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The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging concept in the field of information technology. IoT can integrate any real-time entity with another, using sensing, computing and communication capabilities to offer enhanced services in everyday life. In this article, IoT-based patient health monitoring is considered for use in IoT sensors deployed in devices. These devices are attached to the body of the patient for timely tracking of his or her health condition. During data transfers from devices connected to the patient’s body to the doctor, the data may be susceptible to security threats. IoT devices are subjected to many routing attacks, like blackhole, greyhole, Sybil, sinkhole and wormhole attacks. Sybil attacks are the most dangerous routing attacks. This type of attack involves stealing the identities of legitimate nodes; this, in turn, leads to information loss, misinterpretation in the network and an increase in routing disturbances. Hence, in this paper, we propose the use of the traditional Caesar Cipher Algorithm (CCA) along with the lightweight encryption algorithm (LEA) and the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) to detect and prevent Sybil attacks in an IoT environment. The proposed algorithm detects the false node in a particular path by announcing the attack to another node. It also prevents the attack by choosing an alternative path by which to forward data packets to the desired users. To ensure authentication, privacy and data integrity, the lightweight encryption algorithm with a 64-bit key is used with AODV as the routing protocol.

The importance of maintaining data integrity and security is one of the challenges in the current digital era. One method that can be used to face this challenge is through cryptography. In cryptography there are several algorithms that can be used, one of which is the Caesar cipher algorithm. This algorithm has several disadvantages, including a limited number of characters of 26 characters. This can make the encryption results easily recognizable by other parties. This study aims to design a proposal for maintaining data security through cryptographic techniques, while addressing the problems inherent in the Caesar cipher algorithm. The combination of Caesar and Beaufort algorithm is done to overcome the existing problems. In addition, a character list of 94 characters was determined to be used in the process of encryption and decryption of text data. The result, through the integration of these two algorithms, the text cipher becomes more difficult to solve. There are two stages of the encryption process by using two different types of Keys for each stage in securing data

Cryptography plays an important role in secured data communication over the network using unknown, untrusted mediums. In the fast digital transformation, traffic on network increasing rapidly where users are always connected, being online, anytime anywhere. As part of data, extortions like altering, spoofing and snooping of are quite common over the network by unauthorized access. Cryptography is well known mechanism where asymmetric or symmetric algorithms using public or private keys provide secure data communication. There are many more cryptography algorithms existing but with emerging technologies and diverse application domains seeking consistent enhancement and better performance with resource restriction. In this paper, we present a novel symmetric cryptography technique based on Caesar cipher symmetric cryptography technique to transform the original text/message into secret text/message. In this technique, the sender transmits hash code instead of symmetric key and Hash code provides the symmetric key to the receiver to decrypt the message of a sender. Proposed method works for all 256 characters having ASCII value from 0 to 255.

In data security, a technique is needed to secure data from experiments and attacks by cryptanalysts. The technique of securing data is also known as cryptography. In this research, it has been done to improve data security by combining the Hill Cipher Algorithm with the Caesar Cipher Algorithm. This process can be seen from the tests that have been carried out in this study. The result is in a different and sufficiently improved processing time both in terms of decryption and encryption. By combining the two cryptographic algorithms, it is known that message security is much better. It occurs because the encryption and decryption process of the message is carried out using 2 different keys. Based on the tests, it shows that the time of the encryption process with the decryption process on the $5\times 5$ matrix key is very different from using the $3\times 3$ matrix key, the difference is slightly different in time. It shows that the use of a larger matrix key affects the decryption process is very long and also influenced by other cryptographic algorithm processes. In this study, another cryptographic algorithm is the Caesar Cipher Algorithm.

The concept that an important information cannot be known by parties who don’t have rights can be done by making the confidentiality of data using cryptography. Safety in vigenere ciphers depends on the number of keys used, the more the number of keys, the wider the key space. While caesar cipher or often also called caesar code is a classic coding system based on simple substitution. This study uses a combination of Vigenere Cipher and Caesar Cipher algorithms so that the security of the contents of the message is protected stronger and safer so that if the message sent is tapped by someone who is not responsible then the hijacker has difficulty knowing contents of the message. So that the confidentiality and authenticity of message is up to the recipient In this study successfully implemented both methods and has an output in the form of a reading symbol, not letters.

