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This special issue of JHL reconstructs the diachrony of a number of innovations in the coding of argument structure, particularly in the domain of verbal indexation, in four Amazonian language families (Chapacuran, Sáliban, Tukanoan and Tupi). It is one result of an international workshop on “Diachronic Morphosyntax in South American Languages” held in Lyon (France) in 2015, with financial support from the Collegium de Lyon (Institute for Advanced Study) and the LabEx ASLAN of the Université de Lyon. The goal was to encourage methodologically innovative (and more rigorous) historical studies of morphosyntactic patterns in languages or language families of South America. The five papers that comprise this collection all demonstrate the viability of syntactic reconstruction, even in languages with little or no written history.

This paper studies four grammatical markers of emotions in Tacana, an Amazonian language from the Takanan family spoken in Northern Bolivia. Two markers express positive emotions,chidi‘affection’ andichenu‘compassion’. The other two express negative emotions:base‘depreciation 1’ andmadha‘depreciation 2’. The paper also provides a historical-comparative study of similar morphemes in the other Takanan languages (Araona, Cavineña, Ese Ejja and Reyesano). The Tacana affection morpheme is probably reconstructible to a diminutive marker in proto-Takanan. The compassion and two depreciation morphemes are not reconstructible but recent grammaticalizations of lexical items still used in the different Takanan languages. Interestingly, these lexemes do not display any synchronic or diachronic link with the expression of “diminutivization” or “augmentativization”. Therefore, this paper suggests that the morphological expression of emotions should be studied in its own right, and not necessarily as a subtype of the evaluative field of research.

International audience; Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are classified as carcinogenic to humans. Whereas chromium measurements in urine and plasma attest to the last few hours of total chromium exposure (all oxidation states of chromium), chromium in red blood cells (RBC) is attributable specifically to Cr(VI) exposure over the last few days. Before recommending Cr in RBC (CrIE) as a biological indicator of Cr(VI) exposure, in vivo studies must be undertaken to assess its reliability. The present study examines the kinetics of Cr(VI) in rat after a single intravenous dose of ammonium dichromate. Chromium levels were measured in plasma, red blood cells and urine. The decay of the chromium concentration in plasma is one-phase-like but still measurable two days post injection. The excretion of urinary chromium peaks between five and six hours after injection and shows large variations. Intra-erythrocyte chromium (CrIE) was measured in 300 µL blood samples and was very constant up to a minimum of 2 days. Finally, Cr(III) does not interfere with Cr(VI) incorporation in RBC.On the basis of our results, we conclude that, unlike urinary chromium, chromium levels in RBC are indicative of the amount of dichromate (Cr(VI)) in blood.

Panton-Valentine leucocidin producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections are rare but associated with very high mortality rates. We report the case of a 14-year-old patient with Panton-Valentine leucocidin producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and Influenza B pneumonia requiring veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenator for refractory shock. In the absence of response to conventional therapy, we have inserted a Cytosorb® cartridge within the extra-corporeal membrane oxygenator circuit. A spectacular decrease in vasopressor requirements followed. Since clindamycin, a key component of Panton-Valentine leucocidin producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus treatment, might be removed by Cytosorb® hemoadsorption, we have performed serial plasma concentrations measurements of the drug. Based on these measurements, we were able to develop a pharmacokinetic model incorporating variable plasma clearance. Patient's exposure was estimated before, during and after Cytosorb® hemoadsorption. According to this model, Cytosorb® hemoadsorption did not seem to result in significant clindamycin removal. Cytosorb® hemoadsorption during Panton-Valentine leucocidin producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection appears safe and feasible and no adaptation of clindamycin dosage seems necessary.

