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Simple Summary: There are many causes of discospondylitis (infection in the discs and neighboring bones in the vertebral column), and it can be difficult to identify the relevant infection in all cases. In this study, we report the diseases we detected after recommending a specific series of tests to owners of affected dogs in this Brucella canis endemic region of the world. We found a moderate proportion (~12%) of cases that had Brucella canis infection (which is infectious to people) and suspected fungal infection (which can be very difficult to treat). Blood cultures were frequently (39%) positive for an infectious agent. The outcome for most cases, even those with suspected fungal disease, was good. It appears that blood culture is a helpful diagnostic method, and stabilizing implants can be safely used even when there is bone infection. Our results suggest that both fungal and Brucella spp. infections may be moderately common causes of discospondylitis in dogs in the USA, where Brucella canis is endemic. Discospondylitis is a well-recognized disease in dogs, but the relative prevalence of causal infectious agents and efficiency of relevant diagnostic tests are not well-established. Medical record review identified 117 dogs diagnosed with discospondylitis in our clinic over a 5-year period. In 32 dogs, discospondylitis was diagnosed as an incidental imaging finding; 24 of these dogs had concomitant neoplasia. A likely causal infection was identified in 45 of the remaining 85 dogs in which blood and urine cultures, serology for Brucella spp., and galactomannan fungal antigen testing were recommended. Ten dogs were diagnosed with Brucella canis, and ten were diagnosed with suspected fungal infection. Brucella suis serology was negative in all 35 dogs that were tested. Blood cultures were positive in 28 of 71 (39%) tested dogs, and urine culture was positive in 12 of 79 (15%). Cultures were positive from the lesion site of four of eight dogs that underwent surgery and one of the five dogs that underwent image-guided lesion sample collection. Subluxation secondary to discospondylitis was stabilized with metallic implants in four dogs. A similar proportion of known satisfactory treatment outcomes at last follow-up were recorded in dogs that had suspected fungal disease, other bacterial infections, or were Brucella-positive and in those dogs with imaging diagnosis only, although some individuals continued to receive anti-microbial agents or showed recurrent signs. These data support the value of blood culture in discospondylitis and suggest a relatively high prevalence of infection with Brucella spp. and suspected fungal infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predator–prey interactions are important for regulating populations and structuring communities but are affected by many dynamic, complex factors across large scales, making them difficult to study. Integrated population models (IPMs) offer a potential solution to understanding predator–prey relationships by providing a framework for leveraging many different datasets and testing hypotheses about interactive factors. Here, we evaluate the coyote–deer (Canis latrans–Odocoileus virginianus) predator–prey relationship across the state of North Carolina (NC). Because both species have similar habitat requirements and may respond to human disturbance, we considered net primary productivity (NPP) and urbanization as key mediating factors. We estimated deer survival and fecundity by integrating camera trap, harvest, and biological and hunter observation datasets into a two‐stage, two‐sex Lefkovich population projection matrix. We allowed survival and fecundity to vary as functions of urbanization, NPP, and coyote density, and projected abundance forward to test eight hypothetical scenarios. We estimated initial average deer and coyote densities to be 11.83 (95% CI: 5.64, 20.80) and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.02, 1.45) individuals/km2, respectively. We found a negative, though highly uncertain, relationship between the current levels of coyote density and deer fecundity in most areas that became more negative under hypothetical conditions of lower NPP or higher urbanization, leading to lower projected deer abundances. Though not conclusive, our results indicate the possibility that coyotes could have stronger effects on deer populations in NC if their densities rise, but primarily in less productive and/or more suburban habitats. Our case study provides an example of how IPMs can be used to better understand the complex relationships between predator and prey under changing environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fleas belonging to the Pulicidae are prevalent ectoparasites infesting mammals and birds in Iran. This study focused on genetically identifying and characterizing Ctenocephalides canis collected both off-host and infesting humans and various domestic animals in the country. Methods: A total of 918 adult flea samples were collected from 10 sites in western and northwestern Iran between April 2018 and May 2019. Out of these, 71 specimens were found off-host, while the remaining fleas were collected from humans (121), sheep (126), goats (184), and dogs (416). Morphological identification at the genus level was performed on all fleas, and ten selected specimens selected based on the sampling sites and hosts were subjected to molecular detection at the species level by using partial amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2, as well as the cytochrome oxidase I (COXI) markers. Results: The morphological identification confirmed all fleas as Ctenocephalides spp. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial partial sequences confirmed the presence of C. canis. However, molecular divergence was observed among the ten isolates based on the ITS1 and ITS2 with diversity rates estimated at 0.15% and 3.36%, respectively. Notably, the analysis of the COXI marker revealed no molecular divergence among the partial sequences representing the ten studied isolates from C. canis. Conclusions: This study explores the diversity of C. canis in the western and northwestern regions of Iran, providing insights into their molecular taxonomy and potential role as disease vectors in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine the species composition of the intestinal parasite fauna of foxes from the Pomerania region, with a particular emphasis on helminth species considered dangerous to humans, and to determine their prevalence and intensity of infection. In total, 165 digestive systems from foxes inhabiting the Pomeranian region were examined. The prevalence of intestinal parasites among the studied foxes was 61.8%. Our findings confirm that foxes in Pomerania carry various parasites, some of which pose a direct threat to human health. As such, constant monitoring of their infestation is essential. Particular attention should be paid to parasite species with potential for transmission to humans, such as Echinococcus multilocularis, Alaria alata and Toxocara canis, whose respective prevalence was found to be 10.9%, 17.6% and 28.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tinea capitis (T. capitis), commonly known as scalp ringworm, is a fungal infection affecting the scalp and hair. Among the causative agents, Microsporum canis (M. canis) stands out, often transmitted from cats to humans (zoonotic disease). In this study, we investigated the efficacy of Carica papaya (C. papaya), fruit extract against dermatophytes, particularly M. canis, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we aimed to identify the active compounds responsible for suppressing fungal growth and assess the toxicity of C. papaya on human cells. Methodology: It conducted in two parts. First, In Vitro Study include the preparation of C. papaya fruit extract using methanol as the solvent, Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract including Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was conducted, Cytotoxicity assays were performed using HUH-7 cells, employing the MTT assay (1-(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), Antimicrobial activity against M. canis was evaluated, including: Zone of inhibition (ZI), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), M. canis cell alterations were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Second, In Vivo, Albino Wistar male rats were included. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract from papaya revealed several functional groups, including hydroxyl, ammonia, alkane, carbonate, and alcohol. Additionally, the GC-MS analysis identified 15 compounds, with xanthosine and decanoic acid being the predominant components. The methanolic extract of papaya fruits demonstrated potent antifungal activity: ZI = 37 mm, MIC = 1,000 µg/mL, MFC = 1900 µg/mL, MTT results indicated lower cytotoxicity of the fruit extract at concentrations of 20 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL, 150 µg/mL, and 200 µg/mL, The IC50 revealed a significant decrease in cell viability with increasing extract concentration. Notably, papaya extract induced considerable alterations in the morphology of M. canis hyphae and spores. In animal tissue, improvements were observed among the group of rats which treated with Papaya extract. This study highlights the potential of C. papaya fruits as a natural antifungal agent, warranting further exploration for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the M protein trans-acting positive regulator (Mga) orthologue and its adjacent M-like protein (SCM) alleles in Streptococcus canis. Results: Using the 39 SCM allele isolates and polymerase chain reaction-based amplification and sequencing, we obtained the deduced Mga amino acid (AA) sequences. The 22 Mga sequences in whole-genome sequences were obtained by searching the National Collection of Type Cultures 12,191(T) Mga sequence into the database. The percentage identity to the type-strain Mga sequence was examined along with its size. The presence of the Mga-specific motifs was confirmed. Of the 62 strains, we identified 59 Mga sequences with an AA size of 509 (except for four different sizes). Percentage identity ranged from 96.66 to 100% with the confirmed Mga-specific motifs and diverse SCM allele populations. Our findings support the presence of an Mga orthologue and diverse SCM allele populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxocara canis is considered one of the most neglected parasitic zoonoses and threatens the health of millions of people worldwide with a predilection for pediatric and adolescent populations in impoverished communities. Exploring the invasion and developmental mechanisms associated with T. canis infection in its definitive canine hosts will help to better control zoonotic toxocariasis. Methods: Proteomic changes in samples from the upper lobe of the left lung of Beagle puppies were systematically analyzed by quantitative proteomic technology of data-independent acquisition (DIA) at 96 h post-infection (hpi) with T. canis. Proteins with P-values < 0.05 and fold change > 1.5 or < 0.67 were considered proteins with differential abundance (PDAs). Results: A total of 28 downregulated PDAs and 407 upregulated PDAs were identified at 96 hpi, including RhoC, TM4SFs and LPCAT1, which could be associated with the maintenance and repair of lung homeostasis. GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of all identified proteins and PDAs revealed that many lung proteins have correlation to signal transduction, lipid metabolism and immune system. Conclusions: The present study revealed lung proteomic alterations in Beagle dogs at the lung migration stage of T. canis infection and identified many PDAs of Beagle dog lung, which may play important roles in the pathogenesis of toxocariasis, warranting further experimental validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Facial expressions are important for many animals when communicating with other individuals both within and outside of their own species or group. The canid family includes several species that are highly social. Dogs, in particular, have adapted, through domestication, facial expressions that aid in their social interactions with people. The presence of certain facial muscles facilitates these interactions, however it does not seem that these muscles are unique to dogs, but also present in other canids. The evolution of facial muscles in dogs has been linked to human preferential selection of dogs whose faces appear to communicate information and emotion. Dogs who convey, especially with their eyes, a sense of perceived helplessness can elicit a caregiving response from humans. However, the facial muscles used to generate such expressions may not be uniquely present in all dogs, but rather specifically cultivated among various taxa and individuals. In a preliminary, qualitative gross anatomical evaluation of 10 canid specimens of various species, we find that the presence of two facial muscles previously implicated in human-directed canine communication, the levator anguli occuli medialis (LAOM) and the retractor anguli occuli lateralis (RAOL), was not unique to domesticated dogs (Canis familiaris). Our results suggest that these aspects of facial musculature do not necessarily reflect selection via human domestication and breeding. In addition to quantitatively evaluating more and other members of the Canidae family, future directions should include analyses of the impact of superficial facial features on canine communication and interspecies communication between dogs and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 1200 blood samples were examined from the dogs for screening hemoprotozoan infection in and around Navsari district of south Gujarat, India. Out of these cases 18 were found positive for Trypanosoma cruzi, 27 for Dirofilaria immitis and 8 for Hepatozoon canis. The clinico-pathological changes included gastrointestinal and haematological disturbances including anaemia, ascites, fever, cardiomyopathy and altered serum urea and creatinine values. The information derived on hemoprotozoan diseases could be helpful for further subsequent diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic care in South Gujarat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Canine babesiosis is a clinically significant tick‐transmitted disease caused by several species of the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite Babesia, which result in a wide range of clinical manifestations, from mild, transient infection to serious disease and even death. Objectives: The current study aimed to estimate the global prevalence and associated risk factors of Babesia in dogs. Methods: Multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched for relevant literature published from January 2000 up to December 2022. The statistical analyses were performed based on the R software (version 3.6) meta‐package. Results: Out of 23,864 publications, 229 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of canine babesiosis was 0.120 (95% CI; 0.097–0.146). The highest pooled prevalence was found in Europe (0.207, 95% CI; 0.097–0.344). Among several species, Babesia canis was the most prevalent parasite (0.216, 95% CI; 0.056–0.441). The highest pooled prevalence of Babesia in dogs was observed in the summer season (0.097, 95% CI; 0.040–0.174). Conclusions: Regular screening and appropriate control strategies are recommended for the prevention of transmission of tick‐borne disease transmission among dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Hepatozoon consists of apicomplexan protozoans that affect mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. In dogs, the Hepatozoon species include H. canis and H. americanum, which are transmitted by the Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick and cause nonspecific signs, such as fever, weight loss, diarrhea, and blood disorders. These protozoans have a worldwide distribution in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North and South America, including Colombia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with H. canis in the urban and rural areas of Ibagué, Colombia. Blood samples were collected from 308 dogs (180 rural areas and 128 urban areas). Collected data included dog breed, sex, age, environmental factors, and the presence of ectoparasites. A fragment of the 18S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR for detection of the pathogen and confirmed by sequencing. Among the 308 samples, 14 were positive (14/308, 4.5%) for the presence of H. canis. The partial sequence of the 18S rRNA gene showed identity values >98% with H. canis, forming a cluster with sequences from Latin America. An epidemiological survey found two protective factors: most of the time at home (P=0.055) and overnight stay at home (P=0.03). This is the first molecular study of the prevalence and phylogeny analysis of H. canis in Ibagué, Colombia. The findings may help determine risk factors and enhance our understanding of the geographic distribution of H. canis in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the Pasteurella genus are part of the oropharyngeal microbiota of many animal species. In poultry, Pasteurella multocida causes fowl cholera, the chronic manifestation of which can include neurological symptoms. Pasteurella canis causes osteomyelitis and other infections in humans. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of cranial osteomyelitis associated with Pasteurella canis in broiler chickens in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatozoon canis is a protozoan parasite transmitted to dogs through ingesting the arthropod vector (hard ticks), which contains mature protozoal oocysts harboring infectious sporozoites. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the blood parameters, biochemical assays and histopathological appraisal of infected police dogs with Hepatozoon canis, from kennels in the police academy of Egypt during 2020–2021. Methods: Red blood cells count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood platelets and white blood cells count from collected blood samples were analyzed, and serum albumin, creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were analyzed from serum samples. Polymerase chain reaction amplified the 18S ribosomal RNAgene of the Hepatozoon species for genetic analysis, and the deoxyribonucleic acid products were sequenced and added to GenBank. Results: The present study resulted in 5% of the police dog population being infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus. This study registered the sequences of the Hepatozoon canis 18S ribosomal RNAgene in Egypt for the first time in Genbank (MW362244.1–MW362245.1). The biochemical assay revealed that the parasite severely affected the protein, significantly increasing serum albumin in positive polymerase chain reaction testing dogs. Conclusion: A thorough inspection discovered that 100 police dogs had clinical symptoms like fever, emaciation and anemia, while the other 200 were healthy and had no evident clinical indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of Mycoplasma canis in canine fertility disorders is still poorly understood. As infection is often asymptomatic, there is an increasing need for appropriate diagnostic methods and treatment plans that would allow the reliable detection of M. canis infection and rapid alleviation of infection symptoms in affected dogs. In this study, we included 14 dogs with fertility problems and 16 dogs without fertility disorder signs. We compared clinical examination data and selected laboratory parameters (hematology and biochemistry) between the groups. We performed PCR-based detection of M. canis and 16S rRNA gene-based microbiota profiling of DNA isolated from vaginal and preputial swabs. Dog sera were tested for the presence of M. canis-specific antibodies. Hematological and selected biochemical parameters showed no differences between groups. PCR-based detection of M. canis in the samples was consistent with the results of 16S microbiota profiling. Several other bacterial taxa were also identified that could potentially be involved in different fertility disorders. Serological methods were not accurate enough since high cross-reactivity rates were observed. In the future, more accurate and efficient methods will be needed to determine the role of M. canis and its true role in the pathogenesis of specific fertility disorders in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taphonomic deformation, whether it be brittle or plastic, is possibly the most influential process hindering the correct understanding of fossil species morphology. This is especially true if the deformation affects type specimens or applies to or obscures taxonomically diagnostic or functionally significant traits. Target Deformation, a recently developed virtual manipulation protocol, was implemented to address this issue by applying landmark-guided restoration of the original, deformed fossils, using undeformed specimens (or parts thereof) of the same species as a reference. The enigmatic Early Pleistocene canid Canis arnensis provides a typical example of a fossil species in dire need of virtual restoration. Its lectotype specimen is heavily deformed and none of the few known skulls are well preserved, obscuring the recognition of its systematic and phylogenetic position. Our results indicate that the algorithm effectively countered the lectotype skull's laterolateral compression and its concomitant rostrocaudal elongation. Morphometrically, comparison of the retrodeformed cranium (IGF 867_W) with other specimens of the same species, and to other fossil and extant canid material, confirms IGF 867_W consistently clusters within C. arnensis variability. Overall, the evidence presented here confirms that Target Deformation provides a powerful tool to better characterize complex taxa like C. arnensis, whose knowledge is severely affected by the state of preservation of its fossil material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatozoonosis caused by H. Canis is a hemoparasitic disease transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. In vertebrate hosts, the disease primarily occurs through ingestion of the hemoparasite or its components. Hepatozoon spp. infection typically remains subclinical, only becoming diagnosed upon microscopic observation of the hemoparasite during blood smear analysis. However, in certain instances, moderate or severe clinical manifestations may occur. Due to limited research focusing on Hepatozoonosis, diagnosis can present challenges, as well as selecting the appropriate test to confirm it, with PCR being considered the preferred method for detection. A two-and-a-half-month-old Golden Retriever puppy was examined, exhibiting symptoms of vomiting, lethargy, bloody diarrhea, anorexia, and hyperthermia (39°C - 102,2°F). Diagnosis was confirmed by observation of Hepatozoon spp. parasites in the blood smear, alongside severe anemia, presence of microagglutination, and elevated total protein levels. The treatment was initiated with Doxycycline, and following the patient´s improvement, the owner opted to proceed with castration and subsequently administer two doses of Imidocarb Dipropionate at 5mg/kg with a 14-day interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helminths are divided into three types: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes). All three types occur in companion animals, although f lukes are not common in cats and dogs in the UK and mainly affect ruminants. This article focuses on the life cycle and treatment of nematodes, with special attention given to Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic dogs are currently recognized as being infected by 25 different canine papillomavirus (CPV) types classified into three genera. A short sequence from a novel CPV type was amplified, along with CPV1, from a papilloma (wart) from the mouth of a dog. The entire 7499 bp genome was amplified, and CPV26 contained putative coding regions that were predicted to produce four early proteins and two late ones. The ORF L1 showed less than 62% similarity for all previously sequenced CPV types but over 69% similarity to multiple Omegapapillomavirus types from a variety of Caniform species including the giant panda, Weddel seal, and polar bear. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed CPV26 clusters within the Omegapapillomavirus genus. Specific primers were used to investigate the presence of CPV26 DNA within a series of 37 canine proliferative lesions. CPV26 DNA was amplified from one lesion, a cutaneous papilloma that also contained CPV6. This is the first time a PV type within the Omegapapillomavirus genus has been detected in a non-domestic species and this provides evidence that the omegapapillomaviruses infected a common ancestor of, and then co-evolved with, the Caniform species. Whether CPV26 causes disease is uncertain, but the absence of an E7 protein may suggest low pathogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented here are the results of archaeoparasitological analysis of habitation layers at Shag River Mouth, Otago coast. Two types of helminth eggs were identified: The first type is Toxocara canis, associated with the introduced kurī dog (Canis familiaris), which could have adversely affected local people and their dogs. The other type very closely resembles that of Stringopotaenia psittacea, associated with the critically endangered endemic kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) parrot. The results represent the first South Island archaeo parasitological identifications. There was no starch or associated material in the samples, such as introduced Polynesian crops and indigenous starchy Māori food plants. This lack is consistent with the interpretation of the site as that of a transient village focused on big game hunting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large carnivores often exhibit high survival rates in protected areas, whereas intentional and unintentional human‐caused mortality may be greater in adjacent areas. These patterns can result in source‐sink dynamics and limit population expansion beyond protected areas.We used telemetry data from 438 canids in 141 packs collected from 2002 to 2020 to evaluate mortality risk for wolves, coyotes, and admixed canids in a 3‐species hybrid zone in and adjacent to a large protected area in Ontario, Canada. The hybrid zone is occupied by most of the remaining eastern wolves (Canis lycaon), a rare, threatened species that hybridizes with sympatric eastern coyotes (C. latrans) and Great Lakes grey wolves (C. lupus).Within Algonquin Provincial Park (APP), annual human‐caused mortality from harvest and vehicles was low (0.06, 95% CI [0.03, 0.08]), whereas annual human‐caused mortality was higher in adjacent areas (0.31, 95% CI [0.25, 0.37]). Smaller protected areas implemented to help protect eastern wolves did not significantly reduce mortality. Eastern wolves survived poorly relative to other canids and dispersing canids survived poorly relative to residents. Mortality risk was greater when canids were closer to roads. Mortality risk was also increased or reduced by the