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Large bandwidth microwave signals propagating in dispersive media can result in pulses decaying according to a nonexponential law. In particular, large bandwidth signals in the microwave band, propagating in media that can be described by the Debye model (for example fresh water), decays as the square root of the inverse of the propagation distance, instead of exponentially. Although it is a direct consequence of well-known theory of propagation in dispersive media, this result is a bit surprising and its experimental evidence has required a careful set-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the algorithms developed for satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry were adapted to the ground-based SAR (GB-SAR) configuration and used for detecting the displacements of an alpine landslide which have occurred over many years. Indeed GB-SAR interferometry is based on the same principles as satellite SAR techniques but benefits from the GB-SAR's versatility and capability of gathering many images per day. In monitoring applications of landslides moving only few centimeters per year, as the case here reported, the GB-SAR sensor is installed at repeated intervals several months apart over the observation period. Although the revisiting time is very similar to the satellite one, for each survey, lasting two or three days, more than ten images are available. They are analyzed separately and in combination with images from other surveys for coherent pixel selection. Interferograms are formed by cross-combining images from different surveys. Finally, the evolution of the deformation across the surveys is retrieved in a least square sense without any assumptions on its regularity. The used GB-SAR technique is described in detail in this paper, and the results obtained with regard to a landslide in the Italian Alps that has been monitored over a period of about three years are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This annual survey, conducted by the Italian group for mammography screening (GISMa), collects individual data on diagnosis and treatment of about 50% of screen-detected, operated lesions in Italy. The 2011-2012 results show good overall quality and an improving trend over time. A number of critical issues have been identified, including waiting times (which have had a worsening trend over the years) and compliance with the recommendation of not performing frozen section examination on small lesions. Pre-operative diagnosis improved constantly over time, but there is still a large variation between Regions and programmes. For almost 90% of screen-detected invasive cancers a sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy was performed on the axilla, avoiding a large number of potentially harmful dissections. On the other hand, potential overuse of SLN dissection for ductal carcinoma in situ, although apparently starting to decline, deserves further investigation. The detailed results have been distributed, among other ways by means of a web-based data-warehouse, to regional and local screening programmes, in order to allow multidisciplinary discussion and identification of the appropriate solutions to any issues documented by the data. The problem of waiting times should be assigned priority. Specialist Breast Units with adequate case volume and enough resources would provide the best setting for making monitoring effective in producing quality improvements with shorter waiting times.