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The commercial value of kiwifruit is determined mostly by its nutritional composition and antioxidant content. The enrichment of these traits in an era where climate change affects kiwi growth conditions is worth investigating via the application of biostimulants that enhance plant growth. In this work, we evaluated the effects of three commercial biostimulants on the metabolism and growth characteristics of the Actinidia deliciosa cultivar 'Hayward': (I) a humic and fulvic-based biostimulant, (II) a glycine–betaine–proline-based biostimulant, and (III) a vegetal amino acid-based biostimulant. A biostimulant-free treatment was used as a control. In the two-year experiment (2022 and 2023), the growth characteristics of kiwi trees were measured, such as stem length, the number of leaves, leaf area, and fresh and dry biomass at the end of each growing season. The leaves' total chlorophyll, total phenolics, and proline content were detected during the two seasons in order to obtain more insights into plant metabolism. Κiwifruit qualities and antioxidant traits, such as total soluble solids, titratable acidity, firmness, fresh and dry biomass, DPPH, and ascorbic acid (vitamin C), were recorded during the postharvest life for each season. Data analysis illustrated the beneficial impact of some biostimulants on several of the previously mentioned parameters, such as antioxidant kiwifruit traits, especially in the case of glycine–betaine–proline-based acid-based biostimulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biostimulants are a new category of materials that improve crop productivity by maximizing their natural abilities. Out of these biostimulants, those that increase seed production are considered to be particularly important as they contribute directly to the increase in the yield of cereals and legumes. Ergothioneine (EGT) is a natural, non-protein amino acid with antioxidant effects that is used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foods. However, EGT has not been used in agriculture. This study investigated the effect of EGT on seed productivity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Compared with an untreated control, the application of EGT increased the seed yield by 66%. However, EGT had no effect on seed yield when applied during or after bolting and did not promote the growth of vegetative organs. On the other hand, both the number of flowers and the transcript levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a key gene involved in flowering, were increased significantly by the application of EGT. The results suggest that EGT improves seed productivity by increasing flower number through the physiological effects of the FT protein. Furthermore, the beneficial effect of EGT on flower number is expected to make it a potentially useful biostimulant not only in crops where seeds are harvested, but also in horticultural crops such as ornamental flowering plants, fruits, vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to determine total amino acid (AA) content and standardized ileal digestible (SID) amino acid content of 6 different origins of fish meal (FM) and subsequently determine equations that estimate total and SID amino acid contents from chemical composition as well as SID amino acid contents from its total AA. In order to conduct this study, a total of 210 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments consisting of 6 semi-purified diets containing each of FM as the only source of dietary protein (200 mg of crude protein/g diet) and one nitrogen-free diet in order to determine ileal endogenous amino acids (IEAA) flow. Birds were allowed ad libitum access to a corn-soybean meal starter diet until ten days, a grower diet from 11 to 23 days, and then experimental diets from 24 to 28 days of age. The total content of Lys and Met among the various samples significantly differed from 1.52 to 2 and 0.59 to 0.77%, respectively (P < 0.05). This difference was observed among the other total and SID amino acids. In this study the accuracy and precision of the models were tested by the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) value, P-value regression coefficients, and standard error of prediction (SEP). The SEP of the developed regression equations for the predicting SID amino acids of FM were from 0.009 (for Met) to 0.056 (for Arg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The effect of a mixture of amino acids in hair care was studied. The repair effect of this raw material on hair was evaluated by stretching test and combing test. The experimental results showed that, the amino acid combination could increase the tension in the yield zone by 29.4% and reduce the combing work of hair by 22.4% dry combing and 18.1% wet combing. According to the results of spectral characterization, fluorescent penetration test and stress relaxation test, it could be concluded that the amino acid combination could repair the broken bonds by permeating into the hair and thus achieve the effect of toughening, and make the hair lipid transfer to the hair surface, which lead to a repairing effect on the hair surface and improved the hair combability. In particular, it had significant repair effect on the damaged hair caused by perm and hair coloring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a primary cause of visual impairment and blindness in premature newborns, characterized by vascular abnormalities in the developing retina, with microvascular alteration, neovascularization, and in the most severe cases retinal detachment. To elucidate the pathophysiology and develop therapeutics for ROP, several pre-clinical experimental models of ROP were developed in different species. Among them, the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model has gained the most popularity and critically contributed to our current understanding of pathological retinal angiogenesis and the discovery of potential anti-angiogenic therapies. A deeper comprehension of molecular regulators of OIR such as hypoxia-inducible growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factors as primary perpetrators and other new metabolic modulators such as lipids and amino acids influencing pathological retinal angiogenesis is also emerging, indicating possible targets for treatment strategies. This review delves into the historical progressions that gave rise to the modern OIR models with a focus on the mouse model. It also reviews the fundamental principles of OIR, recent advances in its automated assessment, and a selected summary of metabolic investigation enabled by OIR models including amino acid transport and metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Higher alcohol acetates (HAAs) are potent aroma‐active esters that impart desirable fruity and floral aromas. However, the conversion of higher alcohol precursors into HAAs is extremely low in winemaking. To investigate the underlying yeast–yeast interaction on targeted improvement of aromatic HAAs, we evaluated fermentation activity, cell viability, amino acid consumption and HAA production when Pichia kluyveri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were inoculated concurrently or sequentially. RESULTS: Pichia kluyveri PK‐21 possessed the ability to survive and increased HAA level up to 5.2‐fold in mixed fermentation. Such an increment may benefit from the efficient conversion of higher alcohol precursors into HAAs (>27‐fold higher than S. cerevisiae). During mixed fermentation, the two yeasts exhibited crucial interactions regarding cell growth and amino acid competition. Saccharomyces cerevisiae dominated over the co‐inoculated P. kluyveri by efficient uptake of amino acids and biomass production. However, this dominance decreased in sequential fermentation, where P. kluyveri growth increased due to the consumption of preferred amino acids prior to S. cerevisiae. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that phenylalanine and aspartic acid may act as positive amino acids in boosting P. kluyveri growth and HAA production. Laboratory‐scale winemaking validated the fermentation performance of P. kluyveri in sequential inoculum, resulting in a balanced aroma profile with enhanced floral and tropical fruity characteristics in the final wines. CONCLUSION: This study proposes a microbial, non‐genetically engineered approach for targeted increase of HAA production in winemaking and the findings provide new insights into yeast–yeast interactions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the proof for the source of exchange flying ring of the biological bosonic state in homochirality of L-amino acids. It is a source of knot in parallel transport of Yang–Mills field in genetic code evolved from natural selection. It serves as a source of protein folding structure in L-amino acids over all the protein structure of a living organism. In the proof, we modified Frank’s model for homochirality and added more properties of nonlinearity and supersymmetry. The mirror symmetries transform their left and right homochiral hidden states of reversed reaction over Frank’s equation for spontaneous autocatalysis. We also change the rate of reaction in the model from the Euclidean norm to Minkowski metric with Lorentz invariant in special relativity theory. The speed of light in Minkowski space in this model is an analogy with a source of all species of all living organisms with common 20 L-amino acids as their constituents. The result of the proof agrees with the existence of L-amino acids in nature. By long-term of evolution, the number of concentration of left homochirality is more than the concentration of right homochirality in amino acids propositional to the Chern–Simons current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proline is a unique amino acid in that its side-chain is cyclised to the backbone, thus giving proline an exceptional rigidity and a considerably restricted conformational space. Polyproline forms two well-characterized helical structures: a left-handed polyproline helix (PPII) and a right-handed polyproline helix (PPI). Usually, sequences made only of prolyl residues are in PPII conformation, but even sequences not rich in proline but which are rich in glycine, lysine, glutamate, or aspartate have also a tendency to form PPII helices. Currently, the only way to study unambiguously PPII structure in solution is to use spectroscopies based on optical activity such as circular