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Bridelia ferruginea B dye was extracted from the bark of the tree using aqueous extraction method. Extracted dye was used to dye cellulosic (cotton) fabric in presence of 5% calcium chloride (CaCl2) or 5% alum (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O) of weight of fabric (o.w.f) as mordant. Fabric dyed without mordant was lighter in hue than metal ion mordanted dyed fabrics. The fabrics dyed in presence of calcium chloride as mordant are of deeper hue than those dyed with alum as mordant. Hence, their dye-uptake and color strength (K/S) are in the same order. K/S value of fabric dyed with alum is 43.71% higher than that without mordant and fabric dyed with calcium chloride has K/S value 51.09% higher than dyed with alum as mordant. CIEL*a*b* coordinate indicator and color space quadrant showed that those dyed fabrics without mordant and with alum as mordant are closer to yellow than red color. Those cellulosic fabrics dyed with calcium chloride as mordant are closer to red than yellow color as confirmed in colour space quadrant. Pre-mordanted dyed fabrics are of deeper color than post-mordanted dyed fabrics than meta-mordanted dyed fabrics than unmordant dyed fabric. Fastness properties of B. ferruginea B dyed cellulosic fabrics ranged from good (3) to excellent (5).

Dinoderus porcellusis considered as the most important pest of stored yam chips and compounds extracted from plants can be used for its control. The present study aimed to test the insecticidal and repellent activities of powders and extracts of leaves ofBridelia ferruginea,Blighia sapida, andKhaya senegalensisagainstD. porcellus. The efficacy of plant powders was compared with the synthetic pesticide Antouka (Permethrin 3 g/kg + pirimiphos 16 g/kg). The results of the experiment revealed that all plant powders were effective as repellents. Antouka was more effective as insecticidal than the plant powders and minimal weight loss was observed withB. sapidaat 2%. Among treatments, propanol extract ofK. senegalensisat 5% was found to elicit the highest repellent effect onD. porcellus. The LC50results revealed that the acetone extract ofK. senegalensisis the most toxic (0.29 μL/insect) to the pest, while the propanol extract ofB. ferrugineaat 5% exhibited strong fumigant toxicity againstD. porcellus, with 88.89% of pest mortality at 160 μL/L air. The findings from the current work proved that plant powders and extracts of the three plants are sources of botanical insecticides which may be used in the integrated management ofD. porcellus.

Cytotoxic constituents of the terrestrial plant Bridelia ferruginea were isolated using bioactivity-guided fractionation, which revealed the presence of the previously known deoxypodophyllotoxin (1), isopicrodeoxypodophyllotoxin (2), β-peltatin (3), β-peltatin-5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3a), and the indole neoechinulin (4). As an extension of previous podophyllotoxin research, SAR studies were undertaken focused on 4-aza-podophyllotoxin structural modifications. A number of such derivatives were synthesized following modifications to the A and E rings. Such structural modifications with alkyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at the 4-aza position provided the most potent cancer cell growth inhibitory activity (GI50 0.1 to

Phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of dried leaves of Bridelia ferruginea led to the isolation and identification of fourteen compounds (1–14): compound 1 [mixture of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids], stearyl monoester of 2-O-β-ᴅ-glucosylglycerol (2), 6β-hydroxy-(20R)-24-ethylcholest-4-en-3-one (3a), 6β-hydroxy-(20R)-24-ethylcholest-4,22-dien-3-one (3b), lutein (4), vomifoliol (5), corilagin (6), kaempferide-3-O-β-ᴅ-glucoside (7), myricetin (8), isomericitrin (9), isoquercetin (10), myricitrin (11), quercitrin (12), rutin (13), and β-sitosterol glucoside (14). The total extract exhibited moderate activity towards CB2 receptor and 90% inhibition against leishmanial pathogen Trypanosoma brucei. Compound 4 exhibited 73% displacement in CB2 receptor with IC50 56.47 μM, and 93% inhibition towards T. brucei with IC50 4.16 μM. Compound 11 showed 99% inhibition towards Escherichia coli with IC50 1.123 μM.

