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Having excellent biocompatibility and apatite mineralization as well as efficient mechanical properties makes bredigite as one of the most attractive bioceramics. A beam-type porous biological implant in a 3D-printed architecture is designed with micron pore size. The surface properties, morphology, and size of the composed powders are evaluated using Scherrer and Williamson-Hall equation. The effect of MNPs deposition into the bredigite bioceramics and correlation with temperature effect on roughness of the prepared bio-nanocomposite are also investigated for hyperthermia application potential. The composed powders are characterized by x-ray diffraction, and then scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (weight change, TGA), and atomic force microscopy are utilized to evaluate the surface topography. The resonance response is the tendency of a bone scaffold to respond at prominent amplitude while the frequency of its oscillations is equal to the structure’s natural frequency of vibration. Therefore, based on the obtained mechanical properties via the experimental approach for the bio-nanocomposite material, an analytical solution based upon the multiple-timescale method is carried out to analyze the nonlinear primary resonance of a 3D-printed porous beam-type biological implant under uniform-distributed load. According to SEM observations, there are hard agglomerates in the bredigite-magnetite nanoparticles (Br-MNPs) bio-nanocomposite material with low weight fraction of MNPs. However, they are broken down by increasing the amount of MNPs. Also, it is displayed that for lower MNPs weight fraction, the height of jump phenomenon related to the nonlinear resonance response is maximum and minimum for, respectively, irregular and mesoporous shapes of morphology, but their associated forcing amplitudes related to the bifurcation points are minimum and maximum, respectively.

In the present article, a new size-dependent panel model is established incorporating the both hardening-stiffness and softening-stiffness small scale effects jointly with electrostatics and magnetostatics to study analytically the buckling and postbuckling behavior of smart magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) composite nanopanels under combination of axial compression, external electric and magnetic potentials. To this end, the nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory in conjunction with the Maxwell equations is applied to the classical panel theory to develop a more comprehensive size-dependent panel model including simultaneously the both nonlocality and strain gradient size dependency. With the aid of the virtual work’s principle, the size-dependent differential equations of the problem are derived. The attained non-classical governing differential equations are solved analytically by means an improved perturbation technique within the framework of the boundary layer theory of shell buckling. Explicit analytical expressions associated with the nonlinear axial stability equilibrium paths of the electromagnetic actuated smart MEE composite nanopanels including nonlocality and strain gradient micro-size dependency are proposed. It is displayed that the nonlocal size effect leads to reduce the buckling stiffness, while the strain gradient size dependency causes to enhance it. Moreover, it is found that by applying a negative electric field as well as positive magnetic field, the influences of the nonlocal and strain gradient size effects on the critical buckling load of an axially loaded MEE composite nanopanel are more significant.

Due to the Si-O-Si bonding, silicate bioceramics have enhanced mechanical characteristics than their calcium phosphate (CaP) counterparts. Bredigite with orthorhombic crystal system is one of the most efficient bioceramics in osteoblast and bone growth. On the other hand, biosilicate-magnetite composites (e.g. bredigite-magnetite and hardystonite-magnetite) are excellent candidates for hyperthermia applications. In the current study, the vibrational response of a beam-type bone implant subjected to axial compression is investigated. The implant is made of bredigite-magnetite bio-nanocomposite scaffold fabricated by 3D printing machine including 0.8 mm pore size. The Young's modulus of the scaffold is extracted experimentally corresponding to different magnetite nanoparticle (MNP) weight fractions, crystalline nanocomposite particle size, and various shapes of morphology. The morphology shape is determined corresponding to different MNP weight fractions and temperatures using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thereafter, an analytical solution is presented to express explicitly the load-frequency and frequency-deflection responses of the axially loaded beam-type bone implant. It is observed that in the prebuckling domain, by increasing the axial compressive load, the influence of the MNP weight fraction on the natural frequency of the bio-nanocomposite implant increases while in the postbuckling regime, increment in the axial compression has no effect on the significance of the MNP weight fraction effect.

Magnetite is a bioresorbable material that has been widely employed in bioengineering domain, drug-delivery operations, and hyperthermia treatment. In the biomedical engineering, the major focus is on the mechanical properties of materials used in orthopedic and dental implants. In the present investigation, beam-type bone implant made of bredigite composed with magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) is fabricated with a customized three dimensional (3D) printing, the nonlinear bending and postbuckling behaviors of it are studied. To accomplish this purpose, the Young's modulus of the prepared bio-nanocomposite material is obtained experimentally corresponding to different MNP weight fractions and sizes of the nanoparticles as well as their morphology shapes. In order to prepare the bio-nanocomposite material, the planetary high energy ball milling (HEBM) is put to use to mix the bredigite bioceramic powder as a bioactive matrix with various weight fractions of MNPs. After that, based upon a developed analytical solution, the nonlinear bending and instability response of the bio-nanocomposite beam-type bone implant are analyzed corresponding to various MNP weight fractions and morphology shapes of the material. It is found that for the bio-nanocomposite implant with smaller composite crystallite size, the maximum and minimum buckling loads are for irregular and mesoporous morphology shapes, respectively. On the hand, for the bio-nanocomposite bone implant with larger composite particle size, the maximum and minimum buckling loads are related to, respectively, the spongy and porous morphology shapes.

In the present study, hard ferromagnetic (M-type strontium hexaferrite) SrFe 12 O 19 was co-doped by Zn and Zr for magnetic hyperthermia applications. As a result of the high concentration of single domain SrFe 12 O 19 nanoparticles (suspended in the ferrofluid), they found a large hydrodynamic diameter, which caused a long-time Brownian relaxation under the AC magnetic field. On the other hand, increasing the Zn-Zr content (low concentration of SrFe 12 O 19 ) led to a drop in anisotropy, which coincided with a short-time N´eel relaxation. All of the substituted samples with a multi-disperse state in ferrofluid exhibited an almost equal amount of the N´eel and Brownian effects. Consequently, the magnetic saturation ( M s ) was considered as the dominant factor in the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the substituted samples. Transformation to the mono-disperse state was followed by the decrease of the Brownian relaxation time and hence the increase of the SAR. The interesting point in mono-disperse state was the heat generation of pure SrFe 12 O 19 under the AC magnetic field as a result of the decrement of the Brownian relaxation time.

