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In karst landscapes, aquatic habitats differ in terms of the relative contributions of different water sources (allogenic surface stream vs autogenic karst groundwater) and their geomorphology. Benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in these habitats is likely to vary in response to this heterogeneity, as well as to the physicochemical differences between water flowing through pasture vs native forest dominated catchments. Surveys were conducted to examine the influences of water source, habitat type (main stream-ways and side passages in caves, and epigean springs) and surrounding land use (native forest or pasture) on the water quality and benthic community structure in the Maniapoto Karst, North Island, New Zealand. Generally, springs and cave side passages received more autogenic water, indicated by lower temperatures and higher conductivities, than the main stream-ways of caves. However, in terms of community structure, the epigean springs and cave side passages were most distinct fro...

Harvesting of forests causes a range of disturbances, including changes to hydrology, nutrient inputs, water quality, food sources, habitat structure and channel morphology, which can impact streams over several years and are reflected in changes in community structure. We aimed to determine the relative magnitudes of impact and rates of recovery of benthic macroinvertebrate communities, and associated changes in biotic indices (Quantitative Macroinvertebrate Community Index and an Index of Biotic Integrity), in reaches of different sized streams within progressively logged catchments. We conducted annual summer surveys over seventeen years in fifteen New Zealand streams that differed in size (upstream catchment area between 40 and 2360 ha, mean channel widths between 2.5 and 16 m) and harvest intensity in the surrounding catchment. The largest post-harvest changes in biotic indices and community structures occurred in streams draining relatively small to medium catchments ( 40% of the upstream catchment had been harvested, and particularly after harvesting of overstorey riparian vegetation adjacent to study reaches. The impacts of harvest on invertebrate communities were less evident in wider streams draining catchments over 500 ha, but the largest changes from pre-harvest biotic indices and community structure still generally occurred after harvesting of riparian vegetation along these streams. The changes in community structure after harvesting of riparian vegetation typically included increases in the densities of Diptera, Mollusca and Oligochaetes, and decreases in the densities of Ephemeroptera. These results demonstrate that impacts on benthic macroinvertebrate communities increased as the proportion of upstream catchment harvested increased and/or after riparian vegetation was harvested. Some of the communities in headwater streams had largely recovered towards pre-harvest structures, whereas post-harvest recovery was less evident in relatively large streams, over the duration of the study.

Water temperature has profound effects on stream ecosystems. We studied effects of clear-fell logging Pinus radiata plantations on mid-summer water temperatures and recovery times in streams with 2–12 m wide channels. Post-logging increases were 2–3.8 °C for summer daily means and 4–7.3 °C for summer daily maxima. Rates of recovery of thermal regimes after logging were strongly negatively correlated with stream size, as indexed by catchment area, channel width or baseflow (r2 = 0.80–0.93). Summer daily mean and maximum temperatures declined during the riparian vegetation regrowth phase by 0.18 and 0.47 °C year−1, respectively, for the largest stream and 1.4 and 1.9 °C year−1 in the smallest stream. Thermal regimes were restored in small streams (2–4 m wide channels) about 6–8 years after clearfelling. In medium-sized streams (6–12 m wide channels), we predict this recovery will take 12–16 years.

