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Copyright of Sociology of Sport Journal is the property of Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/aims: Mouthguard retention could potentially increase an athlete's motivation to wear the device, due to potential improvements in physical comfort. The aim of this study was to examine the retentive properties of selected customised mouthguard designs, during normal conditions (dry) and within the presence of artificial saliva (wet). Additionally, the correlation between thickness and retention was investigated.Material and Methods: Six different custom mouthguard designs (MG1-MG6) reported in previous studies, were pressure-formed with 2 and 4 mm blanks accordingly. Thickness was measured 10 times at seven anatomical points and the mean (±SD) was recorded. A novel rig was fabricated to connect the mouthguards to a Hounsfield H10KS Tensometer, which was used to fully displace each device from the model at a constant rate of 50 mm/min. The test was repeated under both dry and wet conditions.Results: Retention forces recorded at the anterior region demonstrated higher measurements under wet conditions than dry (P < 0.001). The total retention of the mouthguards was influenced by alterations in their design. Trend analysis indicated that 64% of MG retention could be explained by their thickness under dry conditions and 55% when wet.Conclusions: Design and thickness of mouthguards are key factors in retention. Mouthguard fabrication techniques should be considered in order to minimize dislodgment of the devices as well as potentially increasing the wearability of mouthguards during sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For sometime we have planned to create a series of timelines based on themes in microscopy. This turned out to be a more demanding task than at first predicted, because references are not always accurate and claims to be the first to achieve something are sometimes misguided! As such, we present the first of these timelines for the readership to study and make comment. We have tried our best to make it accurate, and have sort input from numerous experts in the field. In particular we thank the EM Section for their time in collating and reviewing much of the information. In the future we plan to publish similar timelines with input from the other RMS Sections, and in doing so, build a detailed historical perspective of the achievements in microscopy. Please, therefore, feedback comments or revisions, and highlight any references you feel ought to have been made but were omitted through oversight. We look forward to your response and a lively debate in the Forum section of future issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on several congresses and conventions on microscopy. Highlights of the Annual Cell Biology and Histochemistry Meeting Localising Molecules in Cells; Speakers of the 2001 Materials Section Annual Lecture; Activities during Focus on Microscopy 2001.

The motion of the shoulders, arms and club during the golf swing has often been explained using the 'double pendulum' model. Despite subsequent explanations for the actions of the distal segments of the body, the coordination of more proximal segments during the swing is less well understood. To ascertain the pattern of centre of mass motion and hip and shoulder rotations that result in a high clubhead speed at impact, the swing used in driving from the tee of eight low-handicap golfers was videotaped and analysed using three-dimensional techniques. The shoulders rotated in excess of 90[sup o] during the backswing and, in 75% of the golfers, continued rotating away from the flag as the hips began turning back towards it. This sequential pattern of hip and shoulder rotation indicated that they conformed to the 'summation of speed' principle, which is hypothesized to result in a greater torque being applied to the club before impact. The speed of the drive was also benefited by the centre of mass shifting exclusively in the intended direction of ball flight during impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including advanced scientific techniques, the history of the organization the Royal Charter of the Royal Microscopical Society, and the forecasts of visionary James Glaisher for 2017.

Introduces the Matermatrics magnetic identification tags developed by the Institute of Materials Research and Engineering. Estimated percentage of all world trade that is in counterfeit goods; Ways for achieving brand protection; Key features and applications of the tags; Information on a demonstrator system to illustrate application of the technology in real-life situations.

Highlights the Microscopy for the Development of Displays meeting on June 13, 2001 in Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in England. Emphasis on the wide-ranging microscopy techniques; Optimization of the variety of displays of materials and devices; Use of microscopy.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various articles within the issue on topics including 3 dimensional printing, hybrid photonic-nanomechanical force microscopy (HPFM), and microscopy techniques.

The article offers the author's insights regarding the continued growth and development in the Royal Microscopical Society. Topics discussed include the standards in the atomic force microscope (AFM) and STEM, transition of pixels into voxels, and improvements in the resolution through several approaches, which include high sensitivity detectors, improved mechanical stability, and electromagnetic coils.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the identification of biological matter in stratosphere that may have originated from outer space, the importance of embracing social networks to advance science, and photographing snowflakes.

