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Purpose: To examine the association between near work, screen time including TV and outdoor time with myopia in children from the Sunflower Myopia Asian Eye Epidemiology Consortium (AEEC)., Methods: We analysed AEEC cross-sectional data (12 241 children) on risk factors (near work, screen time including TV and outdoor time) and myopia of six population-based studies (China, Hong Kong and Singapore). Cycloplegic refraction and axial length (AL) measurements were included. Risk factors were determined using questionnaires. Data were pooled from each study, and multivariable regression analysis was performed to evaluate the associations between risks factors and myopia, spherical equivalent (SE) and AL., Results: Among the included children, 52.1% were boys, 98.1% were Chinese and 69.7% lived in urban areas. Mean±standard deviation (SD) for age was 8.8 ± 2.9 years, for SE was -0.14 ± 1.8 D and for AL was 23.3 ± 1.1 mm. Myopia prevalence was 30.6%. In multivariate analysis, more reading and writing (OR = 1.17; 95% CI, 1.11-1.24), more total near work (OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09) and less outdoor time (OR = 0.82, 95% CI, 0.75-0.88) were associated with myopia (p's < 0.05). These factors were similarly associated with SE and AL (p's < 0.05), except for total near work and AL (p = 0.15). Screen time including TV was not significantly associated with myopia (p = 0.49), SE (p = 0.49) or AL (p = 0.83)., Conclusion: In this study, increased reading and writing and decreased outdoor time were associated with myopia. Screen time may be a surrogate factor of near work or outdoor time, but further research is needed to assess its role as an independent risk factor for myopia., (© 2021 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aim: To observe changes in the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and central choroidal thickness (CCT) of patients with macular edema (ME) secondary to ischemic retinal vein occlusion (iRVO) following intravitreal Conbercept injection., Methods: This retrospective study included 33 eyes from 33 patients who received intravitreal injections of Conbercept for ME secondary to iRVO. Treatments were performed on a 3+ pro re nata (3+PRN) basis. All of the patients were examined by fundus fluorescein angiography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography at the first visit. Laser photocoagulation was performed in the nonperfusion area of the retina of all eyes after the first injection. BCVA, CMT, and CCT were observed before and after 6mo of treatment. The number of injections necessary to achieve improved vision was also noted., Results: Following Conbercept treatment, the mean BCVA significantly improved from 0.81±0.39 at baseline to 0.41±0.25 and 0.43±0.29 logMAR in the third and sixth months, respectively (both P =0.000). The CMT of the patients at baseline was 556.75±98.57 µm; 304.78±68.53 and 306.85±76.77 µm 3 and 6mo after treatment, respectively (both P =0.000 vs baseline). The CCTs of the patients at baseline, 3 and 6mo after treatment were 304.63±57.83, 271.31±45.53, and 272.29±39.93 µm, respectively ( P =0.026 and 0.035 vs baseline). No severe adverse event relevant to the therapy was noted, and the average number of injections delivered was 3.35., Conclusion: Intravitreal Conbercept injection combined with laser photocoagulation appears to be a safe and effective treatment for ME secondary to iRVO in the short-term., (International Journal of Ophthalmology Press.)

In recent years, fiber photometry has been widely used in the field of neuroscience as an important technique for recording the activity of neurons in the specific nuclei of freely moving animal. This review summarized the application of single-channel, multi-channel, and multi-color fiber photometry techniques in the neuroscience research of cognition, behavior, psychology and neurological diseases. In addition, it briefly introduced the applications of fiber photometry combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging technology, and fiber photometry combined with probe technology in the neuroscience research.

Aim: To investigate the cytotoxic effect of specific T cells from mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) as well as their secreted interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17A on murine photoreceptor (661W) cells., Methods: An EAU model was established in female mice by injection of interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) emulsion supplemented with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). On day 12 after induction of EAU, specific T cells from spleen and lymph node tissues were isolated and cultured for 4d and the levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A in the supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). T cells and their supernatants were added to 661W cells to observe the alteration of cell morphology; IFN-γ and IL-17A were separately added to 661W cells to observe the effect of IFN-γ and IL-17A on cell proliferation., Results: The levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A in the T cell supernatants were 1568.64±38.79 pg/mL and 1456.57±46.98 pg/mL, respectively. The supernatants apparently inhibited 661W cell proliferation ( P <0.05). T cells could also attach to the surface of 661W cells, and IFN-γ showed a more serious cytotoxic effect on 661W cells than IL-17A, inhibiting cell proliferation ( P <0.01)., Conclusion: IFN-γ and IL-17A from T cells of EAU mice model can exert cytotoxic effects on murine photoreceptor cell proliferation, and IFN-γ shows more serious cytotoxic effects on murine photoreceptor cells than IL-17A., (International Journal of Ophthalmology Press.)

