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Background The Italian severe/uncontrolled asthma (SUA) web-based registry encompasses demographic, clinical, functional, inflammatory data; it aims to raise SUA awareness, identifying specific phenotypes and promoting optimal care. Methods 493 adult patients from 27 Italian centres (recruited in 2011-2014) were analyzed. Results Mean age was 53.8yrs. SUA patients were more frequently female (60.6%), with allergic asthma (83.1%). About 30% showed late onset of asthma diagnosis/symptoms (>40yrs); the mean age for asthma symptoms onset was 30.2yrs and for asthma diagnosis 34.4yrs. 97.1% used ICS (dose 2000 BDP), 93.6% LABA in association with ICS, 53.3% LTRAs, 64.1% anti-IgE, 10.7% theophylline, 16.0% oral corticosteroids. Mean FEV1% pred of 75.1%, median values of 300/mm3 of blood eosinophil count, 323 kU/l of serum total IgE, 24 ppb of FENO were shown. Most common comorbidities were allergic rhinitis (62.4%), gastroesophageal reflux (42.1%), sinusitis (37.9%), nasal polyposis (30.2%), allergic conjunctivitis (30.2%). 55.7% of SUA patients had exacerbations in the last 12 months, 9.7% emergency department visits, 7.3% hospitalizations. Factors associated with exacerbation risk were: obesity (OR, 95%CI 2.46, 1.11-5.41), psychic disorders (2.87, 0.89-9.30 - borderline), nasal polyps (1.86, 0.88-3.89 - borderline), partial/poor asthma treatment adherence (2.54, 0.97-6.67 - borderline), anti-IgE use in a protective way (0.26, 0.12-0.53). Comparisons to severe asthma multicentre studies and available registries showed data consistency across European and American populations. Conclusions An international effort in the implementation of SUA patients registries could help to better understand the clinical features and to manage severe asthma, representing a non negligible socio-economic burden for health services. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Air pollution is a well-established hazard to human health. Air quality is particularly important for subpopulations that are more susceptible (i.e. children, the elderly, subjects with cardiorespiratory diseases or those who are socioeconomically deprived) or at higher risk of specific exposures (workers exposed to inorganic dust, wood dust, fumes, gases and cleaning agents). Children are particularly vulnerable since they inhale a higher volume of air per body weight than adults, their lungs are growing, their immune system is incomplete and defence mechanisms are still evolving. Air pollution can affect the cells in the lung by damaging those that are most susceptible and, if the damaged cells are important in the development of new functional parts of the lung, the lung may not achieve its full growth and function as a child matures to adulthood. This can lead to enhanced susceptibility during adulthood to the effects of ageing and infections, as well as to pollutants. Air pollution has both short-term (peak exposures) and long-term adverse effects, which can involve not only the pulmonary system but also the cardiovascular system.

Background: asthma underdiagnosis was reported in many recent studies, in particular in older subjects. Aim: to assess the risk factors associated with asthma underdiagnosis in two Italian general population samples. Methods: two general population samples living in Pisa (Central Italy, urban/suburban area) and Po Delta (North Italy, rural area) participated in some cross-sectional studies between 1980 and 2011. Through a questionnaire on health status and risk factors, Pisa sample was investigated in 1985-1988, 1991-1993 and 2009-2011; Po Delta sample was investigated in 1980-1982 and 1988-1991. Individuals reporting asthma symptoms or diagnosis in the previous studies were recently enrolled in a study about severe/uncontrolled asthma (AGAVE study, 2011-2014) using the same study tool. For these analyses, subjects were classified as: remittent (if they didn’t report asthma symptoms in the AGAVE study) (REM); persistent symptomatic (if they reported asthma symptoms but not diagnosis in both previous and AGAVE studies) (SPERS); persistent asthmatic (if they reported asthma diagnosis and symptoms in both previous and AGAVE studies) (APERS). Statistical analyses were performed to assess the risk factors associated with SPERS, a condition interpreted as asthma underdiagnosis. Results: 668 subjects participated in the AGAVE study: 18.6% SPERS, 55.1% REM, 26.3% APERS. Through bivariate analyses, with respect to REM and APERS, SPERS showed a significantly higher frequency of older age, obesity, smoking habits, passive smoke exposure, sleep apnea; moreover, they had a significantly lower level of education. APERS and SPERS, with respect to REM, had a significantly higher frequency of occupational exposure. APERS, with respect to REM and SPERS, showed a significantly higher frequency of living in Pisa area (than in Po Delta area), recurrent respiratory infections, allergic rhinitis, COPD, bronchiectasis, anxiety/depression. A multinomial logistic regression analysis, taking into account REM as reference category, confirmed a strong relationship among SPERS and smoking habits (OR, 95% CI 2.66, 1.42-4.99), older age (2.14, 1.04-4.40 for age >65 yrs), recurrent respiratory infections (2.55, 1.23-5.30), passive smoke exposure (2.57, 1.43-4.62) and sleep apnea (2.60, 1.36-4.99). Moreover, APERS showed a strong relationship with living in Pisa area (vs Po Delta area), (2.22, 1.28-3.83), current respiratory infections (3.92, 2.07-7.41) and allergic rhinitis (3.86, 2.48-5.99). Conclusions: in general population there is higher risk of asthma underdiagnosis in smokers, older subjects, subjects with passive smoke exposure, respiratory infections and sleep apnoea; living in urban/suburban area, respiratory infections and allergic rhinitis are related to persistent asthma. These notions should influence prevention and management strategies.