Galenos Yayincilik, Introduction: In this study, we aimed to determine the incidence of anemia in children between the ages of 1-15. Materials and Methods: A total of 14449 patients admitted to pediatric outpatient clinic between 01.01.2012 and 31.12.2012 were retrospectively reviewed from hospital records. Patients between the ages of 1-15 without chronic disease were included into the study in order to evaluate the prevalence of anemia. Results: Of patients admitted to hospital, 8747 were male (60.5%) and 5707 were female (39.5%). Patients were divided into five groups according to age groups including, 2531 patients in 1-3 age group (17.5%), 2872 patients in 4-6 age group (19.9%), 2735 patients in 7-9 age group (18.9%), 2637 patiens in 10-12 age group (18.3%) and 3674 patients in 13-15 age group (25.4%). Anemia was detected in 853 (5.9%) patients, and 465 of them were male (54.5%) and 388 of them were female (45.5%). The distrubition of anemia according to age group was as follows: 205 patients in 1-3 age group (8.1%), 97 in 4-6 age group (3.4%), 98 in 7-9 age group (3.6%), 128 in 10-12 age group (4.9%) and 325 in 13-15 age group (8.9%). The distribution of low MCV values according to age groups was as follows: 1-3 age group; 9.4% (237), 4-6 age group; 5.3% (151), 7-9 age group; 3.8% (104), 10-12 age group; 4.5% (119), 13-15 age group; 8.0% (294). Conclusions: Anemia is one of the most common diseases in the pediatric age group. Anemia continues to be a major health problem in childhood in spite of the policies of the health in our country. Diagnosis and treatment is easy. Physicians should be alert to anemia in childhood and families should be informed about this topic. Also all society must work to improve this situation which affects the health and mental development. © The Journal of Current Pediatrics, published by Galenos Publishing., Karagün, B.Ş.; Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Balcalı Hastanesi, Çocuk Hematoloji Bilim DalıTurkey

Background: The aim of this study was to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients in Turkey and to study related factors. Methods: This multicenter study was carried out between January 01 and April 15, 2015 in Turkey in 57 centers. Adults were enrolled and studied in three groups. Group 1: Inactive HBsAg carriers, Group 2: CHB patients receiving antiviral therapy, Group 3: CHB patients who were neither receiving antiviral therapy nor were inactive HBsAg carriers. Study data was collected by face-to-face interviews using a standardized questionnaire, Short Form-36 (SF-36) and Hepatitis B Quality of Life (HBQOL). Values equivalent to p < 0.05 in analyses were accepted as statistically significant. Results: Four thousand two hundred fifty-seven patients with CHB were included in the study. Two thousand five hundred fifty-nine (60.1 %) of the patients were males. Groups 1, 2 and 3, consisted of 1529 (35.9 %), 1721 (40.4 %) and 1007 (23.7 %) patients, respectively. The highest value of HRQOL was found in inactive HBsAg carriers. We found that total HBQOL score increased when antiviral treatment was used. However, HRQOL of CHB patients varied according to their socio-demographic properties. Regarding total HBQOL score, a higher significant level of HRQOL was determined in inactive HBV patients when matched controls with the associated factors were provided. Conclusions: The HRQOL score of CHB patients was higher than expected and it can be worsen when the disease becomes active. Use of an antiviral therapy can contribute to increasing HRQOL of patients.