Fibrillin-2 (FBN2) is an important component of microfibers which are involved in the formation of elastic fibers in connective tissue throughout the human body. Hereditary connective tissue diseases may result from genetic mutations of FBN2 causing heterogeneity of fibrin. Genetic mutations of FBN2 are associated with a variety of hereditary connective tissue diseases including Congenital Contractural Arachnodactyl (CCA), Macular Degeneration (MD), and myopathy. Studies have shown that the FBN2 gene is recognized as the only pathogenic gene related to CCA and that CCA patients have different clinical presentations depending on the identified genetic mutations at different FBN2 sites. In this review, we summarize the roles of FBN2, its mutations and impact on the physiological and pathological processes of many hereditary connective tissue diseases. We include brief descriptions of clinical manifestations of these diseases providing a basis for further exploration of the specific molecular mechanism of FBN2 gene mutation pathogenesis which provides a theoretical basis for the therapy and medications for refractory diseases caused by FBN2 gene mutation.

Aim: To determine the differences of amino acid (AA) levels in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU)., Methods: AA analysis of the plasma samples in EAU rats induced by interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein emulsion were performed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) pre-column derivation methods were performed. Using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the potential biomarkers were identified in EAU rat plasma, and the metabolic pathways related to EAU were further analyzed., Results: The method results showed that linear ( r ≥0.9957), intra-day reproducible [relative standard deviation (RSD)=0.04%-1.33%], inter-day reproducible (RSD=0.06%-2.07%), repeatability (RSD=0.03%-0.89%), stability (RSD=0.05%-2.48%) and recovery (RSD=1.98%-4.39%), with detection limits of 0.853-11.4 ng/mL. The metabolic profile in EAU rats was different from that in the control groups five AAs concentrations were increased and nine AAs were reduced. Moreover, five metabolic pathways were related to the development of EAU., Conclusion: The developed method is a simple, rapid and convenient for determination of AAs in EAU rat plasma, and these findings will provide a comprehensive insight on the metabolic profiling of the pathological changes in EAU.

Objective: Restraint manipulation is necessary for observing the effect of acupuncture or moxibustion stimulation on various variables in the experimental study. Thus, the present study was designed to examine the impact of restraint manipulation on rats' learning-memory ability, visional acuity, and body mass, so as to have a reasonable assessment on the influence of restraint stress., Methods: Normal Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a restraint group ( n =15) and a control group ( n =15). In the restraint group, self-made restraint devices were used to bind the rats for 30 min daily for 30 consecutive days. The body mass of the rats was monitored daily; and the learningmemory ability and the visional acuity assessed using visual water task., Results: After 30 days' restraint, no significant differences were found between the two groups in the training times for acquiring a correct rate of 80% in the learning-memory tests, and visional acuity and body mass (P ﹥0.05)., Conclusion: Thirty days' restraint has no obvious impact on the increase of body weight, learning-memory and visional acuity in normal rats, suggesting an applicable of restraint device in acupuncture study.

Aim: To systematically review the current evidence based on the efficacy and cost of Ex-PRESS implantation and trabeculectomy (Trab) for uncontrolled glaucoma., Methods: Clinical trials were identified by electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of science and Cochrane library), and data, such as intraocular pressure (IOP), the complete and qualified success rate, the postoperative complications and the cost, were exacted from these relevant studies. Weighted mean difference (WMD), odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and were pooled using a random-effects model., Results: Eleven relevant publications and two abstracts met the inclusion criteria. The efficacy of Ex-PRESS was similar to that of Trab in the percentage of IOP reduction (IOPR %) at 1, 2y (WMD: -2.01; 95% CI: -7.92-3.90; P=0.50 and WMD: 2.89; 95% CI: -8.05-13.83; P=0.60, respectively). Ex-PRESS possessed a significant higher complete and qualified success rate (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.07-2.35; P=0.02 and OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.06-2.86; P=0.03, respectively). Moreover, Ex-PRESS exerted a significantly lower frequency of hypotony and hyphema than Trab (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.21-0.72; P=0.003 and OR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.10-0.69; P=0.003, respectively). However, there was no consistent result on the cost between the two groups according to the previous three studies., Conclusion: Both Trab and Ex-PRESS have equivalent efficacy in lowering IOP, yet Ex-PRESS had a lower risk of hypotony and hyphema than Trab. Nevertheless, whether the cost of Ex-PRESS was less than that of Trab should be further investigated to ensure evidence-based conclusion in the long run.