The aim of the present study was to study the mechanical and biologocal properties of the bredigite-magnetite (Ca 7 MgSi 4 O 16 -Fe 3 O 4 ) nanocomposite with various amounts of magnetite (0, 10, 20 and 30 wt. %). According to the obtained results, the properties of the constructed scaffolds have an extreme dependence on the magnetite content. In this research, the bredigite-30wt. % magnetite as the optimum sample showed a fracture toughness of 2.69 MPa m 1/2 and a Young's modulus of 29 GPa. Increasing bredigite content led to the increase of pH values in the SBF solution. This was originated from the interchange/interaction of Ca 2+ ion on the scaffold surface. The sample containing 10 wt. % magnetite presented a rocky and irregular surface while that of 30 wt.% illustrated a smooth and flat outer layer with coarse projections. The results confirmed that the biodegradation rate of the pure bredigite is more than that of 20 wt.% sample. The event is originated from the dissolution of the Si ions of the bridigite particles in the absence of magnetite.

Although, the ideal hard ferromagnetic particles are much better energy absorbers as against the ideal superparamagnetic particles, the use of hard ferromagnetic materials in hyperthermia applications has always been a major challenge for researchers due to their high anisotropy. This work introduces a route to use a hard magnetic material (SrFe12O19) in the form of nanoparticle and scaffold in hyperthermia application. Single domain SrFe12O19 nanoparticles, with a hard magnetic behavior, when composited with hydroxyapatite (HA), allowed the use of the minimum frequency and amplitude of the alternative magnetic (AC) field to have high amount of specific absorption rate. This was the outstanding advantages of this work, especially when a monodispersed HA-SrFe12O19 nanocomposite was used. HA-10 wt%SrFe12O19 scaffolds, after gelatin coting, showed a high stable compressive strength with a high uniform interconnected porosities. Besides, HA-10 wt%SrFe12O19 composite nanoparticles showed a high specific absorption rate in both mono and multi dispersed states.

In the present study, the 3D printer method for fabricating porous bone scaffolds with Polylactic Acid (PLA) printed was used by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). Then, the prepared 3D scaffold coated with alginate composed with various amounts of Hydroxyapatite (HA) using the freeze-drying technique. After the fabrication of novel functional graded materials scaffold, the mechanical strength and biological behavior were investigated. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis used to characterize the morphology and phase characterization. The structure of the porous scaffold was simulated using the ABAQUS analysis method and their mechanical and physical properties were extracted. Also, strong antibacterial properties were observed for all samples with increasing HA nanoparticles against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial suspensions. These bio-nano composites are compatible with the pH of the blood. In general, it was found that the most suitable bio-nano composite is the sample with 10 wt % HA nanoparticles. The elastic modulus increased from 350 MPa to 394 MPa with the addition of HA nanoparticles, while the porosity percentages decreased from 44 % to 36 %. The compressive strength increases from 25.2 MPa to 32.7 MPa with the addition of 30 wt% HA nanoparticles. The obtained results showed that the bio-nano composites prepared in this study were suitable for further development in bone substitutes with desirable mechanical properties. The alginate/HA material properties reported from the numerical approach, have an acceptable agreement with experimental results. Furthermore, the numerical study indicated that the scaffold compressive strength increases from 22.8 MPa (S1) to 31.2 MPa (S4) with the addition of 30 wt % HA nanoparticles. Nanoindentation test explains that the indenter penetration decreases from 82.163 nm to 69.338 nm with the addition of 30 wt% HA nanoparticles. As a consequence, PLA-alginate/20 wt % HA (S3) and, PLA-alginate/30 wt% HA (S4) have the best mechanical properties. Although due to lower biological advantages of S4 concerning S3, PLA-alginate/20 wt % HA (S3) chose as an appropriate bio-nanocomposite for orthopedic application.

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. The use of calcium silicate coatings has extensively increased due to properties such as biocompatibility and proper bioactivity response. The present study was aimed to investigate the bioactivity of wollastonite-hydroxyapatite (WS-HA) bio-nanocomposite for the treatment of orthopedic implant coatings by adding magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to the matrix. The bio-nanocomposite was coated on Mg substrate for 40 min at 40 V using electrophoretic deposition (EPD), following which the heat treatment was performed at 550–650 °C for 1 h. The coatings were incubated in simulated body fluid (SBF) and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 28 days to detect and confirm apatite-like layer formation Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to evaluate the concentration of calcium and silicon ions.

This work was written with the aim of preparing zinc doped nickel ferrite (Ni 1-x Zn x Fe 2 O 4 : x = 0.25, x = 0.5 and x = 0.75) nanoparticles via mechanical milling and subsequent sintering. The mobility of Zn 2+ ions within the lattice structure of NiFe 2 O 4 ferrite with an inverse spinel structure was investigated and the resultant magnetic properties were discussed. Variation of magnetization of Ni 1-x Zn x Fe 2 O 4 (x = 0.25, x = 0.5 and x = 0.75) under a DC magnetic field was studied and the obtained results were used to justify the initial heating rate of the samples under an AC magnetic field. According to the results, the Brown effect, as a heating mechanism in soft ferromagnetic and super paramagnetic materials, did not have a decisive role in the heat release of magnetic nanoparticles. In return, the Neel effect was consistently more active as a result of increasing the zinc content. The aggregate analysis showed that the saturation magnetization played the most important role in the minimum value of the specific absorption rate of Ni 0.25 Zn 0.75 Fe 2 O 4 samples.