dichroism, vibrational circular dichroism and Raman optical activity. The importance of the PPII structure is emphasized by its ubiquitous presence in different organisms from yeast to human beings where proline-rich motifs and their binding domains are believed to be involved in vital biological processes. Some of the domains that are bound by proline-rich motifs include SH3 domains, WW domains, GYF domains and UEV domains, etc. The PPII structure has been demonstrated to be essential to biological activities such as signal transduction, transcription, cell motility, and immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Allium is important vegetables and seasonings in China, Tibet is rich in unique resources of the genus Allium, but lacks development and utilization. Methods: We compared the biological features and comprehensively evaluating the quality of twelve germplasm resources of the genus Allium collected from Tibet. Results: The results revealed that nine germplasm resources were bolting and bloom normally except for SC015, SC019, and SC048, all twelve germplasm resources were able to vegetative growth. The individual differences in moisture, soluble sugar, and protein content among the twelve germplasm resources were relatively small, with pyruvic acid content ranging from 0.11 to 1.12 mg/g and a large variation coefficient. A total of 8 categories and 97 volatile compounds were detected in twelve germplasm resources, the majority possessed the highest proportions of aldehydes and organosulfur compounds, but there were certain differences between the different Allium species. Additionally, 11 to 16 types of free amino acids were present in all germplasm resources, proline exhibited the highest content. The total content of essential and non-essential amino acids in SC009 was the highest. Carbon (C) accounted for the largest proportion of all elements, and the contents of other mineral elements varied greatly among the different plants. Conclusion: In conclusion, combined with biological performance and comprehensive evaluation of quality, SC009 is the excellent germplasm resource suitable for growth and capable of reproduction with good quality. These results improved the exploitation and utilization of the genus Allium in Tibet, as well as provided germplasm resources for high-quality breeding of the genus Allium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosystem I (PSI) light-harvesting antenna complexes LHCI contain spectral forms that absorb and emit photons of lower energy than that of its primary electron donor, P700. The most red-shifted fluorescence is associated with the Lhca4 complex. It has been suggested that this red emission is related to the inter-chlorophyll charge transfer (CT) states. In this work we present a systematic quantum-chemical study of the CT states in Lhca4, accounting for the influence of the protein environment by estimating the electrostatic interactions. We show that significant energy shifts result from these interactions and propose that the emission of the Lhca4 complex is related not only to the previously proposed a603+-a608-state, but also to the a602+-a603-state. We also investigate how different protonation patterns of protein amino acids affect the energetics of the CT states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the diet modification (soybean and lupine addition) on the content of protein and amino acids (AA) in eggs was studied. Both the sampling day and the diet influenced the total protein content. In albumen, the lowest protein content (10.6%) was noted after administering a diet containing 25% lupine; in the same egg the yolk contained the most proteins (16.7%). In the content of nonessential AA (NAA) in egg yolks, differences were noted only for cysteine, with its the highest content in the yolks of the control group. The stable content of essential yolk amino acids (EAA) was observed only for isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. The highest contents of EAA and NAA were recorded in the yolks of the control group (~47 and ~53 g/100 g of protein, respectively) and in the group with 25% additions of lupine (~42 and ~51 g/100 g of protein, respectively). AA with constant content in the tested albumens were methionine, tryptophan and alanine. The highest content of EAA (>~42 g/100 g of protein) and NAA (>~62 g/100 g of protein) were determined in albumen of eggs determined in the group with at least 20% additions of lupine. The highest content of EAA for humans delivered eggs from groups 4–6 (with the addition of soy into the diet ≤5%). The protein sources used in the hen diet significantly influenced the content of protein and individual AA in the produced eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-application of N and Fe can improve wine grape composition and promote the formation of flavor compounds. To understand the effects of foliar co-application of N and Fe on wine grape quality and flavonoid content, urea and EDTA-FE were sprayed at three different developmental stages. Urea and EDTA-Fe were sprayed during the early stage of the expansion period, at the end of the early stage of the expansion period to the late stage of the veraison period, and during the late stage of the veraison period. The results demonstrated that the co-application of urea and EDTA-Fe, particularly N application during the late stage of the veraison period and Fe application during the early stage of the berry expansion period (N3Fe1), significantly improved grape quality. Specifically, the soluble solid content of berries increased by 2.78–19.13%, titratable acidity decreased by 6.67–18.84%, the sugar-acid ratio became more balanced, and yield increased by 13.08–40.71%. Further, there was a significant increase in the relative content of amino acids and flavonoids. In conclusion, the application of Fe and N fertilizers at the pre-expansion and late veraison stages of grapes can significantly improve the quality and yield of berries; ultimately, this establishes a foundation for future improvement in the nutritional value of grapes and wine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phenylalanine-restricted diet, supplemented with protein substitutes (PSs), remains the cornerstone of phenylketonuria (PKU) management. However, adherence is challenging in adulthood, and data on the nutritional status of early and continuously treated adults with PKU (ETAwPKU) are scarce. A total of 34 ETAwPKU (16 females; mean ± SD, age: 28 ± 9 years, phenylalanine concentration: 847 ± 285 µmol/L) and 34 age- and sex-matched control subjects were compared regarding their blood nutrient status, self-reported dietary intake, and cognitive wellbeing. Though diet adherence varied, all ETAwPKU were taking a PS. No significant differences were found for blood DHA, calcium, ferritin, transferrin, and zinc concentrations. However, selenium and ubiquinone concentrations were 16% and 29% lower in ETAwPKU, respectively (p < 0.01 and <0.0001). Vitamin concentrations (D, B12, B6, and folic acid) were significantly higher in ETAwPKU except for alpha-tocopherol. Amino acid (AA) concentrations differed between ETAwPKU and controls: they were significantly lower for 12 AAs and higher for phenylalanine and glycine. ETAwPKU had a significantly higher intake of most minerals and vitamins, except for niacin and phosphorus (no difference). Depending on the nutrient, PSs represented 52–100% of patients' daily intake and 19% of total daily energy intake. Compared with controls, ETAwPKU scored significantly lower in three of the four subscales of the cognitive wellbeing questionnaire. Overall, the blood DHA and micronutrient status of ETAwPKU was adequate, except for selenium, with higher intakes than controls for most micronutrients. Patients relied heavily on PSs to meet the recommended intakes for protein, DHA, and micronutrients. The potential clinical impact of differences found in AA status should be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study optimized the extraction process of Chlorella protein using response surface methodology and characterized its secondary structure. With the protein solubility rate of Chlorella as the indicator, the effects of ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, NaOH mass fraction, and water bath time on the extraction rate were investigated. Based on the Plackett-Burman design, a four-factor three-level response surface analysis was conducted to determine the extraction process of Chlorella protein. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions for Chlorella protein were ultrasonic power of 460.08 W, ultrasonic time of 16.05 min, NaOH mass fraction of 14.03%, and water bath time of 37.18 min, with a solubility rate of 87.64%. The extracted Chlorella protein was purified using isoelectric focusing under optimal conditions and then subjected to FTIR analysis, microscopic structure analysis, and amino acid analysis. The results indicated that the secondary structure of Chlorella protein mainly consisted of β-sheet, accounting for 30.00% of the total content. The microscopic structure revealed a smooth surface with pore structures, and it contained five essential amino acids, accounting for 42.71% of the total content. In conclusion, the ultrasonic-assisted alkaline method demonstrates significantly improved protein wall-breaking efficiency and high protein extraction rate for Chlorella, with simple operation and low cost. It has promising prospects for industrial applications and provides relevant references for the food application of Chlorella protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a treatment-limiting and debilitating neurotoxicity of many commonly used anti-cancer agents, including paclitaxel. The objective of this study was to confirm the previously found inverse association between pre-treatment blood concentrations of histidine and CIPN occurrence and examine relationships of other amino acids with CIPN severity. Methods: Pre-treatment serum concentrations of 20 amino acids were measured in the SWOG S0221 (NCT00070564) trial of patients with early-stage breast cancer receiving paclitaxel. The associations between amino acids and CIPN severity were tested in regression analysis adjusted for paclitaxel schedule, age, self-reported race, and body mass index with Bonferroni correction. The network of metabolic pathways of amino acids was analyzed using over-representation analysis. The partial correlation network of amino acids was