strength of individual‐level selection or avoidance of roads relative to their availability, respectively.Our results provide a comprehensive evaluation of factors influencing spatial variation in mortality risk for canids to inform eastern wolf recovery efforts. Additionally, we developed a novel modelling approach for investigating the influence of resource selection on mortality risk, which highlighted that individual‐level responses to risk can strongly influence population‐level mortality patterns.Synthesis and applications. Despite being listed as 'threatened' under the Ontario Endangered Species Act, eastern wolves are still legally trapped and shot outside protected areas in central Ontario. Eastern wolves and dispersing canids survive poorly outside of APP, primarily from human‐caused mortality. These results, along with the apparent inadequacy of the smaller protected areas, suggest that expanding the threatened eastern wolf population outside APP is unlikely under current management conditions. Protecting eastern wolves from human‐caused mortality is complicated as it would require a harvest ban for all canids, including coyotes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatozoon species (phylum Apicomplexa: Adeleorina, Hepatozooidae) are the cause of canine hepatozoonosis, a vector-borne disease (VBD) spread by ticks (Ixodidae). The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Hepatozoon canis (H. canis) infections in different pet dogs admitted to different clinics in Egypt as well as determine the effect of H. canis on dogs through analysis of the immunogenic genes and the oxidative stress markers. One hundred dogs with different clinical signs, fever, fatigue, tick infestation around the ears and neck region, were examined. Thin blood films were performed and stained with Giemsa. Thirty examined dogs (30%) were positive for H. canis by direct observation of the gamonts in circulating leucocytes on blood smears stained with Giemsa. Two hundred ticks were identified morphologically and all ticks were classified as R. sanguineus. Hematological and biochemical results of sampled dogs were recorded. The AST and ALT levels were higher than control-negative healthy dogs. MDA levels in H. canis infected dogs were higher than that of control negative dogs. The transcript levels of the different targeted genes (IL-1β; IL6; TNF-α and IFN-γ) were upregulated in infected dogs with H. canis significantly than control healthy dogs. Canine hepatozoonosis induced tissue reaction evaluated by different immunological genes and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mixed-breed, 8-year-old male dog developed neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and hyperglobulinemia. Bone marrow hyperplasia and splenic plasmacytosis were cytologically observed. The dog had never been outside of Tokyo or Shizuoka Prefecture. Splenectomy was performed to confirm and remove the cause of splenic plasmacytosis. A histopathological diagnosis of splenic plasmacytoma was made; however, serum protein electrophoresis showed polyclonal gammopathy. Further screening was performed, and Ehrlichia canis infection was confirmed. The dog was treated with doxycycline for 5 weeks. After the antibiotic therapy, no relapse of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia, or positive polymerase chain reaction result of E. canis infection was observed for 3 years. Careful attention should be given to ehrlichiosis when exploring the cause of pancytopenia or hyperglobulinemia, regardless of the travel history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Worldwide, breast cancer is the most important cancer in incidence and prevalence in women. Different risk factors interact to increase the probability of developing it. Biological agents such as helminth parasites, particularly their excretory/secretory antigens, may play a significant role in tumor development. Helminths and their antigens have been recognized as inducers or promoters of cancer due to their ability to regulate the host's immune response. Previously in our laboratory, we demonstrated that chronic infection by Toxocara canis increases the size of mammary tumors, affecting the systemic response to the parasite. However, the parasite does not invade the tumor, and we decided to study if the excretion/secretion of antigens from Toxocara canis (EST) can affect the progression of mammary tumors or the pathophysiology of cancer which is metastasis. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether excretion/secretion T. canis antigens, injected directly into the tumor, affect tumor growth and metastasis. Methods: We evaluated these parameters through the monitoring of the intratumoral immune response. Results: Mice injected intratumorally with EST did not show changes in the size and weight of the tumors; although the tumors showed an increased microvasculature, they did develop increased micro and macro-metastasis in the lung. The analysis of the immune tumor microenvironment revealed that EST antigens did not modulate the proportion of immune cells in the tumor, spleen, or peripheral lymph nodes. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses of the lungs showed increased metastasis in the EST-treated animals compared to controls, accompanied by an increase in VEGF systemic levels. Discussion: Thus, these findings showed that intra-tumoral injection of T. canis EST antigens promote lung metastasis through modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs suffer from various skin infections caused by a variety of pathogens including mange mites. Scabies caused by Sarcoptes mites result in skin affections ranging from intense scratching, redness, and priorities to the death of the dog due to toxemia and septicemia. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Sarcoptes mite infestation in dogs in and around Guwahati, India. A total number of 582 dogs were undertaken in the study. The overall prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis infection in dogs was found 1.89% (11/582). Histopathological study revealed vacuolation, degenerative changes, and necrosis in the epidermal layer of the mite-affected skin area along with the presence of a cross-section of mites in the mange-affected skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioural scientists are increasingly recognizing the need to conduct experiments in the wild to achieve a comprehensive understanding of their species' behaviour. For domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), such progress has been slow. While the life in human households is often regarded as dogs' natural habitat, this classification disregards most of the global dog population. The value of experimentally testing free-ranging dogs' cognition and behaviour is increasingly being recognized, but no comprehensive test batteries have been conducted on those populations so far, leaving the feasibility and reliability of such endeavours unknown. This study is the starting point to fill this gap by pioneering and validating an elaborate behavioural test battery on street-living dogs. Therein, six common temperament tests (human-/conspecific-directed sociability, neophobia, tractability) and dog-human communication paradigms (pointing, inaccessible object) were adapted to the street conditions. We evaluated the feasibility of the test battery, the coding reliability of the measures, and investigated their temporal consistency in a retest of the same individuals six weeks later (test-retest reliability). The test battery proved feasible with most dogs participating in all subtests, and it showed satisfactory inter- and intra-rater reliability (0.84 and 0.93 respectively), providing evidence that complex behavioural tests can be conducted even in highly variable street conditions. Retesting revealed that some behaviours could be captured reliably across time, especially when the subtest was particularly engaging (e.g., human approach, point following). In contrast, the low retest reliability for subtests relying on sustained novelty and behaviours that were highly susceptible to disturbances (e.g., gazing) reflects the difficulties of street dog testing, including standardisation in disturbance-prone environments, ecology-dependent adaptation of methods, and intrinsic differences between pet and free-ranging dogs. With some adaptations, this test battery can be valuable in investigating cognition and behavioural profiles in such an understudied population as free-ranging dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal hoarding disorder (AHD) is classified as a psychiatric obsessive-compulsive condition characterized by animal accumulation and often accompanied by unsanitary conditions and animal cruelty. Although AHD may increase pathogen transmission and spread, particularly for zoonotic diseases, human and dog exposure in such cases has yet to be fully established. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess Brucella canis in 19 individuals with AHD (11 households) and their 264 dogs (21 households) in Curitiba, the eighth largest city in Brazil, with approximately 1.8 million habitants. Anti-B. canis antibodies were detected by the 2-mercaptoethanol microplate agglutination test (2ME-MAT) and by a commercial lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), while molecular detection of previously positive seropositive samples was performed by conventional PCR. Although all the human samples were 2ME-MAT negative, 12/264 (4.5%, 95% Confidence Interval: 2.0–7.0%) dog samples were 2ME-MAT and LFIA positive, with 2ME-MAT titers ranging from 20 to 640. At least one dog in 4/21 (19.0%, 95% CI: 2.0–46.0%) households was seropositive. Despite the absence of seropositivity in individuals with AHD and the comparatively low seroprevalence in dogs, B. canis circulation and outbreaks should be considered in such human populations due to the high burden and recurrent character of B. canis exposure in high-density dog populations and the constant introduction of susceptible animals. Author summary: Individuals with animal hoarding disorder (AHD), a psychiatric obsessive-compulsive disorder, are considered among the most vulnerable people due to their precarious sanitary conditions and exposure to several zoonoses, including canine brucellosis, a neglected and underreported disease of public health concern worldwide. Close and continuous human contact with unhealthy and unassisted dogs may increase pathogen transmission and spread, which is worsened by elderly people's difficulty accessing health services and lack of hoarding control and management programs. The present study assessed B. canis as a silent pathogen in this hard-to-access vulnerable population, along with their dogs. Although all the individuals with AHD included herein were seronegative and their dogs presented relatively low seroprevalence, B. canis infection and outbreaks should always be considered, particularly due to unsanitary household conditions, the high density of dog populations, and the constant introduction of susceptible dogs of unknown origin. Thus, dogs seropositive for B. canis living in households of people with AHD should be considered a warning to local public health authorities. In conclusion, serological and molecular assessments of B. canis in people with AHD and other vulnerable populations may serve as instruments for effective public health policies, including diagnosis, control, monitoring, and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of tick-borne pathogens (TBP) (Babesia spp., Theileria spp., and Hepatozoon spp.) in asymptomatic dogs in the northeast Anatolia region of Türkiye. Blood samples of 400 clinically healthy dogs were analyzed using PCR and RLB techniques. TBP prevalence and the relationship between habitat, gender, age, and breed of dogs were determined by using the R package prevalence (version 0.2.0.) and the Pearson chi-square statistics. Babesia spp., Theileria spp., Hepatozoon spp. DNAs were detected in 13% (52/400) of the dogs by PCR, while the prevalence of TBPs was 24.25% (CI: 20.24-28.62) by subsecuantial RLB assay. Sequence analysis of two Theileria ovis, two Babesia canis and two Hepatozoon canis isolates showed 100% identity with the corresponding reference isolates. In this study, Theileria ovis positivity was detected for the first time in dogs in the northeast Anatolia region of Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is located in the anteroinferior part of the nose and the accessory olfactory organ in mammals which is responsible of sense of smell. This study aims to compare the macro and microanatomical structure of the VNO between sheep and dogs. In the current study, we used ten adult slaughtered sheep and ten adult synchronized dogs with different sexes ages 1-2 years. The head of both animals were preserved in 10 % formalin for one week. This study shows in both animals, the VNO occupies the same position in the cavity of the vomer bone and the same relationship in the cranial part of the nasal cavity. Furthermore, the VNO is divided into three parts based on shape that are the rostral, central, and caudal part. The results show the VNO in sheep has a (U) shape and is opened dorsolaterally. It has a small and narrow cavity. It is long 6 cm long, and it has different diameters on its course. In comparison, the vomeronasal organ in dogs is very developed and has a (J) shape. It has a large and long cavity and ends at the fourth molar. Its length is about 10 cm, and it has one diameter on its course. The VNO receives the blood supply from the sphenopalatine and caudal palatine arteries. The present study shows main differences between sheep and dogs VNO in which the structure of vomeronasal bone between the sheep and dog is completely different. The finding will illustrate fundamental differences and provide specific structural differences between the two species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsporum canis is a widely distributed dermatophyte, which is among the main etiological agents of dermatophytosis in humans and domestic animals. This fungus invades, colonizes and nourishes itself on the keratinized tissues of the host through various virulence factors. This review will bring together the known information about the mechanisms, enzymes and their associated genes relevant to the pathogenesis processes of the fungus and will provide an overview of those virulence factors that should be better studied to establish effective methods of prevention and control of the disease. Public databases using the MeSH terms "Microsporum canis", "virulence factors" and each individual virulence factor were reviewed to enlist a series of articles, from where only original works in English and Spanish that included relevant information on the subject were selected. Out of the 147 articles obtained in the review, 46 were selected that reported virulence factors for M. canis in a period between 1988 and 2023. The rest of the articles were discarded because they did not contain information on the topic (67), some were written in different languages (3), and others were repeated in two or more databases (24) or were not original articles (7). The main virulence factors in M. canis are keratinases, fungilisins and subtilisins. However, less commonly reported are biofilms or dipeptidylpeptidases, among others, which have been little researched because they vary in expression or activity between strains and are not considered essential for the infection and survival of the fungus. Although it is known that they are truly involved in resistance, infection and metabolism, we recognize that their study could strengthen the knowledge of the pathogenesis of M. canis with the aim of achieving effective treatments, as well as the prevention and control of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the first official record of a golden jackal (Canis aureus) in the capital city of Austria, Vienna. The specimen, a young male individual, was discovered as a roadkill in the northern part of the city on January 25th, 2023. It suffered from notable endoparasite and ectoparasite infestations, as well as bacterial pneumonia. Additional field studies with bioacoustic stimulation and the use of a scat detection dog to search for further indications of presence in the area of the accident revealed no further proof of other golden jackals, indicating a high probability of this animal being a disperser in search of a mating partner. This event exemplifies the species' range expansion, driven by a combination of factors. The significance of this discovery and the challenges within the context of mammal research and urban ecology are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute B. canis infection can lead to an acute phase reaction (APR) in dogs. The parasite invades red blood cells causing anemia through immune-mediated hemolysis and possible erythropoietic suppression. A regenerative response of the erythroid lineage during the babesiosis has not been described in extension. This research examines hematologic parameters focusing on the absolute reticulocyte count and apolipoprotein A I (ApoA I) level on the day of admission and 14 days after treatment with imidocarb-dipropionate in young (n=11) and adult (n=11) dogs naturally infected with B. canis. Metabolic and inflammatory processes were characterized by analyzing protein and lipid profiles, as well as ApoA I at specified time points. Automated analyzers were used to determine complete blood count and biochemical parameters, while ApoA I was assessed using radioimmunoassay. The reticulocyte count was determined using a manual method by means of supravital staining. Both young and adult dogs with acute B. canis infection showed non-regenerative anemia without difference. Fourteen days after successful treatment with imidocarb-dipropionate, the anemia was corrected and a high reticulocyte count was observed (p<0.05). This indicates that the erythroid regenerative response was efficient in young and adult dogs, although vital signs, leukocyte count and triglyceride concentration suggest a more intense APR in young dogs. A decrease in ApoA I in both groups 14 days after treatment (p<0.01) confirmed that this lipoprotein acts as a positive acute-phase protein in acute B. canis infection in dogs, but further studies are needed to connect its role in erythroid lineage regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquiring knowledge about the environment is crucial for survival. Animals, often driven by their exploratory tendencies, gather valuable information regarding food resources, shelter, mating partners, etc. However, neophobia, or avoiding novel environmental stimuli, can constrain their exploratory behaviour. While neophobia can reduce potential predation risks, decreased exploratory behaviour resulting from it may limit the ability to discover highly rewarding resources. Dogs (Canis familiaris) living in semi-urban and urban environments as free-ranging populations, although subject to various selection forces, typically have negligible predation pressure. These dogs are scavengers in human-dominated environments; thus, selection against object-neophobia can provide benefits when searching for novel food resources. Although captive pack-living dogs are known to be less neophobic than their closest living ancestors, wolves (Canis lupus), little is known about free-ranging dogs' behavioural responses to novel objects, particularly in foraging contexts. Using an object choice experiment, we tested 259 free-ranging dogs from two age classes, adult and juvenile, to investigate their object-neophobia in a scavenging context. We employed a between-subject study design, providing dogs with a familiar and a potentially novel object, both baited with equal, hidden food items. Adult and juvenile dogs significantly inspected the novel object first compared to the familiar one, even when the hidden food item was partially visible. To validate these findings, we compared novel objects with different strengths of olfactory cues (baited vs. false-baited) and found that they were inspected comparably by adults and juveniles. No significant differences were found in the latencies to inspect the objects, suggesting that free-ranging dogs may still be cautious when exploring their environments. These results indicate that free-ranging dogs, evidently from an early ontogenetic phase, do not show object-neophobia, as demonstrated by their preference for novel over familiar food sources. We conclude that little to no constraint of neophobia on exploratory behaviour in semi-urban and urban-dwelling animals can guide foraging decision-making processes, providing adaptive benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human ocular toxocariasis (OT), caused by pet roundworm Toxocara canis (Nematoda Ascaridoidea), is a worldwide ocular parasitic infection that poses a severe threat to eyesight, especially in school-aged children. However, the infection process and pathological mechanism of Toxocara are difficult to study in the human body. This study was designed to explore long-term ocular manifestations in different rodents infected with Toxocara canis, uncovering the specific pathological mechanism and migration pathway of larvae after infection. The three types of experimental animals we selected were C57BL/6 mice, Mongolian gerbils and Brown Norway rats. Mice were randomly divided into five groups and infected orally with 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 and 10,000 T. canis eggs; gerbils were randomly divided into four groups and infected orally with 1000, 2000, 4000 and 10,000 T. canis eggs; rats were randomly divided into three groups and infected orally with 2000, 6000 and 10,000 T. canis eggs. Their ocular changes were closely observed and recorded for at least 2 months. We also enucleated the eyeballs of some animals to perform pathological sectioning and hematoxylin-eosin staining. After 3 dpi (days post-infection), hemorrhagic lesions, mechanical injury of the retina and larval migration could be observed in some infected animals. The ocular infection and mortality rates tended to be stable at 7 dpi. Larval tissue, structure disorder and inflammation could be observed in the pathological sections. In conclusion, the mice infected with 2000 T. canis eggs and gerbils infected with 1000, 2000 and 4000 T. canis eggs showing obvious ocular lesions and lower mortality rates could provide a basis for long-term observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Staphylococcus spp and Microsporum canis are zoonotic microorganisms which can cause infections and systemic diseases. The bone infection is usually caused by invasion of pathogen through the hematologic route. Mixed osteomyelitis caused by bacteria and fungi is rare, and to date, there have been no reports of mixed osteomyelitis with Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis. Case presentation: This essay reports an atypical presentation of mixed osteomyelitis (Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis) in a domestic cat. A 15-month-old female Persian cat was presented to a veterinary service; the main complaint was the appearance of a nodule in the mandibular ventral rostral region. A radiographic exam performed on the animal showed proliferative and osteolytic bone lesions. The patient was submitted to a biopsy for histopathological evaluation, along with bacterial and fungal cultures. Results showed mixed osteomyelitis by Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis. Microbial Sensitivity Test was performed to choose a more suitable treatment. Two surgical procedures were executed to resect and curette the lesion, and treatments with anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, and antifungal drugs were established, showing a positive clinical evolution. After 8 months of treatment, the patient's owner moved to a different city, and the animal was seen by other veterinarians, who followed along with the same treatment. However, due to complications and a diminishing quality of life over 4 years of diagnosis, the patient was euthanized. Conclusion: Given the above, mixed osteomyelitis is difficult to treat and can cause losses of life quality resulting death, especially in infections where M. canis is the agent causing the disease. Bacterial osteomyelitis is more frequently reported. But the lack of investigation of microorganisms other than bacteria, such as fungal cases, may imply in underdiagnosed cases. Treatment of osteomyelitis can be difficult considering the difficulties in isolating the pathological agent, resistance to the drug used, prolonged treatment time, and cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two episodes of bacteremia of cutaneous origin in a female patient were caused by two unrelated Streptococcus canis isolates within 1-year interval between the two infection episodes. The most likelihood transmission route in both episodes was a dog pet that habitually licked patient´s legs. Isolates were characterised by antimicrobial susceptibility test and whole genome sequencing. They belonged to sequence type (ST) 40 and 43, respectively. The ST40 isolate harboured antimicrobial resistance genes aadE, ermB and tetO, displaying resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracyclines, while ST43 isolate did not presented any known antimicrobial resistance determinant and was susceptible to all antibiotics tested. S. canis infections are rare in human; however, attention is needed for patients at risk with companion animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Babesia canis is a clinically relevant vector-borne pathogen in dogs, and its presence is expanding. The efficacy of Simparica Trio® (Zoetis) in the prevention of B. canis transmission was evaluated at the minimum recommended label dose of 1.2 mg/kg sarolaner, 24 µg/kg moxidectin and 5 mg/kg pyrantel per kg bodyweight. Methods: Twenty-four (24) dogs were randomly allocated to either a placebo-treated group or one of two treatment groups with Simparica Trio. Dogs were infested with B. canis-infected Dermacentor reticulatus ticks 21 or 28 days after treatment administration. Blood samples for antibody and DNA detection were collected from each dog prior to tick infestation until 28 days after infestation. A dog was defined as being B. canis positive if it tested positive by both an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and PCR at any time during the study. Results: No treatment-related adverse reactions were recorded during the study. All placebo-treated animals displayed clinical signs due to babesiosis and tested positive on both IFA and PCR. None of the Simparica Trio-treated animals displayed any clinical symptoms or tested positive, resulting in a 100% efficacy in the prevention of canine babesiosis (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: A single treatment with Simparica Trio at the minimum recommended label dose of 1.2 mg/kg sarolaner, 24 µg/kg moxidectin and 5 mg/kg pyrantel per kg bodyweight prevents the transmission of B. canis by infected D. reticulatus to dogs for at least 28 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Golden jackal (Canis aureus) is one of the most common canid in Iran and can be found in habitats from