Nowadays, the integration of uncertain renewable resources has been accelerated, which encounters the operational scheduling of power system with some challenges for achieving optimal operation schedule. Hence, uncertain resources will be penalized if they create an imbalance in power generation. Both of the positive and negative imbalances will lead to a decrease in the uncertain resources' profitability. In the market environment, when the time is close to the real operation, the excess generation could not be sold. In some markets, the system operator buys the excess renewable generation by penalty factors. Furthermore, the insufficient generation must be compensated through buying from the spot market which has higher prices. The owners of uncertain resources want to have coordinated operation with storage units to mitigate the risk of commitment in the electricity market and to be protected from high prices of the spot market in case of their inaccurate forecasting. Hence, a contract model is proposed to satisfy both renewable and energy storage generating companies. Hence, a state-of-the-art storage technology which is called UWCAES is incorporated. The uncertain resources cannot be effectively profited of participation in the wholesale electricity market without collaborative operation. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed model.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the hyperthermia application of a novel bredigite-magnetite nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering. Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and then composited with bredigite powders via a mechanical milling route and subsequent sintering process. Bredigite-Magnetite nanocomposite possessed a homogeneous dispersion of magnetite nanoparticles, which was confirmed by the absence of large aggregates. To evaluate the heat release of the composite nanoparticles, an alternating magnetic (AC) field was applied. The results showed an increase in the temperature, as a result of the increasing magnetite concentration. The sample containing 30 wt.% magnetite particles showed a temperature increase about 27 °C during 50 s. Generally, the present work confirmed that the bredigite-magnetite nanocomposite can be considered as an assuring candidate in hyperthermia applications.

Zn-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with different zinc contents (Co1 − x Zn x Fe2O4, x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) were prepared through a novel combustion method and subsequent milling process. A magnetostriction test was conducted to investigate the migration of Co2+ ions away from the octahedral sites to confirm the decrease of the anisotropy as a result of the increase of the Zn content. The single domain and superparamagnetic behaviors in the obtained samples were analyzed, and their variations by the increase of Zn content were compared. The variations of anisotropy in the vicinity of various Zn contents were accessed, and the specific absorption rate of the obtained samples was estimated. Linear response theory showed that the ratio of the anisotropy energy to the thermal energy, as a dimensionless anisotropy parameter (σ), can have a key role in the specific absorption rate of any magnetic material in hyperthermia applications.

This work reported a mechanochemically aided sintering process for the synthesis of BaFe 12−x Al x O 19 (x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) hexaferrite ceramic. A brief analysis was conducted on the synthesis mechanism of the pure barium ferrite, its morphology, and magnetic properties. By substitution of Al 3+ ions into BaFe 12 O 19 lattice, the size of the grains decreased and their hexagonal-plate shape tended toward a rod-like shape. These events led to a single domain nature in the grains and also an increase in their magneto-crystalline anisotropy. Single domain nature obtained a barrier against the movement of the domain walls, which led to an increase in coercivity. On the other hand, the increase of anisotropy led to the enhancement of coercivity, according to the Stoner–Wohlfarth model. The substitution of Al 3+ ions also led to the decrease of the saturation magnetization, which was because of the lower magnetic moment of Al 3+ ions (0 μB) compared to that of Fe 3+ ions (+5 μB). As a result of substituting Al 3+ ions with a value of x = 2, a maximum reflection loss of −43 dB was obtained at a frequency of 15.7 GHz.

In the present study three akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7), diopside (CaMgSi2O6) and baghdadite (Ca3ZrSi2O9) applicable bioceramics were synthesized via a sol-gel based method. The combination of sol-gel method and the raw materials used in this study presents a new route for the synthesis of the mentioned bioceramics. By the use of thermal analysis, the mechanisms occurred during the synthesis of these bioceramics were investigated. The differences in the structural density and their relation with the degradation rate and mechanical properties of all three ceramics were studied. In vitro bioactivity and apatite formation mechanisms of the samples soaked in the simulated body fluid were considered. The results showed that baghdadite as a Zr-containing material has a more dense structure in comparison with the other ceramics, which leads to a lower degradation rate and also lower bioactivity. There were also main differences between akermanite and diopside as Mg-containing ceramics. Diopside showed a structure with lower porosity content compared to the akermanite samples which resulted in the lower degradation rate and higher compressive strength.

Despite the benefits of akermanite, there are limited reports on making powder and dense bulk akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) and most articles have focused on building akermanite scaffolds. This study centers on a new and economical route for the synthesis of akermanite bioceramic via high energy ball milling and subsequent sintering of a mixed powders of eggshell (as calcium source), MgO, and SiO2. The mechanisms occurred during akermanite synthesis were carefully investigated. XRD, DTA, FTIR, TGA, SEM, TEM, ICP and EDS were used for analyzing the obtained results. Simulated body fluid (SBF) was also used for assessing in vitro bioactivity of the akermanite samples. According to the results, the method presented in this study can be introduced as a facile method for preparing akermanite samples with a good compressive strength of 210±7MPa. The XRD patterns also indicated that akermanite bioceramic was synthesized after heat treating at 900°C which is very low compared to previous researches. With increasing the sintering time of the akermanite samples and the reduction of the surface porosities, the amount of the formed apatite and also the rate of apatite formation decreased and the compressive strength of the samples increased.

This work is a short report on the synthesis of CeFeO 3 ceramic nanopowder from a mixture of CeO 2 and Fe 2 O 3 powders via a high energy ball milling process and subsequent heat treatment. Investigation of the magnetic, photocatalytic and absorption properties of CeFeO 3 and its potential for colossal dielectric constant (CDC) are the main objectives of the present study. The characterization tools were X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) and Image-J software. According to the obtained results, CeFeO 3 nanopowder can be raised as a visible light-driven photocatalyst, a semiconductor material with a narrow bandgap and a weak ferromagnetic material. For the first time the CDC behavior of this ceramic was also assessed by XPS analysis which was indicative of a good colossal dielectric constant. The results were also confirmed by the measured dielectric properties.