evaluated using a debiased sparse partial correlation algorithm. Results: In the primary analysis, histidine concentration was not associated with CIPN occurrence (odds ratio (OR) = 0.97 [0.83, 1.13], p = 0.72). In secondary analyses, higher concentrations of four amino acids, glutamate (β = 0.58 [0.23, 0.93], p = 0.001), phenylalanine (β = 0.54 [0.19, 0.89], p = 0.002), tyrosine (β = 0.57 [0.23, 0.91], p = 0.001), and valine (β = 0.58 [0.24, 0.92], p = 0.001) were associated with more severe CIPN, but none of these associations retained significance after adjustment. In the over-representation analysis, no amino acid metabolic pathways were significantly enriched (all FDR > 0.05). In the network of enriched pathways, glutamate metabolism had the highest centrality. Conclusions: This analysis showed that pre-treatment serum amino acid concentrations are not strongly predictive of CIPN severity. Prospectively designed studies that assess non-amino acid metabolomics predictors are encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The creation of objective methods for the evaluation and improvement of quantitative and qualitative indicators of meat productivity in farm animals should be based on a comprehensive analysis of the genetic, physiological, and biochemical parameters of the animal. This study aimed to investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH) and thyroglobulin (TG5) gene polymorphisms on the hormonal status, slaughter traits, and chemical, amino acid, and fatty acid composition of meat in Hereford bulls. Materials and Methods: Hereford bulls (n = 9) were reared under the same feeding and housing conditions until the age of 21 months, after which they were slaughtered. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed for genotyping GH L127V and TG5 C422T polymorphisms. The experimental animals were evaluated to determine slaughter traits (including pre-slaughter weight, carcass, and internal fat weight and yield), chemical, fatty acid, and amino acid composition of ground beef, and hormonal status using serum concentrations of GH, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine. Results: Animals with the valine homozygous (VV) genotype of GH had the maximum serum GH level of 9.33 mIU/mL (p = 0.10) higher than leucine homozygous (LL) genotype carriers. Individuals with the LL genotype outperformed V-allele carriers in serum thyroxine (T4) concentration by 21.3-30.5 nmol/L (16.15%-24.86%; p < 0.01-0.05). Genetic differentiation induced by TG5 C422T polymorphism was determined to a lesser extent by the hormonal status of the Hereford animals. The V-allele was associated with increased carcass weight, with VV homozygotes significantly outperforming LL individuals by 45.0 kg (13.61%; p < 0.05). The T allele at the TG5 gene polymorphism was associated with more intense lipogenesis and less protein synthesis in muscle tissue and these effects were enhanced in the homozygous state. Young animals with the TT variant of the TG5 gene exhibited a significantly superior polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio of 0.012 units (p < 0.01). Carriers of the LL genotype were characterized by minimum amino acid content in muscle tissue. Heterozygous bulls exceeded LL homozygotes in the sum of essential amino acids by 3.09% (p = 0.10) and non-essential amino acids by 1.9% (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The development of breeding programs for the Hereford breed should be carried out considering genetic features that determine the formation of economic traits in animals. Analysis of polymorphisms in the TG5 gene is a promising method for the early diagnosis of the fatty acid composition of beef. Identification of polymorphisms in the GH gene allows the prediction of higher productivity potential and amino acid composition of meat. The different effects of the GH and TG5 genes on the development of various economic traits allowed us to determine further vectors for scientific research on their complex associations in Hereford cattle, which will be useful for planning effective breeding schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrates have garnered significant interest as a promising technology for CO2 capture and storage due to its high storage capacity and moderate operating conditions. The kinetics of CO2 hydrate formation is a critical factor in determining the feasibility of hydrate-based CO2 capture and storage technologies. This study systematically investigates the promotional effects of the amino acid L-tryptophan (L-trp) on CO2 hydrate formation kinetics and morphology under stirred and unstirred conditions. In the stirred system, experiments were conducted in a high-pressure 100 mL reactor with 0.05, 0.10, and 0.30 wt% L-trp solution. CO2 gas uptake kinetics and morphological evolution were monitored using a high-resolution digital camera. Results showed that L-trp promoted CO2 hydrate formation kinetics without delay, with rapid CO2 consumption upon nucleation. Morphological evolution revealed rapid hydrate formation, wall-climbing growth, and dendritic morphology filling the bulk solution. Under unstirred conditions, experiments were performed in a larger 1 L reactor with 0.1 wt% and 0.5 wt% L-trp solutions to assess the influence of additive concentration on hydrate formation thermodynamics and kinetics. Results demonstrated that L-trp influenced both thermodynamics and kinetics of CO2 hydrate formation. Thermodynamically, 0.1 wt% L-trp resulted in the highest hydrate formation, indicating an optimal concentration for thermodynamic promotion. Kinetically, increasing L-trp concentration from 0.1 wt% to 0.5 wt% reduced formation time, demonstrating a proportional relationship between L-trp concentration and formation kinetics. These findings provide insights into the role of L-trp in promoting CO2 hydrate formation and the interplay between additive concentration, thermodynamics, and kinetics. The results can inform the development of effective hydrate-based technologies for CO2 sequestration, highlighting the potential of amino acids as promoters in gas hydrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed an intensification of energy metabolism in rice grains under DMA stress, possibly causing the consumption of sugars or non-sugars and the development of unfilled grains Excessive dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) causes rice straighthead disease, a physiological disorder typically with erect panicle due to empty grain at maturity. Although the toxicity of DMA and its uptake and transport in rice are well recognized, the underlying mechanism of unfilled grains remains unclear. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted using a susceptible variety (Ruanhuayou1179, RHY) and a resistant one (Nanjingxiangzhan, NJXZ) via the metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to explore the mechanisms of empty grains in diseased rice under DMA stress. The results demonstrate an increase in total and methylated As in grains of RHY and NJXZ under DMA addition, with RHY containing higher levels of DMA. DMA addition increased the soluble sugar content in grains of RHY and NJXZ by 17.1% and 14.3% compared to the control, respectively, but significantly reduced the levels of amino acid, soluble protein, and starch. The decrease of grain Zn and B contents was also observed, and inadequate Zn might be a key factor limiting rice grain yield under DMA stress. Notably, DMA addition altered the expression levels of genes involved in the transport of sugar, amino acids, nitrates/peptides, and mineral ions. In sugar and amino acid metabolism, the reduction of metabolites and the upregulated expression of genes reflect positive regulation at the level of energy metabolism, implying that the reduction of grain starch and proteins might be ascribed to generate sufficient energy to resist the stress. This study provides a useful reference for understanding the molecular mechanism of grain emptying under DMA stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) which belongs to the Fabaceae family, is an herbaceous plant, with indetermined growth, wide range of adaptation and the highest amount of storage protein. Broad bean is considered as a cheap protein source for human and a good option in rotation with cereals and oilseeds due to the high level of nitrogen bio fixation and breaking the cycle of diseases. In this research, the effect of foliar feeding of sucrose and amino acid glutamine on the yield and yield components of tannin-containing (Barket and Shadan) and low amount of tannin (Mehta) varieties of broad bean was evaluated. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a factorial with two factors based on randomized complete block design in three replications and as a field experiment in Behshahr city. The first factor was broad bean cultivars (Barkat, Shadan, and Mehta) and the second factor was four nutritional levels including control (spraying with distilled water), glutamine amino acid (200 mg), sucrose (5000 mg/l) and amino acid + sucrose. All of the nutritional treatments were sprayed three times with an interval of 15 days from the beginning of flowering. Results: The results showed that feeding with glutamine had a significant effect on pod yield, but sucrose treatment did not have any significant effect on the yield characteristics. The pod yield of Barkat cultivar was significantly higher than the other two cultivars with an average of 26,043 kg of pods per hectare. Also, the Barkat cultivar showed the highest fresh and dry seed yield. In the nutritional value, the highest amount of antioxidant activity was seen in the Mehta+glutamine treatment, which was significantly superior to the Mehta+control, but there was no significant difference with the Mehta+combined nutrition treatment. In two cultivars Barkat and Shadan, the applied treatments could not increase the antioxidant activity compared to the control of these cultivars. The highest amount of starch was seen in Barkat+sucrose cultivar, which was not significantly different from Shadan-+glutamine cultivar. In terms of the amount of soluble protein, Shadan+combined nutrition showed the highest amount, which was significantly superior to all other treatments. Conclusion: Among the various traits related to yield and yield components, only pod yield was affected by glutamine treatment and other nutritional treatments have no significant effect on yield and yield components. The comparison among the