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Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is one of the major kinases controlling mitosis and cell division. Plk1 is first recruited to the centrosome in S phase, then appears on the kinetochores in late G2 and at the end of mitosis it translocates to the central spindle. Activation of Plk1 requires phosphorylation of T210 by Aurora A, an event that critically depends on the co-factor Bora. However, conflicting reports exist as to where Plk1 is first activated. Phosphorylation of T210 is first observed at the centrosomes, but kinase activity seems to be restricted to the nucleus in the earlier phases of G2. Here we demonstrate that Plk1 activity manifests itself first in the nucleus using a nuclear FRET-based biosensor for Plk1 activity. However, we find that Bora is restricted to the cytoplasm and that Plk1 is phosphorylated on T210 at the centrosomes. Our data demonstrate that while Plk1 activation occurs on centrosomes, downstream target phosphorylation by Plk1 first occurs in the nucleus. We discuss several explanations for this surprising separation of activation and function.

The Vipava valley in Slovenia is well known for the appearance of strong, gusty North-East Bora winds, which occur as a result of air flows over an adjacent orographic barrier. There are three prevailing wind directions within the valley which were found to give rise to specific types of atmospheric structures. These structures were investigated using a Mie scattering lidar operating at 1064 nm, which provided high temporal and spatial resolution backscatter data on aerosols, which were used as tracers for atmospheric flows. Wind properties were monitored at the bottom of the valley and at the rim of the barrier using two ultrasonic anemometers. Twelve time periods between February and April 2015 were selected when lidar data was available. The periods were classified according to the wind speed and direction and investigated in terms of appearance of atmospheric structures. In two periods with strong or moderate Bora, periodic atmospheric structures in the lidar data were observed at heights above the mountain barrier and are believed to be Kelvin–Helmholtz waves, induced by wind shear. No temporal correlation was found between these structures and wind gusts at the ground level. The influence of the wind on the height of the planetary boundary layer was studied as well. In periods with low wind speeds, the vertical evolution of the planetary boundary layer was found to be governed by solar radiation and clouds. In periods with strong or moderate Bora wind, convection within the planetary boundary layer was found to be much weaker due to strong turbulence close to the ground, which inhibited mixing through the entire layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Adriatic basin is regularly affected by cold, strong and gusty bora winds blowing from the northeast, especially during winter. These events are characterized by intense air-sea interactions and produce important meteorological effects not only over the eastern Adriatic basin, where bora originates and attains its maximum intensity, but also downstream over the Italian peninsula where heavy rainfall and snowfall can occur. The present study aims at evaluating the impact of surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat, that characterize air-sea interaction during a bora episode, on wind strength and profiles over the Adriatic Sea, in relation to intense precipitation affecting the Apennines and the Italian coast. High-resolution numerical simulations are used in order to assess the role of surface fluxes in modulating the atmospheric water balance, modifying the thermodynamic characteristic of the boundary layer and, in turn, the dynamics of the orographic flow regime. Results show that while surface evaporation is responsible for a relatively small contribution to the total atmospheric water budget over the Adriatic area, surface fluxes still have a remarkable impact on precipitation via dynamical processes. Both sensible and latent heat fluxes modify the speed, temperature and moisture profiles of the low-level bora wind, sensibly changing the dynamical characteristics of interaction of the flow with the downstream orography. The orographic flow regime determines the intensity and location of orographically induced uplift and hence precipitation. Therefore, the picture that directly associates the precipitation amount upstream and over the Apennines with the degree of moistening of air during its passage over the sea and with orographic uplift is shown to be too simplistic. The variations of the wind speed and static stability due to surface fluxes involve complex and nonlinear effects, changing the flow regime in response to the orographic forcing and thus determining amount and location of heavy precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is about characteristics analysis of major winds across the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea and their impact on organization of sailing ship navigation from prehistory until mid nineteenth century. Research area was divided into northern, middle and southern part of eastern Adriatic, and parameters for three prevailing winds – bora, jugo and mistral, were observed over four