in relapse prevention in opiate use disorder (OUD). Methods Medical records of 400 patients who were treated for OUD between 2016 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated concerning sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and abstinence duration with either BUP-NX (192 patients) or XR-NTX (208 patients) as maintenance treatments. Results The median age of patients using BUP-NX was 25.00, and the median age of patients using XR-NTX was 25.50 (p = .785). The ratio of female patients in the BUP-NX group and the XR-NTX group was 7.3% (n = 14) and 6.7% (n = 14), respectively. A significantly higher abstinence time was observed in the BUP-NX group (median = 4 months) than in the XR-NTX group (median = 3 months) (p = .015). Liver function tests were within the normal ranges at the three time points, which were just before the beginning and in the first and third months of treatment. Conclusions These findings suggest that BUP-NX might be more effective than XR-NTX in preventing relapse in OUD and both drugs are safe for the liver. Prospective randomized studies are needed to replicate our results.

Objectives: Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (IPD) is a movement disorder that cause tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability and deterioration quality of life. To assess the disease different scales can be used: The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) for clinical severity, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ39) to assess quality of life, Beck Depression Scale (BD) for mood assessment and Hoehn Yahr Scale (HY) for clinical staging. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a classification to develop an international common language for the evaluation of the functionality and disability of patients. We aimed to compare validity and efficacy of ICF classification with other scales. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease were evaluated. PDQ39, UPDRS, Hoehn Yahr, Beck Depression Scale and 'Brief ICF core set for hand condition' which was recommended for Parkinson's disease were applied to patients. The brief ICF core set and other scales were compared and assessed if there was any correlation. For analyzes, the MedCalc Statistical Software version 12.7.7 programme was used. Results: The mean age of the IPD patients was 68.3 ± 6.9 years and 71% of them were female (22) and 29% were male (9). According to ICF codes, patients who have eight or more corrupted codes were recorded as 'major code impairment patients', and those with less than eight codes recorded as 'minor code impairment patients'. The total UPDRS score of major code impairment patients was 58.4 ± 29.8, while the mean score of minor code impairment patients was 21.2 ± 14.05. The PDQ39 score of major code impairment patients was 66.4 ± 24.1, while the mean score of minor code impairment patients was 19.3 ± 13.5. According to Hoehn Yahr stage, the ratio of stage 1 were higher in minor ICF patients. Conclusion: While assessing the functioning of the Parkinson's disease patients, we need comprehensive scales that include many parameters. The ICF coding system is an international system, which is very important to develop a common language. The significant correlation between ICF coding system and other scales in our Parkinson's patients, shows the validity of the coding system.