Bridelia ferruginea is a woody shrub that grows in the Savannah or rain forests of Africa and has traditionally been used to treat diabetes, arthritis and boils. Despite all these uses, extensive toxicological evaluation has not been carried out. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the sub-chronic toxicological effects of the stem bark aqueous extract of Bridelia ferruginea in rats. The lethal dose (LD50) was determined using probit analysis and graded doses of the extract (250–4 000 mg/kg) were administered to the animals via oral and intraperitoneal routes and observed for mortality, behavioral changes and signs of toxicity. Sub-chronic toxicity study was carried out at doses of 1 000, 2 000 and 4 000 mg/kg administered daily for 60 days. The animals were sacrificed after 60 days. Blood was collected for biochemical (renal and hepatic), hematological, oxidative stress, sperm and histopathological examinations, using standard methods. LD50 of the extract was estimated as >4 000 mg/kg orally; neither significant visible signs of toxicity nor mortality were observed. There were no significant differences in the animals and organ weights, hematological and biochemical parameters in the treated groups compared to the control group. However, a significant increase (ppBridelia ferruginea was found to be relatively safe, though it has the potential to cause lipid peroxidation and damage sperm quality and should thus be used with caution.

Most of the inhabitants of South Benin use medicinal plants to treat various pathologies. Several research studies have cited Vernonia amygdalina as a hepatoprotective medicinal plant. The objective of this work is to list the medicinal plants made available to the population to treat liver diseases by herbalists and to verify their level of knowledge in relation to the use of Vernonia amygdalina. The methodology consists of conducting a semi-structured survey of herbalists in markets, on sites where medicinal plants are sold and in households. This methodology allowed us to identify 38 species of medicinal plants belonging to 20 families. The best represented species is Bridelia ferruginea (10) of the family Euphobiaceae. The Rubiaceae family is the most represented (16). The organ of the plant most frequently used in recipes is the root (47). Five hundred and fifty-two households (552) responded to our questions. 64% use the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina for nutrition against 36% for therapeutic use. 68% are supplied from distant fields, 13% from urban areas and 19% from market gardening sites. 35% say they have no information about its use in phytotherapy, 21% use it for intestinal ailments, 18% for the treatment of malaria, 13% for oral diseases, 12% for other pathologies. The frequency of use (four times a week) is best represented for nutrition and phytotherapy. In conclusion, Vernonia amygdalina is very little known in phytotherapy despite the various researches carried out on this plant. Researchers must promote medicinal plants that are very easy to grow in order to limit the offer to users of rare plants in danger of extinction.

The major objective of this study was to evaluate the transaminase activities of albino rats fed with aqueous extract of Bridelia ferruginea stem bark. Sixteen (16) albino rats with weight ranging between 100-190 g were used. The rats were divided into four groups; with group four as the control group. Increasing doses (100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1 body weight) of the extract were administered orally to the other three groups for a period of two weeks. Compared with the control, the aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) activities significantly (P< 0.05) increased in the serum and liver tissues whereas no significant consistent difference was observed for the kidney tissues. The results of this study justifies the widespread consumption of B. ferruginea and has shown that daily, oral administration of the aqueous extract of B. ferruginea stem bark for the duration of the experiment, might somewhat confer protection basically to the liver and kidney although higher prolonged doses/usage might be dangerous. Key words: Aqueous extract, Bridelia ferruginea, Aspartate (AST) and Alanine (ALT) transaminase activity, Albino rats.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial, share-alike use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Phytochemical and sub acute toxicity study of Bridelia ferruginea bark in white albino rats Araromi E.J, Etuk E.U, Bello S.O, Gwarzo M.S, Egua M.O Department of Pharmacology, Usmanu Danfodio University, Sokoto, Nigeria. Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodio University, Sokoto, Nigeria.

Bridelia ferruginea est une plante de la pharmacopee traditionnelle africaine intervenant dans le traitement de plusieurs pathologies. Elle est utilisee comme purgatif et possede des proprietes diuretiques. L’objectif de la presente etude est d’evaluer l’effet sur la fonction renale d’un extrait aqueux de l’ecorce de tige de cette plante chez le rat mâle de souche Wistar. L’extrait aqueux de Bridelia ferruginea (SEA), 24 heures apres son administration au rat, provoque une augmentation de l’excretion de la creatinine par voie urinaire de 88,10 % (p < 0,01). SEA entraine une augmentation significative (p < 0,05) de la clairance de la creatinine. Elle ne modifie pas significativement la teneur et la clairance de l’uree. L’extrait aqueux de Bridelia ferruginea semble ne pas avoir d’effet nefaste sur la fonction renale et sur le poids chez le rat apres un traitement de 24 heures.

