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This essay is meant to provide background materials for the comparison of the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 and the nearly simultaneous fall of the Qing Dynasty in China in 1911. This will be done by summarizing several of the academic debates, which since the 1990s have profoundly changed the existing views on China’s modern history and should also raise questions about the demise of the Ottoman Empire and its replacement by the Republic of Turkey in 1923. The focal claim of the new historiography is that China was on its way to generate a modern society by its own internal dynamics since the seventeenth century at the latest, which resulted in a strengthening of social institutions vis-à-vis the state and in a multi-stranded process of identity formation. This equaled developments in the West and paved the way for China’s rise since the 1980s. The most outspoken advocates of this approach work from a perspective which makes similar claims for other parts of the world, such as India and the Indian Ocean, The Ottoman Empire, and the Islamic Sultanates; additionally, they make stronger claims for the historical agency of other countries, regions, cultures and societies, which achieved less than these, such as Ghana or Egypt. The advocates of this perspective have increasingly been labeled as “global historians”: global history if interpreted this way is distinct from world history (Crossley 2008: 107-9). Global and world history are often used interchangeably, but below this distinction will be maintained. At this moment, the claims of global history are still hotly debated: the pre-existing historiography worked from a national rather than a global perspective. National history was the mainstream historiography during most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and legitimized the high status which historiography enjoyed during much of this period. This is only gradually changing under the impact of global history. Many practitioners of the national historiography maintained the idea that the advanced national states have an exemplary function for the rest of the world and that newly formed national states need outside guidance and ideals to achieve modernity; this idea still leads a tough life. For that reason both the national and the global historiography will be treated in tandem below. The fall of the Qing itself was much of a non-event, amounting to even less than a coup-d’état: on 10 October 1911, a few thousand troops in strategically located Wuhan upon the discovery of their plot against the Qing dynasty (1644-1912) rebelled in self-defense, and the Manchu governor-general fled the city. Other provincial army and civil governors followed the rebels in declaring independence, and after a few months an old, but temporarily dismissed trustee of the court, general Yuan Shikai was recalled and advised the emperor to abdicate, which he did very soon and elegantly on 12 February 1912. The abdication was part of a more complicated deal, which Yuan had struck with reform-minded groups, of which Sun Yat-sen was the most prominent leader, and which involved acknowledgment of the Republic of China with Sun as its president. This had been established on 1 January 1912. The dynasty fell without much bloodshed. Yuan soon replaced Sun Yat-sen as the president of the new republic in exchange for a promise to hold parliamentary elections, but did not shrink back from suppressing the latter and became China’s new strongman and autocrat in 1913. John K. Fairbank’s verdict of the 1911 Revolution reads as follows: Though some sharp fighting occurred, particularly at the Wuhan cities, the 1911 revolution was singularly unviolent. It was also inconclusive because its main aim was negative, to get rid of Manchu rule. (Fairbank, Reisschauer & Craig1965: 640) The short-term consequences of these events were not very big either because unlike in the Turkish case political unity could not be restored until the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. The predominance of feudal or traditionalist forces in alliance with the imperialist Big Powers kept Yuan and the succeeding warlord regimes in power until the late 1920s and according to the “national” accounts of the period prevented China from being transformed in any significant way. Chiang Kai-shek’s power seizure of 1927 was more significant than the Qing dynasty’s fall, but only the establishment of the PRC after the war sufficed to really make a start with the required social transformation. Nonetheless, the events of the early twentieth century became an indispensable part of the grand stories about China’s modernization during the twentieth century: “national” historiography was inspired by the activity of the Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party, who became the main contenders for power since the 1930s. From the 1950s until the 1980s, the Modernization School in the USA and Chinese Marxism in the PRC dominated the historiography of China. Both were “national” in outlook as circumscribed above and therefore considered the events of 1911 as a necessary step for China on its path to modernization.

Partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13 (q32q33.2) associated with mental retardation, choanal atresia and fish mouth: 13q deletion syndrome is characterized by mental and motor retardation, craniofacial dysmorphic facial appearance and various congenital malformations. In this article, we present a new case with 13q deletion syndrome phenotypically characterized by fish mouth, choanal atresia and severe mental and motor retardation. In order to determine the certain localization of deleted region high resolution multicolor-banding technique was performed and the karyotype determined as 46,XX,del(13)(q32q33.2). To come in future to a genotype-phenotype correlation, it is very important to delineate the deleted region in such cases in detail by cytogenetic/molecular cytogenetic methods.