Biopolymer scaffolds have received great interest in academic and industrial environment because of their supreme characteristics like biological, mechanical, chemical, and cost saving in the biomedical science. There are various attempts for incorporation of biopolymers with cheap natural micro- or nanoparticles like lignin (Lig), alginate, and gums to prepare new materials with enhanced properties. Materials and Methods: In this work, the electrospinning (ELS) technique as a promising cost-effective method for producing polymeric scaffold fibers was used, which mimics extracellular matrix structure for soft tissue engineering applications. Nanocomposites of Lig and polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold produced with ELS technique. Nanocomposite containings (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) of Lig were prepared with addition of Lig powder into the PCL solution while stirring at the room temperature. The bioactivity, swelling properties, morphological and mechanical tests were conducted for all the samples to investigate the nanocomposite scaffold features. Results: The results showed that scaffold with 10 wt.% Lig have appropriate porosity, biodegradation, minimum fiber diameter, optimum pore size as well as enhanced tensile strength, and young modulus compared with pure PCL. Degradation test performed through immersion of samples in the phosphate-buffer saline showed that degradation of PCL nanocomposites could accelerate up to 10% due to the addition of Lig. Conclusions: Electrospun PCLLig scaffold enhanced the biological response of the cells with the mechanical signals. The prepared nanocomposite scaffold can choose for potential candidate in the biomedical science

Similar to metallic implant, using the compact bio-nanocomposite can provide a suitable strength due to its high stiffness and providing sufficient adhesion between bone and orthopedic implant. Therefore, using zirconia-reinforced calcium phosphate composites with new generation of calcium silicate composites was considered in this study. Additionally, investigation of microstructure, apatite formation, and mechanical characteristic of synthetic compact bio-nanocomposite bones was performed. Desired biodegradation, optimal bioactivity, and dissolution of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) were controlled to optimize its mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to prepare the nanostructured TCP-wollastonite-zirconia (TCP-WS-Zr) using the space holder (SH) technique. The X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) was used to confirm the existence of favorable phases in the composite’s structure. Additionally, the effects of calcination temperature on the fuzzy composition, grain size, powder crystallinity, and final coatings were investigated. Furthermore, the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for fundamental analysis of the resulting powder. In order to examine the shape and size of powder’s particles, particle size analysis was performed. The morphology and microstructure of the sample’s surface was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and to evaluate the dissolution rate, adaptive properties, and the comparison with the properties of single-phase TCP, the samples were immersed in physiological saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride) for 21 days. The results of in vivo evaluation illustrated an increase in the concentration of calcium ion release and proper osseointegration ratio, and the amount of calcium ion release in composite coatings was lower than that in TCP single phase. Nanostructured TCP-WS-Zr coatings reduced the duration of implant fixation next to the hardened tissue, and increased the bone regeneration due to its structure and dimensions of the nanometric phases of the forming phases. Finally, the animal evaluation shows that the novel bio-nanocomposite has increasing trend in healing of defected bone after 1 month.

One of the most common fractures in the skeleton happens in the femur. One of the important reasons for this fracture is because it is the longest bone in the body and osteoporosis affect this part a lot. The geometric complexity and anisotropy properties of this bone have received a lot of attention in the orthopedic field. In this research, a femur designed using 3D printing machine using the middle part of the hip made of polylactic acid–hydroxyapatite (PLA–HA) nanocomposite containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 25 wt% of ceramic nanoparticle. Three different types of loadings, including centralized loading, full-scale, and partially loaded, were applied to the designed femur bone. The finite element analysis was used to analyze biomechanical components. The results of the analysis showed that it is possible to use the porous scaffold model for replacement in the femur having proper strength and mechanical stability. Stress–strain analysis on femoral implant with biometric HA and PLA after modeling was performed using the finite element method under static conditions in Abaqus software. Three scaffold structures, i.e., mono-, hybrid, and zonal structures, that can be fabricated using current bioprinting techniques are also discussed with respect to scaffold design.

In the current study, bio-nanocomposites scaffolds including natural hydroxyapatite (n-HA) composed with different weight fractions of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are fabricated using the space holder technique. After that, the manufactured samples are coated with gelatin polymer loaded with ibuprofen drug. Via experimental methods, the mechanical properties (fracture toughness and compressive strength) of n-HA-CuO bio-nanocomposite scaffolds are achieved corresponding to various weight fractions of the CuO-NPs. Also, the electrical conductivity and cell viability of the fabricated scaffolds are evaluated using the scan electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Thereafter, based upon the extracted mechanical properties, nonlinear mechanical behaviors of beam-type implants made of the prepared n-HA-CuO bio-nanocomposites are predicted analytically. The cell viability and electrical conductivity evaluation demonstrate that on the free surface of all bio-nanocomposite scaffolds, there is a thin layer of apatite carbonate; however, the thickness of this layer in the sample containing 5wt% CuO-NPs is lower than other ones. It is seen that the adherence of ibuprofen's penetration into the gelatin polymer is weak which leads to two explosive release stages. For the lower weight fraction of CuO-NPs, the release of ibuprofen becomes significant.

In order to achieve more efficient additive materials having precise desired porosities with excellent performance, advanced manufacturing techniques can be put to use. In the present study, 3D printing technology is employed to fabricate mesoporous bioceramic-based bony scaffolds made of various periodic cellular topologies including cubic, cylindrical and hexagonal porosity configurations. The samples are composed of polylactic acid-hydroxyapatite (PLA-HA) mesoporous bioceramic-based nanocomposites. Via the respective experiments, the mechanical properties of the fabricated bony scaffolds are extracted corresponding to each porosity configuration with different pore sizes. Moreover, by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the permeability characteristics of the fabricated bio-composite samples after soaking in the simulated body fluid (SBF) are captured. Thereafter, based on the experimentally obtained mechanical properties, the multiple time-scales method is utilized to develop an analytical solution for the nonlinear secondary resonance of PLA-HA mesoporous beam-type implants under subharmonic and superharmonic excitations. The frequency-response and amplitude response associated with the both types of hard excitations are depicted corresponding to different periodic cellular topologies and pore sizes. It is observed that among various periodic cellular topologies, the gap between two branches of the subharmonic frequency-response associated with the cubic and hexagonal ones is maximum and minimum, respectively. In the case of superharmonic excitation, it is found that through reduction of the pore size, the peak of frequency-response and its associated value of the detuning parameter decrease.