The article discusses various reports published within the issue, which includes the dating, analyzing and authentication of art works specifically on paintings, as well as the changes made in the proceedings of the Royal Microscopic Society.

Presents an introduction to the June 2005 issue of the periodical "Proceedings of the Royal Microscopical Society."

Presents an introduction to this issue of the journal "Proceedings RMS."

Presents an editor's response to letters addressed to him about the article"Microscope have no morals," published in the September 18, 2003 of "The Guardian".

Editorial. Focuses on developments in high resolution electron microscopy as of December 2002. Improvement of resolution; Microscope-based advertisements.

Presents letters to the editor of the periodical 'Royal Microscopical Society.' Flow cytometry immunophenotyping of leukemia and lymphoma; Strategies and advances in atomic level spectroscopy and analysis; Annual meeting of the American Ceramic Society.

Findings are inconsistent with regards to whether menstrual cycle phase-associated changes in physical functioning exist. It is possible that such discrepancies are due to varying rigour in experimental approaches. The current study aimed to systematically evaluate any effect of carefully tracked menstrual cycle phase on precisely measured muscle structure and function in a physically active group (contemporary dancers). Eleven women aged (M [SD]) 23.5 [2.94] years, undergoing 10.5 [1.73] hours of contemporary dance practice and 6.12 [2.36] hours of other physical activity per week, were recruited. Sex hormone level (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), skin temperature and ovulation kits), physical pain assessments (Ice Water Test, Visual Analogue Scale, The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, Self-Estimated Functional Inability Because of Pain Questionnaire, and Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale), muscle architecture measurement (B-mode ultrasonography), and physical functioning (dynamometry, force-platform and electromyography) on both lower limbs were measured at three time points during one cycle, following three months of menstrual cycle monitoring. There was no difference in musculoskeletal flexibility variables between follicular, ovulatory, or luteal phases. Nonetheless, oestrogen change was associated with variability in 11 musculoskeletal variables, progesterone change was associated with variability in 7, and relaxin change was associated with variability in 15. Negative correlations existed between progesterone and flexibility and between oestrogen and jump variables. Moreover, oestrogen and relaxin were associated with increased musculoskeletal compliance, whilst progesterone was associated with increased muscle stiffness. In short, in absolute sex hormone levels, 'inter-individual' variances appear more impactful than 'intra-individual' variances. Not only are oestrogen and progesterone associated with differing musculoskeletal outcomes, but relaxin is also associated with musculoskeletal compliance changes. These effects are anticipated to impact jump height and flexibility, and hence, they could be expected to affect overall physical performance, including dance.

Abstract: McMahon, G, Kennedy, R, and Burden, A. No effect of interset palm cooling on acute bench press performance, electromyography amplitude or spectral frequencies in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 555-563, 2023-Previous research has suggested that cooling distal to the working agonist muscles during the interset rest periods of high-intensity resistance exercise may facilitate improved performance through increased agonist activation. However, these studies have used inappropriate electromyography (EMG) normalization techniques. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare 2 palm-cooling conditions with a thermoneutral condition during high-intensity resistance exercise and subsequent effects on exercise performance, EMG amplitude, and spectral frequencies using appropriate normalization methodologies. Eleven healthy, resistance-trained, young men (20-36 years old) performed 4 sets of bench press exercise to exhaustion at 80% 1RM each separated by 3 minutes of passive recovery. Palm-cooling (10° C [TEN] or 15° C [FTN]) or thermoneutral (28° C [CON]) conditions were applied for 60 seconds during the recovery interval of each set in a randomized, double-blind fashion, with 4 days of recovery between experimental conditions. Palm temperature was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the TEN and FTN conditions compared with CON. Number of repetitions and mean power in the bench press declined significantly after each set in all conditions (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in any bench press performance or EMG-related variables between any of the conditions. Palm cooling at either 10 or 15° C had no effects on bench press performance compared with a thermoneutral condition, with no observable effects on neuromuscular responses during exercise. Therefore, cooling is not currently recommended as an ergogenic strategy to enhance acute bench press performance during high-intensity resistance training., (Copyright © 2022 National Strength and Conditioning Association.)