Background: Several studies have indicated that tobacco smoking changes the intrauterine environment that largely affects fetal growth. Low birth weight due to maternal smoking has been found to increase with maternal diseases like diabetes, maternal weight gain and other associated complications. Additional plausible confounders such as, socio-economic status, ethnic groups, sex of the child, alcohol consumption etc. are also found to have a synergistic effect on birth- weight. The aim of this study was to assess the potential impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy on birth- weight, taking into account clinical information and other related factors. Methods: The study included 17383 individuals from different pre- existing cohorts ( EPITeen, Generation 21, REPROPL, CCM, PHIME and EDEN) across multi- centers of six European countries, namely Portugal, Poland, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia and France respectively. A stratified logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between birth-weight and maternal smoking habits. In addition to maternal diseases during pregnancy, the effect of maternal smoking on birth weight was simultaneously controlled for sex of child, maternal weight at the end of pregnancy, maternal drinking habits, ethnic group, work position and educational level of mother, and socio-economic crowding index. Due to the presence of missing values, maximum- likelihood method has been used for multiple imputation in the data. Results: 15.79% of the pregnant mothers were regular smokers, 8.15% of newborns weighed less than 2.5 kg at birth. 7.05% of infants were born with low birth-weight (LBW) in case of non-smoking mothers, whereas 12.44% of LBW infants were documented for mothers who smoked during pregnancy. The number of infants with LBW was found to rise with the increasing number of cigarettes smoked by the mothers during pregnancy. 8.02%, 8.92% and 9.25% of LBW was observed when mothers smoked up to 5, 11 and greater than 11 cigarettes per day respectively. Maternal weight was also found to affect birth weight prominently (OR= 1.06 ; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.11), along with other factors like infectious diseases during pregnancy. After adjusting for confounders, maternal smoking during pregnancy had a significant association with LBW (OR= 1.95 ; 95% CI=1.58, 2.22). Similar findings were observed when sub-samples of the data were considered on the basis of geographic origins. Conclusions: Using large data from pre-existing cohorts of different European countries, our study confirms a prominent birth weight reduction with maternal smoking. This finding supports the biological explanation of placental deformation due to smoking that leads to reduced birth weight and other neonatal complications.

In industrialized countries the elderly spend most of their time indoors. The elderly may be at a higher risk of suffering from indoor air pollution-related diseases compared to the rest of the population, because of their increased exposure to potential indoor risk factors. This editorial aims to critically analyze the recent literature regarding this important topic. Results of studies performed on the elderly living in nursing homes clearly highlight that they are at risk of respiratory health impairment, even at moderate air pollutant concentrations, particularly if they are over 80 years of age and living in poorly ventilated nursing homes. The future epidemiological research on ageing and respiratory diseases should investigate the underlying biological and physiological mechanisms, in addition to the adverse health effects of potential indoor risk factors, in order to help defining effective strategies for healthy ageing.