In the present research, natural hydroxyapatite (NHA) was synthesized from bovine bones and then fluorine was doped into the NHA matrix to produce fluorine doped NHA (FNHA; natural fluor-hydroxyapatite) in optimum conditions. At the end an FNHA-TiO 2 nanobiocomposite ceramic with excellent biocompatibility and good chemical stability was synthesized through a mechanochemical route and a subsequent two step sintering (TSS) process. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductive coupled plasma (ICP), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used as the means for gathering and analysis of the results. According to the obtained results, TiO 2 can prevent early decomposition of FNHA by the formation of the CaTiO 3 phases and hence strengthen the interactions between the apatite particles which results in the increase of the mechanical properties. Besides, TiO 2 provides more Si OH nucleation sites for the formation of the apatite layers and hence more bioactivity.

Due to their colossal dielectric constant (CDC), $$\hbox {RFeO}_{3}$$RFeO3, orthoferrite ceramics (R = rare earth metal) have recently attracted much attention. In the present research, the dielectric constants of $$\hbox {RFeO}_{3}$$RFeO3 orthoferrite ceramics, whether with or without CDC, have been simulated. The type of synthesis method, the type of R material, temperature, and frequency as the effective parameters on the dielectric behavior are introduced to the model. Another input parameter is the ratio of $$\hbox {Fe}^{+2}/\hbox {Fe}^{+3}$$Fe+2/Fe+3 peak area (in the XPS diagram), which is the most important parameter that affects the CDC behavior. Initially, a colossal database is formed by means of WebPlotDigitizer software and 2930 experimental data, and then the simulation is carried out through gene expression programming. Two case studies are also performed on $$\hbox {PrFeO}_{3}$$PrFeO3 and $$\hbox {NdFeO}_{3}$$NdFeO3 orthoferrite ceramics to validate the accuracy of the presented model. $$\hbox {PrFeO}_{3}$$PrFeO3 exhibits significant CDC behavior whereas the $$\hbox {NdFeO}_{3}$$NdFeO3 ceramic samples possess little CDC property, both of which were precisely simulated by the model. Two-dimensional tenth-degree equations resulting from the model predict the dielectric constant variations accurately.

The aim of the present study is to prepare the bovine hydroxyapatite-diopside (bHA-Di) nanocomposite coating using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique and then investigation of the bioactivity, wettability and hardness of the produced coating samples at different percentage of Di. For this purpose the HA powders is prepared from the bovine bones by a simple new method and then Di powders that have already synthesized by the use of mechanical milling method, is injected into the HA matrix. At the end a suspension of the bHA-Di nanocomposite is created and coated on the titanium (Ti) implants by the EPD technique. The sintered nanocomposite coating are then sintered and analysed. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) are used as instruments for gathering and analysing the experimental results. According to the results obtained, the produced composite coating with 30 wt. % Di has favourable bioactivity, good wettability and high hardness.

Gelatin (GN) is a polymer, which is similar to the protein derived from collagen, an organic element in the bone. GN can incorporate into the mineral part of the bone, hydroxyapatite (HA). The HA bioceramic has properties very close to the natural bone characteristics. Therefore, in this research, bio-nanocomposite scaffolds made of the HA composed with magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) are fabricated. For this purpose, the space holder technique is put to use using NaCl particles as the spacers. The HA-X%MNP (X = 0 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt%) scaffolds are coated via gelatin-ibuprofen (GN-IBO) in order to determine the capabilities of the scaffolds for compatibility and fibroblastic cells of the related tissue. The coated bio-nanocomposite scaffolds are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) tools. Then, the porosity and bioactivity of the prepared samples are tested in the simulated body fluid (SBF), and the associated compressive strength, fracture toughness, porosity and hardness are investigated. Also, the magnetic behavior of the scaffolds during the release of IBO in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS) is monitored after 21 days incubation. Finally, an analytical sandwich plate model is developed to analyze the vibrational response of an axially loaded plate-type HA-MNP bio-nanocomposite implants. The obtained X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the presence of IBO peaks after removing the samples from the PBS which proves the lower release speed of the sample containing 10 wt% MNPs. It is found that the interaction between IBO and HA affects the mechanical performance of the scaffolds. IBO release profiles present a burst release that depends on the HA content. The given results indicate that the manufactured scaffolds have good potentials for biological as well as hyperthermia applications in bone tissue engineering.

Introduction: Advantages of using porous bio-nanocomposite scaffolds for maxillofacial fracture application and optimizing the internal surfaces of synthetic grafts using nanotechnology can accelerate the bone cell adhesion, mechanical properties and absorption rates. There are various studies that have been performed on porous scaffold, especially for the fractured and destroyed parts of the facial bones. The aim of this study was to investigate the experimental and numerical analysis of the porous scaffold, which undertakes static and dynamic loading conditions. Materials and Methods: The maxillofacial bone was modeled using the solid works software, and then it was inserted into the Abaqus software to achieve a more precise model that utilizes an isotropic linear substance. Thereafter, a proper micromechanical model reported evaluating the elastic modulus response on porosity value using various models. Additionally, an experimental analysis was conducted on a new calcium silicate (CS) bioceramic reinforced with magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) using the space holder technique coated with the gentamicin drug loaded on gelatin polymer. The response of the bio-nanocomposites shape, which corresponds to different MNPs’ weight fractions, was determined using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Results: The analysis of the scaffold implant showed that it is tightened at a torque of stiffness of 3 mm in the implant, which leads to high mechanical tension. The results showed that the elastic modulus of the nanocomposites increased from 60±5 MPa to 145±5 MPa with increasing 15 wt% MNPs to the calcium silicate nanoparticles. Conclusion: The results indicated that addition of 15 wt% MNPs to the based bioceramics increased both compression strength and decrease the porosity value.