Southeast Asia to Europe. Its rapid range expansion into Europe is indicated by the single haplotype (H1) of the mtDNA control region. H1 is the pioneer haplotype that expanded its range to Europe. Haplotypes from Turkey to Europe (western dispersal) and India (eastern dispersal) were identified before, while Iranian haplotypes are not known. Here, we completed its haplotype distribution from India to Europe by collecting samples from Iran. Results show that H1 is the most frequent Iranian haplotype compared to the five other haplotypes, and its most eastern distribution is in northeastern Iran. The phylogenetic tree and median-joining network indicate that all haplotypes are monophyletic, but Indian and Eurasian haplotypes are almost exclusive. We considered Oriental (Indian haplotypes + H13 from southeastern Iran) and Palearctic (others) haplogroups to explain haplotype distribution based on a median-joining network. The Oriental haplogroup is probably adapted to India towards southeastern Iran, while the Palearctic haplogroup is responsible for the current range expansion from Iran to Europe. The distribution and frequency of haplotypes indicate the rapid large-scale expansion, and unique haplotypes for specific geographic regions might be related to local adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eurasian golden jackal (Canis aureus) has been rapidly expanding its distribution range in Europe. Whether jackals will be able to adapt to new environmental conditions in northern Europe remains largely unresolved. Herein we provide additional evidence for the species' ability to colonize northern environments by presenting the new records of golden jackal occurrence in Finland. During 2018–2022, golden jackals were recorded at six localities of which one located in southern, four in central and one in northern Finland. We drafted potential main routes of dispersal movements by jackals in northern Europe, and discuss ecology and management of this newly colonizing species in Finland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In observational studies of infrared dark clouds, the number of detections of CO freeze-out on to dust grains (CO depletion) at the pc scale is extremely limited, and the conditions for its occurrence are, therefore, still unknown. We report a new object where pc-scale CO depletion is expected. As part of the Kagoshima Galactic Object survey with Nobeyama 45 m telescope by Mapping in Ammonia lines (KAGONMA), we have made mapping observations of NH3 inversion transition lines towards the star-forming region associated with Canis Major OB1, including IRAS 07077−1026, IRAS 07081−1028, and PGCC G224.28−0.82. By comparing the spatial distributions of NH3 (1,1) and C18O (J = 1–0), an intensity anti-correlation was found in IRAS 07077−1026 and IRAS 07081−1028 on the ∼1 pc scale. Furthermore, we obtained a lower abundance of C18O at least in IRAS 07077−1026 than in the other parts of the star-forming region. After examining high-density gas dissipation, photodissociation, and CO depletion, we concluded that the intensity anti-correlation in IRAS 07077−1026 is due to CO depletion. On the other hand, in the vicinity of the center of PGCC G224.28−0.82, the emission line intensities of both NH3 (1,1) and C18O (J = 1–0) were strongly detected, although the gas temperature and density were similar to IRAS 07077−1026. This indicates that there are situations where C18O (J = 1–0) cannot trace dense gas on the pc scale and implies that the conditional differences in which C18O (J = 1–0) can and cannot trace dense gas are unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Toxocara canis is a common parasite that resides in the intestinal tract of dogs. It can be transmitted through soil, water, or vegetables that are contaminated with infected eggs. However, another transmission is through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat from infected paratenic hosts. The paratenic host for T. canis includes various food-producing animals such as mammals and birds. Unfortunately, the infection has been largely overlooked by the general public. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to shed light on the parasitism, migration, and infection of T. canis in food-producing animals. We aim to raise public awareness about toxocariasis. Toxocariasis is a significant food-borne zoonotic parasitic disease, and a range of birds and mammals are the paratenic hosts of Toxocara canis. The consumption of raw or undercooked meat and viscera of these paratenic hosts frequently leads to T. canis infection and the development of human toxocariasis. In this review, we will perform an analysis of relevant papers published in the National Center for Biotechnology Infrastructure database on the parasitism, migration, and infection of T. canis in chickens, pigeons, quail, pigs, cattle, sheep, and other food-producing animals, so as to make the public aware of the risk factors of human toxocariasis, improve the public's understanding of T. canis infection, and provide evidence for targeted prevention and control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cross-sectional study was conducted to gain insight into the epidemiology of canine ehrlichiosis and rickettsiosis in northern Portugal. Specific IgG antibodies to Ehrlichia canis were analysed using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and antibodies to Rickettsia conorii were analysed using a commercial indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). A total of 113 dogs from two different shelters were sampled, and seroprevalence values of 0.9% (95% confidence (CI): 0.2–4.8%) for E. canis and 9.7 (95% CI: 5.5–16.6%) for R. conorii were found. Multiple logistic regression investigated risk factors for seropositivity. The odds ratios (ORs) of R. conorii seropositivity were higher for female dogs (OR = 6.429; 95% CI: 1.201–34.407). Dogs seropositive for co-infection (E. canis + R. conorii) were more frequently observed among females (OR = 7.606; CI 95%: 1.478–39.132) and in Shelter 2 (OR = 18.229; 95% CI: 2.190–151.756). These findings show that shelter dogs in northern Portugal are exposed to E. canis and R. conorii, which can affect both canines and humans. It is imperative to adopt a One Health approach to educate the public about the hazards of canine zoonoses and develop legislation and procedures to control their spread and preserve public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For decades, the defined antibody reactive proteins of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. canis were limited to a small group with linear antibody epitopes. Recently, our laboratory has utilized an immunomics-based approach to rapidly screen and identify undefined Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. canis antigenic proteins and antibody epitopes. In this study, we analyzed the remaining portion (~50%) of the E. chaffeensis and E. canis proteomes (n = 444 and n = 405 proteins, respectively), that were not examined in previous studies, to define the complete immunomes of these important pathogens. Almost half of the E. chaffeensis proteins screened (196/444) reacted with antibodies in convalescent HME patient sera, while only 43 E. canis proteins reacted with CME dog sera. New major immunoreactive proteins were identified in E. chaffeensis (n = 7) and E. canis (n = 1), increasing the total number of E. chaffeensis (n = 14) and E. canis proteins (n = 18) that exhibited antibody reactivity comparable to well-defined major antigenic proteins (TRP120 and TRP19). All of the E. chaffeensis but only some E. canis major immunoreactive proteins contained major conformation- dependent antibody epitopes. The E. chaffeensis immunoreactive proteins were generally small (< 250 amino acids; ~27kDa) and the E. canis proteins were slightly larger (> 320 amino acids; ~35 kDa). The majority of these new Ehrlichia major immunoreactive proteins were predicted to be type I secreted effectors, some of which contained transmembrane domains. Characterization of the immunomes of E. chaffeensis and E. canis and understanding the host specific Ehrlichia immune responses will facilitate identification of protective antigens and define the biophysical epitope characteristics vital to effective vaccine development for the ehrlichioses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ixodid ticks, particularly Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., are important vectors of various disease-causing agents in dogs and humans in Cuba. However, our understading of interactions among tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in infected dogs or the vector R. sanguineus s.l. remains limited. This study integrates microfluidic-based high-throughput real-time PCR data, Yule's Q statistic, and network analysis to elucidate pathogen-pathogen interactions in dogs and ticks in tropical western Cuba. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 46 client-owned dogs was conducted. Blood samples were collected from these dogs, and ticks infesting the same dogs were morphologically and molecularly identified. Nucleic acids were extracted from both canine blood and tick samples. Microfluidic-based high-throughput real-time PCR was employed to detect 25 bacterial species, 10 parasite species, 6 bacterial genera, and 4 parasite taxa, as well as to confirm the identity of the collected ticks. Validation was performed through end-point PCR assays and DNA sequencing analysis. Yule's Q statistic and network analysis were used to analyse the associations between different TBP species based on binary presence-absence data. Results: The study revealed a high prevalence of TBPs in both dogs and R. sanguineus s.l., the only tick species found on the dogs. Hepatozoon canis and Ehrlichia canis were among the most common pathogens detected. Co-infections were observed, notably between E. canis and H. canis. Significant correlations were found between the presence of Anaplasma platys and H. canis in both dogs and ticks. A complex co-occurrence network among haemoparasite species was identified, highlighting potential facilitative and inhibitory roles. Notably, H. canis was found as a highly interconnected node, exhibiting significant positive associations with various taxa, including A. platys, and E. canis, suggesting facilitative interactions among these pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis showed genetic diversity in the detected TBPs. Conclusions: Overall, this research enhances our understanding of TBPs in Cuba, providing insights into their prevalence, associations, and genetic diversity, with implications for disease surveillance and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella canis. Dogs can be infected by other Brucella species such as B. abortus, by ingestion of tissues or contaminated material from other animal hosts. The objective of the study was to identify the presence of B. abortus and B. canis, and to analyze the risk factors associated with Brucella spp. in canines from municipalities in northern Antioquia during 2019. 214 serum samples obtained from a neutering program sponsored by the Government of Antioquia were used. Immunochromatography and Rose Bengal tests were performed to detect the presence of antibodies against Brucella canis and B. abortus, respectively. 89 samples were randomly selected for detection of Brucella spp. DNA by PCR. A seroprevalence of 0% was obtained for B. canis, and 7% (15/214) for B. abortus. The positivity by PCR to Brucella spp. was 2.25% (2/89). Contact with bovine cattle, spend most of the time outside the house and have dirt floor inside the house were associated as risk factors. This study reports for Colombia the presence of B. abortus in dogs inside dairy production areas and suggests that dogs may participate as accidental or bridge hosts of B. abortus in epidemiologically active areas for Brucelosis, facilitating its dissemination and making eradication difficult in the national territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs (Canis familiaris) were the first domesticated species and today, they still have a central role in our societies. Integrated in the post-humanistic approach, we aimed to understand the evolution of the different social roles assumed by dogs, specifically, aid therapy dogs (ATD) that warn human diabetics of the changes that occur in their blood glycemia. Our main objective was to see if at some point in these shared paths, ATD would start being seen in a different way by their tutors and families. Specifically, we looked for: i) Exploring according to the perceptions of the tutors and family members (FM) how an ATD can improve the wellbeing and quality of life of diabetics (both dogs, and humans with diabetes were part of a medical association named Associação Pata d'Açúcar -- Medical Dogs for Diabeties (from now onwards Pata d'Açúcar) on which dogs are trained to be ATD to latter be attributed to patients with diabetics and ii) To understand how ATD may occupy different roles throughout the time: from ATD to companion animals (CA) or even family members (FM). Our methodological approach was a qualitative one, centred in observation and semi-structures interviews applied to patients from Pata d'Açúcar. All Humans that accepted to be part for this study were interviewed and observed in different phases of shared coexistence with ATD's: those who lived with an ATD for more than 5 years, more than 2 years and finally, just for a few months. Our sample was probabilistic and stratified. The main conclusion of our study is that for most of the interviewees, ATD's started to being CA and simultaneously FM. Furthermore, ATD's did also work as true ice-breakers in the case of children with difficulties in socializing with peers, facilitating the interactions between individuals of the same or similar age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to describe the morphological characteristics of the jackal skull. The jackal (Canis aureus) belongs to the Order Carnivora, Family Canidae, and is widespread in northern Africa and southern Europe. In Romania, the number of specimens of this species has dramatically increased in recent years because the jackal has no natural predators, and wolf specimens are rare. The skull features are valuable elements of species identification. Data on skull morphology in jackals in the specialized literature are few and lacking in detail. A skull from an adult specimen from the Anatomy discipline collection was used for the study. The following conclusions emerged: the external sagittal crest is very high; the paracondylar processes are attached to the tympanic bulla; the foramen lacerum is absent; the presence of 2-3 lesser palatine foramina, placed caudal to the greater palatine foramen; the supraorbital foramen is absent; on the medial face of the angular process there is a reduced fossa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known of helminth parasites of tropical Remote Oceania, in either archaeological or modern contexts. This study presents a parasitological analysis of soil samples from Lapita and Polynesian contexts in Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, the Marquesas Islands, and the Gambier Islands. Microscopic eggs of the dog (Canis familiaris) nematode Toxocara canis , which could have adversely affected local people and their dogs, were found at all sites. We comment on the variability in size and appearance of T. canis eggs found in archaeological contexts and compare these differences to modern reference eggs. The study represents the first confirmed record of pre-European helminth parasites in tropical Remote Oceania, and the first confirmed physical evidence of dog in Vanuatu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to update, systematize, and discuss the chronological, geographical, and morphological information as well as the functions that dogs (Canis familiaris) had among the preHispanic societies of northwestern Argentina. For this purpose, previous records were re-examined, and new, unpublished findings (MNI= 14) are presented. The results show that the species was exclusively associated with sedentary agro-pastoral societies. The earliest discovery dates back approximately 400-1000 years A.D., and the highest abundance and geographic dispersion were recorded during the Regional Developments and Inca Periods. Dogs in the Northwestern region of Argentina were not of the hairless variety; they were of medium to small size and predominantly exhibited the brachycephalic morphotype. The dogs were found as companions in human burials, were sporadically consumed and/or used as fur resources. In addition, they were not relevant as hunting aids. Their role as herders is not well-defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsporum canis is a type of dermatophyte that causes zoonotic dermatophytosis in cats and dogs. We report three cases of tinea corporis due to M. canis from a single household with a domestic cat as a pet. The cases included a woman in her thirties (mother), a girl in her teens (older sister), and a girl in her teens (younger sister). Following sudden hair loss in the domestic cat, annular erythema with pruritus and scales appeared on the face, neck, and limbs of the older sister, younger sister, and mother, sequentially; they subsequently visited our hospital. Potassium hydroxide direct microscopy revealed filamentous fungi on all three women. In addition, short-haired colonies with a white to yellowish-white color and extending in a radial manner were found in cultures using a flat plate agar medium. A slide culture with the same medium indicated pointed spindle-shaped macroconidia with 7-8 septa. Therefore, the cases were diagnosed as tinea corporis due to M. canis. Genetic analysis of the cells of the cat and the mother, older sister, and younger sister using multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) indicated that all cases were classified into the same genotype, suggesting that the transmission route of these cases was familial. Here, we show that MLMT is useful in identifying the infection route in cases of tinea corporis due to M. canis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]