Security of data is a top-notch issue in this digital technological world. To ensure security of data, steganography provides an excellent solution. In this paper, we propose a method of steganography in which we take advantage of some features of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to hide the data. This proposed technique is an extension of a previous work, and here, we provide a solution that solves the problem of sending a keyword prior to the encrypted DNA sequences and provides greater security. Communicating keyword prior to the message is quite risky and may reveal the secrecy, that is why we embedded the secret keyword into the DNA sequences. As a result, attacker will not know the secret keyword and how it is embedded in the sequence, so it will give an extra security to the message. Our proposed method works in two main stages. In first stage, we hide the message into the DNA by 10 × 10 playfair cipher and modified Caesar cipher. Then, in the second stage, we change the sequence by using generic complimentary base substitution technique and randomly embed the message and cover DNA. After that we randomly embed the key into the resultant DNA. So the extraction process can be done full blindly as the receiver does not need to know anything prior to the message. As a result, it gives us more security than the other hiding methods.

In this study, Cryptography systems are emphasized in order for the messages to be encrypted, transmitted and decoded according to the specific system. Caesar Cryptography is one of the easy to solve ciphers in Cryptography. For the frequency analysis of an encryption method, the basic operating principle of the encryption method is based on the frequency of use of letters in the alphabet to which the plain text to be encrypted belongs. In addition, the study aims to reveal the weaknesses and strengths of the software by examining the reliability of the letters against frequency analysis for the tests and the results are evaluated on the graphs and tables.

Data confidentiality is one of the primary concerns for all organizations as well as individuals all around the world. With the advent of technology and easier access of attacking tools and algorithms on the internet, the last decade saw an exponential rise in the number of attackers, working independently as well as in structured organizations. These attackers aim to steal information, primarily for monetary gains, which affects millions of people and organizations, causing great financial losses on a regular basis. Data confidentiality gets vital importance for all, as information on shared networks are susceptible to such attacks. Protecting confidential information from unauthorized access through encryption and ciphering is one such measure which helps maintain confidentiality. Since no encryption technique is fully secure and often breaks on brute force attacks, applying multiple encryptions increases the security by an enormous factor. This research paper explores the application of one such multiple encryption technique for securing data by applying simple symmetric key cipher algorithms. In this paper, we propose the implementation of a custom text encrypter using simple algorithms such as Caesar Cipher, Hill Cipher and Base Change Cipher to convert textual data into a secure cipher according to the user’s selection of layers, keys and ciphering techniques. This naive approach thus explores the methods which can be utilized for strengthening ciphers and ensures data confidentiality by providing an easy to implement user-friendly interface.

Wireless communication evolves the modern generation where communication has been possible to limit the distance without any physical connection between two parties. Basically, communication can be of two types namely wired and wireless where the second is preferred mostly than first. But we need a secure wireless communication in case of industries, companies, e-commerce and communication technologies, etc. In this research, we can transmit encrypted data wirelessly through the channel to provide data security using different encryption techniques. To do this we propose a model which comprises two parts namely transmitter and receiver. In the transmitter portion, the plaintext is encrypted and then after modulation, it is sent through the channel. The receiver at first receives the channel output and then demodulates and finally decrypts the encrypted data to get the original plaintext which is sent from the sender to the receiver. Here, we have considered two encryption techniques, i.e., Caesar and RSA, and compared them with no encryption in our proposed model. We implement our model using the MATLAB programming language. The overall investigation shows that the RSA algorithm deserves better performance than Caesar and no encryption techniques because RSA shows lower bit errors with signal-to-noise ratio compared to no encryption and Caesar cipher.