A severely mentally and motor retarded girl with monosomy 3pter--p25 and trisomy 8q24-qter due to a familial reciprocal translocation t(3;8) (p25;q24): We report a familial translocation t(3;8) in a three generation family that includes a severely retarded 9-year-old girl with intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly, capillary hemangiomas of the forehead and perioral region, synophrys, ptosis, long philtrum, high arched palate, micrognathia, malformed ears, clinodactyly, hypotonia, mental and motor retardation. The pedigree was highly suggestive ofa familial rearrangement. Cytogenetics and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) showed an unbalanced translocation of chromosomes 3p25 and 8q24 of maternal origin, karyotype 46,XX,der(3)t(3;8)(p25q24)mat. Using FISH the breakpoint at 8q24 was located distal of TRPS1, the gene for trichorhinophalangeal syndrome. The balanced translocation was found in the mother, maternal grandmother and prenatally diagnosed brother. Ten individuals (seven miscarriages, niece, two nephews) probably also had an unbalanced translocation. Genetic counseling was given to the family. Because of the hemizygous deletion of the VHL gene at chromosome 3p25.3, the patient is at risk for von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome, predisposing to retinal, cerebellar, spinal haemangioblastomas, renal cell carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma and pancreatic tumors. Therefore, for early detection and treatment of VHL syndrome, we performed periodic screening beginning at age 5 years. A familial translocation t(3;8) is very rare and there are no previous reports on terminal monosomy 3p (pter--p25) and terminal trisomy 8q (q24--qter).

Onderzoek naar de mogelijkheden voor handel in biologische groente en fruit tussen Turkije en Nederland.

A new syndrome with prenatally diagnosed thoracoschisis, hiatal hernia and extremities' agenesis: a case report: Thoracoschisis is a very rare congenital anomaly and is usually associated with limb and abdominal wall defects forming part of limb-body wall complex. We here present a case of a 29-week-4-day pregnancy ended with intrauterine demise. Postmortem examination revealed hiatal hernia, thoracoschisis and protrusion of some part of liver from this defect, left forearm agenesis and right arm and right hand agenesis. The findings accompanying thoracoschisis in this presented case exclude any previously reported related syndrome and we believe that this is a new syndrome.

We report a prenatally diagnosed balanced de novo translocation t(6;7)(p25;q31). Physical examination of the baby born at term revealed only a posterior cleft palate. Laboratory examinations and radiologic investigations were found normal. Two years follow-up of the patient showed her mental and motor development was appropriate with her age. Our report is the first observation on balanced de novo translocation t(6;7)(p25;q31) and cleft palate. Association of this translocation and cleft palate has not been reported previously.

An 11-month-old boy was first referred with global developmental delay, pallor and heart defects (ASD, VSD, mitral and tricuspid valve insufficiency). He also had facial abnormalities. Standard karyotyping showed additional material on one chromosome 1p homolog, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) indicated an unbalanced translocation of 1ptersimilar top36.33 and 8q22.3similar toq23. The breakpoint on p was found to reside very close to the telomere, making this a rare case of "almost pure" trisomy of 8q22.3similar toq23-qter, without a significant partial 1p36 monosomy by FISH technique. The patient's face resembled the peculiar face in previously reported cases of 8q23-qter duplication. This report supports that critical gene(s) for cardiac septum formation reside on distal chromosome 8q.

We describe two cases of COFS (cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal) syndrome in two newborn females of consanguineous parents. The clinical, radiological and pathological features of the patients are presented. One of the two cases had 11 pairs of ribs (Case 1) and the other had three-lobed left lung (Case 2), neither of which has been described in COFS syndrome previously. To, our knowledge, these are the first reported cases of COFS syndrome from Turkey.

Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis is an autosomal dominant syndrome of which the characteristic features are mild-to-moderate shortness of stature and Madelung deformity of the wrist. The homozygous state of the gene for Leri-Weill syndrome causes Langer mesomelic dysplasia which is characterized mainly by shortening of the long tubular bones, more markedly in the middle than in the proximal and distal segment of the extremities. In this paper, we present two sisters with Langer mesomelic dysplasia (12 years and 6 months of age, respectively), from consanguineous parents. The mother of our cases had Madelung deformity. Father, mother and grandmother also had a slight deformity of both forearms. Unfortunately, despite the well documented case of the older sister with Langer mesomelic type dysplasia, the first and second trimester ultrasonographies of the younger sister were performed by inexperienced staff of a local urban hospital and the prenatal diagnosis of this case was not made. In this paper, we also discuss the prenatal diagnosis of Langer type mesomelic dysplasia.

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