Aims: To evaluate anti-diabetic and liver enzymes activities of aqueous extracts of Moringa oleiferaand Bridelia ferruginealeaves in alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. Study design: Diabetes was induced in three groups of rats, one group was not treated while two groups were treated orally with

Background : Pregnancy induced diabetes also known as gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy. Pregnancy is an insulin resistant state that may induce impaired glucose tolerance and often gestational diabetes in susceptible women. Gestational diabetes causes serious problems to the mother and the baby. Therefore, the use of herbal remedies such as Bridelia ferruginea with the potential ability to improve glucose tolerance during pregnancy will definitely improve pregnancy outcome in gestational diabetes. Aim : This paper presents an evaluation of possible therapeutic potential of B. ferruginea in gestational diabetes by assessing the anti-glycaemic effects of the plant’s aqueous extracts on pregnancy-induced glucose intolerance in rats. Materials and Methods : Adult virgin, timed-pregnant and non-pregnant rats were subjected to brief ether anaesthesia after 18-hour overnight fasting period to allow for oro-gastric administration of glucose load at 3.0g/kg body weight as 30% solution. The oral glucose load was given at an administration volume of 1.0ml/100g bw. Results : Oral glucose tolerance test showed that pregnancy induced glucose intolerance in the rats. However, B. ferruginea caused a reduction in glycaemic response to glucose challenge and an increased glucose tolerance in rats that had pregnancy-induced glucose intolerance. Thus, diabetogenic effect of pregnancy was ameliorated by oral administration of aqueous extracts of B. ferruginea to pregnant albino rats. Keywords : Gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced diabetes, hypoglycaemic, glycaemic response, glucose tolerance.

The efficacy of Bridelia ferruginea Benth bark extract in wastewater treatment was investigated. Chemical analysis found the bark to contain potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, iron and copper. Phytochemical tests revealed the bark to contain tannins, phlobatannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. Comparative studies using varying concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 % w/v) with alum and ferric chloride showed that the bark extract was effective in the clarification and sedimentation of total solids in the waste water sample. The optimum dose achieved was 2.5 % w/v with a minimum of 24 hours contact time. The total bacteria counts were reduced by 46 % after 24 hours when the extract was used whereas ferric chloride achieved 50 % reduction and alum achieved 55 % reduction under similar conditions. The feasibility of using the bark extract as an additional coagulant is therefore discussed. KEYWORDS: Bridelia ferruginea, Sedimentation, Total bacteria count, Wastewater treatment Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2007, 21(2), 205-211.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of an extract of Bridelia ferruginea provided a new glycoside, 5′-demethoxy-β-peltatin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), and three known compounds, β-peltatin (2), β-peltatin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and desoxypodophyllotoxin (4). The structure of 1 was elucidated by detailed NMR analyses and by comparison of its spectral data with related compounds. Compounds 1 and 3 exhibited cytotoxic and cytostatic activity in the NCI's 60 cell antitumor screen.

Savanna trees often display significant hollows due to the combined action of fire and termites (N'Dri et al., J Trop Ecol 27:269-278, 2011). Observations have shown that internal cavities caused by termites in tree stems often result in external hollows under annual fire regimes, and it is quite possible that such hollows/fire interaction may increase the probability of trunk or big branch breakage and/or tree mortality. A study of individual tree and branch mortality as a function of prior termite and fire damage was undertaken in a West African savanna (Lamto, Cte d'Ivoire) where most of the trees naturally have hollows in their stems due to termite and fire interaction. Our goal was to examine the dynamics of hollowing and to determine whether hollowing significantly affected tree mortality. Branch and whole plant mortality were quantified for dominant tree species according to their initial hollow state and height. Four different responses were obtained depending on tree species: (1) mortality increased with cavity severity and tree size (Piliostigma thonningii), (2) mortality depended on tree size only (Bridelia ferruginea), (3) no mortality even after being hollowed by termites and externally damaged by fire (Crossopteryx febrifuga, the species with the highest proportion of individuals with hollows yet the greatest background survival time, 14 +/- A 2 years) and (4) high mortality, but few hollow trees suggesting a weak resistance to hollowing (Cussonia arborea which was insensitive to all the factors examined in this study). For species resistant to hollowing, tree mortality was rare; alternatively, for species prone to hollowing, whole trees died quickly and before the most severe hollow classes could be observed. Long-term demographic data yielded population-level mortality estimates of adult trees at least four times lower in fire-exclusion zones than that in fire-prone areas. Because hollow dynamics interact with fire in affecting adult mortality of some dominant tree species, fire management is important for a sustainable woody component of these savannas.