The modern era comes with a very crucial job of encrypting the important information before sharing it in order to avoid its misuse. Steganography is the most efficient way of encrypting the data and hiding it in a carrier audio or image file, with minimal increase in the size of the file, and sharing the data securely between two parties. The objective of this paper is to implement audio and image steganography, i.e., concealing of data within an audio file or an image file. The aim is to develop an application for encoding and decoding. Various cryptography techniques like Caesar cipher have been used to achieve steganography. MATLAB tool has been used to achieve the same.

Communicating and sharing the ideas and feelings between human beings form the basis of social network. With the advent of different social network tools and applications, the task of networking between people has reached to next level, crossing bridges and boundaries. However, is there a connection or linkage between the frequent and sometime just random exchange of text messages between people using social network-based tools and applications and also are these messages secure? Or are they vulnerable to threat and attacks? Literature survey shows that very little work has been done in this direction. With this intention, in the current research work, a real-time case study has been taken identifying the creation of the social network between a group of persons who frequently chat using the WhatsApp Messenger application based on their common hobbies, choices, and areas of interest and applying cryptographic techniques to ensure the security of data (chats). The proposed study uses the Caesar Cipher Cryptographic Technique and newly proposed Block Quadra Crypto Technique for encrypting the chats and showcases a comparison between the two techniques. The results are encouraging and exceed the expectation.

The development of applications that can crack passwords or data that has been secured by cryptographic algorithms has made researchers try various ways to further secure the data they have. Even though the method used is quite modern, the algorithm for breaking ciphertext in cryptography can still be created. For this reason, in this study the authors develop cryptographic security by combining it with data compression. In this study, the algorithm used is the classic cryptographic algorithm, namely Caesar Cipher, combined with the Stout Codes compression algorithm. The results of the Caesar Cipher ciphertext are then compressed by applying the Stout Codes algorithm. From the test results using the Brute Force Atack model, the results are quite good, that the security of the encrypted data is quite good and not easily broken., Berkembangnya aplikasi yang dapat memecahkan sandi atau data yang telah diamankan dengan algoritma kriptografi, membuat peneliti mencoba beragam cara untuk lebih mengamankan data yang dimiliki. Walaupun metode yang digunakan sudah cukup modern, namun algoritma pemecah chiperteks pada kriptografi tetap saja bisa di ciptakan. Untuk itu pada penelitian ini penulis melakukan pengambangan keamanan kriptografi dengan mengkombinasikan dengan kompresi data. Dalam penelitian ini algoritma yang digunakan algoritma kriptografi klasik yaitu Caesar Cipher yang dikombinasikan dengan algoritma kompresi Stout Codes. Hasil chiperteks Caesar Cipher kemudian dilakukan kompresi dengan menerapkan algoritma Stout Codes. Dari hasil pengujian dengan menggunakan model Brute Force Atack mendapati hasil yang cukup baik, bahwa keamanan terhadap data yang di enkripsi cukup baik dan tidak mudah di pecahkan.

Everyone is aware that existing approaches to IoT networks have nothing to do with certain security issues that may expose sensitive data to unauthorised user. Today, low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) speak as one of the most fascinating examination regions. They incorporate wireless personal area networks (WPANs), low-power line communication (PLC) systems and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Such systems are frequently improved to spare vitality, bolster track designs not the same as the standard unicast correspondence, run steering conventions over connection layers with limited edge sizes and numerous others. The IoT is a quickly developing innovation. In IoT, the gadgets (device) are associated through the Internet and controlled from any remote territories. Before the approach of IoT, the association between the clients was distinctly through the Web. By 2020, there will be 75.4 billion gadgets interconnected through the Web. In IoT, we have routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL). RPL is a lightweight convention that has decent directing usefulness and mindful setting, and it underpins dynamic topology, having fundamental security usefulness. This paper explores the power-efficient and secure ipv6 routing protocol RPL and proposed the Caesar Cipher hash algorithm for the trust privacy and security of the information of IoT node with power full tool CONTIKI COOJA SIMULATOR security solution (CCSS).

