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A regioselective synthesis of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridine is described starting from 2,6-dibromo-4-nitropyridine. All three different regioisomers of the 2,4,6-triamino substituted pyridine have been synthesized in four to five steps. The method described is a general route to unsymmetrical 2,4,6-trisubstituted amino pyridines.

Analyzing a communication protocol by means of simulation and real-world experimentation requires careful protocol implementation in both domains. Differences in the implementation may lead to significantly diverging performance results, which may affect the protocol design process adversely. A code-transparent simulation and experimentation framework for Wireless Access Research Platform (WARP) devices is proposed, which is called WARPsim. By extending the simulation engine appropriately, the same application code that runs on WARP devices can be used for simulation. This work studies the implications of this approach using the example of implementing time-critical Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) protocols on WARP devices. In the demonstration, various MAC protocols will be simulated using WARPsim, while changing protocol parameters, but also crucial aspects of the emulated hardware. A graphical representation integrated into the framework allows for an intuitive examination of the protocol behavior.

Presently, Central European waterways are utilized below their capacities while traffic volume on rail and road is increasing constantly. Especially road transport leads to high external costs caused by air pollution or congestion. Facing these problems, a new inland waterway ship called NEWS (FP7 Project, Development of a Next generation European inland Waterway Ship and logistics system) is being constructed. The resource efficiency is going to be increased by up to 30% due to the adjustable LNG-gas-electric propulsion system. Additionally the fuel consumption can be decreased by 10% due to a new hull design. The main targets of this new development are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants and to shift transport volumes from the road to inland waterways to enable sustainable freight transport. This new development will be integrated in a ready-to-use inland waterway transport concept to fulfil the goals for competitive and resource efficient transport of the European Commission.

Semiconductor wafer bonding has increasingly become a technology of choice for materials integration in microelectronics, optoelectronics, and microelectromechanical systems. The present overview concentrates on some basic issues associated with wafer bonding such as the reactions at the bonding interface during hydrophobic and hydrophilic wafer bonding, as well as during ultrahigh vacuum bonding. Mechanisms of hydrogen-implantation induced layer splitting (“smart-cut” and “smarter-cut” approaches) are also considered. Finally, recent developments in the area of so-called “compliant universal substrates” based on twist wafer bonding are discussed.

In microsystems technologies, frequently complex structures consisting of structured or plain silicon or other wafers have to be joined to one mechanically stable configuration. In many cases, wafer bonding, also termed fusion bonding, allows to achieve this objective. The present overview will introduce the different requirements surfaces have to fulfill for successful bonding especially in the case of silicon wafers. Special emphasis is put on understanding the atomistic reactions at the bonding interface. This understanding has allowed the development of a simple low temperature bonding approach which allows to reach high bonding energies at temperatures as low as 150°C. Implications for pressure sensors will be discussed as well as various thinning approaches and bonding of dissimilar materials.

Plain or structured hydrophillic silicon wafers covered with native oxide or with thermally grown oxide layers have been directly bonded at room temperature; afterwards, the samples were annealed at 100°C to 400°C. There is a significant difference in the observed bonding energy depending on the wafer pairing chosen. If one or both wafers are covered with a native oxide layer, high bonding strengths are reached even at low temperatures. This can be explained by the different diffusion behaviour of water molecules through a thick thermal oxide layer on one hand, and through a thin native oxide layer on the other hand. Two different methods for the activation of the wafer surfaces just prior to bonding are described.

Lie detection procedures typically aim at determining the guilt or innocence of a single suspect. The Concealed Information Test (CIT), for example, has been shown to be highly successful in detecting the presence or absence of crime-related information in a suspect’s memory. Many of today’s security threats, however, do not come from individuals, but from organized groups such as criminal organizations or terrorist networks. In this study, we tested whether a plan of an upcoming mock terrorist attack could be extracted from a group of suspects using a dynamic questioning approach. One-hundred participants were tested in 20 groups of 5. Each group was asked to plan a mock terrorist attack based on a list of potential countries, cities, and streets. Next, three questions referring to the country, city, and street were presented, each with five options. Skin conductance in all five members of the group was measured simultaneously during this presentation. The dynamic questioning approach entailed direct analysis of the data, and if the average skin conductance of the group to a certain option exceeded a threshold, this option was followed up, e.g., if the reaction to the option “Italy” exceeded the threshold, this was followed up by presenting five cities in Italy. Results showed that in 19 of the 20 groups the country was correctly detected using this procedure. In 13 of these remaining 19 groups the city was correctly detected. In 7 of these 13, the street was also correctly detected. The question about the country resulted in no false positives (out of 20), the question about the city resulted in two false positives (out of 19), while the question about the streets resulted in two false positives (out of 13). Furthermore, the two false positives at the city level also yielded a false positive at the street level. Even though effect sizes were only moderate, these results indicate that our dynamic questioning approach can help to unveil plans about a mock terrorist attack.