DergiPark: 486447 trakyasobed Organizational learning ability is defined as a series and a set oforganizational tasks and skills that authorize the organization to use itsknowledge and experience based on the experience and knowledge gained, and touse this information as it grows and when knowledge is needed. The concept oforganizational learning ability aims to find and correct mistakes inenterprises, to execute in-house routines, to fix problems that are found orseen, to create information and idea diversity, to be renewed continuously. Theorganizational learning ability and the sub-dimensions that affect theperformance of the enterprises, which have a big share in profitability,branding and sustainability, have been examined in depth and the literaturethat has been acquired has been investigated by the academicians who researchin this issue and the models they have introduced. In this phase, the relationand the differences with the learning organization which is another conceptwhich is discussed further are discussed. The ability of organizationallearning and organizational learning has emerged as a new concept in ourcountry and the issue has not yet been recognized. In this study; the effect oforganizational learning capacity on task and contextual performance has beenexamined. Within the scope of the survey, the questionnaire was distributed to550 people who work in the hospitals that accept to participate in the surveyamong the private hospitals operating in the Istanbul province of Europe and525 people were returned. The survey results were coded and analyzed with thehelp of SPSS and AMOS programs. As a result; Organizational learning capacity,together with its sub-dimensions, was found to positively affect jobperformance and sub-dimensions. Örgütsel öğrenme yeteneği kavramı, işletmelerin içerisinde hatayı bulmave düzeltme, işletme içi rutinleri yürütme, bulunan veya görülen problemleridüzeltme, bilgi ve fikir çeşitliliği oluşturma, devamlı iyiye doğru yenilenmeyiamaçlamaktadır. İşletmelerin performansına etki eden, dolayısıyla karlılığınınartmasında, markalaşmasında ve sürdürülebilirliğinde büyük pay sahibi olanörgütsel öğrenme yeteneği ve bu kavramı oluşturan alt boyutları derinlemesineincelenmiş olup edinilen literatür taraması ile şimdiye değin bu konudaaraştırma yapan akademisyenler ve meydana getirdikleri modeller incelenmiştir.Bu safhada başkaca ele alınan bir diğer kavram olan öğrenen örgüt ile ilişkisive farkları ele alınmıştır. Örgütsel öğrenme ve örgütsel öğrenme yeteneğiülkemizde yeni bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmış olup önemi henüz kavranamamışbir konudur. Bu çalışmada; örgütsel öğrenme yeteneğinin görev ve bağlamsalperformansa etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında hazırlanan anketİstanbul ili Avrupa Yakasında faaliyet gösteren özel hastaneler içinden,araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden hastanelerde çalışan 550 kişiye anketdağıtılmış olup 525 kişiden geri dönüş sağlanmıştır. Anket sonuçları SPSS veAMOS programları yardımıyla kodlanmış ve analize tabi tutulmuşlardır. Sonuçolarak; örgütsel öğrenme kapasitesi alt boyutları ile birlikte iş performansıve alt boyutlarını pozitif olarak etkilediği görülmüştür.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Substance use and addictive disorders are among the most significant public health concerns, particularly during adolescence. The current study aims to investigate internet gaming disorder, social media addiction, and loneliness levels in adolescents and youths with substance use. Methods: The study group consisted of 93 adolescents and youths aged 15-24 who presented to the Alcohol and Substance Addiction Research and Application Center or the Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Diseases outpatient clinic for substance use. Ninety-one healthy volunteers who did not use substances during any period of their lives participated as a control group. The participants fulfilled the Social Media Addiction Scale (SMAS), Internet Gaming Disorder Scale - Short-Form (IGDS9-SF), UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS), and Drug Use Disorders Identification Test - Extended (DUDIT-E). Results: The symptoms of internet gaming disorder were significantly lower in the patient group compared with the control group. Although it was not significant, social media addiction was higher in the patient group than in the control group. The experience of loneliness was significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group. A significant negative correlation was found between treatment motivation and loneliness. Conclusions: School guidance teachers should monitor children who do not have friends or are lonely and be aware of the potential for substance use because it can emerge as a method of coping with the feeling of loneliness among adolescents. In future studies, investigating comprehensive factors contributing to different addictive behaviors may help to clarify the co-occurrence.

Bu araştırmada Dwyer, Mudrick, Greenhalgh, LeCrom ve Drayer (2015) tarafından taraftarların takımlarına olan duygusal bağlılıklarını belirlemek amacıyla geliştirilen Spor Takımına Duygusal Bağlılık Ölçeği’nin (STDBÖ) Türkçeye adaptasyonunun yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray ve Trabzonspor taraftarı olan 320 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Ölçek uyarlama aşaması bir dizi adımlar izlenerek gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlk aşamada ölçeğin orijinal halinin Türkçeye çeviri çalışması yapılmış ve bu aşamada yabancı diller yüksekokulunda görevli ve yurt dışı tecrübesi olan öğretim üyelerinden destek alınmıştır. STDBÖ yapısının Türkiye’deki spor takımları taraftarı örnekleminde uyumlu olup olmadığını birinci ve ikinci düzey doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ile test edilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen DFA sonucu yedi unsur ve iki faktörden meydana gelen ölçeğin orijinal yapısı Türk kültürü içinde uygun olduğu görülmüştür. Analiz sonucu elde edilen uyum indeksi değerleri de bunu desteklemektedir. Ayrıca ölçek maddelerinin, madde ayırt ediciliğinin tespit edilebilmesi için Bilişsel yatırım ve Duygusal yatırım alt boyutlarına ait ölçek puanları en düşük değerden en büyük değere doğru sıralanmıştır. Üstten %27’lik dilime girenler üst grup, alttan %27’lik dilime girenler alt grup olarak belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra maddelerin gruplar arasında (alt grup ile üst grup) farklılıkları t testi ile incelenmiş ve t değerlerinin anlamlı bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma sonucunda STDBÖ Türkçe formunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olarak taraftarların duygusal bağlılıklarını belirlemede kullanılabileceği söylenebilir., In this study, it was aimed to adapt the Emotional Commitment to the Sports Team Scale (ECSTS), which was developed by Dwyer, Mudrick, Greenhalgh, LeCrom, and Drayer (2015) to determine the sports fans' emotional commitment to their teams. The sample of the study consists of 320 people who are fans of Besiktas, Fenerbahce, Galatasaray and Trabzonspor. The scale adaptation stage was carried out by following a series of steps. In the first stage, the original version of the scale was translated into Turkish, and support was received from the faculty members working at the school of foreign languages and having experience abroad. The compatibility of the ECSTS structure in the sample of fans of sports teams in Turkey was tested with the first and second level confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).As a result of CFA, the original structure of the scale, which consists of seven items and two sub-dimensions, was found to be suitable for Turkish culture. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the item loads of the scale varied between .80 and .97 values, and the obtained fit index values were calculated to be χ2/sd = 2.98, p