A new biflavonoid gallocatechin - (4′→0→7) - epigallocatechin was isolated from the stem-bark of Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (Euphorbiaceae), a plant used in African traditional medicine for gastro-intestinai and gynaecological disorders. Its structure was elucidated using two-dimensional NMR techniques (COSY, HMQC, HMBC).

Purpose : To evaluate the hypoglycaemic effect of the methanol extract of Bridelia ferruginea leaves (MEBF) on sucrose-induced glucose intolerance in rats. Methods : Male Wistar rats, aged 6 - 7 weeks and weighing 140 - 160 g, were used. The animals were fed standard rat chow supplemented with 35%, 50% or 65% sucrose for 8 weeks while control animals were fed standard rat chow. The hypoglycaemic effect of MEBF and the reference drugs (tolbutamide, and metformin) in the animals were evaluated following a single dose of these drugs and 6-day treatment. Plasma lipid profiles were also determined. Results : Fasting glucose concentrations ranged from 45 to 70 mg/dl, and the increase was significant in the sucrose diet groups from week 1. After 2 weeks on these diets, oral glucose tolerance test showed that sucrose feeding significantly impaired glucose homeostasis 1 and 2 hours after a glucose challenge (76.7 „b 2.0 versus 86.4 „b 8.5 and 66.7 „b 1.4 versus 75.5 „b 3.0, respectively). Fasting blood sugar levels were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in sucrose-induced, glucose-intolerant rats after a single dose of MEBF. The extract also significantly reduced blood glucose (from 167 iO 23 mg/dL to 126 iO 5 mg/dL), serum total cholesterol (from 161 iO 20 mg/dL to 93 iO 10 mg/dL) and triglyceride levels (281 iO 25 mg/dL to 228 iO 5 mg/dL) in glucose intolerant rats after 6 days of treatment. Conclusion : The methanol leaf extract of Bridelia ferruginea exhibited hypoglycaemic effect in glucoseintolerant rats.

PIGE and PIXE techniques were employed for the determination of the major, minor and trace elemental concentrations in chewing sticks of pharmacological importance namely: Butyrospermum paradoxum, Garcinia kola, Distemonanthus benthamianus, Bridelia ferruginea, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Terminalia glaucescens and Fagara rubescens, respectively. The concentration of fluorine which is very important for human dental enamel was specially determined using the 19F(p, p′γ)19F reaction. For decades these chewing sticks when used alone without toothpastes have proven to be very efficient, effective and reliable in cleaning the teeth of many people particularly in Nigeria and some other countries in Africa. The teeth of users are usually very strong, clean, fresh and devoid of germs and caries. Even with the advent of modern toothpastes with special additions of fluorine, the use of these popular and efficient chewing sticks is still unabated. Many people including the elite use them solely, a few others combine their use with modern toothpastes and brush. Proton beams produced by the 7 MV CN and 2.5 MV AN 2000 Van de Graaff accelerators at INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (LNL), Padova, Italy were used for the PIGE and PIXE analysis, respectively. Results of this novel study are presented and discussed.

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of hydro-ethanol extract of Bridelia ferruginea Benth (Euphorbiaceae) root bark. For acute toxicity study, a single dose of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg of the B. ferruginea root bark extract was given orally to healthy male Wistar rats and Balb/c mice. The animals were observed for mortality and clinical signs for 3 h and then daily for 14 days. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, the extract was administered orally at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 days to male Wistar rats. Animals were sacrificed to examine their organs, and urine and blood serum were analyzed. In the acute toxicity study, B. ferruginea root bark extract caused neither significant visible signs of toxicity, nor mortality in Wistar rats and Balb/c mice. In sub-chronic toxicity study, administration of the B. ferruginea root bark extract at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg for 28 consecutive days to Wistar rats did not produce mortality. No significant differences were found in relative organ weights, biochemical studied parameters in treated groups compared to control group. No obvious histological changes were observed in organs of B. ferruginea extract treated animals compared to controls.