IMPORTANCE: Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) adversely affects long-term kidney outcomes and survival. Administration of the detoxifying enzyme alkaline phosphatase may improve kidney function and survival. OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal therapeutic dose, effect on kidney function, and adverse effects of a human recombinant alkaline phosphatase in patients who are critically ill with sepsis-associated AKI. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The STOP-AKI trial was an international (53 recruiting sites), randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, adaptive phase 2a/2b study in 301 adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of sepsis and AKI. Patients were enrolled between December 2014 and May 2017, and follow-up was conducted for 90 days. The final date of follow-up was August 14, 2017. INTERVENTIONS: In the intention-to-treat analysis, in part 1 of the trial, patients were randomized to receive recombinant alkaline phosphatase in a dosage of 0.4 mg/kg (n = 31), 0.8 mg/kg (n = 32), or 1.6 mg/kg (n = 29) or placebo (n = 30), once daily for 3 days, to establish the optimal dose. The optimal dose was identified as 1.6 mg/kg based on modeling approaches and adverse events. In part 2, 1.6 mg/kg (n = 82) was compared with placebo (n = 86). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was the time-corrected area under the curve of the endogenous creatinine clearance for days 1 through 7, divided by 7 to provide a mean daily creatinine clearance (AUC(1-7) ECC). Incidence of fatal and nonfatal (serious) adverse events ([S]AEs) was also determined. RESULTS: Overall, 301 patients were enrolled (men, 70.7%; median age, 67 years [interquartile range {IQR}, 59-73]). From day 1 to day 7, median ECC increased from 26.0 mL/min (IQR, 8.8 to 59.5) to 65.4 mL/min (IQR, 26.7 to 115.4) in the recombinant alkaline phosphatase 1.6-mg/kg group vs from 35.9 mL/min (IQR, 12.2 to 82.9) to 61.9 mL/min (IQR, 22.7 to 115.2) in the placebo group (absolute difference, 9.5 mL/min [95% CI, −23.9 to 25.5]; P = .47). Fatal adverse events occurred in 26.3% of patients in the 0.4-mg/kg recombinant alkaline phosphatase group; 17.1% in the 0.8-mg/kg group, 17.4% in the 1.6-mg/kg group, and 29.5% in the placebo group. Rates of nonfatal SAEs were 21.0% for the 0.4-mg/kg recombinant alkaline phosphatase group, 14.3% for the 0.8-mg/kg group, 25.7% for the 1.6-mg/kg group, and 20.5% for the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among patients who were critically ill with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury, human recombinant alkaline phosphatase compared with placebo did not significantly improve short-term kidney function. Further research is necessary to assess other clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02182440

International audience; This article investigates the recently recognized concept of ASSOCIATED MOTION in 66 South American languages located on the western fringes of the Amazonian basin. In that region, associated motion is a widespread and particularly complex phenomenon. It is instantiated by verbal affixes in 44 languages, of which 22 display complex systems of multiple affixes. Correlations are noticed between the degree of complexity of the systems and the semantic content of the markers. Two implicational scales are proposed: (i) motion of the subject > motion of the object and (ii) prior motion > concurrent motion > subsequent motion. Correlations are also observed between the types of systems and their geographical distribution. These are taken as evidence that diffusion must have played an important role in spreading associated motion in this region and shaping its particular semantic make-up in the different languages.

The five Tacanan languages (Amazonian Bolivia and Peru)—Araona, Cavinena, Ese Ejja, Reyesano, and Tacana—have a conspicuously similar verbal suffix -ta (or -ka in one dialect of Ese Ejja). Depending on the language and the transitivity of the verb stem it attaches to, this suffix is used either to refer to a third-person plural S argument or a third-person singular or plural A argument, or to mark a passive derivation. In this paper, I argue that the suffixes are all historically related and that they come from a single source: a third-person plural suffix *-ta. I also suggest that this marker could have originated in a third-person plural independent pronoun that I reconstruct as **tuna.

La documentation d'une langue est une tâche complexe qui implique plusieurs phases, allant de la collecte de donnees sur le terrain, jusqu'a leur archivage, en passant les divers stades de transcription, de traduction, d'annotation et de mise en forme. La phase de collecte des donnees, surtout lorsqu'elle s'effectue aupres de locuteurs de langues en danger, peut etre l'une des etapes les plus compliquees et aleatoires d'un projet de documentation, du fait que dans ces situations, il n'y a souvent qu'un nombre tres reduit de locuteurs, que ces locuteurs sont generalement âges et de sante fragile, qu'ils ont souvent des attitudes tres variables et parfois ambivalentes envers leur langue, et que leur maitrise de la langue est souvent imparfaite. Dans cet article je relate mon experience de terrain aupres des derniers locuteurs du reyesano, une langue moribonde de l'Amazonie bolivienne, dans le cadre d'un projet de documentation finance par le programme des langues en danger de la fondation Hans Rausing de la SOAS a l'Universite de Londres. Je presente la communaute linguistique reyesano a travers ses derniers locuteurs et je montre comment la prise en compte de la grande variabilite qui existe entre eux est un des facteurs cruciaux de la reussite du projet.