climatological seasons and also over annual average values on 18 main meteorological and climatological weather monitoring stations. Information generated from such data was intertwined with archaeological findings from the eastern Adriatic coast and historical writings that witness sailing across the area. Historical writings that were used consist of itineraries and some of the earliest nautical pilots written as a navigational aid for the area of the eastern Adriatic. The prime goal was to determine if there is a correlation between reconstructed sailing routes that existed in times when information about landscape and surrounding occurrences and processes (wind in this case) was collected by observation and contemporary measured data. It was also important to determine if navigation was affected by advances in nautical technology, particularly ship hull and sail construction, and navigation equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Posts & Telecommunications (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Chongqing University of Posts & Telecommunications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we use 20 Hz wind measurements on three levels (2, 5, and 10 m) to investigate the differences in micro-scale properties of different bora types, i.e., deep and shallow bora with further subdivision to cyclonic and anticyclonic bora cases. Using Fourier spectral analysis, we investigate a suitable turbulence averaging scale and bora gust pulsations. The obtained data set is further used to test the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, the surface layer stratification, the behavior of the terms in the prognostic turbulence kinetic energy equation, and the wind profiles. One of our main goals is to identify possible micro-scale differences between shallow and deep bora types because of the possible different mountain wave dynamics in those flows. We found that a turbulence averaging scale of 30 min is suitable for this location and is in agreement with previous bora studies. The wind speed power spectral densities of all selected bora episodes showed pulsations with periods of 2–8 min. This suggests that mountain wave breaking was present in all cases, regardless of flow depth and synoptic type. The stability parameter analysis confirmed the near-neutral thermal stratification of bora; a consequence of intensive mechanical mixing. No significant differences related to bora type were observed in other micro-scale parameters.

Well known for its severity, the bora downslope windstorms have been extensively studied over the last several decades. This study focuses on the turbulence characteristics of bora at a topographically complex site near the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. For this purpose, a 3-month eddy-covariance dataset obtained at three levels (10, 22, 40 m) on a 60-m flux tower is used. After determining a suitable averaging time scale of 15 min using the fast Fourier transform and the ogive method, vertical fluxes of momentum and heat were calculated for 17 bora episodes. Up to a wind speed of $$12\,\mathrm {m\, s}^{-1}$$ , typical vertical profiles of momentum and heat were observed. However, for wind speeds > $$12\,\mathrm {m\, s}^{-1}$$ , several interesting observations arose. First, the nighttime heat flux at the 10-m level was often found to be positive rather negative. Second, vertical profiles of the momentum flux were larger at the 22-m level than at 10- and 40-m levels, mostly during nearly neutral to weakly stable thermal stratification. Third, these momentum flux profiles showed a large dependence on wind direction, with virtually no vertical transport of momentum for the largest observed wind speeds. For the first time, bora coherent structures have been analyzed using the so-called variable-interval time averaging (VITA) method. The method detected coherent structures in all three wind-speed components, with structure topologies similar to those observed over forest canopies. The momentum flux increase at the 22-m level, relative to the 10- and 40-m levels, is further supported by the VITA findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note examines two Adriatic bora events recorded in TerraSAR-X (TS-X) images taken in the winters of 2011 (Case 1) and 2012 (Case 2). In Case 1, the TS-X captured an image of a deep anticyclonic bora, whereas in Case 2 a shallow cyclonic bora was sampled. High-resolution TS-X images resolved the finer bora spatial structure to a scale of ≈1 km, which has not previously been reported in bora research. In particular, the structures in Case 2 appear to be driven by surface convective heat fluxes caused by substantial temperature differences between the relatively high sea surface temperature (SST) and the overflowing very cold air. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations used to aid the analyses suggest that the very low upwind 2m temperature in Case 2 reinforced the orographic wave breaking by enhancing the cross-mountain pressure gradient. The ensuing strong cross-mountain flow was responsible for the appearance of secondary jets in the lee of Mount Velebit, for which the TS-X Case 2 scene provides the first satellite-borne evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bora wind event occurred in winter 2012 was exceptional in terms of both meteorological effects and impact on the Adriatic Sea circulation. It was associated with intense and persistent winds, very cold temperatures all over the Mediterranean basin and heavy snowfall over the Apennines slopes exposed to north-easterly winds, and it was responsible for triggering dense water formation and driving basin-scale oceanic circulation. The cooling period (29 January–13 February) was characterized by intense air–sea exchanges of momentum and heat, whose accurate simulation is required for a proper description of atmospheric and ocean circulations. In the present study, results of a number of short-range high-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) model simulations for the entire Bora outbreak are discussed. The modeling chain, based on BOLAM and MOLOCH limited area models, has been implemented using initial and boundary conditions provided by different global NWP systems. Model performance has been evaluated in terms of variables of interest for oceanographic applications, such as sea surface temperature (SST), surface heat fluxes, solar radiation and near surface meteorological parameters (air temperature, wind, pressure and humidity). The validation has been undertaken through a comparison against surface data (buoys and oceanographic platforms) available at different locations in the northern Adriatic area, while advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) products have been used to assess modeled wind fields on a larger scale. Model results indicate a good agreement with the observations concerning meteorological variables, in particular wind, pressure and temperature. However, large differences were found in the SST forecasts, which in turn affect also sea surface flux predictions. The uncertainties in SST forecasts are mainly ascribable to the different initialization fields provided by either the global models or satellite analyses. Thus SST initialization represents a critical issue for an accurate description of surface fluxes at least for this exceptionally severe event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study the performances of (a) fully two-way coupled atmosphere-ocean modeling system and (b) one-way coupled ocean model (forced by the atmospheric model hourly output), as compared to the available in situ (mooring and CTD) measurements during and after an strong Bora wind event in February 2012, which led to extreme air-sea interactions and record breaking seawater cooling and dense water formation in Northern Adriatic. The simulations span the period between January and March 2012. The models used were ALADIN (4.4 km resolution) on the atmospheric side and Adriatic setup of POM (1°=301°=30 angular resolution) on the ocean side. The atmosphere-ocean coupling was implemented using the OASIS3-MCT model coupling toolkit. We show, using in situ seawater temperature measurements, that the two-way atmosphere-ocean coupling improves the ocean response to Bora because it captures transient Bora-induced cooling better than the one-way coupled version of the ocean model. We show that this difference stems mainly from an underestimation of air-sea temperature difference in one-way coupled system during the Bora episode, leading to an underestimation of sensible heat losses from the ocean in the one-way coupled system. We show these losses exhibit significant impact on baroclinic circulation on synoptic timescales. We use CTD observations in the Gulf of Trieste to show that when compared to the one-way setup, the two-way coupled system produces a similar estimation of salinities and density anomalies before the Bora episode, but a significantly better estimation of these quantities afterwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The north Adriatic circulation during two successive bora episodes was studied using single point current measurements and results of the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). Surface currents recorded at the gas field Ivana positioned in the central part of the northern Adriatic were directed downwind during the bora episode of 8-11 February 1984, whereas during the next bora period of 12-16 February 1984 they were directed upwind. The observed current reversal was reproduced in the numerical experiment controlled by air-sea fluxes and river inflows. Atmospheric forcing for the POM model was estimated from high resolution Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5) surface fields, while river discharges were introduced in the simulations as source terms of zero salinity in the continuity equation. The baseline experiment with realistic forcings, atmospheric and riverine, related the current reversal to displacements of the bora induced gyres. Sensitivity studies revealed a dominant role of the wind stress curl for the vorticity in the current field and showed the relevance of the changing wind divergence for the cross-shore circulation variability and accompanied current reversal. Additional numerical experiments emphasized even more the role of the spatial wind variability for the recorded flow and also stressed the importance of the model domain size for the numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is one of the major kinases controlling mitosis and cell division. Plk1 is first recruited to the centrosome in S