58 results on '"Broadhurst, C. Leigh"'
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52. Breathing easy.
- Author
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Broadhurst, C. Leigh
- Subjects
DIETARY supplements ,VITAMIN C ,RESPIRATORY allergy ,ASTHMA ,THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
The article presents several supplements for treating chronic inflammation of the respiratory system. The number one natural asthma treatment is Vitamin C because it enhances immunity and reduces the severity of allergic responses. The production of thin mucus is normalized by N-acetylcysteine to prevent clogging of the bronchial tube.
- Published
- 2006
53. Continuous gradient temperature Raman spectroscopy from -100 to 40°C yields new molecular models of arachidonic acid and 2-Arachidonoyl-1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
- Author
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Broadhurst CL, Schmidt WF, Nguyen JK, Qin J, Chao K, and Kim MS
- Subjects
- Calorimetry, Differential Scanning, Lipid Bilayers chemistry, Phosphatidylcholines chemistry, Phosphorylcholine chemistry, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Temperature, Arachidonic Acid chemistry, Lysophosphatidylcholines chemistry, Models, Molecular
- Abstract
Despite its biochemical importance, a complete Raman analysis of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) has never been reported. Gradient temperature Raman spectroscopy (GTRS) applies the temperature gradients utilized in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to Raman spectroscopy, providing a straightforward technique to identify molecular rearrangements that occur near and at phase transitions. Herein we utilize the GTRS technique for AA and 1-18:0, 2-20:4n-6 phosphatidyl choline (AAPC) from cryogenic to mammalian body temperatures. 20Mb three-dimensional data arrays with 0.2°C increments and first/second derivatives allowed complete assignment of solid, liquid and transition state vibrational modes. The AA DSC shows a large exothermic peak at -60°C indicating crystallization or a similar major structural change. No exothermic peak of this magnitude was observed in six other unsaturated lipids (DHA, n-3DPA, n-6DPA, LA, ALA, OA). Melting in AA occurs over a large range: (-60 to -35°C): very large frequency offsets and intensity changes correlate with premelting initiating circa -60°C, followed by melting (-37°C). Novel, unique 3D structures for both molecules reveal that AA is not symmetric as a free fatty acid, and it changes significantly when in the sn-2 phospholipid position. Further, different CH and CH
2 sites are unequally elastic and nonequivalent., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
54. Continuous gradient temperature Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry of N-3DPA and DHA from -100 to 10°C.
- Author
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Broadhurst CL, Schmidt WF, Nguyen JK, Qin J, Chao K, Aubuchon SR, and Kim MS
- Subjects
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Calorimetry, Docosahexaenoic Acids chemistry, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated chemistry, Temperature
- Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is exclusively utilized in fast signal processing tissues such as retinal, neural and cardiac. N-3 docosapentaenoic acid (n-3DPA, 22:5n-3), with just one less double bond, is also found in the marine food chain yet cannot substitute for DHA. Gradient temperature Raman spectroscopy (GTRS) applies the temperature gradients utilized in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to Raman spectroscopy, providing a straightforward technique to identify molecular rearrangements that occur near and at phase transitions. Herein we apply GTRS and both conventional and modulated DSC to n-3DPA and DHA from -100 to 20°C. Three-dimensional data arrays with 0.2°C increments and first derivatives allowed complete assignment of solid, liquid and transition state vibrational modes. Melting temperatures n-3DPA (-45°C) and DHA (-46°C) are similar and show evidence for solid-state phase transitions not seen in n-6DPA (-27°C melt). The C6H2 site is an elastic marker for temperature perturbation of all three lipids, each of which has a distinct three dimensional structure. N-3 DPA shows the spectroscopic signature of saturated fatty acids from C1 to C6. DHA does not have three aliphatic carbons in sequence; n-6DPA does but they occur at the methyl end, and do not yield the characteristic signal. DHA appears to have uniform twisting from C6H2 to C12H2 to C18H2 whereas n-6DPA bends from C12 to C18, centered at C15H2. For n-3DPA, twisting is centered at C6H2 adjacent to the C2-C3-C4-C5 aliphatic moiety. These molecular sites are the most elastic in the solid phase and during premelting., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