En cavinena, langue de Bolivie, une serie de suffixes (onze au total) associent a l’evenement exprime par le verbe un mouvement (de l’agent ou de l’objet du proces) defini en relation avec un point de reference (d’ordre deictique), ce qui revient a inscrire le proces dans une dynamique spatiale relativement autonome. A ce titre, la notion de mouvement doit etre radicalement distinguee de celle de ‘directionnels’ presente dans de tres nombreuses langues. Le rapport du mouvement au proces se deploie sur differents plans : positionnement de l’evenement par rapport au point de reference (eloignement ou rapprochement), temporalite propre au mouvement qui peut etre dans un rapport d’anteriorite, de simultaneite ou encore de posteriorite par rapport au proces, positionnement stable ou temporaire de l’agent (ou de l’objet) implique dans le mouvement et, enfin, caractere unique ou distribue du proces dans le cadre du mouvement. L’existence de ces suffixes tend a montrer que dans une langue comme le cavinena (cela est vrai egalement dans d’autres langues Amerindiennes et Australiennes), un enchainement d’evenements est represente non seulement dans sa dimension temporelle mais aussi, avec les suffixes de mouvement associe, du point de vue du positionnement dans l’espace des evenements, les uns par rapport aux autres.

Cet article analyse et discute des apports méthodologiques de l’ethnographie pour les études consacrées aux sports. Il présente les étapes les plus ordinairement franchies par les chercheurs et leurs significations dans la relation d’enquête ainsi que les difficultés rencontrées dans les publications scientifiques. En observant les sportifs, l’ethnographe compose une trame narrative des faits où il traque le particulier pour extraire le sens de ces activités. Ses travaux contribuent à renouveler l’approche de ces objets. L’implication du chercheur auprès des pratiquants imposerait de recourir à des méthodes spécifiques pour dépasser l’étude de cas (mode innovant de recueil de données, comparaisons). This paper analyzes and discusses the methodological contributions of ethnography for studies of sports. It presents the steps most commonly crossed by researchers and their meanings in relation to investigation and the difficulties encountered in the scientific literature. Observing the sport, the ethnographer composed a narrative of facts where the individual tracks to extract the meaning of these activities. His work contributed to renew the approach of these objects. The involvement of the researcher to require practitioners to use specific methods to overcome the case study (mode of data collection, comparison). Este artigo analisa e discute as contribuições metodológicas da etnografia para o estudo do desporto. Apresenta os passos geralmente mais encontrados pelos investigadores e os seus significados em relação à pesquisa e às dificuldades encontradas na literatura científica. Ao observar os desportistas, o etnógrafo compõe uma narrativa de factos onde acompanha o significado dessas atividades. O seu trabalho contribui para renovar a abordagem desses objectos. O envolvimento do investigador com os profissionais exige o uso de métodos específicos para superar o estudo de caso (modo inovador de recolha de dados, comparações). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

SOMMAIRE. - Cet article etudie un paradigme de suffixes verbaux qui codent, entre autres, des notions de mouvement et de trajectoire en cavinena, une langue amazonienne du nord de la Bolivie (famille tacana). Ces suffixes sont interessants a plusieurs titres. Tout d'abord, ils ont un contenu semantique extremement complexe et inhabituel. Ensuite, ils encodent la composante semantique du mouvement, ce qui est un phenomene peu decrit et peu connu. Enfin, la nature de ces suffixes pose des problemes d'ordre typologique. Le but de notre article est double: (1) comparer le systeme du cavinena avec d'autres systemes similaires qui ont ete suffisamment bien decrits dans la litterature et (2) montrer que ces suffixes posent probleme a la typologie actuelle de l'evenement spatial (« typology of motion event ») developpee a la suite de Talmy (1985, 2000).