three studied cultivars also showed that Barkat cultivar had superior values in terms of traits related to yield as compared with other two cultivars. In general, if the goal is to produce broad beans with high starch and protein, we can recommend the Barkat variety with sucrose treatment and the Shadan variety with combined treatment (sucrose+glutamine), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Milk protein production is the largest draw on AA supplies for lactating dairy cattle. Prior NRC predictions of milk protein production have been absorbed protein (MP)-based and used a first-limiting nutrient concept to integrate the effects of energy and protein, which yielded poor accuracy and precision (root mean squared error [RMSE] >21%). Using a meta-data set gathered, various alternative equation forms considering MP, absorbed total EAA, absorbed individual EAA, and digested energy (DE) supplies as additive drivers of production were evaluated, and all were found to be superior in statistical performance to the first limitation approach (RMSE = 14%–15%). Inclusion of DE intake and a quadratic term for MP or absorbed EAA supplies were found to be necessary to achieve intercept estimates (nonproductive protein use) that were similar to the factorial estimates of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2021). The partial linear slope for MP was found to be 0.409, which is consistent with the observed slope bias of −0.34 g/g when a slope of 0.67 was used for MP efficiency in a first-limiting nutrient system. Replacement of MP with the supplies of individual absorbed EAA expressed in grams per day and a common quadratic across the EAA resulted in unbiased predictions with improved statistical performance as compared with MP-based models. Based on Akaike's information criterion and biological consistency, the best equations included absorbed His, Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, the NEAA, and individual DE intakes from fatty acids, NDF, residual OM, and starch. Several also contained a term for absorbed Leu. These equations generally had RMSE of 14.3% and a concordance correlation of 0.76. Based on the common quadratic and individual linear terms, milk protein response plateaus were predicted at approximately 320 g/d of absorbed His, Ile, and Lys; 395 g/d of absorbed Thr; 550 g/d of absorbed Met; and 70 g/d of absorbed Leu. Therefore, responses to each except Leu are almost linear throughout the normal in vivo range. De-aggregation of the quadratic term and parsing to individual absorbed EAA resulted in nonbiological estimates for several EAA indicating over-parameterization. Expression of the EAA as g/100 g total absorbed EAA or as ratios of DE intake and using linear and quadratic terms for each EAA resulted in similar statistical performance, but the solutions had identifiability problems and several nonbiological parameter estimates. The use of ratios also introduced nonlinearity in the independent variables which violates linear regression assumptions. Further screening of the global model using absorbed EAA expressed as grams per day with a common quadratic using an all-models approach, and exhaustive cross-evaluation indicated the parameter estimates for BW, all 4 DE terms, His, Ile, Lys, Met, and the common quadratic term were stable, whereas estimates for Leu and Thr were known with less certainty. Use of independent and additive terms and a quadratic expression in the equation results in variable efficiencies of conversion. The additivity also provides partial substitution among the nutrients. Both of these prevent establishment of fixed nutrient requirements in support of milk protein production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Cluster bean is an economically significant annual legume, widely known as guar. Plant productivity is frequently constrained by drought conditions. Objective: In this work, we have identified the untargeted drought stress-responsive metabolites in mature leaves of cluster beans under drought and control condition. Methods: To analyse the untargeted metabolites, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was used. Supervised partial least-squares discriminate analysis and heat map were used to identify the most significant metabolites for drought tolerance. Results: The mature leaves of drought-treated C. tetragonoloba cv. 'HG-365' which is a drought-tolerant cultivar, showed various types of amino acids, fatty acids, sugar alcohols and sugars as the major classes of metabolites recognized by GC-MS metabolome analysis. Metabolite profiling of guar leaves showed 23 altered metabolites. Eight metabolites (proline, valine, D-pinitol, palmitic acid, dodecanoic acid, threonine, glucose, and glycerol monostearate) with VIP score greater than one were considered as biomarkers and three metabolite biomarkers (D-pinitol, valine, and glycerol monostearate) were found for the first time in guar under drought stress. In this work, four amino acids (alanine, valine, serine and aspartic acid) were also studied, which played a significant role in drought-tolerant pathway in guar. Conclusion: This study provides information on the first-ever GC-MS metabolic profiling of guar. This work gives in-depth details on guar's untargeted drought-responsive metabolites and biomarkers, which can plausibly be used for further identification of biochemical pathways, enzymes, and the location of various genes under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of chemicals that modulate plant development and adaptive responses to stresses has attracted increasing attention for agricultural applications. Recent basic studies have identified functional amino acids that are essential for plant organogenesis, indicating that amino acids can regulate plant growth. In this study, we newly identified 2‐aminopimelic acid (2APA), a nonproteinogenic amino acid, as a novel bioactive compound involved in root morphogenesis. This biological effect was confirmed in several plant species. Our phenotypic analysis revealed that the bioactive 2APA is an l‐form stereoisomer. Overall, our study identified a promising root growth regulator and provided insight into the intricate metabolism related to root morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amplicon sequencing is an effective and increasingly applied method for studying viral communities in the environment. Here, we present vAMPirus, a user‐friendly, comprehensive, and versatile DNA and RNA virus amplicon sequence analysis program, designed to support investigators in exploring virus amplicon sequencing data and running informed, reproducible analyses. vAMPirus intakes raw virus amplicon libraries and, by default, performs nucleotide‐ and amino acid‐based analyses to produce results such as sequence abundance information, taxonomic classifications, phylogenies and community diversity metrics. The vAMPirus analytical framework leverages 16 different opensource tools and provides optional approaches that can increase the ratio of biological signal‐to‐noise and thereby reveal patterns that would have otherwise been masked. Here, we validate the vAMPirus analytical framework and illustrate its implementation as a general virus amplicon sequencing workflow by recapitulating findings from two previously published double‐stranded DNA virus datasets. As a case study, we also apply the program to explore the diversity and distribution of a coral reef‐associated RNA virus. vAMPirus is streamlined within Nextflow, offering straightforward scalability, standardization and communication of virus lineage‐specific analyses. The vAMPirus framework is designed to be adaptable; community‐driven analytical standards will continue to be incorporated as the field advances. vAMPirus supports researchers in revealing patterns of virus diversity and population dynamics in nature, while promoting study reproducibility and comparability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the source of fat (soybean oil or tallow) on the ileal endogenous amino acid (EAA) losses in broilers. 2. Three nitrogen (N)-free diets; a control diet with no added fat and test diets with 60 g/kg of either soybean oil or tallow were formulated. Titanium dioxide (5 g/kg) was added to all diets as an indigestible marker. Each diet was assigned to six replicate cages (eight birds per cage) from d 18 to 21 post-hatch. On d 21, the digesta were collected from the lower half of the ileum. 3. The endogenous losses of nitrogen and amino acids (AA) were lower (p = 0.08; p = 0.001) in broilers fed diets with soybean oil or tallow, respectively, compared to those fed the diet with no fat. Source of fat had no influence (p > 0.05) on EAA losses. 4. The most abundant AA in the ileal endogenous protein was glutamic acid, followed by aspartic acid, threonine, leucine, serine, valine and proline. In general, the concentrations of AA in the endogenous protein were lower (p < 0.05) with added fat. The exceptions were methionine, cysteine, proline and serine, which were unaffected. The effect of fat source on the AA contents of endogenous protein were inconsistent and differed depending on the AA. 5. The inclusion of fats decreased EAA losses which implied they have beneficial effects beyond direct energy contribution. It can be proposed that the reduction of EAA flow may be an additional mechanism contributing to the extra-caloric effect of dietary fats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Komak (Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet) is a highly productive plant used for sustainable cultivation. However, beans are currently underutilized. A complete database including physicochemical characteristics is important for developing new foods derived from komak beans. This study aimed to determine the physical (weight, dimensions and color) and chemical (macromolecules, amino acids, sugars, minerals, phytic acid, tannin and volatile compounds) profiles, as well as the trypsin inhibitory activity of different varieties of komak beans, viz. white and black beans. The levels of the studied parameters differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the beans. However, the common profile of komak beans was characterized by a moderate level of protein (26 %), high carbohydrate (66 %) and low fat (2 %), with a weight ranging from 25 to 45 g and low anti-nutritional factor expressed as trypsin inhibitory activity (2 TIU/mg). Additionally, analytical results using HS-SPME-GC/MS revealed that 