Recent freshwater policy reforms in New Zealand promote increased community involvement in freshwater decision making and management. Involving community members in scientific monitoring increases both their knowledge and their ability to discuss this knowledge with professionals, potentially increasing their influence in decision-making processes. However, these interactions rarely occur because, in particular, of perceptions that volunteer-collected data are unreliable. We assessed the agreement between volunteer (community group) and local government (regional council) data at nine stream sites across New Zealand. Over 18 months, community groups and regional council staff monitored, in parallel, a common set of water quality variables, physical habitat, periphyton and benthic macroinvertebrates that are routinely used by regional councils for statutory state of environment reporting. Community groups achieved close agreement (correlations ≥ 0.89, bias < 1%) with regional councils for temperature, electrical conductivity, visual water clarity, and Escherichia coli. For dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and pH, correlations were weaker (0.2, 0.53, and 0.4, respectively). Volunteer assessments of physical habitat were as consistent over time as those of councils. For visual assessments of thick periphyton growths (% streambed cover), volunteers achieved a correlation of 0.93 and bias of 0.1% relative to councils. And for a macroinvertebrate biotic index that indicates water and habitat quality, correlation was 0.88, bias was < 5%, and the average difference was 12% of the index score. Volunteers showed increased awareness of local freshwaters, understanding of stream ecosystems, and attentiveness to local and national freshwater issues. Most volunteers had shared their knowledge and interest with others in their community. Most groups had developed relationships with their regional council, and some volunteers became more interested in engaging in freshwater decision making. Given adequate professional support, community-based water monitoring can provide data reliable enough to augment professionally collected data, and increase the opportunities, confidence, and skills of community members to engage in freshwater decision making.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients in Turkey and to study related factors. Methods: This multicenter study was carried out between January 01 and April 15, 2015 in Turkey in 57 centers. Adults were enrolled and studied in three groups. Group 1: Inactive HBsAg carriers, Group 2: CHB patients receiving antiviral therapy, Group 3: CHB patients who were neither receiving antiviral therapy nor were inactive HBsAg carriers. Study data was collected by face-to-face interviews using a standardized questionnaire, Short Form-36 (SF-36) and Hepatitis B Quality of Life (HBQOL). Values equivalent to p < 0.05 in analyses were accepted as statistically significant. Results: Four thousand two hundred fifty-seven patients with CHB were included in the study. Two thousand five hundred fifty-nine (60.1 %) of the patients were males. Groups 1, 2 and 3, consisted of 1529 (35.9 %), 1721 (40.4 %) and 1007 (23.7 %) patients, respectively. The highest value of HRQOL was found in inactive HBsAg carriers. We found that total HBQOL score increased when antiviral treatment was used. However, HRQOL of CHB patients varied according to their socio-demographic properties. Regarding total HBQOL score, a higher significant level of HRQOL was determined in inactive HBV patients when matched controls with the associated factors were provided. Conclusions: The HRQOL score of CHB patients was higher than expected and it can be worsen when the disease becomes active. Use of an antiviral therapy can contribute to increasing HRQOL of patients. © 2016 The Author(s).

Life-history and production of Olinga feredayi in both benthic and hyporheic stream habitats were investigated in a pristine Waikato, New Zealand, forest stream over two years to investigate the contribution of hyporheic habitat to total secondary production. O. feredayi had a univoltine life-history with adult emergence occurring from November to March. Larvae with case lengths 10 cm below the streambed surface. Our study clearly demonstrates that only sampling benthic habitats can lead to gross under-estimation of population-level annual production, and provides evidence for the role of the hyporheos as a source of secondary production that may partly account for the Allen Paradox.

We surveyed the amount and geomorphic role of wood in 18 pristine native forest streams (channel width: 3-6 m) throughout New Zealand, and quantified the characteristics associated with piece stability and geomorphic effect. Wood piece numbers (18-66 per 100 m) and volumes (85-470 m 3 ha -1 ) were similar to or greater than found in many streams throughout the world. Forest type and geographic location had no discernable influence on wood abundance at a particular site, possibly due to the confounding influences of local features (e.g., tree fall regime) and methodology ('snap-shot' survey of a dynamic system). Half the pieces that were geomorphically active had moved, suggesting that stable pieces did not necessarily dominate geomorphic activity. Tree ferns were an important contributor to wood abundance in many of the streams studied.