Cavinena, an ergative language spoken in Amazonian Bolivia, has a very intriguing pronominal system where, notably, a pronoun coding a transitive subject can either have a full “ergative” form or a reduced form that makes it look like an “absolutive” pronoun (used to code an intransitive subject or a transitive object). Camp (1985) describes the system as an instance of “split ergativity” conditioned by the difference between main and subordinate clause, the mood/polarity of the clause, the constituent order, and a person hierarchy. The phenomenon of split ergative systems was first discussed in the 1970s (by Dixon 1972; 1979, Silverstein 1976, and Comrie 1978, among others) and this certainly influenced Camp’s “split ergative” analysis. The goal of this paper is to reevaluate Camp’s analysis in the light of new findings about the coding of grammatical functions in this language. It is shown that the peculiarities of the Cavinena pronominal system can be accounted for in a more elegant explanatory and typ...

Transparent laminates are widely used for body armor, goggles, windows and windshields. Improved understanding of their deformations under impact loading and of energy dissipation mechanisms is needed for minimizing their weight. This requires verified and robust computational algorithms and validated mathematical models of the problem. Here we have developed a mathematical model for analyzing the impact response of transparent laminates made of polymeric materials and implemented it in the finite element software LS-DYNA. Materials considered are polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC) and adhesives. The PMMA and the PC are modeled as elasto-thermo-visco-plastic and adhesives as viscoelastic. Their failure criteria are stated and simulated by the element deletion technique. Values of material parameters of the PMMA and the PC are taken from the literature, and those of adhesives determined from their test data. Constitutive equations are implemented as user-defined subroutines in LS-DYNA which are verified by comparing numerical and analytical solutions of several initial-boundary-value problems. Delamination at interfaces is simulated by using a bilinear traction separation law and the cohesive zone model. We present mathematical and computational models in chapter one and validate them by comparing their predictions with test findings for impacts of monolithic and laminated plates. The principal source of energy dissipation of impacted PMMA/adhesive/PC laminates is plastic deformations of the PC. In chapter two we analyze impact resistance of doubly curved monolithic PC panels and delineate the effect of curvature on the energy dissipated. It is found that the improved performance of curved panels is due to the decrease in the magnitude of stresses near the center of impact. In chapter three we propose constitutive relations for finite deformations of adhesives and find values of material parameters by considering test data for five portions of cyclic loading. Even though these values give different amounts of energy dissipated in the adhesive, their effect on the computed impact response of PMMA/adhesive/PC laminates is found to be minimal. In chapter four we conduct sensitivity analysis to identify critical parameters that significantly affect the energy dissipated. The genetic algorithm is used to optimally design a transparent laminate in chapter five. Ph. D.

This chapter discusses the reduplication processes that are at work in Cavinena, a Tacanan language from Amazonian Bolivi. It provides the phonological and morphosyntactic backgrounds necessary to understand the effects of reduplication in Cavinena, with information on word classes, transitivity, predicate structure, and grammatical functions. The chapter then presents an overview of each of the 13 reduplication patterns, listing the main parameters that are used to distinguish one from the other. The reduplication patterns are based on the distinction between full and partial reduplication, and between simple and automatic reduplication. The chapter also provides a detailed presentation of the most interesting patterns, namely the four applying to verbs. It discusses anti-passive simple full reduplication, auxiliary-triggering simple full reduplication, automatic full reduplication, and automatic final-CV reduplication. The chapter ends with a table that summarize the main characteristics of reduplication in Cavinena. Keywords: Cavinena; grammatical functions; phonological background; reduplication patterns; transitivity; word classes