Aim: To evaluate the impact of a medical education course (MEC) on the behaviour of general practitioners (GPs) to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: Data on 1820 patients (mean age 41yrs ± 17yrs) with asthma or AR were collected by 107 Italian GPs: 50% attended a MEC and 50% didn't (group B). The adherence for AR and asthma treatment was evaluated according to ARIA and GINA guidelines (GL). Results: AR and asthma were diagnosed in 78% and 56% of patients; 34% had concomitant AR and asthma. Regardless of the MEC, the adherence to GL was significantly higher for AR than for asthma treatment (52 versus 19%). Group B GPs were more compliant to ARIA guidelines in the treatment of mild AR, whereas group A were more compliant in the treatment of moderate-severe AR; the adherence didn't differ between the groups for AR patients with comorbid asthma. Adherence to GINA GL for asthma treatment did not differ between GPs of groups A and B, independently from concomitant AR. Though insignificantly, group A were more compliant to GINA GL in the treatment of patients with only severe persistent asthma (63 versus 46%) as group B were for patients with severe persistent asthma and concomitant AR. Conclusions: GPs often tend to treat patients independently from GL. The impact of a single MEC did not improve adherence to GL in treating less severe AR and asthma patients, while there was a trend towards the opposite attitude in more severe AR patients without concomitant asthma. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objective. Asthma is a disease with elevated prevalence within the general population. Although general practitioners (GPs) are among the first health-care professionals to whom patients refer for their symptoms, there are few evaluations of this disease based on data provided by the GPs. The aim of this observational study is to assess the impact of asthma and comorbid allergic rhinitis on individual/social burden, quality of life, and disease control in asthmatic patients of Italian GPs. Methods. Throughout Italy, 107 GPs enrolled 995 patients diagnosed with asthma and using anti-asthmatic drug prescriptions, or with asthma-like symptoms during the previous 12 months. Data were collected through questionnaires filled out by GPs and patients. Results. Of the 995 asthmatic patients, 60.6 had concomitant allergic rhinitis (RA), 39.4 had asthma alone. The latter, compared to those with RA, showed significantly lower prevalence of intermittent asthma (37.5 vs. 55.6) and higher prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe persistent asthma (28.4 vs. 23.2, 28.7 vs. 18.8, and 5.4 vs 2.4, respectively). Individual/social burden due to asthma was frequent and increased with disease severity: 87.5 of severe persistent asthma patients reported at least one medical consultation in the last 12 months, 37.5 emergency department visits, 26.7 hospitalization, and 62.5 limitations in daily activities. Control and quality of life were inversely associated with disease severity and were worse in patients with RA than in those with asthma alone. Conclusions. This study showed the negative impact of high severity levels and comorbid allergic rhinitis on quality of life of asthmatic patients and on individual/social burden due to asthma in an Italian GPs setting. © 2012 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.

Most health care systems consider continuing medical education a potential tool to improve quality of care and reduce disease management costs. Its efficacy in general practitioners needs to be further explored.This study assesses the effectiveness of a one-year continuing medical education/continuing professional development course for general practitioners, regarding the improvement in knowledge of ARIA and GINA guidelines and compliance with them in asthma management.Sixty general practitioners, covering 68,146 inhabitants, were randomly allocated to continuing medical education/continuing professional development (five residential events +four short distance-learning refresher courses over one year) or no training. Participants completed a questionnaire after each continuing medical education event; key questions were repeated at least twice. The Local Health Unit prescription database was used to verify prescription habits (diagnostic investigations and pharmacological therapy) and hospitalizations over one year before and after training.Fourteen general practitioners (46.7%) reached the cut-off of 50% attendance of the training courses. Knowledge improved significantly after training (p0.001, correct answers to key questions +13%). Training resulted in pharmaceutical cost containment (trained general practitioners +0.5% vs. controls +18.8%) and greater attention to diagnosis and monitoring (increase in spirometry +63.4%, p0.01).This study revealed an encouraging impact of educational events on improvement in general practitioner knowledge of guidelines and daily practice behavioral changes. Long-term studies of large populations are required to assess the effectiveness of education on the behavior of physicians in asthma management, and to establish the best format for educational events.