Aim: To compare the efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) alone or in combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT) vs PDT in patients with symptomatic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV)., Methods: A systematic search of a wide range of databases (including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science) was searched to identify relevant studies. Both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCT studies were included. Methodological quality of included literatures was evaluated according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RevMan 5.2.7 software was used to do the Meta-analysis., Results: Three RCTs and 6 retrospective studies were included. The results showed that PDT monotherapy had a significantly higher proportion in patients who achieved complete regression of polyps than IVR monotherapy at months 3, 6, and 12 (All P≤0.01), respectively. However, IVR had a tendency to be more effective in improving vision on the basis of RCTs. The proportion of patients who gained complete regression of polyps revealed that there was no significant difference between the combination treatment and PDT monotherapy. The mean change of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline showed that the combination treatment had significant superiority in improving vision vs PDT monotherapy at months 3, 6 and 24 (All P<0.05), respectively. In the mean time, this comparison result was also significant at month 12 (P<0.01) after removal of a heterogeneous study., Conclusion: IVR has non-inferiority compare with PDT either in stabilizing or in improving vision, although it can hardly promote the regression of polyps. The combination treatment of PDT and IVR can exert a synergistic effect on regressing polyps and on maintaining or improving visual acuity. Thus, it can be the first-line therapy for PCV.

Aim: To compare the efficacy and safety of combination of ranibizumab with photodynamic therapy (PDT) vs ranibizumab monotherapy in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)., Methods: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library, Pubmed, and Embase were searched. There were no language or data restrictions in the search for trials. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Methodological quality of the literatures was evaluated according to the Jadad Score. RevMan 5.2.6 software was used to do the meta-analysis., Results: Seven studies were included in our systematic review, among which four of them were included in quantitative analysis. The result shows that the ranibizumab monotherapy group had a better mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) change vs baseline at month 12 compared with that of the combination treatment group, and the statistical difference was significant (WMD, -2.61; 95% CI, -5.08 to -0.13; P=0.04). However, after the removal of one study, the difference between the two groups showed no significant difference (WMD, -2.29; 95% CI, -4.81 to 0.23; P=0.07). Meanwhile, no significant central retinal thickness (CRT) reduction was found in the combination treatment group and the ranibizumab monotherapy group at 12 months follow-up. Nevertheless, the combination group tended to have a greater reduction in CRT (WMD, -4.13µm; 95%CI, -25.88 to 17.63, P=0.71). The proportion of patients gaining more than 3 lines at month 12 in the ranibizumab group was higher than in the combination group and there was a significant difference (RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.95; P=0.02). Whereas there was no significant difference for the proportion of patients gaining more than 0 line at month 12 between the two groups (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.15; P=0.52). The general tendency shows a reduction in ranibizumab retreatment number in the combination treatment group compared with the ranibizumab monotherapy group. As major adverse events, the differences in the number of eye pain, endophthalmitis, hypertension and arterial thromboembolic events were not significant between the two groups, and the incidence of serious adverse events in the two groups was very low., Conclusion: For the maintenance of vision, the comparison of the combination of ranibizumab with PDT vs ranibizumab monotherapy shows no apparent difference. Compared with the combination of ranibizumab and PDT, patients treated with ranibizumab monothearpy may gain more visual acuity (VA) improvement. The combination treatment group had a tendency to reduce the number of ranibizumab retreatment. Both the two treatment strategies were well tolerated.