Background: A study conducted on wound treatment by antibacterial wound dressings can reduce the need for using antibiotics to a minimum amount. These wound dressings can create a moist environment at the wound surface to speed the healing process up. In recent years, researchers have paid much attention to polymeric wound dressings. Chitosan can help heal the wounds because of its similar structure to glycosaminoglycans in the skin. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to fabricate and characterize a novel biolayer wound dressing based on the carboxymethyl chitosan polymer with ceramic nanoparticles as a reinforcement and antibacterial agent using the freeze-drying method. Methods: In this study, to make a flexible wound dressing from a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, N-O-carboxymethyl chitosan, diopside was added to improve the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of the soft tissue and cell proliferation was fabricated. After making the samples, a variety of chemical and biological tests and analyses were performed on the samples, including scanning electron microscope and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Results: The results showed that the use of this wound dress significantly reduced the risk of infection at the wound site. Conclusions: An antibacterial product with the proper mechanical behavior as a soft tissue was produced and evaluated in this study. The chemical and biological investigation represented that the sample with 5 wt% magnetite nanoparticles has excellent characteristics and can be introduced as a wound dressing application.

Post-surgical infection is one of the essential problems in bone scaffolds that is usually treated with antibiotics. This issue may be related to the poor blood supply for bone tissue due to high concentrations of drug. In the current study, the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the antibacterial behavior of the nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (n-HA) scaffolds coated by gelatin-ibuprofen (GN-IBO) is evaluated. To this end, the bio-nanocomposite scaffolds are fabricated via the space holder technique and then characterized with the aid of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compressive strength, fracture toughness, porosity, elastic modulus as the mechanical properties, and the apatite formation, biodegradation, drug release and wettability beside the roughness as the biological properties are predicted. The obtained experimental results indicate that the bio-nanocomposite scaffolds containing 10 wt% ZnO has suitable mechanical and biological properties. After that, an analytical model is developed to predict the nonlinear instability and vibration responses of an axially loaded sandwich plate-type implants made of the fabricated n-HA-ZnO bio-nanocomposites coated by GN-IBO thin film corresponding to various weight fractions of ZnO nanoparticles. It is found that ZnO peaks in the positions of 2θ are equal to 31.6 ° , 33.6 ° , 34 ° , 46.4 ° , and 62 ° , which represent the crystalline characteristics. Also, it is revealed that through addition of ZnO nanoparticles, the hardness and elastic modulus as well as the bone formation and biodegradation rate of the bio-nanocomposite scaffold enhance, while its drug release in the phosphate buffer solution detected with UV spectrum reduces. It is found that by increasing the ZnO weight fraction, the critical axial buckling load of the sandwich bio-nanocomposite implant enhances, and it buckles at lower axial shortening. However, it is seen that for higher value of wt% ZnO, its influence on the critical buckling load decreases.

Iranian Gum Tragacanth (IGT) is among the most natural polymers which has interesting properties such as nontoxic nature, biodegradability and high resistance to bacterial attacks making it applicable for tissue scaffolds, protective clothing, and wound healing. In the current work, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/IGT nanocomposite fibre is prepared by using the electrospinning (ELS) technique in an aqueous solution with different volume ratios of 60/40, 70/30, 80/20, and 90/10. To enhance the chemical and mechanical stability of the produced samples, different amounts of nanoclay powder (1% and 3%) are added also to the solution. The blended nanofibres are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and bioactivity evaluation in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions. The FTIR analysis indicated that PVA and IGT may have H + bonding interactions. The results revealed that with a higher amount of IGT, a superior degradation as well as a higher chemical and biological stability could be obtained in the nanobiocomposite blend fibres. Furthermore, the blend nanofibre samples of 80/20 and 3% nanoclay powder exhibit a significant improvement during evaluation of its properties.

In the presented study, the deposition of nanostructured NHA-Di (natural hydroxyapatite-diopside) composite coatings on the surface of Ti-6Al-4 V implants is studied. The effect of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) voltage, Di content and process temperature on the surface roughness is also investigated. The powders are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The atomic force microscopy (AFM) is also used to study the surface topography. According to SEM observations, there are hard agglomerates in the NHA-Di composite powders at low percentage of Di; however they are broken down by increasing the amount of Di percentage. Images which were obtained from the 2D AFM analysis of the NHA-Di coating after its deposition on Ti alloy specimen surface, indicated that the “Roughen” diagram fluctuates between the range of −0.03 and 0.01 μm under the conditions that the Di content reaches 30 wt%. A specific load is applied during the adhesion test which resulted in NHA-30 wt% Di coating maintain its impeccability while the NHA-0 wt% Di coating samples were damaged.A graph is also developed based on the Hertz stress which proved to be challenging in terms of chemical stability based on its surface roughness.

Since hydroxyapatite-based materials have similar composition and crystallinity as natural calcified tissues, can be used for bone/tissue engineering. In the present study a novel nanocomposite based on bioceramics such as Natural Hydroxyapatite (NHA) and Baghdadite (BAG), was sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The prepared composite was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques. The porosity of the samples was measured by Archimedes method. The cold crushing strength (CCS) test was applied to evaluate their mechanical properties. Our results demonstrated that NHA-30wt. %BAG nanocomposite specimens have the lower CCS in comparison with other examined composites. Consequently, NHA/BAG samples exhibited acceptable mechanical properties and could be suitable candidates for bone tissue engineering applications especially orthopaedic fields.