1-octen-3-ol and benzyl alcohol were the main unpleasant volatile compounds produced upon heating beans. The major mineral compound in black beans is potassium, whereas the white variety contains higher amounts of magnesium, calcium and iron. Interestingly, both beans provided favorable compounds contributing to the umami taste, as the most dominant amino acids were glutamic and aspartic acids. Finally, as white beans were lower in antinutritive compounds (phytic acid and tannin), this measure may encourage further studies to expand the development of this variety to promote underutilized beans as alternative food sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of varying magnetic field intensities (0–10 mT) on the quality attributes of steamed bread with 40% potato pulp substitution (SBPP) was investigated in this study. The results demonstrated that the SBPP treated with magnetic field of 4 mT exhibited the highest total phenolic (0.55 GAE mg/g DW), increased ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging capacity (77.55% and 86.03%, respectively), and displayed a more pronounced cross-linking structure. Nutritional evaluation of SBPP demonstrated that magnetic field significantly influenced the amino acid contents and in vitro starch digestibility. Moreover, the application of magnetic field resulted in SBPP with desirable aroma quality, acceptable color and texture features, as well as pleasant appearance characteristics, including specific volume, spread ratio, and crumb structure. These findings suggest that the application of magnetic fields holds great promise as an effective technology for enhancing the quality of SBPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: The origin of diversity is a fundamental biological question. Gene duplications are one mechanism that provides raw material for the emergence of novel traits, but evolutionary outcomes depend on which genes are retained and how they become functionalized. Yet, following different duplication types (polyploidy and tandem duplication), the events driving gene retention and functionalization remain poorly understood. Here we used Cakile maritima, a species that is tolerant to salt and heavy metals and shares an ancient whole‐genome triplication with closely related salt‐sensitive mustard crops (Brassica), as a model to explore the evolution of abiotic stress tolerance following polyploidy. Methods: Using a combination of ionomics, free amino acid profiling, and comparative genomics, we characterize aspects of salt stress response in C. maritima and identify retained duplicate genes that have likely enabled adaptation to salt and mild levels of cadmium. Results: Cakile maritima is tolerant to both cadmium and salt treatments through uptake of cadmium in the roots. Proline constitutes greater than 30% of the free amino acid pool in C. maritima and likely contributes to abiotic stress tolerance. We find duplicated gene families are enriched in metabolic and transport processes and identify key transport genes that may be involved in C. maritima abiotic stress tolerance. Conclusions: These findings identify pathways and genes that could be used to enhance plant resilience and provide a putative understanding of the roles of duplication types and retention on the evolution of abiotic stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a major by-product in the beer-brewing process which contributes to 85% of the entire generated by-product in the brewing process. BSG is rich in proteins, and most of the malt proteins (74–78%) remain insoluble in BSG after the mashing process. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a promising bioprocess that enables microorganisms to survive in environments with minimal water and has shown to enhance the nutritional composition of BSG. In this review, the potential application of protein, amino acids (proline, threonine, and serine), phenolic contents, and soluble sugars (glucose, fructose, xylose, arabinose, and cellobiose) extracted from BSG by various microorganisms using SSF is explored. Incorporation of BSG into animal feed, human diets, and as a substrate for microorganisms are the prospects that could be implemented in the industrial scale. This review also discussed various advances to improve the fermentation yield such as symbiotic fermentation, the addition of nitrogen supplements, and an optimal mixture of the agro-industrial waste substrate. Future perspectives on SSF are also addressed to provide important ideas for immediate and future studies. However, challenges include optimizing SSF conditions and design of bioreactors, and operational costs must be addressed in the future to overcome current obstacles. Overall, this mini review highlights the potential benefits of BSG utilization and SSF in a sustainable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet and health are strongly linked, though the strict changes in diet required to improve health outcomes are usually difficult to sustain. We sought to understand whether short-term bouts of amino acid–specific modifications to the diet of Drosophila melanogaster could mimic the lifespan and stress resistance benefits of dietary restriction, without the requirement for drastic reductions in food intake. We found that flies that were transiently fed diets lacking the essential amino acid isoleucine, but otherwise nutritionally complete, exhibited enhanced nicotine tolerance, indicating elevated detoxification capacity. The protection from isoleucine deprivation increased with the duration of exposure, up to a maximum at 7-day isoleucine deprivation for flies 2, 3, or 4 weeks of age, and a 5-day deprivation when flies were 5 weeks of age. Because of these beneficial effects on toxin resistance, we intermittently deprived flies of isoleucine during the first 6 weeks of adulthood and monitored the effect on lifespan. Lifespan was significantly extended when flies experienced short-term isoleucine deprivation at 3 and 5 weeks of age, regardless of whether they were also deprived at 1 week. These results indicate that short-term bouts of isoleucine deprivation can extend lifespan and highlight its cumulative and time-dependent benefits. Interestingly, we found that isoleucine-deprived flies lost their protection against nicotine within 3 days of returning to fully fed conditions. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying lifespan extension may involve transient damage clearance during the bouts of isoleucine deprivation rather than sustained enhanced detoxification capacity. These data highlight a new time-restricted, nutritionally precise method to extend life in Drosophila melanogaster and point to a more manageable dietary method to combat ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates and contrasts the concurrent application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and diverse forms of iron (Fe) fertilizer on the physiological growth and components of wine grape berries. The objective is to provide both theoretical insights and practical support to enhance berry quality and optimize wine fermentation processes. Eight treatments were established encompassing two main treatments (without urea and with urea application) and four sub-treatments (ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, EDTA-Fe, and ferric citrate). Results indicate that the synergistic application of N fertilizer and chelated Fe fertilizer significantly improves the photosynthetic characteristics of grape leaves, leading to a remarkable enhancement in leaf chlorophyll content (13.7–83.9%). Moreover, the combined application of N and Fe fertilizers significantly boosts berry tannin levels (11.2–21.5%), anthocyanins (2.8–117%), and total phenols (1.9–41.2%). Additionally, there is a notable increase in the relative abundance of amino acids and flavonoids, contributing to an augmented yield (3.9–36.1%). Correlation analysis suggests that the synergistic application of N and Fe improves berry quality by augmenting N and Fe content in the leaves, promoting photosynthesis, improving water-use efficiency, and increasing leaf chlorophyll content. Overall, the comprehensive score of the principal component analysis reveals that the synergistic application of N fertilizer and chelated Fe fertilizer has the most significant effect, leading to substantial improvements in the quality and yield of the berries. These findings provide critical theoretical support for future fertilizer strategies aimed at enhancing the quality and nutritional value of berries and wine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astrocytes are considered to possess a noticeable role in brain metabolism and, as a partners in neuron–glia cooperation, to contribute to the synthesis, bioconversion, and regulation of the flux of substrates for neuronal metabolism. With the aim of investigating to what extent human astrocytes are metabolizing amino acids and by which compounds are they enriching their surroundings, we employed a metabolomics analysis of their culture media by 1H-NMR. In addition, we compared the composition of media with either 5 mM or 25 mM glucose. The quantitative analysis of culture media by 1H-NMR revealed that astrocytes readily dispose from their milieu glutamine, branched-chain amino acids, and pyruvate with significantly high rates, while they enrich the culture media with lactate, branched-chain keto acids, citrate, acetate, ketone bodies, and alanine. Hyperglycemia suppressed the capacity of astrocytes to release branched-chain 2-oxo acids, while stimulating the generation of ketone bodies. Our results highlight the active involvement of astrocytes in the metabolism of several amino acids and the regulation of key metabolic intermediates. The observed metabolic activities of astrocytes provide valuable insights into their roles in supporting neuronal function, brain metabolism, and intercellular metabolic interactions within the brain. Understanding the complex metabolic interactions between astrocytes and neurons is essential for elucidating brain homeostasis and the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. The observed metabolic activities of astrocytes provide hints about their putative metabolic roles in brain metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: L-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid produced by the body which has an important role in the process of stem cell regeneration. However, under inflammatory conditions, denaturation of pulp amino acids and proteins occurr resulting in a decrease in the ability of stem cells to self-renew. Therefore, in this study, L-arginine was added in vitro to the culture media Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium - (DMEM) of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) to analyse the potential of L-arginine on migration and proliferation by comparing between 3 concentrations, namely 300, 400, 500μmol/L and control group (DMEM), to obtain the most optimal concentration for proliferation and migration. Methods: Serum-starved hDPSCs were divided into four groups: control: hDPSCs in DMEM; hDPSCs in 300 μmol/L of the L-Arginine based culture media group; hDPSCs in 400 µmol/L of the L-Arginine based culture media group; and hDPSCs in 500μmol/L of the L-Arginine based culture media group, which were added in two separate 24-well-plates (5×104 cell/well) for proliferation and migration evaluation. The proliferation of all groups was measured by using a cell count test (haemacytometer and manual checker) after 24 h. The migratory speed rate of all groups was measured by using cell migration assay (scratch wound assay) after 24 h. Cell characteristics were evaluated under microscope that was then evaluated using image-J® interpretation. This image J represented the measurement of migratory speed rate (nm/h) data. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni (p<0.05) for proliferation and post hoc LSD (p<0.05) for migration. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in hDPSCs proliferation among various concentration groups of the L-Arginine based solution (300, 400 and 500 µmol/L) compared to the control group (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the migratory speed rate of hDPSCs at 500 µmol/L of the LArginine based solution group compared to lower concentrations and control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: All three concentrations of L-arginine can induce proliferation of hDPSCs. L-arginine at 500 µmol/L can induce higher hDPSCs proliferation and faster migration at 24 hours compared to lower concentrations and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive intake of saturated fatty acids and physiologically imbalanced amino acids worsens the patient's psychotic condition, creating the risk of developing psychosis and other comorbidities. Therefore, to ensure the optimal amount of amino acids and improve the psychotic state, pea protein isolate is an alternative to nutritional supplementation. The aim of the study was to analyse the amino acid profile of pea protein isolates and their solubility to evaluate their potential for the development of beverages for patients with psychiatric disorders. In the study, the amino acid profile analysis of organic and conventional pea protein isolates was performed using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. To evaluate solubility, pea protein isolates were treated in an ultrasonic bath and at different pH concentrations. The results showed that organic pea protein isolate showed a higher composition of essential amino acids (41.27%) and semi-essential amino acids (8.37%) than conventional pea protein isolate. Organic pea protein isolate was able to provide a more appropriate amino acid composition to meet the amino acid needs of patients with psychiatric disorders. Organic and conventional pea protein isolates had higher solubility in the ultrasonic bath of 20 min and in the alkaline environment. The solubility between the two pea protein isolates was not significantly different, but the ultrasonic bath treatment and different pH concentrations were significant, which gave insight and further application in beverage production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Japanese database of food composition was revised in 2020, during which both the number of food items and the number of food items measured for sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids were increased. We evaluated the validity of estimated intakes of sugars, amino acids and fatty acids using a long food frequency questionnaire (long-FFQ) among middle-aged and elderly Japanese. Methods: From 2012 to 2013, 240 men and women aged 40-74 years from five areas in the JPHC-NEXT protocol were asked to respond to the long-FFQ and provide a 12-day weighed food record (WFR) as reference. The long-FFQ, which included 172 food and beverage items and 11 seasonings, was compared with a 3-day WFR, completed during each distinct season, and validity was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficients. Results: Percentage differences based on the long-FFQ with the 12-day WFR in men and women varied from -84.4% to 419.6%, and from -75.8% to 623.1% for sugars, -17.5% to 3.8% and -5.8% to 19.6% for amino acids, and -58.5% to 78.8% and -43.4% to 129.3% for fatty acids, respectively. Median values of correlation coefficients for the long-FFQ in men and women were 0.52 and 0.42 for sugars, 0.38 and 0.37 for amino acids, and 0.42 and 0.42 for fatty acids, respectively. Conclusion: The long-FFQ provided reasonable validity in estimating the intakes of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids in middle-aged and elderly Japanese. Although caution is warranted for some nutrients, these results may be used in future epidemiological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a medicinal fungus utilized in traditional Chinese medicine, exhibits a range of biological activities and pharmacological functions. In this study, we determined the amino acid composition of 94 amino acids in Ophiocordyceps sinensis using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fresh samples of Ophiocordyceps sinensis were analyzed under three different drying methods: vacuum freeze drying (DG), oven drying (HG), and air drying (YG). This investigation aims to assess the effects of these drying methods on the content and quality of amino acid metabolites in Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed for sample classification and the identification of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). The results revealed the detection of 79 amino acid metabolites, which included elevated levels of oxidized L-glutamic acid, L-glutamic acid, and glutathione. Differential amino acid metabolites that met the criteria of fold change (|FC|) ≥ 2, p-value (p) ≤ 0.5, and variable importance in projection (VIP) ≥ 1 were analyzed. Significant differences in 48 amino acid metabolites between the groups were primarily related to protein synthesis. According to the KEGG analysis, all three comparison samples exhibited significant enrichment in several pathways. These pathways included the interaction of neuroactive ligands with receptors, the metabolism of cysteine and methionine, and the biosynthesis of plant hormones. The variations in amino acid metabolite levels observed across the three drying methods may be attributed to the degradation of proteins or amino acid metabolites, influenced by several factors, including temperature, enzyme activity, and moisture content. Additionally, Maillard and oxidative reactions involving substances such as amino acids, sugars, and oxygen may also play a significant role. This study demonstrates that various drying methods significantly influence the amino acid metabolite content of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Therefore, the selection of drying methods should be tailored to meet specific requirements. This research provides important insights into the metabolite composition of Ophiocordyceps sinensis under different drying techniques, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of its nutritional and therapeutic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, afforestation has been conducted in China's hot and dry valleys. However, there is still a paucity of knowledge regarding the performance of tree species in these semi-arid regions, particularly with regard to interspecies differences. The present study compares the growth and metabolome characteristics of two widely used cypress species, namely Cupressus chengiana and Platycladus orientalis, grown at two sites with distinct climate conditions in the hot and dry Minjiang Valley in southwestern China. The findings indicate that C. chengiana trees exhibit superior growth rates compared to P. orientalis trees at both study sites. In comparison to P. orientalis trees, C. chengiana trees demonstrated a greater tendency to close their stomata in order to prevent water loss at the hotter and drier site, Llianghekou (LHK). Additionally, C. chengiana trees exhibited significantly lower hydrogen peroxide levels than P. orientalis trees, either due to lower production and/or higher scavenging of reactive oxygen species. C. chengiana trees accumulated soluble sugars as well as sugar derivatives, particularly those involved in sucrose and galactose metabolisms under stressful conditions. The species-specific differences were also reflected in metabolites involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, nitrogen, and secondary metabolisms. The metabolome profiles of the two species appeared to be influenced by the prevailing climatic conditions. It appeared that the trees at the drier and hotter site, LHK, were capable of efficient nitrogen uptake from the soil despite the low soil nitrogen concentration. This study is the first to compare the growth performance and metabolic profiles of two widely used tree species with high resistance to adverse conditions. In addition to the species-specific differences and adaptations to different sites, the present study also provides insights into potential management strategies to alleviate abiotic stress, particularly with regard to nitrogen nutrients, in the context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidney is a major metabolic organ of human body. Amino acids are not only the basic components of protein， but also important metabolites in human body. Recent researches have demonstrated that amino acids play an important role in the pathophysiological development of various renal diseases. Through detecting the changes of amino acid spectrum in patients with different renal diseases， amino acid metabonomics may help to make early screening and diagnosis of the disease， guide later treatment and predict clinical outcomes. This review summarized the applications of amino acid metabonomics and discussed the clinical value of amino acid metabonomics in renal diseases.

Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) infection causes a multifocal demyelinating progressive disease within the central nervous system (CNS) that results in wide range of neurological symptoms. Pathological changes in the brain or CNS could be observed by analyzing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the concentrations of amino acids in the CSF of dogs with neurological form of CDV infection, and to identify amino acids as markers that can be used in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of the disease. Heathy dogs (n=6), confirmed by clinical and laboratory examinations (Healthy group), and CDV-infected dogs (n=10) with neurological symptoms, confirmed by clinical, laboratory, and rapid diagnostic test kits (Distemper group), were used. CSF samples were obtained with an appropriate method and were subjected to 1H-NMR analysis. Identification was made on 10, whereas quantification on 8 amino acids. L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-threonine, and L-alanine concentrations were significantly lower, while L-histidine and L-tryptophan were significantly higher than the Healthy group (p

To study the quality discrepancy of jujube vinegar brewed from different jujube varieties, six types of jujube vinegar made from different varieties of jujube were evaluated by the analysis of basic physicochemical components (such as pH, total acid, total phenol and total flavone), color, in vitro functional activity (antioxidant capacity and lipid-lowering ability), organic acids, amino acids, and volatile aroma components, combined with electronic nose and sensory evaluation. The results showed that there were significant differences in the quality of jujube vinegar brewed from different jujubes. In terms of physical and chemical analysis, the total acid and total flavonoids of Xinjiang jujube vinegar were the highest, which were 54.87 g/L and 1168.84 mg RE/L, respectively. By contrast, the total phenolic content of Xinjiang Jun-jujube jujube vinegar was the highest, which was 1815.63 mg GAE/L. Henan Lingbao jujube vinegar and Fuping jujube vinegar had better color values. Xinjiang Jujube vinegar showed the best antioxidant and lipid lowering activities. Fuping jujube vinegar had the lowest total organic acid content of 47.07 g/L. Xinjiang gray jujube vinegar and Xinjiang Jun-jujube vinegar had higher essential amino acid and total amino acid content, while Hebei Fuping jujube vinegar had lower amino acid content. A total of 41 volatile aromas were detected in 6 kinds of jujube vinegar, and there were certain differences in the types and contents of volatile aromas contained in different kinds of jujube vinegar. The sensory evaluation showed that all jujubes were suitable for brewing jujube vinegar, among which Xinjiang Hui-jujube vinegar had the best sensory acceptance. In summary, there were certain differences in the quality of 6 kinds of jujube vinegar. The high functional activity of Xinjiang Jun-jujube vinegar made it more suitable as a functional fruit vinegar. Based on the high sensory acceptance of Xinjiang Hui-jujube vinegar, the Xinjiang Hui-jujube would be suitable for the vinegar processing too.

To explore the quality characteristics of fermented passion fruit wine, this study used high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electronic nose technology and sensory evaluation methods to determine its organic acid content, amino acid content, volatile substances and sensory properties. The results showed that passion fruit wine had the highest citric acid content and a total free amino acid content of 22.08 mg/100 g after alcoholic fermentation. The color intensity of the samples was significantly (P1) were ethyl butyrate, phenethyl alcohol and ethyl caproate. In summary, the flavor of passion fruit wine fermented by yeast was quite different from that of the original fruit juice, and the aroma of fruit wine was richer.

Keratoconus(KC)is a disease characterized by limited corneal cone-like protrusions accompanied by thinning of the corneal stroma in the area of protrusion, which commonly occurs before and after puberty, manifests itself bilaterally, and is a potentially blinding ophthalmic disease. It is a potentially blinding eye disease. Studies have shown that its pathogenesis is related to environmental factors, inflammatory response, immune function, and mechanical stimulation, but the mechanism of the occurrence and progression of KC has not yet been conclusively determined. A variety of genes, represented by corneal remodeling-related genes, have been found to have some influence on the development of cone cornea. More studies are still digging into the genetic targets associated with the development of cone cornea. This article reviews the targets and influence of genes in the pathogenesis of cone cornea, to explore the application value of genes in the early diagnosis and intervention of cone cornea, and to provide new ideas for future research on the pathogenesis of cone cornea.

Abstract Lanthanum (La(III)) is recognized for its ability to mitigate heavy metal stress in plants. However, the inorganic La(III) salts and lanthanum oxide nanoparticles (La2O3 NPs) extensively used in agriculture are prone to soil immobilization, thereby compromising their bioavailability and posing environmental risks. This study synthesized and characterized the lanthanum(III)-amino acid chelate (La(III)-AA) from soybean protein isolate (SPI) hydrolysates. Maximum chelating rate (94.95%) was achieved under the conditions of mole ratio 1:1.5, pH 8.0, 50 ℃ and 5 h. Glu, Asp and Pro represent the primary La(III)-binding ligands. UV-vis and FTIR demonstrated that amino nitrogen and carboxyl oxygen participate in metal-ligand recognition. Scanning and Transmission electron microscopy showed that La(III) chelates with amino acids in a core-shell structure of uniform size. Consequently, a proposed chemical structure for the La(III)-AA complex was presented. A concentration of 20 mg/L La(III)-AA outperforms inorganic La salts in growth promotion and Cu detoxification. La(III)-AA significantly reduces the content of Cu (II) in rice tissues and enhances seedling tolerance to Cu (II) stress. This study provides a novel La(III)-based candidate for crop protection and furthers our understanding of rare earth element-induced mitigation of heavy metal stress.