Objectives: To explore the effects of exogenous interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-23 on differentiation of IRBP 1-20-specific T cells originated from C57BL/6 mouse with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and to investigate the difference in pathogenicity., Methods: Experimental study. Thirty C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously with 200 µl emulsion containing 200 µg interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) 1-20 and 0.8 mg mycobacterium tuberculosis in complete Freund's adjuvant, distributed over six spots at the tail base and on the flank. On postimmunization Day 13, spleens and draining lymph nodes were removed from mice, and a part of spleens, as the control group, was reserved for examining the expression of IFN-γ mRNA and IL-17 mRNA by RT-PCR. T cells were isolated from the rest of spleens and lymph nodes by passage through a nylon wool column, and then T cells were stimulated for 48 hours with IRBP 1-20 in the presence of antigen-presenting cell and mouse recombinant cytokine IL-2 or IL-23. The IRBP 1-20-specific T cells were separated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation, the expressions of IFN-γ mRNA and IL-17 mRNA were assessed by RT-PCR, and IFN-γ and IL-17 in T cells supernatant were detected using a commercial ELISA kit. The T cells were cultured for another 48 hours, and then the proportions of IL-17(+)γδ(+)T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. EAU models were built in 30 C57BL/6 mice, T cells from which were randomly divided into two groups according to the methods mentioned above: IL-2 group and IL-23 group. Transfer EAU models were built in other 6 mice and divided into two groups, IL-2 group and IL-23 group, by intraperitoneal injection of 3.5×10(6) IRBP-special-T cells from IL-2 group or IL-23 group respectively. Clinical changes were observed by indirect ophthalmoscopy on postimmunization day 3, 7, 14. For histopathological evaluation, whole eyes were collected on postimmunization day 21. Rank sum test, one-way ANOVA and paired t test were used to analyze the results. A comparison of pathogenicity was made between Th1 and Th17 through clinical observation and histopathological evaluation of B6 mouse., Results: Rosette formation was found among T cells on poststimulation day 2. There was a statistical difference in the expression of IFN-γ mRNA between the IL-2 group and normal group or IL-23 group (0.26 ± 0.02 vs. 0.12 ± 0.05 or 0.10 ± 0.00) (F = 80.51, P = 0.003); however, the expression of IFN-γ in the IL-2 group [(13 124.67 ± 107.73) µg/L] was higher than that of the IL-23 group [(3953.67 ± 117.34) µg/L] (t = 169.61, P = 0.000); and the expression of IL-17 mRNA in the IL-2 group [(588.67 ± 77.43) µg/L] was lower than that of the IL-23 group [(5038.33 ± 88.00) µg/L] (t = -361.71, P = 0.000). Flow cytometer showed that the concentration of IL-17 in the IL-2 group [(3.23 ± 0.28)%] was significantly lower than that in the IL-23 group [(9.93 ± 0.55)%] (t = -33.18, P = 0.001). There was a significant difference in the proportion of IL-17(+)γδ(+)T cells between the IL-23 group and IL-2 group (9.93 ± 0.55 vs. 3.23 ± 0.28) (t = -33.18, P = 0.001). Inflammatory response could not be detected in either group three days after injection of IRBP 1-20-specific T cells. Both groups of mice had the most severe inflammatory response on the 14 th day, of which that of the IL-23 group was significantly more severe., Conclusions: IL-23 facilitates IRBP 1-20-specific T cells to differentiate into Th17, whereas IL-2 inhibits this process and induces these cells to differentiate towards Th1. Further studies showed that the pathogenicity of Th17 cells was significantly higher than that of Th1 cells.