In the present work, the releasing heat, scaffold apatite formation, and magnetic behavior of a novel diopside-magnetite nanocomposite with various contents of magnetite (Fe3O4) were evaluated. The N´eel and Brown relaxations did not have a significant effect on the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the composite samples. Indeed, magnetic saturation, Ms, indicated a crucial effect on the heat release of the samples. The sample with 30wt% magnetite had the highest value of SAR, while the sample with 20wt% magnetite, in the form of scaffold, allowed the high amount of apatite formation on its surface.

The shoulder is considered to be an important flexible and movable part in the human body. However, it is a wobble joint as its range of motion (ROM) is high. This unstable status increases the rate of joint injury. The processes leading to shoulder joint dysfunction are arthritis, hemiarthroplasty failure, and pseudoparalysis; in turn, one of the main factors contributing to these problems is rotator cuff tear (RCT). Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA)may be a proper treatment for shoulder dysfunction and pain. This treatment elevates shoulder movement and has been augmented by recent advances in the development of the reverse shoulder prosthesis (RSP) design. This current review highlights the recent developments, revisions, and complications. A review of the published literature has been done to determine the overall rates of problems, complications, reoperations, and revisions after RSA. Furthermore, this review discusses the problems concerning RSP, shoulderjoint replacement, and improvement in shoulderjointmovement after arthroplasty

In the present study, diopside nanopowders were prepared via mechanical milling with eggshell as the calcium source. The space holder method (compaction of ceramic powder and spacer) as one of the most important methods to produce ceramic/metal scaffolds was used to produce diopside scaffolds. For the first time, the effect of the spacer size on mechanical properties and porosity of the obtained scaffolds was experimentally discussed. According to the results obtained, the NaCl particles (as the spacer) with the size of 400–600 µm maintained their original spherical shape during the compaction and sintering processes. As a new work, the most important parameters including the spacer type, spacer concentration, spacer size, and applied pressure were considered, and their effects on mechanical properties and porosity of diopside scaffolds were simulated. Gene Expression Programming (GEP), as one of the most branches of the artificial intelligence, was used for simulation process. By using the GEP, two equations were introduced to predict the compressive strength and porosity of the obtained scaffolds with the lowest error values. The 3D diagrams extracted from the model were used to evaluate the combined effect of the process parameters on the compressive strength and porosity of the scaffolds. The GEP model presented in this work has a very low level of error and a high level of the squared regression for predicting the compressive strength and porosity of diopside scaffolds.

The milestone reached and development achieved in biotechnology within the past decades, has paved the way for various preclinical and clinical investigations. As a matter of fact, biomaterial and biomedical engineering applications have evolved to such a level that it is easier to conduct lifelike and virtual simulations as well as analysis perfectly. Therefore, in the circle of in vitro evaluation of material, there has been a shift to in vivo evaluation. Furthermore, the clinical and preclinical study conducted by surgeons on nanomaterials demonstrates that a huge gap exists between the project and design articles, and the authentic implantation of this biomaterial within the human anatomy. Nanoparticles (NPs) have a tremendous impact in several fields such as electronics, biomaterials, mechanics, biomedical devices, aerospace equipment, and so on. Since the type of implants doesn’t require surgical removal from the human body when it is no longer required, its value is only seen when considering short-term applications, where the device is needed temporarily in the human body. But there is a likely factor to consider in the use of this degradable implants and that is the toxicity of the implants degradation. Therefore, the design of this degradation products or implants must be carefully done in order to test for potential toxicity in the human body. This chapter will discuss the interactions and reactions of the particles of biomaterial within cells biology in vitro and in vivo circle. Furthermore, the evidence of human cell cytotoxicity in relation to the discussed biomaterials will be discussed. Moreover, this chapter will also highlight various definitions as regard to the process of NPs safety. There is, therefore, an urgent need for a reputable standard in this field as well as a consensus for measuring accurately the nanotoxicity level. However, based on the research undertaken by us and countless others, specific types of functionalization can greatly limit the amount of toxicity level leaked into the body; and so far, there has been promising progress as to its clinical application in the future.

In low carbon steels, dissolution and precipitation of the second phases such as carbides and nitrides during annealing cycles can affect the final structure and properties of the materials. The interaction of above processes depends on parameters such as reheating temperature, heating rate, annealing temperature, soaking time and finishing temperature in hot rolling stage before cold rolling. The effects of heating rate and annealing temperature on the microstructure and hardness were investigated. Two heating rates for annealing temperatures of 550, 610 and 720 °C were applied on cold-rolled specimens and St-14 low carbon steel, which were immediately quenched after isothermal annealing. The intercept method was used to measure average grain sizes. However, resulted microstructures are different for the two heating rates. While pancaked structures were observed in specimens annealed with low heating rate, in samples annealed with high heating rate, equiaxed microstructures were observed. Vickers micro-hardness values decreased at all temperatures, which were more significant at higher temperatures. At longer annealing time, signs of increase of hardness values were detected. All results and observations consistently suggest that a precipitation process has occurred concurrently with restoration processes during annealing. In addition, the energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis resulted from transmission electron microscopic micrographs have proved that the nano particles precipitated in grain boundaries are AlN.

The surface characteristics of an implant that influence the speed and strength of osseointegration include crystal structure and bioactivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactivity of a novel natural hydroxyapatite/zircon (NHA/zircon) nanobiocomposite coating on 316L stainless steel (SS) dental implants soaking in simulated body fluid. A novel NHA/zircon nanobiocomposite was fabricated with 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 wt% of zircon in NHA using ball mill for 1 h. The composite mixture was coated on SS implants using a plasma spray method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate surface morphology, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze phase composition and crystallinity (Xc). Further, calcium ion release was measured to evaluate the coated nanobiocomposite samples. The prepared NHA/zircon coating had a nanoscale morphological structure with a mean crystallite size of 30–40 nm in diameter and a bone-like composition, which is similar to that of the biological apatite of a bone. For the prepared NHA powder, high bioactivity was observed owing to the formation of apatite crystals on its surface. Both minimum crystallinity (Xc=41.1%) and maximum bioactivity occurred in the sample containing 10 wt% of zircon because of minimum Xc and maximum biodegradation of the coating sample.