Affine Cipher is the development of Classic Caesar cipher that multiplies plain text before shifting operation. Affine cipher has two parameters namely key a, and b. Key ‘a’ is multiplies the plain text. It must have an inverse with Great Common Divisor (GCD) from the number of characters. The Problems of Affine Cipher Algorithm is the number of characters available and the least possible of key ‘a’ that can be used, so it is considered to be a classic technique that is easy to hack. Generally, Affine Cipher is used to encrypt the plaintext of character ‘A to Z’ so that the number of keys ‘a’ is only 12 digits from 26 digits (n) is available. Development of affine had increased the key ‘a’ into 128 of 256 digits (n) with 8 bit of ASCII. Digraph Transform is the modification of text encryption. It able to square the value of n. Usually, Text is encrypted by one character. In Digraph Transform, text is encrypted by two characters. For two characters, multiplying integer of the first character by number of characters, then add integer of the second character.

In any kind of organization in the present scenario, raw data or meaningful data needs to be shared among different personnel; therefore, the chances of frauds or treachery are more that creates vulnerability in the working environment. Therefore, the protection of organizations’ confidential and sensitive data among different levels of employees against these kinds of theft or illegal activity that violates the company security policy is prerequisite. ABE pronounced as attribute-based encryption was introduced. ABE is a parameter that plays a vital role in providing access control in a fine-grained manner for outsourcing data in a data sharing system. Moreover, CP-ABE was introduced that defines an access policy in order to cover all the attributes within the system. In this scheme, for encryption and decryption purposes, the user’s private key is accompanied to the group of attributes. but due to its lack of efficiency and several other paradigms, it was proved ineffective. Hence, in order to overcome the existing issues, we have implemented a new cryptographic algorithm which is competent enough to encrypt and decrypt any type of file that contains any kind of data written in the range of ASCII values. We named this algorithm as randomized Caesar cipher algorithm.

Pada era modern ini, teknologi informasi berkembang dan menjadi salah satu media yang bertujuan membentuk sistem dengan cara pengelolahan, pengumpulan, penyimpanan, sampai pengiriman. Keamanan informasi harus diperhatikan, dikarenakan terdapat kejahatan dimana oleh banyak pihak yang ingin mengakses informasi dan menyalagunakan informasi yang bukan pemiliknya. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan teknologi informasi dan pengamanan informasi untuk memiliki informasi bersifat pribadi. Penggabungan teknik kriptografi dan steganografi dapat digunakan untuk pengamanan informasi. Teknik kriptografi menggabungkan empat metode yaitu Caesar cipher, vigenere, hill cipher, dan playfair. Pada teknik steganografi LSB (least Significant Bit) untuk menyisipkan informasi berupa teks didalam gambar. Metode pengujian dilakukan dengan menggunakan beberapa cara yaitu kapasitas penyisipan, histogram, pemotongan gambar dan pengubahan ekstensi. Hasilnya menunjukan bahwa penyisipan data yang terdapat pada gambar mengalami penambahan ukuran file yaitu menggunakan 17 karekter menghasilkan nilai 192 KB dan 13 karakter menadapatkan nilai 170 KB. Selain itu, hasil pada pengujian histogram juga mengalami perbedaan yaitu pada nilai mean pada file gambar enkripsi mengalami peningkatan 220.87. Pada pengukian selanjutnya adalah standard deviation yang mengalami penurunan pada file gambar enkripsi yaitu dengan nilai 72.35 dari nilai 72.45.

Steganography is a way thtt conceals or embeds important data in form of text file into an image which possible to reduce and erase the existence of the data. A modern steganography can help millions of people to protect their data from potential threats or other individuals using computer programs and algorithm. This paper proposed an implementation of steganography Rijndael and Caesar schemes . This application will let the user embed the important data/information to an image and encrypt it.

Traditional symmetric-key cryptography has rarely used patterns for encryption process. In the era of information technology where data traffic is increasing at unprecedented rate, the amount of data being produced is growing immeasurably. There is a considerable risk that the data will be exploited for unethical purposes. There are various cryptographic techniques to ensure safety of data but the scope of search for new techniques is limitless and pattern based cryptography is one of the least explored area of research in the field of network security. When geometric shapes are considered, various properties uniquely pertaining to that shape can be used as parameters for encryption. In the proposed work, geometrical figures in certain orientation are used to encrypt the message. Starting from a very nascent state the work is structured using Two-Dimensional shapes such as square, triangle, star and hexagon to prepare the cipher. Each of the shapes have their own intrinsic quality. Here, specifically distinct number of vertices has been identified as centerpoint for cipher construction. Two layered encryptions have been done to make the algorithm more secure. Caesar Cipher encrypts the pattern at the primary level and devised method in the pertaining work at the secondary level.