Despite several alternatives for cellular iron influx, the only mechanism for cellular iron efflux is ferroportin mediated active transport. In cases of ferroportin dysfunction, iron accumulates in the cell and causes ferroptosis. Hepcidin suppresses ferroportin levels and inflammatory activation increases hepcidin production. Mild inflammation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may alter hepcidin and ferroportin.The study included a total of 137 patients aged 18-65 years, 57 diagnosed with schizophrenia and 80 with bipolar disorder, according to the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, and a control group (HC) of 42 healthy individuals. Biochemical analyses, thyroid function tests, hemogram, serum iron level, iron-binding capacity, and ferritin levels were examined. Serum levels of hepcidin and ferroportin were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.A statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in terms of the serum ferroportin levels (F = 15.69, p 0.001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the schizophrenia group had higher ferroportin levels than in the bipolar group (p 0.001) and HCs (p 0.001). Hepcidin levels did not differ between the groups. Chlorpromazine equivalent doses of antipsychotics correlated with ferroportin levels (p = 0.024).Ferroportin levels were increased in the schizophrenia group, although iron and hepcidin levels were within normal ranges. Antipsychotics may alter the mechanisms which control ferroportin levels. Further studies are needed to examine the relationships between antipsychotics and iron metabolism for determination of causal relationship.

Genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) can vary over the years between different patient groups and regions. The prevalence of intravenous drug users (IVDU) is known to increase in our country, yet there are a limited number of studies investigating the distribution of HCV genotypes in this group. These data are essential for monitorization of the changes in HCV epidemiology. The present study aimed to evaluate the five-year results of HCV genotyping among patients infected with HCV related to IVDU and unrelated to drug use. Plasma samples of 720 patients (HCV antibody, HCV RNA positive), which were sent to our laboratory for HCV genotyping between January 2014-March 2019 were analyzed. HCV RNA extraction from plasma samples was performed in the automated-extraction system of EZ1 advanced (Qiagen, Germany) using the EZ1 virus mini kit v2.0 (Qiagen, Germany). Amplicons were obtained by amplifying the 5'NCR and core gene region in the Rotorgene 6000 real-time PCR (Qiagen, Germany) device with the HCV RNA real-time quantitative 2.0 (NLM, Italy) kit. For the genotyping, a commercial line probe assay (LIPA) based on in vitro reverse hybridization GEN-C2.0 kit (NLM, Italy) which can distinguish 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 genotypes and 1a, 1b, 2a/c, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3k, 4a, 4b, 4c/d, 4e, 4f, 4h, 5a, 6a/b, 6g, 6f/q, 6m, 7a subtypes of HCV, based on variations in the 5'-NCR and core regions was used. HCV genotype distribution of 266 IVDU (93.2%: male; median age: 25 ± 6.82) and 454 non-drug users (51.3%: male; median age: 56.5 ± 16.06) were examined. In order of frequency in the group with IVDU; genotype 1a, 3a, 1b, 4c/d, 2b, 4, 3 were observed and genotype 1, 2a/c and mixed genotype (1+3a) were detected in one patient. In the group without IVDU, in order of frequency; genotype 1b, 1a, 3a, 1, 2a/c, 4 were observed and genotype 2b, 4c/d, 5a, 6a/b, 6 and mixed genotype (3+4) were detected in one patient. Genotypes 1a and 3a were significantly higher in the IVDU group (p0.00001, p0.00001), while 1b was significantly higher in patients without IVDU (p0.00001). Genotypes 1a and 3a were more common in young men (p0.00001, p= 0.000163), while 1b was higher in middleaged women (p0.00001). The incidence of genotypes 1b (p= 0.021) and 3a (p= 0.012) was higher in foreign nationals than the Turkish patients. When the HCV genotype distribution was examined by years, it was observed that the percentages of genotype 1b and 1a were decreasing, while the percentage of genotype 3a was increasing. As a result, in this study, HCV genotype distribution among IVDU was observed to be different from the general population without IVDU. It was found that genotypes 1a and 3a were more common in the IVDU group. As in the other regions of our country, genotype 1b was found most frequently in the general population. Genotype 3a increases significantly compared to years. In our study, the determination of genotypes existing in different parts of the world may be due to the foreign nationals living in our city and our region is a tourism center. It is also necessary to investigate whether there is an increase in IVDU over the years.