55. Continuous gradient temperature Raman spectroscopy of N-6DPA and DHA from -100 to 20°C.
- Author
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Broadhurst CL, Schmidt WF, Kim MS, Nguyen JK, Qin J, Chao K, Bauchan GL, and Shelton DR
- Subjects
- Molecular Structure, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Docosahexaenoic Acids chemistry, Eicosanoic Acids chemistry, Temperature
- Abstract
One of the great unanswered questions with respect to biological science in general is the absolute necessity of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) in fast signal processing tissues. N-6 docosapentaenoic acid (n-6DPA, 22:5n-6), with just one less double bond, group, is fairly abundant in terrestrial food chains yet cannot substitute for DHA. Gradient temperature Raman spectroscopy (GTRS) applies the temperature gradients utilized in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to Raman spectroscopy, providing a straightforward technique to identify molecular rearrangements that occur near and at phase transitions. Herein we apply GTRS and DSC to n-6DPA and DHA from -100 to 20°C. 20Mb three-dimensional data arrays with 0.2°C increments and first/second derivatives allowed complete assignment of solid, liquid and transition state vibrational modes, including low intensity/frequency vibrations that cannot be readily analyzed with conventional Raman. N-6DPA and DHA show significant spectral changes with premelting (-33 and -60°C, respectively) and melting (-27 and -44°C, respectively). The CH2(HCCH)CH2 moieties are not identical in the second half of the DHA and DPA structures. DPA has bending (1450cm
-1 ) over almost the entire temperature range. In contrast, DHA contains major CH2 twisting (1265cm-1 ) with no noticeable CH2 bending, consistent with a flat helical structure with a small pitch. Further modeling of neuronal membrane phospholipids must take into account torsion present in the DHA structure, which essential in determining whether the lipid chain is configured more parallel or perpendicular to the hydrophilic head group., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.)- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
56. A quantum theory for the irreplaceable role of docosahexaenoic acid in neural cell signalling throughout evolution.
- Author
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Crawford MA, Broadhurst CL, Guest M, Nagar A, Wang Y, Ghebremeskel K, and Schmidt WF
- Subjects
- Animals, Docosahexaenoic Acids chemistry, Elementary Particles, Humans, Molecular Structure, Photoreceptor Cells metabolism, Retina metabolism, Vision, Ocular, Biological Evolution, Brain metabolism, Docosahexaenoic Acids metabolism, Neurons metabolism, Quantum Theory, Signal Transduction, Synaptic Transmission
- Abstract
Six hundred million years ago, the fossil record displays the sudden appearance of intracellular detail and the 32 phyla. The "Cambrian Explosion" marks the onset of dominant aerobic life. Fossil intracellular structures are so similar to extant organisms that they were likely made with similar membrane lipids and proteins, which together provided for organisation and specialisation. While amino acids could be synthesised over 4 billion years ago, only oxidative metabolism allows for the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids, thus producing novel lipid molecular species for specialised cell membranes. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) provided the core for the development of the photoreceptor, and conversion of photons into electricity stimulated the evolution of the nervous system and brain. Since then, DHA has been conserved as the principle acyl component of photoreceptor synaptic and neuronal signalling membranes in the cephalopods, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds, mammals and humans. This extreme conservation in electrical signalling membranes despite great genomic change suggests it was DHA dictating to DNA rather than the generally accepted other way around. We offer a theoretical explanation based on the quantum mechanical properties of DHA for such extreme conservation. The unique molecular structure of DHA allows for quantum transfer and communication of π-electrons, which explains the precise depolarisation of retinal membranes and the cohesive, organised neural signalling which characterises higher intelligence., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