A series of 1,2-disubstituted cyclohexene derivatives was prepared through Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of 2-bromo-1-cyclohexenecarbaldehyde or 2-carbomethoxy-1-cyclohexen-1-yl triflate with arylboronates. These tetra-substituted cyclic alkenes were subjected to Ir-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation. In this way cis-1-methoxymethyl-2-arylcyclohexanes were obtained in high yield with excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivities (up to >99 % ee, >99 % cis) by using phosphinomethyloxazolines as ligands. Asymmetric hydrogenation of analogous cyclopentene derivatives, prepared by Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling, proved to be more difficult and proceeded with lower enantioselectivities of up to 88 % ee. The synthetic potential of this cross-coupling/asymmetric-hydrogenation strategy was demonstrated by an enantioselective route to chiral hexahydrofluorenones.

Silyl-protected (R)-methyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)butanoate was obtained by an enantioselective Ir-catalyzed hydrogenation in high yield and selectivity. Elaboration of this building block via Takai and Stille reactions gave a protected hydroxy polyene chain, which was coupled to a 5-hydroxyphenyl-4-hydroxy-2-pyridone derivative by a modified Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction. Deprotection gave synthetic (+)-torrubiellone C, which led to the assignment of the configuration of the natural product as (R).

The synthesis and optimization of a series of orally bioavailable 1-(1H-indol-4-yl)-3,5-disubstituted benzene analogues as antimitotic agents are described. A functionalized dibromobenzene intermediate was used as a key scaffold, which when modified by sequential Suzuki coupling and Buchwald-Hartwig amination provided a flexible entry to 1,3,5-trisubstituted phenyl compounds. A 1H-indol-4-yl moiety at the 1-position was determined to be a critical feature for optimal potency. The compounds have been shown to induce cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and demonstrate efficacy in both cell viability and cell proliferation assays. The primary site of action for these agents is revealed by their colchicine competitive inhibition of tubulin polymerization, and a computational model has been developed for the association of these compounds to tubulin. An optimized lead LP-261 significantly inhibits growth of a human non-small-cell lung tumor (NCI-H522) in a mouse xenograft model.

In Schaltanlagen des Niederspannungsnetzes konnen Storlichtbogen zu erheblichen Schaden fuhren. Die Ursache der Lichtbogen ist vielfaltig und reicht von Uberschlagen an Isolationsstrecken uber Blitzeinschlage in das Netz bis zu Kurzschlussen, die bei Wartungs- oder Montagearbeiten verursacht werden konnen. Die Wirkungen von Storlichtbogen sind erheblich und konnen die Zerstorung der Schaltanlage zur Folge haben. Die Klockner-Moeller GmbH hat ein Storlichtbogenschutzsystem (ARCON) entwickelt, das in die Schaltanlagen integriert wird. Da das Auftreten der Storlichtbogen nicht vorhersehbar ist, wird die gesamte Schaltanlage von Sensoren auf der Basis von Lichtwellenleitern uberwacht. Fur diesen Einsatzzweck sind die Sensoren so konzipiert, dass das Licht des Bogens nicht uber die Stirnflache des Lichtleiters, sondern seitlich uber den Mantel in den Kern eingekoppelt wird. Die Leuchterscheinungen jedes sich bildenden Lichtbogens konnen von dem Sensor erfasst und an einen Detektor weitergeleitet werden, dessen Signal die Schutzmasnahmen einleitet. Dadurch kann der Strom noch wahrend der ersten Halbwelle abgeschaltet und der Schaden begrenzt werden.

Although industrial decision makers show increased readiness to invest in their company’s digital transformation – currently referred to as Industry 4.0, they lack knowledge regarding their current status in Industry 4.0 and strategic guidance towards its realization. In this paper, we present a holistic procedure model that guides manufacturing companies from their first contact with Industry 4.0 until the definition of concrete action fields and their realization. Our model thereby builds on the maturity assessment of 65 critical success factors in Industry 4.0 and their sequencing to create company specific realization-paths and roadmaps following a 10-step approach. We validated und improved the model over a time-period of two years, whereby one application from a manufacturing company - aiming for the creation of their global Industry 4.0 strategy – will be presented.