Introduction: Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST) may lead to cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure; besides, ischemic or hemorrhagic lesions may develop. Intracerebral hemorrhages occur in approximately one-third of CVST patients. We assessed and compared the findings of the cerebral hemorrhage (CH) group and the CVST group. Materials and Methods: In the VENOST study, medical records of 1,193 patients with CVST, aged over 18 years, were obtained from 35 national stroke centers. Demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, signs at the admission, radiological findings, etiologic factors, acute and maintenance treatment, and outcome results were reported. The number of involved sinuses or veins, localizations of thrombus, and lesions on CT and MRI scans were recorded. Results: CH was detected in the brain imaging of 241 (21.1%) patients, as hemorrhagic infarction in 198 patients and intracerebral hemorrhage in 43 patients. Gynecologic causes comprised the largest percentage (41.7%) of etiology and risk factors in the CVST group. In the CH group, headache associated with other neurological symptoms was more frequent. These neurological symptoms were epileptic seizures (46.9%), nausea and/or vomiting (36.5%), altered consciousness (36.5%), and focal neurological deficits (33.6%). mRS was ≥3 in 23.1% of the patients in the CH group. Discussion and Conclusion: CVST, an important cause of stroke in the young, should be monitored closely if the patients have additional symptoms of headache, multiple sinus involvement, and CH. Older age and parenchymal lesion, either hemorrhagic infarction or intracerebral hemorrhage, imply poor outcome.

BACKGROUND To see the relationship of early admission parameters with the type of stroke and/or with the 30-days mortality from this disease. METHODS Stroke patients at their early hyperacute phase (n = 180) were enrolled in this study (156 ischemic strokes and 24 hemorrhagic strokes). Blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), testosterone, and estradiol were determined at admission, before any specific intervention. Patients' clinical data, including the above-mentioned laboratory parameters, were compared between the above two stroke types (in total and between sexes). RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 69.55 ± 12.03 years old (69.92 ± 11.94 years old in ischemic stroke and 67.12 ± 12.54 years old in hemorrhagic stroke). Serum estradiol levels of both males of ischemic stroke and females of hemorrhagic stroke patients were significantly higher than the females of the ischemic stroke. Serum CRP levels of both females and males of the hemorrhagic group were higher than their peers of the opposite group. Early admission serum CRP level ≥ 0.74 mg/dL in males helped predict hemorrhagic stroke while a serum estradiol level ≥ 14.07 ng/mL helped predict the same type of stroke in females. CONCLUSIONS Our study results show that simple early laboratory measures (such as CRP and estradiol) may help in the early phase management of stroke. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Atlas projects and phylogeographic studies provide detailed information of great value on key species; distribution maps of the species are the primary input for establishing hotspots, conservation, and management plans. Krüper's Nuthatch (Sitta krueperi) is endemic to Anatolia, Lesvos Island, and the Caucasus region. We surveyed more than 1400 point counts in Turkey and Greece, covering most of its global distribution in its potential habitat, coniferous forestland, during the breeding season. The geographical information system was used for preparing the distribution maps and depicting the hotspots for Krüper?s Nuthatch. The population density of Krüper?s Nuthatch in all of Turkey was 10.25 ± 0.33 birds km−2−2, which was significantly higher than on Lesvos Island (1.94 ± 0.79 birds km−2−2) (P < 0.001). We found a negative correlation between the population density of the species and longitude. These results showed that the western part of the study area had higher densities than the eastern part. In conclusion, we recommend that the Beydağları Mountains and the Aladağlar Mountains in southern Turkey, and the Ilgaz Mountains and/or Kartalkaya Mountains in northern Turkey should be considered hotspots and preserved for the conservation of the species. Furthermore, the Beydağları Mountains should be considered as an Important Bird Area for Krüper's Nuthatch due to high population density and genetic diversity.