All gammaherpesviruses encode a major glycoprotein homologous to the Epstein-Barr virus gp350. These glycoproteins are often involved in cell binding, and some provide neutralization targets. However, the capacity of gammaherpesviruses for long-term transmission from immune hosts implies that in vivo neutralization is incomplete. In this study, we used Bovine Herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) to determine how its gp350 homolog - gp180 - contributes to virus replication and neutralization. A lack of gp180 had no impact on the establishment and maintenance of BoHV-4 latency, but markedly sensitized virions to neutralization by immune sera. Antibody had greater access to gB, gH and gL on gp180-deficient virions, including neutralization epitopes. Gp180 appears to be highly O-glycosylated, and removing O-linked glycans from virions also sensitized them to neutralization. It therefore appeared that gp180 provides part of a glycan shield for otherwise vulnerable viral epitopes. Interestingly, this O-glycan shield could be exploited for neutralization by lectins and carbohydrate-specific antibody. The conservation of O-glycosylation sites in all gp350 homologs suggests that this is a general evasion mechanism that may also provide a therapeutic target., Author Summary Herpesvirus transmission between immune hosts implies some kind of antibody evasion. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. All gammaherpesviruses encode a major glycoprotein homologous to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gp350. Gp350 binds EBV to B cells and provides a neutralization target. However, despite its immunogenicity, EBV carriers remain infectious. Here we show that the gp350 homolog of the related Bovine Herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4), gp180, and its O-glycans, shield some otherwise vulnerable viral epitopes. Extensive O-glycosylation is common to all gammaherpesvirus gp350 homologs, suggesting that this evasion mechanism is also widespread.

International audience; Dam flushing events are conducted regularly on the Arc River (France) to remove sediments from the dam reservoirs. Four field campaigns carried out during dam flushing events in the upper Arc River basin (in June 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010) in Northern French Alps are analyzed in this paper. All of these events have a similar discharge hydrograph. At twelve sampling sites along the river channel, measurements of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were performed. A 1D numerical hydraulic model MASCARET (Goutal and Maurel, 2002) was calibrated and used to estimate the instantaneous discharge at any position along the river system. Thus, the data set was completed to estimate the suspended sediment flux at the twelve sites. To quantify errors, the classical error propagation method is used, taking into account both errors from measurement and modelling. A spectral analysis of the SCC signal at each sampling site gave a new approach to quantify SSC estimation errors that may occur during this type of event. After integration at each measurement site, a spatial distribution of the suspended load was obtained along the Arc and Isère rivers. This work enable us to identify specific locations of the river where deposition is accentuated or where the river bed is eroded. Thanks to these five flushing dam events, it appeared that the response of the river is not the same from one year to another.

International audience; Tail-head linkage is a discourse pattern which consists in repeating, at the beginning of a new sentence, the main verb of the preceding sentence for discourse cohesion. This pattern, which is rarely discussed in general typological work, is widespread in certain areas of the globe, in particular Papua New Guinea. In this paper, I report a case of tail-head linkage in Cavineña, an Amazonian language spoken in the northern lowlands of Bolivia, in which it is manifested by way of three subordinate clause types: two temporal adverbial clauses and a relative clause used adverbially. I also show how the switch-reference system that is associated with certain of these clauses participates in the tail-head linkage system for participant coherence between sentences.

International audience; This paper is a brief introduction to this special issue of the International Journal of American Linguistics on argument-encoding systems of the little known languages of Bolivian Amazonia, a region extremely rich linguistically. After providing some information on the sociolinguistic settings and the history of linguistic research in this area, the paper focuses on the domain of argument-encoding systems in those languages. It shows how very diverse types of systems are found in languages spoken in very close proximity, including hierarchical/inverse cross-referencing systems, ergative systems and split-intransitive systems. The paper also points to a number of typologically and theoretically interesting phenomena found in these languages such as fluid transitivity, double object ditransitive constructions, and rare valency-changing derivations such as multiple applicatives and sociative causatives. Finally, the paper presents the contents of this special issue.

International audience; This paper discusses, for the first time, the peculiar system of person marking in Reyesano, an Amazonian language from northern Bolivia. Person marking in Reyesano is quite unusual. First, it is discontinuous, involving a prefix slot for the indexation of first and second persons and a suffix slot for the indexation of third persons. Second, the use of the person markers in the slots is conditioned by the complex interaction of distinct factors, involving the grammatical function of the participants (S, A, and O), their ranking on a person hierarchy (2 > 1 > 3), and their number (singular vs. plural).