Abstract The aims of the present stud were to optimize fermentation parameters of seedless wampee wine using response surface methodology (RSM) and evaluate the changes in flavor metabolites during fermentation. Seedless wampee wine of optimal sensory quality was produced using an inoculum concentration of 0.6%, initial sugar levels of 200 g/L, a fermentation temperature of 22 °C, and a fermentation period of 9 days. Then the flavor compound profiles (amino acids, organic acids and volatile aroma compounds) of seedless wampee wine during the fermentation under optimal conditions were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometr (GC-MS). The main fermented phase of fermentation resulted in fluctuations in both total amino acids and organic acids, with stabilization occurring later on. A total of 54 volatile components, including esters, alcohols, terpenes, and acids, were putatively identified. Terpenes were the primary drivers of the flavor characteristics of seedless wampee. The rise of esters and decline of terpenes have the potential to significantly alter the flavor of wine during fermentation. These results would contribute to the further development of seedless wampee wine. Graphical Abstract

This experiment was conducted to determine total amino acid (AA) content and standardized ileal digestible (SID) amino acid content of 6 different origins of fish meal (FM) and subsequently determine equations that estimate total and SID amino acid contents from chemical composition as well as SID amino acid contents from its total AA. In order to conduct this study, a total of 210 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments consisting of 6 semi-purified diets containing each of FM as the only source of dietary protein (200 mg of crude protein/g diet) and one nitrogen-free diet in order to determine ileal endogenous amino acids (IEAA) flow. Birds were allowed ad libitum access to a corn-soybean meal starter diet until ten days, a grower diet from 11 to 23 days, and then experimental diets from 24 to 28 days of age. The total content of Lys and Met among the various samples significantly differed from 1.52 to 2 and 0.59 to 0.77%, respectively (P < 0.05). This difference was observed among the other total and SID amino acids. In this study the accuracy and precision of the models were tested by the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) value, P-value regression coefficients, and standard error of prediction (SEP). The SEP of the developed regression equations for the predicting SID amino acids of FM were from 0.009 (for Met) to 0.056 (for Arg).

Objective: To conduct a bibliometric analysis of the literature in the field of amino acid radiation protection over the past decade using CiteSpace software, exploring the formation, development, hotspots, and trends in this domain. Methods: The data source is the core collection of the Web of Science database, which include 413 papers on radiation damage of amino acids after deduplication and screening. CiteSpace software is used to visualize these papers, and the keywords and their clusters in this field are summarized from multiple dimensions and perspectives. Results: According to these papers, this field is dynamic and continuously growing, attracting interest from many scholars. Regarding country/institution distribution, China, the United States, and India have higher publication volumes, while the UK and India have more vital centrality in their publications. Keyword analysis reveals that the research hotspots in this field include ultraviolet radiation, oxidative stress, mycotoxin amino acids, and antioxidant activity. In contrast, emerging keywords such as DNA damage, photoprotection, and porphyrin-334 show research potential. Cluster analysis find that ultraviolet radiation protection, mycotoxin amino acids, glutamate, and adjuvant radiotherapy are the main research directions in this field. According to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation classification, the representative papers of the past decade sorted out the amino acids and their derivatives related to radiation protection. Conclusion: The visualization of the current situation, hotspots, and trends in the field of amino acid radiation protection provides valuable guidance and prospects for the development of amino acid food and the research of radiation protection in the future. Since the nuclear leakage accidents caused widespread concern, the demand for natural and harmless radiation protection products has surged, especially the development potential of amino acid radiation protection food. However, the current research on the structure-activity or mechanism of amino acid radiation protection needs to be more in-depth. It is still necessary to strengthen multi-agency cooperation and multi-center communication and focus on research hotspot keywords to help the development of amino acid radiation protection foods. In the context of the continuous spread of nuclear sewage, food technology is used as a shield to safeguard people's health.

Abstract This study presents an efficient chemiluminescence (CL) probe based on perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) for detection of L–cysteine (L–Cys). It consists of nickel–doped CsPbBr3 NCs embedded in the mesoporous SiO2 matrix as CL reagent and cerium (IV) as an oxidant in aqueous environment. The probe was designed for the highly selective determination of L–Cys based on its remarkable enhancing effect on the CL intensity. The colloidal nanocomposite of nickel–doped CsPbBr3 NCs@SiO2 with photoluminescence quantum yield of 58% was fabricated by ligand–assisted re–precipitation method and characterized by using UV–Vis absorption, FT–IR, X–ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The sensor was utilized to determine L–Cys in the linear concentration range of 20–300 nM with a detection limit of 12.8 nM. Direct chemical oxidation of Ni–doped CsPbBr3 NCs@SiO2 by Ce(IV) was the single cause of the formation of the excited-state NCs and subsequent production of CL. The developed probe provides outstanding selectivity towards L–Cys over structurally related compounds. Accurate determination of L–Cys in human serum samples was achieved without interference, and the results were confirmed by HPLC method.

Abstract Aqueous amino acid solutions have been introduced as dietary supplements for both animals and humans. This study investigates the physicochemical properties of the solutions containing amino acids (l-glycine, d,l-alanine, l-proline), choline chloride, and water at temperature range of 288.15 to 318.15 K. The results show that increasing concentrations of amino acids and choline chloride lead to higher solution densities. Analysis of apparent molar volume (V φ ) and apparent molar isentropic compressibility (κ φ ) reveals that V φ values increase with choline chloride concentration and temperature, indicating enhanced solute–solvent interactions, while κ φ values decrease, suggesting increased solution compression. Thermodynamic analysis using the Redlich-Mayer model and COSMO-based modeling provides insights into molecular interactions. However, COSMO-based parameters show high average relative deviation percentage (ARD %) values, indicating poor predictive performance for the density of these systems. In contrast, the ePC-SAFT equation of state effectively predicts the densities, particularly for l-proline-based solutions, which show very low ARD % values, indicating high accuracy. The ePC-SAFT model also performs reasonably well for l-glycine solutions but shows poorer results for d , l-alanine-based solutions. The study also examines the sweetness and saltiness criteria (ASV and ASIC) of these solutions. The ASV values, which serve as a sweetness criterion, are higher than the ideal range of 0.5

ABSTRACT: Researchers have reported the benefits of feeding rumen-protected methionine (RPM) during the peripartum on the health parameters of dairy cows. Rumen-protected Met has reportedly improved milk yield, milk components, and liver health, but the literature is scarce on its effects in commercial herds. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of feeding RPM (Smartamine M, Adisseo Inc., Antony, France) prepartum (8 g/cow per day) and postpartum (15 g/cow per day) on performance, metabolic profile, and culling rate of Holstein cows in a commercial herd. One hundred sixty-six (n = 166) Holstein cows, 58 nulliparous and 108 parous, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments, consisting of TMR top-dressed with RPM (RPMet; 2.35% and 2.24% Met of MP for close-up and fresh cows, respectively) or without (control [CON] 2.03% and 1.89% Met of MP for close-up and fresh cows, respectively), fed from 21 ± 6 d prepartum until 16 ± 5 d postpartum. From 17 DIM until dry-off, all cows received RPMet. Daily milk yield was recorded, and milk samples were collected in the first and second weeks after calving to determine their composition. Blood samples were collected before the morning feeding on −14, −7, +1, +7, and +14 d relative to calving. Mortality and morbidity were recorded during the first 60 DIM. Cows supplemented with RPMet had greater milk yield during the first 16 DIM (31.76 vs. 30.37 kg/d; SEM = 1.04, respectively), and had greater milk fat content (4.45 vs. 4.10%; SEM = 0.11, respectively), but not milk total protein (3.47 vs. 3.39%; SEM = 0.04, respectively) and casein contents (2.74 vs. 2.66%; SEM = 0.04, respectively) than CON cows. Cows in RPMet had increased plasma Met concentrations than cows in CON (24.9 vs. 21.0 µmol/L; SEM = 1.2, respectively). Although morbidity was similar between treatments, the culling rate from calving until 60 DIM was lower for RPMet cows than for CON cows (2.4% vs. 12.1%; SEM = 0.02). In conclusion, cows receiving RPMet have greater milk yield, improved milk fat content, and a lower culling rate at 60 DIM than CON cows.