57. Using hyperaccumulator plants to phytoextract soil Ni and Cd.
- Author
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Chaney RL, Angle JS, McIntosh MS, Reeves RD, Li YM, Brewer EP, Chen KY, Roseberg RJ, Perner H, Synkowski EC, Broadhurst CL, Wang S, and Baker AJ
- Subjects
- Biomass, Cadmium Poisoning prevention & control, Humans, Oryza, Plant Shoots metabolism, Soil Pollutants, Zinc analysis, Biodegradation, Environmental, Cadmium metabolism, Nickel metabolism, Plants metabolism
- Abstract
Two strategies of phytoextraction have been shown to have promise for practical soil remediation: domestication of natural hyperaccumulators and bioengineering plants with the genes that allow natural hyperaccumulators to achieve useful phytoextraction. Because different elements have different value, some can be phytomined for profit and others can be phytoremediated at lower cost than soil removal and replacement. Ni phytoextraction from contaminated or mineralized soils offers economic return greater than producing most crops, especially when considering the low fertility or phytotoxicity of Ni rich soils. Only soils that require remediation based on risk assessment will comprise the market for phytoremediation. Improved risk assessment has indicated that most Zn + Cd contaminated soils will not require Cd phytoextraction because the Zn limits practical risk from soil Cd. But rice and tobacco, and foods grown on soils with Cd contamination without corresponding 100-fold greater Zn contamination, allow Cd to readily enter food plants and diets. Clear evidence of human renal tubular dysfunction from soil Cd has only been obtained for subsistence rice farm families in Asia. Because of historic metal mining and smelting, Zn + Cd contaminated rice soils have been found in Japan, China, Korea, Vietnam and Thailand. Phytoextraction using southern France populations of Thlaspi caerulescens appears to be the only practical method to alleviate Cd risk without soil removal and replacement. The southern France plants accumulate 10-20-fold higher Cd in shoots than most T. caerulescens populations such as those from Belgium and the UK. Addition of fertilizers to maximize yield does not reduce Cd concentration in shoots; and soil management promotes annual Cd removal. The value of Cd in the plants is low, so the remediation service must pay the costs of Cd phytoextraction plus profits to the parties who conduct phytoextraction. Some other plants have been studied for Cd phytoextraction, but annual removals are much lower than the best T. caerulescens. Improved cultivars with higher yields and retaining this remarkable Cd phytoextraction potential are being bred using normal plant breeding techniques.
- Published
- 2005
58. Isolation and characterization of polyphenol type-A polymers from cinnamon with insulin-like biological activity.
- Author
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Anderson RA, Broadhurst CL, Polansky MM, Schmidt WF, Khan A, Flanagan VP, Schoene NW, and Graves DJ
- Subjects
- Antioxidants, Diabetes Mellitus prevention & control, Flavonoids chemistry, Glucose Intolerance prevention & control, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, Phenols chemistry, Polyphenols, Cinnamomum zeylanicum chemistry, Flavonoids isolation & purification, Flavonoids pharmacology, Insulin pharmacology, Phenols isolation & purification, Phenols pharmacology
- Abstract
The causes and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus are not clear, but there is strong evidence that dietary factors are involved in its regulation and prevention. We have shown that extracts from cinnamon enhance the activity of insulin. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize insulin-enhancing complexes from cinnamon that may be involved in the alleviation or possible prevention and control of glucose intolerance and diabetes. Water-soluble polyphenol polymers from cinnamon that increase insulin-dependent in vitro glucose metabolism roughly 20-fold and display antioxidant activity were isolated and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. The polymers were composed of monomeric units with a molecular mass of 288. Two trimers with a molecular mass of 864 and a tetramer with a mass of 1152 were isolated. Their protonated molecular masses indicated that they are A type doubly linked procyanidin oligomers of the catechins and/or epicatechins. These polyphenolic polymers found in cinnamon may function as antioxidants, potentiate insulin action, and may be beneficial in the control of glucose intolerance and diabetes.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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