phase, then appears on the kinetochores in late G2, and at the end of mitosis, it translocates to the central spindle. Activation of Plk1 requires phosphorylation of T210 by Aurora A, an event that critically depends on the co-factor Bora. However, conflicting reports exist as to where Plk1 is first activated. Phosphorylation of T210 is first observed at the centrosomes, but kinase activity seems to be restricted to the nucleus in the earlier phases of G2. Here, we demonstrate that Plk1 activity manifests itself first in the nucleus using a nuclear FRET-based biosensor for Plk1 activity. However, we find that Bora is restricted to the cytoplasm and that Plk1 is phosphorylated on T210 at the centrosomes. Our data demonstrate that while Plk1 activation occurs on centrosomes, downstream target phosphorylation by Plk1 first occurs in the nucleus. We discuss several explanations for this surprising separation of activation and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mundo Amazónico is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mundo Amazónico is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Local wind changes within the flow of the Adriatic Bora are investigated in the case of 8 December 2001 that was simulated with the WRF/ARW model in a 333 m horizontal resolution and with all relevant model variables archived during a 3 h time interval with 1 s temporal resolution. Along a selected cross section, two locations of strong gusts in the lee of a Dinaric mountain ridge are found -- the upper one on the slope and the other over the sea close to the coastline; in between the wind is considerably weaker. About 16 to 18 gusts developed in the 3 h interval at both locations with an average period of approximately 8.5 min. The advective transport of kinetic energy (KE), the work of the unbalanced part of the pressure gradient force and the diffusion and dissipation of KE cause the local change ΔKE, and their quasi-periodic fluctuations lead to gusts and lulls. The results of the numerical simulation enable an estimation of the contributions of advection, the work of forces and of turbulence and dissipation effects. Advective contributions to local changes are more or less in the phase with ΔKE and ahead of the phase of KE, while the contributions of work are generally smaller and in the opposite phase: so in general the advection and the work effects oppose each other. The advection and the work effects are not spatially homogeneous, i.e. they cease and even change their sign between the two locations of the strongest gusts and so there is no continuous displacement of KE from the upper to the lower location by either of the two effects: their contributions interchange with each other down the slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While effects of the atmospheric boundary layer flow on engineering infrastructure are more or less known, some local transient winds create difficulties for structures, traffic and human activities. Hence, further research is required to fully elucidate flow characteristics of some of those very unique local winds. In this study, important characteristics of observed vertical velocity profiles along the main wind direction for the gusty Bora wind blowing along the eastern Adriatic coast are presented. Commonly used empirical power-law and the logarithmic-law profiles are compared against unique 3-level high-frequency Bora measurements. The experimental data agree well with the power-law and logarithmic-law approximations. An interesting feature observed is a decrease in the power-law exponent and aerodynamic surface roughness length, and an increase in friction velocity with increasing Bora wind velocity. This indicates an urban-like velocity profile for smaller wind velocities and rural-like velocity profile for larger wind velocities, which is due to a stronger increase in absolute velocity at each of the heights observed as compared to the respective velocity gradient (difference in average velocity among two different heights). The trends observed are similar during both the day and night. The thermal stratification is near neutral due to a strong mechanical mixing. The differences in aerodynamic surface roughness length are negligible for different time averaging periods when using the median. For the friction velocity, the arithmetic mean proved to be independent of the time record length, while for the power-law exponent both the arithmetic mean and the median are not influenced by the time averaging period. Another issue is a large difference in aerodynamic surface roughness length when calculating using the arithmetic mean and the median. This indicates that the more robust median is a more suitable parameter to determine the aerodynamic surface roughness length than the arithmetic mean value. Variations in velocity profiles at the same site during different wind periods are interesting because, in the engineering community, it has been commonly accepted that the aerodynamic characteristics at a particular site remain the same during various wind regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica is the property of Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After attempting to paint the multiple beings inhabiting the oral history of his Bora and Uitoto ancestors, Brus Rubio found in the daily