The leptophlebiid mayfly Acanthophlebia cruentata (Hudson) is restricted to the North Island and some associated offshore islands of northern New Zealand where it commonly occurs in benthic and hyporheic habitats of forested streams. We investigated: (1) life history; (2) secondary production in benthic and hyporheic habitats; and (3) major energy sources contributing to nutrition and production of this species in a pristine forest stream. Most nymphal size classes were present throughout the year, and emergence extended over several months, peaking from February to April. Despite apparently having extended emergence and recruitment periods, Acanthophlebia exhibited a predominantly univoltine life history. Annual benthic production (calculated by the size-frequency method) was 0.318 g dry mass (DM) m - 2 year - 1 , compared to 4.601 g DM m - 2 year - 1 in high-density benthic habitats at the tails of pools, and 34.476 g m - 3 year - 1 for colonisation baskets set at 15-45 cm deep in the substratum. On a habitat weighted basis averaged out over the entire sampling reach, it was estimated that 76% of annual production occurred in hyporheic habitats >10 cm below the streambed surface. Gut contents were dominated by fine particulate matter (FPM) ≤75 μm and larger inorganic material on all dates in individuals from both benthic and hyporheic habitats. Fungi were relatively abundant in guts of benthic animals collected on some dates, whereas spores and pollen were relatively common food items in both habitats on occasions. Analysis of the trophic basis of production, based on gut contents and assumed assimilation and net production efficiencies, indicated that benthic secondary production was supported largely by fungi (48% of production) and FPM (37%), whereas FPM supported a higher level of hyporheic production (52%) than fungi (27%). Although stable carbon isotope values suggested dependence on epilithon, the enriched δ 1 5 N values for this food source implicated the involvement of a microbial loop whereby a substantial proportion of Acanthophlebia nutrition appeared to be derived from heterotrophs growing in FPM and epilithon that had assimilated dissolved organic carbon. This study has highlighted the significant role that hyporheic habitats can play in the ecology of Acanthophlebia populations in pristine native forest streams. Re-establishment of hyporheic function would appear to be an important component of stream restoration work to enable the successful recolonisation of Acanthophlebia populations at sites where they historically occurred.

The Macroinvertebrate Community Index (MCI) and its quantitative version (QMCI) were developed to provide measures of organic pollution in streams on the Taranaki Ring Plain, New Zealand. Subsequently, they have been used widely to evaluate “river health” in many running water environments throughout New Zealand, although their suitability as general‐purpose monitoring tools needs evaluation. In the present study, the MCI and QMCI were calculated from fixed‐count macroinvertebrate data for 230 stream and river sites in Canterbury, New Zealand. Values ranged from 60 to 135 (MCI) and 2.0 to 8.8 (QMCI). The two indices ranked sites similarly (rs = 0.86), but the distribution of sites among published degradation bands (Stark 1998) differed. The MCI placed most sites in the “doubtful quality, or possible mild pollution” and “probable moderate pollution” categories, whereas the QMCI assigned most sites to the “clean water” and “probable severe pollution” groups. This implies either that category assess...

The dynamics and kinetics of the H+ + LiH reaction have been studied using a quantum reactive time-dependent wave packet (TDWP) coupled-channel quantum mechanical method on an ab initio potential energy surface at conditions of the early universe. The total reaction probabilities for the H+ + LiH(nu = 0, j = 0) -> H-2(+) + Li process have been calculated from 5 x 10(-3) eV up to 1 eV for total angular momenta J from 0 to 110. Using a Langevin model, integral cross sections have been calculated in that range of collision energies and extrapolated for energies below 5 x 10(-3) eV. The calculated rate constants are found to be nearly independent of temperature in the 10-1000 K interval with a value of approximate to 10(-9) cm(3) s(-1), which is in good agreement with estimates used in evolutionary models of the early universe lithium chemistry.