Objective: To investigate the etiological spectrum of moderate to severe visual impairment and blindness in population aged 50 years or more in rural Shandong province, China., Methods: A population based, random cluster sampling was used to screening the adults aged 50 years or more living in rural Shandong Province from April to July 2008. Three counties and one suburb representing the different levels of socioeconomic development within Shandong area were selected as the investigated areas. Geographically defined cluster sampling was used in randomly selecting a cross-section of residents aged ≥ 50 years from each county. Best corrected visual acuity and intra-ocular pressure were evaluated in those with presenting visual acuity ≤ 0.5 and suspected glaucoma respectively. The major causes of visual impairment and blindness were diagnosed in those with presenting visual acuity ≤ 0.3. According to the results of presenting visual acuity and best corrected visual acuity, the etiology constituent ratios of the moderate to severe visual impairment and blindness were analyzed respectively., Results: According to the number of people, the first three principal causes for blindness based on the presenting visual acuity were cataract (59.8%, 168/281), fundus disease (12.1%, 34/281) and corneal opacity (4.3%, 12/281) or ametropia (4.3%, 12/281). The first three principal causes for moderate to severe visual impairment and blindness were cataract (55.2%, 844/1530), uncorrected refractive error (18.2%, 278/1530) and fundus disease (11.9%, 182/1530). Based on the best corrected visual acuity, the first three principal causes for blindness were cataract (64.6%, 153/237), fundus disease (10.5%, 25/237) and corneal opacity (4.7%, 11/237), respectively. The first three principal causes for moderate to severe visual impairment and blindness were cataract (66.4%, 590/889), fundus disease (16.0%, 142/889) and optic nerve atrophy (3.0%, 27/889). According to number of the eyes, proportion of cataract in cases with moderate to severe visual impairment and blindness had positive relation with age, the proportion of ametropia and fundus disease had negative relation with age. The etiology constituent ratio had no difference between male and female. The proportion of cataract in cases with moderate to severe visual impairment and blindness in Huaiyin District of Jinan was slightly lower than those in other areas, however, the proportion ratio of ametropia and fundus disease was slightly higher than those in other areas., Conclusion: Cataract, uncorrected refractive error, and fundus diseases are ranked in the top three causes of moderate to severe visual impairment and blindness in adults aged 50 years or more in rural Shandong Province.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of visual impairment/blindness among older adults aged > or = 50 years in rural populations in Shandong Province, China., Methods: Population-based, cross-sectional study was designed in this survey. Three counties and one suburbs representative of the different levels of socioeconomic development were selected as the study areas within the province from April to July 2008. Geographically defined cluster sampling was used in randomly selecting a cross-section of residents aged > or = 50 years from each county. Eligible persons were invited to local examination sites for visual acuity (VA) testing and eye examination. Those presenting with VA < or = 0.5 in either eye were refracted to achieve best-corrected VA. Chi2-test was used to compare the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in the different groups. Multiple logistic regressions were used to investigate the association of age, gender, education, and county with presenting and best-corrected visual impairment and blindness. Adjusted odds ratio was used to compare the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in the different counties., Results: Of 19 583 enumerated eligible persons, 17 816 (90.98%) were examined and tested for VA. The prevalence of presenting visual impairment (0.05- < 0.3) in the better-seeing eye was 7.01% (the age-standardized rate was 6.56%) and presenting blindness (< 0.05) was 1.58% (the age-standardized rate was 1.48%). Across the 4 counties, presenting visual impairment ranged from 4.51% to 8.65%, and presenting blindness from 1.35% to 1.77%. With best-corrected VA, the prevalence of visual impairment was 3.66% (the age-standardized rate was 3.38%), and 1.33% for blindness (the age-standardized rate was 1.24%). The ranges across the 4 counties were 2.63% to 4.38% for visual impairment and 1.06%-1.54% for blindness. The prevalence of visual impairment with presenting VA was higher than that with best-corrected VA (2 = 201.262, P = 0.000). There was no significant difference between the prevalence of blindness with presenting VA and that with best-corrected VA (Chi2 = 0.117, P = 0.732). Based on both presenting and best-corrected VA, visual impairment and blindness were associated with older age, female gender, lack of education, and county (P < or = 0.05)., Conclusions: Visual impairment and blindness are important public health problems in rural older adults aged > or = 50 years in Shandong Province. Un-corrected refractive error is one of the main causes of visual impairment.

Objective: To evaluate visual quality of patients implanted with the AcrySof IQ ReSTOR multifocal aspheric intraocular lens., Method: Retrospective study of patients who had implantation of an AcrySof IQ ReSTOR SN6AD3 IOL (Group test) or an AcrySof ReSTOR SN60D3 IOL (Group control). Group test comprised 30 patients (35 eyes) and Group control, 40 patients (56 eyes). Three months postoperatively, uncorrected and best corrected distance visual acuity, uncorrected and best corrected near visual acuity, best corrected intermediate visual acuity, the focus depth, higher order aberration, contrast sensitivity and glare sensitivity were measured in both IOL groups. Patients were orally administered a visual function questionnaire including questions about glare, halos, and other visual discomfort., Results: The percentage of patients with uncorrected near, far and intermediate visual acuity > or = 0.5 in test group was 80% (20/35), 82.9% (29/35) and 45.7% (16/35) respectively, and that of the control group was 76.8% (43/56), 80.4% (45/56) and 39.3% (22/56) respectively. There was no statistical difference of uncorrected visual acuity between two groups (P > 0.05). When compare the best distance corrected near, far and intermediate visual acuity between two groups, we can get the same results (P > 0.05). The contrast sensitivity and glare sensitivity in all frequency sect of group test have been more obviously improved postoperatively than that of group control (P < 0.05). The Z(4, 0), Z(4, 2), S3 + S4 and total S of Zernike coefficients was statistically different (P < 0.05). The other Zernike coefficients and higher order aberration did not differ significantly between the two groups (P > 0.05). There were no statistical difference between two groups in focus depth (P > 0.05). Both groups had no serious glare. Though three eyes felt discomfort of halos in group control, only one eye felt the same phenomenon in group test., Conclusion: AcrySof IQ ReSTOR SN6AD3 intraocular lens has negative spherical aberration by an aspherical design in front surface, which makes it could counteract the positive spherical aberration of cornea. Consequently, IQ ReSTOR IOL gave good high-contrast visual acuity at distance, near and intermediate visual acuity.