gestures of the men and women of his community, a technique of observation and reproduction of moving figures of his own, suited to express his perception of the history of the peoples of the Ampiyacu River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The influence of mesoscale flow on the elevated O3 concentrations recorded during 13-19 August 2000 in the coastal town of Rijeka (45.33°N, 14.45°E) has been examined. Although high levels of ozone concentration are often observed there, this episode was unique due to hourly afternoon concentrations persistently higher than 180 µg m−3 and nocturnal levels above 100 µg m−3. To study this episode, available meteorological and ozone measurements were analysed, along with supplemental numerical simulations and trajectories. The measurements revealed favourable atmospheric conditions for the production of ozone, i.e., high air temperatures associated with (1) the exchange of two dominant (although relatively weak) large-scale flows: southwesterly versus northeasterly bora winds, and (2) local thermal circulation. The bora wind was relatively weak and short lasting. Although the bora transported the polluted air mass away along the western Adriatic coast, the southwesterly flow returned ozone-rich air toward the Alps, thus contributing to the overall pollution over the northern Adriatic Sea. Models revealed the superposition of the southwesterly wind and local, thermally induced winds that caused the regional transport of ozone toward the Alps and the eastern Adriatic coast. However, while the regional transport of ozone from the northern Adriatic was found to enhance somewhat the ozone concentrations in Rijeka at the end of period studied, its surrounding local emission sources, uniform local thermal circulation systems, and recirculation of pollutants were crucial factors in the formation of the large daytime and night time ozone levels observed in Rijeka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a severe bora during the winter period near the South Coast of Crimea has been reproduced using the regional atmospheric circulation numerical model. Characteristic features of the velocity and temperature fields responsible for the formation of an intense surface current above the lee slope of a mountain range, such as internal wave breaking and air-flow blocking, have been considered. The evolution of the thermodynamic field during the severe bora development and damping, which is accompanied by a sharp decrease in the air-flow temperature, the formation of a surface jet stream, and a considerable spatial-time variability in a wide scale range, has been considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pin1 was the first prolyl isomerase identified that is involved in cell division. The mechanism by which Pin1 acts as a negative regulator of mitotic activity in G2 phase remains unclear. Here, we found that Aurora A can interact with and phosphorylate Pin1 at Ser16, which suppresses the G2/M function of Pin1 by disrupting its binding ability and mitotic entry. Our results also show that phosphorylation of Bora at Ser274 and Ser278 is crucial for binding of Pin1. Through the interaction, Pin1 can alter the cytoplasmic translocation of Bora and promote premature degradation by β-TrCP, which results in a delay in mitotic entry. Together with the results that Pin1 protein levels do not significantly fluctuate during cell-cycle progression and Aurora A suppresses Pin1 G2/M function, our data demonstrate that a gain of Pin1 function can override the Aurora-A-mediated functional suppression of Pin1. Collectively, these results highlight the physiological significance of Aurora-A-mediated Pin1 Ser16 phosphorylation for mitotic entry and the suppression of Pin1 is functionally linked to the regulation of mitotic entry through the Aurora-A-Bora complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencias Sociales y Religión / Ciências Sociais e Religião is the property of Ciencias Sociales y Religion / Ciencias Sociais e Religiao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The bora event observed in Novorossiysk on February 6-8, 2012 was analyzed using the WRF numerical model of regional atmospheric circulation. The main meteorological parameters are reproduced. It is demonstrated that the maximum wind speed is reached in the area of the lee slope directly over the bay. It is obtained that the bora development is accompanied by intensive waves associated with the flowing around coastal mountains whose regime changes in time. Computed and measured changes in the surface wind speed are in a good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatian Meteorological Journal / Hvratski Meteorološki Časopis is the property of Croatian Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Croatian Meteorological Journal / Hvratski Meteorološki Časopis is the property of Croatian Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Experiments were carried out to investigate transient aerodynamic loads experienced by vehicles on bridges using a generic prism model. A van model was exposed to an air flow, which simulated gusty bora winds blowing at the Croatian coast. The mean side force and the overturning moment of the vehicle increase nearly linearly with increases in the gust velocity. Two major mechanisms determine transient aerodynamic loads on a vehicle: vortex shedding from the bridge and the vehicle, and wind gusting. For the side force, the predominant unsteady flow mechanism is the buffeting by vortices shed from the bridge deck. The overturning moment is simultaneously influenced by vortex shedding and by wind gusting. With increasing wind gust strength, the unsteady component of the overturning moment becomes predominantly influenced by the wind gusting, while vortex shedding effects become less exhibited. The repetition rate of wind gusting does not seem to have a significant influence on transient aerodynamic loads. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Diachronica is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The along-coast, offshore turbulence structure of the Bora flow that occurred on 7 November 1999 during the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) Intensive Observation Period 15 is examined. In this analysis we employ the aircraft and dropsonde data obtained over the Adriatic Sea, where the turbulence structure is determined by estimating turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and its dissipation rate along the flight legs. The turbulence characteristics of Bora in the lee of the Dinaric Alps is greatly influenced by the mesoscale Bora flow structure over the Adriatic Sea, which in the cross-wind direction features an interchange of jets and wakes related to mountain gaps and peaks. In order to establish the origin of turbulence, the Weather Research and Forecasting-Advanced Research WRF (WRF-ARW) numerical model is used and its results are compared to the measurements. All five TKE-prediction parametrization schemes available in the model show reasonable agreement with the measured values. Since these parametrization schemes do not have horizontal advection included, they suggest that the along-flight structure of the Bora turbulence is principally generated by the local vertical wind shear. Further evidence is needed to support this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A five-year dataset of Argus-derived mean intertidal positions has been analysed to characterize the shoreface variability in a beach protected by a system of groynes and a parallel low crested structure (Lido di Dante Ravenna, Italy). For the period 2004-2009, 84 intertidal beach bathymetries and shorelines at the zero sea level were used as indicators to assess beach changes in between a number of selected surveys and to determine characteristic patterns of the beach response to storm events from different directions. Variations in the shoreline at the zero sea levels have been quantified and analysed in conjunction with nearshore wave conditions and provenance linked to storm events. These fall into two categories: (1) storm events occurring during Bora (north-eastern) wind conditions and (2) storm events occurring during Scirocco (south-eastern) wind conditions. The results show that, apart from main beach advances of the whole protected beach due to nourishments periodically carried out, a marked variability is observed among the four sub-cells into which the shoreface behaviour has been separately analysed. In particular, a dependence of beach rotation in the 'artificially embayed' area on the substantially bi-directional wave climate has been shown: Bora and Scirocco storm events produce shoreline rotation in counterclockwise and clockwise directions, respectively, due to the occurrence of longshore currents in the opposite direction in the nearshore. An attempt was made to correlate the shoreface dynamics for the main rotation events (14 selected ones) to the wave attack intensity (as the total energy flux due to storm events). A relationship seems to occur (for each storm category) between the shoreline displacements estimated for each sub-cell and the total energy flux computed for inter-survey periods, supporting the occurrence of a link between the observed morphological changes and the hydrodynamic forcing associated with storm events in the five-year monitoring period. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite (sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration) and in-situ data (currents from surface drifters and ADCP; sub-surface temperature, salinity and optical properties measured by a towed-vehicle) are used to describe the circulation features and the distribution of temperature, salinity and chlorophyll pigment in the northern Adriatic Sea in winter 2003, with particular focus on fronts and jets. The horizontal structure and temporal variations of these parameters are qualitatively related to the local wind forcing, to the river runoff and to the bathymetry. Vigorous currents are triggered by predominant northeasterly Bora wind events, including a strong cross-basin jet, south of Istria, associated with a sharp (> 3°C/km) and thin (< 0.5 km) front almost compensated in temperature and salinity and affected by barotropic instabilities. To the north, a cyclonic gyre is evident with a southern limb corresponding to the Po River plume extending offshore to the NE. Cold and pigment-rich, river-influenced waters prevail off the entire Italian coast. South of the Po delta these waters flow southeastwards in a coastal layer with baroclinic instabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]