The mineral or inorganic component of bone is a calcium phosphate idealized as a calcium hydroxyapatite, HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Changes in the composition of the apatite affect its lattice parameters, morphology, crystallinity (reflecting crystal size and/or perfection) and finally dissolution properties. In regard to the above points, lattice parameters are expected to have better dissolution properties. Estimation of HA nanocrystallite size lattice parameters is one of the most important factors for dissolution properties of bone apatites. In present work, the composition of apatite induce complex structures at the unit-cell level and play a role in influencing the dissolution rate of apatites, which may favour osteointegration. The samples are consist of NHA, bovine bone heated at 850 °C for 3 h; BHA, human bone heated at 900 oC for 2 h and PHA, HA pure powder. The results estimated by XRD data indicate that increasing in c/a ratio of HA, which is leading to increasing in crystallinity, induce decrease at HA dissolution or improving its chemical solubility in simulated body fluid (SBF). As, it was concluded that the biodegradation of HA decrease in PHA sample.

In this study, diopside bioceramic was synthesized using a mechanical milling process and subsequent heat treatment. The simplicity of experiments and also the high energy available in ball milling lead to rapid synthesis of the products in comparison with other synthesis methods. Magnesium oxide (MgO), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and eggshell (as the calcium source) powders were weighted in stoichiometric conditions and milled to initial activation of the surface of the powder's mixture. Then a sintering process was conducted to complete formation of diopside nanopowder and also evaluates its thermal stability. The mechanisms occurred during the synthesis of this bioceramic were carefully investigated. X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) were used for gathering and analyzing data. The ability and rate of apatite formation on the sample surface were evaluated by Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) test, a method that is well recognized to characterize the in vitro bioactivity of ceramic materials. According to the results obtained, the diopside samples had a significant potential to form apatite layer on their surface during soaking in the SBF solution. Besides, the bonding strength of this bioceramic was about 350±7MPa which was almost more than three times of that reported for hydroxyapatite. An excellent fracture toughness of 4±0.3MPam0.5 was also obtained for this ceramic which was higher than that of previously reported works.

Despite the benefits of akermanite, there are limited reports on making powder and dense bulk akermanite (Ca

The surface characteristics of implant which influence the speed and strength of osseointegration include surface chemistry, crystal structure and crystallinity, roughness, strain hardening, and presence of impurities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactivity and roughness of a novel natural hydroxyapatite/zircon (NHA/zircon) nanobiocomposite, coated on 316L stainless steel (SS) soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF). NHA/zircon nanobiocomposite was fabricated with 0 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, and 15 wt.% of zircon in NHA using ball mill for 20 minutes. The composite mixture was coated on 316L SS using plasma spray method. The results are estimated using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation to evaluate surface morphology, X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze phase composition, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique to evaluate the shape and size of prepared NHA. Surfaces roughness tester was performed to characterize the coated nanocomposite samples. The maximum averageRa(14.54 μm) was found in the NHA 10 wt.% of zircon coating. In addition, crystallinity (Xc) was measured by XRD data, which indicated the minimum value (Xc = 41.1%) for the sample containing 10 wt.% of zircon. Maximum bioactivity occurred in the sample containing 10 wt.% of zircon, which was due to two reasons: first, the maximum roughness and, second, the minimum crystallinity of nanobiocomposite coating.

In this work, nanocrystalline BaFe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] hexaferrite ceramic was synthesized via high-energy ball milling and subsequent sintering from the mixed powders of Fe2O3 and BaCO3. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to understand the structural evolution during the synthesis process. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was also used to investigate the magnetic properties of the samples as a function of sintering process. DTA analysis suggested that the initial high-energy milling of the precursors helps the formation of single domain magnetic particles. According to the results obtained, BaFe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] can be formed via two main steps, during which BaFe2O4 is formed initially that eventually turns into BaFe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text]. VSM-based findings showed that the ratio of remanent magnetization to magnetization value (Mr/Ms) is around 0.5 which is the expected value for randomly oriented assembly of uniaxial single-domain particles undergoing magnetization reversal by coherent rotation. The observed magnetic parameters (Mr and Ms) are much higher than the previously reported values, due to the reduction in particle size as a result of ball milling.

The subcutaneous or hypodermic tissue is the innermost layer of the skin, which is essential for adipose tissue. The dermal attachment to the epidermis is a basal layer composed of collagen. This basal layer performs four different functions and acts as a scaffold for soft tissue organization. It is citing for regeneration that has selective permeability for serum filtration. Also, it is a barrier between different cell types, and cite where the epithelium subcutaneous to the cells. Untreated, bedsores can lead to serious complications, one of which is cellulite, a potentially life-threatening bacterial infection. As the bedsore wound spreads to the joints and bones, it may cause bone and joint infections that can damage the cartilage, tissue, and reduce joint function. The bacteria can then enter the bloodstream through wounds, leading to shock and life-threatening conditions. Stage II wounds can heal in one to six weeks, but wounds that lead to stage three or four may last several months or may never heal, especially in children with health problems. The purpose of this study was to design bio-based wounds with gelatin, Gum Arabic, and polyurethane. The wounds were made with different bio composite specimens. The procedure is gelatin, and gum Arabic was combined with certain percentages. The temperature of mixing and solubilization was set at 50°C. After complete fabrication of the material and complete dissolution of the samples in the solvent without any agglomeration, the samples were placed in a low-temperature freezer at -70°C and were placed in a freeze dryer. After the drying process is completed and the pores are ready on the wound heal sample, in the next stages, several tests are carried out to check the suitability of the produced wounds. The SEM analysis was performed on bio-based wounds in which the results showed the suitability and porosity of these wound dress were suitable. The presence of proper porosity and moisture level for wound healing and non-acidity, as well as the use of bed wound healing, have been distinguished from other conventional wound healing products in the market and research domain.