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In this article we describe the process of studying the assumptions and the conclusion of a theorem. We tried to provide the students with exercises and problems where we discuss the following questions: What are the assumptions of a theorem and what are the conclusions? What is the geometrical meaning of a theorem? What happens when one or more of the theorem's assumptions are not fulfiled? What assumptions are necessary and which are sufficient? According to the students' opinion and the test results the developed approach was successful. (Contains 2 tables.)

This note discusses some of the shortcomings of multiple choice tests in Mathematics given to undergraduate engineering students. Examples are presented, where the disadvantages of a multiple choice test are pointed out and suggestions how to overcome the difficulties are given.

Forest structural diversity and its spatiotemporal variability are constrained by environmental and biological factors, including species pools, climate, land‐use history, and legacies of disturbance regimes. These factors influence forest responses to disturbances and their interactions with structural diversity, potentially creating structurally mediated emergent properties at local to continental spatial scales and over evolutionary time. Here, we present a conceptual framework for exploring the emergent properties that arise from interactions between forest structural diversity and disturbances. We synthesize and present definitions for key terms, including emergent property, disturbance, and resilience, and highlight various types and examples of emergent properties, such as (1) interactions with species composition, (2) interactions with disturbance frequency and intensity, and (3) evolutionary changes to communities. Although emergent properties in forest ecosystems remain poorly understood, we describe a foundation for study and applied management of forest structural diversity to enhance forest restoration and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three‐dimensional (3D) physical aspects of ecosystems are intrinsically linked to ecological processes. Here, we describe structural diversity as the volumetric capacity, physical arrangement, and identity/traits of biotic components in an ecosystem. Despite being recognized in earlier ecological studies, structural diversity has been largely overlooked due to an absence of not only a theoretical foundation but also effective measurement tools. We present a framework for conceptualizing structural diversity and suggest how to facilitate its broader incorporation into ecological theory and practice. We also discuss how the interplay of genetic and environmental factors underpin structural diversity, allowing for a potentially unique synthetic approach to explain ecosystem function. A practical approach is then proposed in which scientists can test the ecological role of structural diversity at biotic–environmental interfaces, along with examples of structural diversity research and future directions for integrating structural diversity into ecological theory and management across scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate post-intubation sedation and analgesia (PISA) practices are important in the pre-hospital setting where vibration and noise of the transport vehicle may contribute to anxiety and pain in the patient. These practices are poorly described in the pre-hospital setting. This study aims to describe the current pre-hospital PISA practices in a private South African (SA) emergency medical service. Patient report forms (PRF) of intubated patients between 1 Jan 2017 and 31 Dec 2017 from a private ambulance service were reviewed. The data were analysed descriptively. Correlations between receiving PISA and various predictive factors were calculated with Spearman's Rank correlations and differences between intubation method were calculated with independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests. A binomial regression model was used to determine predictive factors of receiving PISA. The number of PRFs included for analysis was 437. Of these, 69% of patients received PISA. The estimated time from intubation to 1st PISA ranged from 9 to 12 min. There were statistically significantly more PISA interventions in patients who had received Rocuronium (p < 0.01). There was weak correlation between the number of interventions and the mean arterial pressure, (p < 0.05) and with the transport time to hospital (r s = -0.77, p < 0.01). Sixty nine percent of patients who are intubated pre-hospital receive PISA, which leaves up to 30% without PISA. The time to 1st PISA appears to be shorter in the SA setting. There is an increased number of interventions in the patients who received Rocuronium, which may indicate practitioners being mindful of wakeful paralysis. Patients intubated with RSI are more likely to receive PISA and practitioners take the blood pressure prior to and after intubation into account when administering PISA. Longer transport times attribute to patients receiving more PISA interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]