Objective: To evaluate binocular function in the early stage after implantation of multifocal intraocular lens., Methods: Three weeks postoperatively, simultaneous perception, fusion, near and far-distance stereoacuity, visual acuity and visual symptoms were observed in 31 cases (46 eyes) with multifocal intraocular lens implantation (MIOL) [MIOL group, in which 16 cases with unilateral implantation (Ms) and 15 cases with bilateral implantation (Md)] and 32 cases (47 eyes) with single-focal intraocular lens implantation (SIOL) [SIOL group, in which 17 cases with unilateral implantation (Ss) and 15 cases with bilateral implantation (Sd)]., Results: All patients obtained simultaneous perception and fusion sense, there was no significantly statistical difference between these two group (P > 0.05). Foveal far-distance stereoacuity was established in 38.7% cases among MIOL group (12/31) and 40.6% in SIOL group (13/32), with no statistically significant difference between these two groups (P > 0.05). Foveal near-distance stereoacuity was established in 41.9% MIOL cases (13/31) and in 15.6% SIOL group (5/32), the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Foveal near and far-distance stereoacuity of either Ms and Md or Ss and Sd revealed no significantly statistical difference (P > 0.05). Two patients (6.5%) with MIOL in only one eye complained glare at night, others were satisfied. The stereopsis visual performance such as the quality of vision during eating, up-and-down stairs was improved in MIOL group [80.6% (25/31)] and in SIOL group [56.2% (18/32)], the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: There is a complete recovery of binocular vision in the early post-operative stage of MIOL implantation as compared with the normal value of aged people. Foveal near and far-distance stereoacuity after bilateral and unilateral implantation of either MIOL or SIOL revealed no statistically significant difference. Foveal near-distance stereopsis acuity of MIOL group was improved more quickly than that of SIOL group. MIOL has distinct advantage in providing whole-distance visual acuity and stereoacuity.

Objective: To assess the safety, efficacy, predictability, stability, and changes in cylindrical degree and axis after iris recognize-guided LASIK with the Zyoptix 4.01 System for the correction of myopic astigmatism., Methods: The present study was a prospective, nonrandomized, self-controlled trial. Iris recognize-guided LASIK with the Zyoptix 4.01 System (Bausch & Lomb) was performed in 97 patients (183 eyes) with myopic astigmatism in a 6-month trial. Patients were divided into 3 group according to the pre-operative cylindrical degree: Group 1, -0.50 to -1.00D, 79 eyes; Group 2, -1.25 to -2.00D, 70 eyes; Group 3, 2.00 to 4.00D, 34 eyes. They were also grouped by preoperative astigmatism axis: Group A, with the rule (WTR) astigmatism, 126 eyes; Group B, against the rule (ATR), 34 eyes; Group C, oblique axis astigmatism, 23 eyes. After a Hansatome microkeratome cut, iris recognized wavefront-based excimer ablation (Zyoptix 100) was performed. The degree and axis of astigmatism pre-operative and at various times post-operatively (1 day, 1 month, 3 month and 6 months) were analyzed and compared., Results: At 6 month post-operatively, uncorrected visual acuity (VA) was 1.0 or better in 92.3% of the eyes, and 0.5 or better in all eyes. No eye lost > or = 1 lines of best spectacle-corrected VA (BSCVA) at 6 month post-operatively; 60 eyes gained 1 line of BSCVA, and 22 eyes gained 2 lines. The cylindrical degree of astigmatism decreased from (-1.54 +/- 0.65) D of pre-operation to (-0.26 +/- 0.25) D (6 month, post-operatively), the difference between these two groups was statistically significant. The uncorrected VA (UCVA) and the degree of astigmatism returned to normal in the first week and tended to be stable after 1 month. Six months after the operation, WTR astigmatism decreased from106 eyes (per-operation) to 45 eyes (post-operation). ATR astigmatism decreased from 43 eyes (per-operation) to 31 eyes (post-operation). Oblique astigmatism increased from 34 to 38 eyes. Sixty-nine eyes became non-astigmatism 6 months after the operation., Conclusion: Iris recognize-guided LASIK using Zyoptix is an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of myopic astigmatism.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and predictability of the implantation of phakic anterior chamber intraocular lens (PAC-IOL) for the correction of severe myopia., Methods: In this prospective study, 15 cases (29 eyes) with myopia at -15.00 - -24.50 dioperts (D) were implanted with Phakic 6H(2) PAC-IOL. Visual acuity, refraction, intraocular pressure, corneal endothelium, the PAC-IOL position, contrast sensitivity, glare sensitivity, operative complications and poor visual symptoms were observed., Results: Postoperative uncorrected visual acuity 0.5 or better was presented in 79.3% eyes (23/29) at 3 months and in 82.6% eyes (24/29) at 6 months. Best corrected visual acuity 0.8 or better was presented in 69.0 % eyes (20/29) at 3 months and in 69.0% eyes (20/29) at 6 months, they were all significantly better than that of preoperative values (P < 0.05); and there was no statistically significant difference between visual acuity at 3 months and 6 months (P > 0.05). Compared with preoperative best corrected visual acuity, postoperative uncorrected visual acuity improved 2 lines or more in 70.0% of eyes (20/29) at 3 months and 72.4% eyes (21/29) at 6 months. The mean postoperative spherical equivalent refraction was -1.00D at 3 months, -1.00D at 6 months, they were significantly lower than that of preoperative values (P < 0.05); and there was no statistically significant difference of spherical equivalent refraction between 3 months and 6 months (P > 0.05). There were no statistically significant difference between pre- and post-operative mean intraocular pressure, corneal endothelial density (P > 0.05) at 3 and 6 months. There was no significant difference of these data between 3 months and 6 months (P > 0.05). The PAC-IOL was located (2.341 +/- 0.116) behind the central cornea, (0.841 +/- 0.140) mm in front of the crystalline lens. The footplates appeared to be correctly positioned in the anterior chamber angle in all eyes. Contrast sensitivity and glare sensitivity in all spatial frequencies increased at 6 months post-operatively as compared with those of preoperative values (best spectacle-corrected) (P < 0.05). Postoperative complications included a slight inflammatory deposits on the PAC-IOL surface at 3 months in 10.3% eyes (3/29) and 6.9% eyes (2/29) at 6 months; oval pupil in 10.3% eyes (3/29); PAC-IOL rotation in 27.6% eyes (8/29); night glare in 17.2% eyes (5/29); all of the other patients were satisfied., Conclusions: PAC-IOL implantation for the correction of severe myopia is effective, safe and predictable. It can be a supplement for corneal refractive surgery, but follow-up is still required for the evaluation of long-term results.