AIM: To evaluate the impact of a medical education course (MEC) on the behaviour of general practitioners (GPs) to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR). METHODS: Data on 1820 patients (mean age 41 yrs ± 17 yrs) with asthma or AR were collected by 107 Italian GPs: 50% attended a MEC and 50% didn't (group B). The adherence for AR and asthma treatment was evaluated according to ARIA and GINA guidelines (GL). RESULTS: AR and asthma were diagnosed in 78% and 56% of patients; 34% had concomitant AR and asthma. Regardless of the MEC, the adherence to GL was significantly higher for AR than for asthma treatment (52 versus 19%). Group B GPs were more compliant to ARIA guidelines in the treatment of mild AR, whereas group A were more compliant in the treatment of moderate-severe AR; the adherence didn't differ between the groups for AR patients with comorbid asthma. Adherence to GINA GL for asthma treatment did not differ between GPs of groups A and B, independently from concomitant AR. Though insignificantly, group A were more compliant to GINA GL in the treatment of patients with only severe persistent asthma (63 versus 46%) as group B were for patients with severe persistent asthma and concomitant AR. CONCLUSIONS: GPs often tend to treat patients independently from GL. The impact of a single MEC did not improve adherence to GL in treating less severe AR and asthma patients, while there was a trend towards the opposite attitude in more severe AR patients without concomitant asthma.

The effects of home environment characteristics were evaluated in a multistage, stratified, cluster sample (N = 3,866) of the general population who lived in the district of Pisa (middle Italy). Each subject completed a standardized interviewer-administered questionnaire that contained questions about respiratory symptoms/diseases and risk factors (e.g., type of heating, fuels used for cooking and heating). Cough and asthma were significantly more frequent in men who did not smoke and who did not use natural gas for cooking and heating. Attacks of shortness of breath accompanied by wheeze, dyspnea, and cardiovascular conditions in female nonsmokers were associated with use of a stove or forced-air circulation for heating; the type of fuel used did not affect this result. Multiple logistic models, which accounted for independent effects of age, smoking status, pack-years, childhood respiratory illness, education, zone of residence, and work exposure to dusts, chemicals, or fumes, showed significantly increased odds ratios for (a) cough and phlegm in males (associated with bottled gas for cooking), (b) wheeze and shortness of breath with wheeze in females (associated with the use of a stove or forced-air circulation). These results, which confirm our previous observations in an unpolluted rural area of north Italy, indicate that characteristics of the home environment, as assessed by questionnaire, may be linked to mild adverse health effects, i.e., respiratory symptoms, in the general population. The results also identify the need to better characterize the dose-response relationship in indoor air pollution monitoring studies that include subsamples of this population.

Objective: To analyze the association between the exposure to marine aerosol and/or the exposure to industrial pollution and the presence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms in an adult population sample (age 20-44) living in the municipality of Livorno.

Objective:to analyse the associations between exposure to marine aerosol and/or industrial air pollution and the prevalence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms in a population sample living in Livorno(Tuscany). Methods:using GlS, subjects were geocoded on the basis of their own home address and classified as follows. First classification: distance of the residence from the coastline: 0-300m(more exposed), 300m-1000m(less exposed) and 1000m (controls). Second classification also includes the analysis of the distance from the main industrial pollution sources (thermoelectric power plant,waste incinerator, oil refinery)Subjects were classified in 4 groups:exposed to aerosol and industrial pollution, exposed to aerosol,exposed to industrial pollution,controls. Results:significant associations between living near the coastline(within 300m)and attacks of asthma were reported for women(OR=3.75,95%IC 1.34-10.48 in the first classification, OR =4.51, 95%IC 1.44-14.12 in the second one).In the second classification exposure to aerosol and industrial pollution resulted associated with severe asthma (OR=3.44,95%IC 0.91-12.93)and with chest tightness (OR=2.52,95%IC 1.04-6.12),in women. Living exposed to industrial pollution is associated with chronic cough and phlegm(OR=1.99,95%IC 1.09-3.68),in females. Conclusions:exposure to marine aerosol is associated with asthma,whilst exposure to industrial pollution is associated with bronchitic symptoms.GIS provides added value to environmental epidemiology research. Abstract: In this epidemiological survey a general population sample of Livorno was analysed to study the relationship between living near the sea and health status. In fact exposure to marine aerosol is considered to be a potential risk of respiratory diseases, as pollutants accumulated in the surface micro-layer are conveyed to the atmosphere. By means of GIS technology subjects participating to the survey were geocoded with reference to their home addresses, then they were classified considering zones homogeneous by distance from the coastline. In a second classification we also considered distance from the main industrial pollution sources. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to compare the prevalence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms between exposed and non exposed people. Exposure to marine aerosol resulted associated with asthma, whilst exposure to industrial pollution is associated with bronchitic symptoms. GIS provides added value to environmental epidemiology research.