[No abstract available]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe musculoskeletal problems resulting from work setting and occupation in medical doctors who work in a hospital. Materials and Metods: 123 medical doctors with mean age 37.97 ± 9.03 years (54 surgeons, 69 consultants) were included in this study randomly. All of the subjects were evaluated using a questionnaire, which is consistend of 22 questions about musculoskeletal problems, physical characteristics and work performance. Results: It was established that 41 of 123 subjects (23 surgeon, 18 consultants) had at least one musculoskeletal problem resulting from work setting. In the mean time it was determined that the problem begun after approximately 7.20 ± 0.90 years. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study showed that working so long time with the same position and repiting the same activities during wok day lead to a risk factor about musculoskeletal problems in medical doctor., Giriş: Bu çalışmanın amacı hastanede görev yapan hekimlerde çalışma koşullarına ve mesleğe bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan kas-iskelet sistemi problemlerinin incelenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya yaş ortalamaları 37.97 ± 9.03 yıl (min: 24, max: 65 yıl) olan 54 cerrah ve 69 dahili bilimlerde çalışan toplam 123 hekim dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmaya katılan olguların tümüne kas-iskelet sistemi problemlerini, fiziksel karakteristiklerini ve çalışma performanslarını belirleyen toplam 22 sorudan oluşan anket uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar: Çalışmaya katılan hekimlerin 41’inde (23 cerrah, 18 dahili bilimlerde çalışan hekim) çalışma koşullarına bağlı kas-iskelet sistemine ait problem olduğu saptanmıştır. Problemlerin çalışmaya başladıktan ortalama 7.20 ± 0.90 yıl sonra oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Problemi olan hekimlerin ortalama haftada 40.71 ± 2.60 saat. 13.39 ± 1.61 yıldır çalıştıkları belirlenmiştir. Tartışma: Çalışmamızdan elde edilen sonuçlar hekimlerde uzun süre aynı pozisyonda kalarak çalışma ve aynı aktiviteleri tekrarlamak zorunda kalmanın kas- iskelet sistemi problemleri açısından risk oluşturduğunu göstermektedir.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe musculoskeletal problems resulting from work setting and occupation in medical doctors who work in a hospital. Materials and Metods: 123 medical doctors with mean age 37.97 ± 9.03 years (54 surgeons, 69 consultants) were included in this study randomly. All of the subjects were evaluated using a questionnaire, which is consistend of 22 questions about musculoskeletal problems, physical characteristics and work performance. Results: It was established that 41 of 123 subjects (23 surgeon, 18 consultants) had at least one musculoskeletal problem resulting from work setting. In the mean time it was determined that the problem begun after approximately 7.20 ± 0.90 years. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study showed that working so long time with the same position and repiting the same activities during wok day lead to a risk factor about musculoskeletal problems in medical doctor.

In this work, high speed end milling of AISI D3 cold-work tool steel hardened to 35 HRC and 62 HRC was investigated using CBN cutting tools. Cutting tool performance was studied with respect to tool life and surface finish of the workpiece. The effect of material hardness on the tool wear and surface roughness was also discussed., Bu çalışmada, 35 HRC ve 62 HRC sertliğindeki AISI D3 soğuk iş takım çeliğinin CBN kesici takımlar ile işlenmesinde, yüzey kalitesi ve yanal yüzey aşınma değerlerinin karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Kesici takım performansı kesici ömrü ve iş parçasının yüzey kalitesine göre değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, işlenen malzeme sertliğinin kesici ömrü ve iş yüzey kalitesine etkisi tartışılmıştır

A study (2004–11) of a dairy catchment stream entering an oligotrophic lake in an area of very high rainfall (~5 m year–1) yielded median concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), suspended sediment (SS) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) of 0.584, 0.074 and 3.7 g m–3, and 405/100 mL (most probable number method), respectively. Trend analysis indicated significant (P

Five streams in catchments with pastoral dairy farming as the dominant land use were monitored for periods of 7–16 years to detect changes in response to adoption of best management practices (BMPs). Stream water quality was degraded at the start with respect to N, P, suspended solids (SS) and E. coli concentrations, and was typical of catchments with intensive pastoral agriculture land use. Trend analysis showed a decrease in SS concentration for all streams, generally increasing water clarity, and lower E. coli concentrations in three of the streams. These are attributed to improved stream fencing (cattle exclusion) and greater use of irrigation for treated effluent disposal with less reliance on pond systems discharging to streams. Linkages between water quality and farm actions based on survey data were used to develop BMPs that were discussed at stakeholder workshops. Generic and specific BMPs were developed for the five catchments. The 3–7 year periodicity of major climate cycles, as well as market forces and a slow rate of farmer adoption of simple BMPs mean that monitoring programs in New Zealand need to be much longer than 10 years to detect changes caused by farmer actions. Long-term monitoring is also needed to detect responses to newly legislated requirements for improved water quality.