Objective: To study changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria of bovine retinal endothelial cells and pericytes cultured in high-glucose and its relevance with the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy., Methods: Bovine retinal endothelial cells and pericytes were cultured with selective culture media. ROS changes in mitochondria of retinal endothelial cells and pericytes in response to different concentrations of glucose were detected with scanning laser confocal microscope. The mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) and cell death ratio (CDR) were measured with flow cytometry. Expression of MnSOD and uncoupling protein (UCP) were detected with reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)., Results: In high-glucose, increased ROS was seen in mitochondria of retinal endothelial cells and pericytes. However MMP and CDR only increased in endothelial cells, no change was found in pericytes. UCP1, 2 mRNA expressed in cultured cells whereas UCP3 was negative. The expression of UCP1, 2, MnSOD mRNA changed with the variation of glucose concentrations., Conclusions: Increasing of ROS production in mitochondria of retinal endothelial cells and pericytes can be induced by high glucose. There is feedback accommodation mechanism between ROS increasing and MMP elevation in endothelial cells. The different features of endothelial cells and pericytes in high glucose demonstrate their roles in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy are different.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of 5-fluorouracil polyactic acid microsphere in prevention of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR)., Methods: 5-fluorouracil polyactic acid microsphere or 5-fluorouracil were used to implant into rabbits vitreous cavity. 48 healthy rabbits were divided into 3 groups: rabbits in Group 1 received implantation of 5-fluorouracil polyactic acid microsphere; rabbits Group 2 served as polyactic acid microsphere control; rabbits in Group 3 received only 5-fluorouracil powder. Macrophages were injected into vitreous cavity of rabbit to induce PVR. 0.2 ml BSS containing 25 mg microsphere with 2.6 mg 5-fluorouracil was injected into vitreous cavity of two eyes in Group 1. 0.2 ml BSS containing 25 mg microsphere without medicine and 0.2 ml BSS containing 2.6 mg 5-fluorouracil were injected into rabbits vitreous cavity in Group 2 and 3 respectively, Drug content in aqueous humor was measured regularly. Release feature of 5-fluorouracil polyactic acid microsphere in vivo was observed. The efficacy of the inhibition of PVR was evaluated according to Ryan's grade of proliferative vitreoretinopathy., Results: The releasing time of 5-fluorouracil polyactic acid microsphere was much longer than 5-fluorouracil powder. Its half life T(1/2) was 379.05 h with low clearance rate. The attack rate of retinal detachment in Group 2 was 62.5% and 71.9% on the 21st and 28th day respectively. The attack rate of retinal detachment in Group 3 was 64.3% and 78.6% whereas that of Group 1 was 13.3% and 13.3% on the 21st and 28th day. There was statistical difference in retinal detachment rate in Group 1 and 2 or 3 (P < 0.01). No differences was found in retinal detachment ration in Group 2 and 3 (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: Implantation of 5-fluorouracil polyactic acid microsphere into vitreous cavity can effectively prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy induced by macrophages in rabbit model.