The antiulcer and gastrointestinal effects of methanol stem bark extract (BFME) of Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (Euphorbiaceae) and its solvent fractions-dichloromethane (DCMF) and methanol (MF)-were studied using indomethacin- and ethanol-induced ulcers in rats, small intestinal transit of charcoal meal in mice, and the effects on acetylcholine-induced contractions of the isolated guinea pig ileum. The extract and fractions significantly (P0.05) protected the rats against ethanol and indomethacin-induced ulcers and inhibited small intestinal propulsion in the order of magnitude: DCMFMFBFME. On the guinea pig ileum, MF (0.05 - 6.40 mg/ml) elicited no inhibition, DCMF (5 - 40 μg/ml) antagonized acetylcholine-induced contractions of the guinea pig ileum with IC50 of 10.47μg/ml, while BFME (0.05 - 12.80 mg/ml) contracted the guinea pig ileum with EC50 of 1 mg/ml. Oral LD50 of BFME in mice was estimated to be 2,154 mg/kg. Phytochemistry tests revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids and resins in BFME, MF tested positive for tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, and flavonoids, while DCMF gave positive reactions for flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and resins. These findings suggest that constituents of the stem bark of B. ferruginea possess antiulcer properties. In addition, some non-polar constituents possess spasmolytic activity while spasmogenic activity is likely associated with some polar constituents.

Context and objectives : West Africa has a very rich ethnozoological heritage due to its rich biodiversity, history and culture. Due to its location in a biodiversity hotspot, its agro-pastoralist traditions and its role during the maritime discoveries of the Renaissance, West Africa has a long list of animals and animal parts that have been used in its folk medicine. These uses can still be found in many historical documents and pharmacopeias. Bridelia ferruginea , Combretum glutinosum and Mitragyna inermis are tropical and subtropical medicinal plants widely used in general traditional African medicine and in West Africa in particularly, including Benin, Nigeria, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast to treat many diseases such as bladder troubles, diabetes, dysentery, arterial hypertension, rheumatism pain. This study aims to do a literature review of these three tropical plants on their biological and pharmacological properties on veterinary medicine Methodology and Results : A thorough literature search was done and plants little studied Bridelia ferruginea, Mitragyna inermis and Combretum glutinosum were chosen in the search for their anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes of small ruminants in Djallonke. Also to confirm their use in traditional veterinary medicine in West Africa. Conclusion and application of results : This literature review of their extracts properties showed that the plants possessed wide-reaching pharmacological actions, including anti-diabetic, cardiovascular disease antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antiplasmodial and justifies their use in traditional medicine for treating various diseases. This manuscript intends to be a starting point to these future investigations. Key words : Bridelia ferruginea, Combretum glutinosum, Mitragyna inermis, anthelmintic, Traditional folk medicine, Pharmacological action.

The chemical compositions of seeds and the physicochemical characteristics of the oils extracted from them have been investigated for six varieties of mango (Mangifera indica) seeds and for five other tropical seeds. The oil contents of Mangifera indica seeds were in the range 12·2–25·8%, while those of the other seeds were as high as 54·7% in Bridelia ferruginea. Characterization of the oils of Mangifera indica varieties showed that they were non-drying, except for Petters-Ibadan which was semi-drying. Of the other tropical seeds, Monodora myristica gave a drying oil, Crysophilum abidum and Bridelia ferruginea gave semi-drying oils, while Canarium schweinfurthii and Khaya senegalensis gave non-drying oils. The chemical compositions of the seeds suggest they may be suitable as animal feeds.

A phytochemical survey of several plant species used in sub-Saharan Africa for the treatment of pottery, as well as some coating experiments carried out with purified extracts ofBridelia ferruginea stem bark, indicated that procyanidin fractions play a predominant role in the coating properties of the plant extracts. The analysis by high performance gel permeation chromatography of organic compounds isolated from the vessel walls suggested that products deriving from pyrolysis of procyanidins are detectable both in contemporary and older pottery, and their analysis could be useful for archaeological purposes.

Bridelia ferruginea fruit 60% methanolic extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against seven out of eight bacterial isolates at a concentration of 20 mg/ml.