Objective: To study the results of using multifocal intraocular lens (MIOL) for the treatment of cataract., Methods: After the small incision phacoemulsification, MIOL was inserted into the eye in 30 cases (36 eyes, test group); single-focal intraocular lens (SIOL) was inserted in 32 cases (40 eyes, control group). Visual acuity, focal depth, corneal astigmatism, contrast sensitivity, glare sensitivity, operative complications and untoward visual symptoms were observed. The follow-up period was 6.0 approximately 18.0 months., Results: Percentage of patients with uncorrected near visual acuity 0.5 or better accounted was 80.6% (29/36) in the test group and 25.0% (10/40) in the control group, there was a significantly statistical difference between these two groups 6 months postoperatively (P < 0.05). There was no significantly statistical difference between the corrected near and far visual acuity and uncorrected far visual acuity of these two groups (P > 0.05). In patients with +1.00 - -1.00 D accommodation power, the percentage of patients with visual acuity 0.5 or better was 97.2% (35/36) in the test group and 97.5% (39/40) in the control group, there was no significantly difference between these two groups (P > 0.05). In patients with -1.50 D and -2.50 - -3.50 D accommodation power, the percentage of patients with visual acuity 0.5 or better was 97.2% (35/36) and 88.9% (32/36) in the test group, respectively; which was significantly greater than those in the control group [0.0% (0/40) and 0.0% (0/40), respectively] (P < 0.05). In patients with visual acuity 0.5 or better, the depth of focus was 4.50 D in 86.11% cases of the test group and was 2.00 D in 97.5% cases of the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the preoperative corneal stigmatism and corneal astigmatism 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after the operation in both groups (P > 0.05). Low frequency contrast sensitivity and glare sensitivity (28.49 +/- 6.45 and 16.97 +/- 4.40, respectively) in the test group were significantly lower than those of the control group (36.20 +/- 7.45 and 24.05 +/- 6.08, respectively) (P < 0.05). There was no significantly statistical difference in medium and high frequency contrast sensitivity and glare sensitivity between these two groups (P > 0.05). Two eyes needed Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy in both groups. Two patients (5.6%) with unilateral MIOL complained glare at night., Conclusion: MIOL implantation is a safe and effective method for the treatment of cataract. MIOL has a distinct advantage in providing a full-distance visual acuity.

Objective: To compare effects of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) on the cornea and corneal wound healing and to investigate the possible mechanism of corneal haze and myopic regression histopathologically., Methods: Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were allocated randomly to correct -4.00 and -8.00 diopters and were operated with PRK on right eyes and LASIK on left eyes. At 10 days and 1, 3, and 6 months, corneal haze was observed, refraction was evaluated, and 3 rabbits were randomly selected for each time point to be enucleated, and corneas to be bisected. One half of each cornea was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy, and the other half was evaluated using either light microscopy or immunohistochemical staining for collagen type III, IV, fibronectin (FN) and transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1))., Results: Different degrees of corneal haze and myopic regression were observed after PRK: the higher the desired myopic correction, the heavier the haze. Corneal wound healing response was greater and lasted longer after PRK than after LASIK. Various pathological findings such as epithelial hyperplasia, basal membrane reforming and extracellular matrix deposits were found in the ablation zone and repair mechanisms were still active at 6 months after PRK. Whereas after LASIK, the interface between the flap and stromal bed was transparent except for growing epithelial plugs and lightly proliferating stroma coinciding with the flap margins. After both PRK and LASIK, all corneal cell types were consistently positive for TGF-beta(1) antibody during the corneal wound healing time. TGF-beta(1) antibody positivity decreased as the wound healing approached completion. The histopathological changes of corneal haze and myopic regression are as follows: epithelial hyperplasia, basal membrane immaturity, anterior stromal keratocyte increase and activity, new collagen III production and irregular arrangement thereof, and FN deposition in the extracellular matrix under the epithelium., Conclusions: Compared with PRK, LASIK ensures refractive stability with quick wound healing and minimal tissue proliferation resulting in a more promising corneal refractive surgery to correct myopia, especially more severe cases of myopia. The corneal wound healing especially the stromal healing is the key to the cause of haze and myopic regression. TGF-beta(1) may be involved in scar formation during wound healing by stimulating expression of collagen III and FN and is believed to be an important regulating factor.