Advances in sensing, networking, and the ambient intelligence of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been taking place in many applications recently. Growing health-care systems need wireless-based sensor networks to provide data on the health status and living environment of patients during periods of illness. Mainly WSNs use the mechanism of clustering to reduce the energy consumption required with hierarchical structures to enhance network performance. The second prevalent challenge concerns the security of WSN cluster nodes because of the big attacks and security investigations come in WSN-health care applications as a challenging and motivating problem. This paper focuses on two essential platforms adopted within WSN applications. The hardware platform characterizes the WSN cluster nodes specifying automatically encrypted nodes during routing. The software platform is a simulation performed with two features: one identical to the hardware platform to enhance the results and compare between them, a second structure implementing three encryption algorithms as a reasonable technique to secure cluster nodes: Caesar cipher, RC4, and advanced encryption standard (AES). The first goal achieved by our plan is our private and secure medical protocol, which depends on identity-based cryptography, accomplished via the hardware platform. The second goal derived from the simulation is increasing the number of PEGASIS chains when the time needed to perform the task is limited particularly in cases of emergency to preview history and data of patients, but more chains get many frames of data aggregation, which causes overlap. Eventually, the system provides a rapid, efficient, flexible, secure, and authoritative infrastructure where our results showed that data retention in the node and by using the appropriate cryptographic algorithms in the group achieved privacy and security in the health care centers.

The term cryptography is derived from the Greek word Kryptos. Kryptos is used to describe anything that is hidden, veiled, secret, or mysterious. Cryptography is the study of mathematical techniques for the secure transmission of a private message over an insecure channel. Cryptography is the basic technique to secure our data from different kind of attackers like: interruption, modification, fabrication, etc. It has been around for 2000+ years. They were shaving the slave’s head, tattooed the message on it, and let the hair grow [1]. The first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. when an Egyptian scribe used nonstandard hieroglyphs in an inscription. Some experts argue that cryptography appeared spontaneously sometime after writing was invented, with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war-time battle plans. Caesar’s cipher: shifting each letter of the alphabet by a fixed amount. It is easy to break. Vigenere’s polyalphabetic cipher generalizes Caesar’s shift cipher. It uses keyword to select encrypting rows. Substitution cipher: permutations of 26 letters, using the dictionary. It is easy to break. Then in modern era, we have many cryptography algorithms as we will explain in the rest of this chapter. Modern cryptography algorithms are based over the fundamental process of factoring large integers into their primes, which is said to be intractable [2, 3]. In both symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems, encryption is the process of changing the original form of text to unreadable form and decryption process gets the original form of data from the meaningless text. For block cipher, use of plaintext and ciphertext of equal size avoids data expansion. In this chapter, confidentiality will be addressed. Encryption is the major tool to achieve confidentiality [4–6].

Image is an object that has been used by various people since long ago. Utilization of these images evolve in line with advances in technology. Image in this information technology era is not only in a physical form, there is also a form of so-called digital image. Many people use digital images for personal use, so prone to be manipulated by others. Cryptographic technique, such as Caesar Cipher and OTP is a security techniques that can be applied to the digital image to avoid manipulation or theft of data image. The result is, an image can be read only by the sender and the recipient's image alone. Combined the two algorithms have fast turnaround time, up to 0.017791 seconds for the image to the size of 512x341 and 0.032302 seconds for the image to the size of 768x512. In addition, the resulting image has a very low degree of similarity, with the highest PSNR value obtained is 6.8653 dB. It can be concluded that the combined algorithm and OTP Caesar Cipher algorithm is fast and difficult to solve.

One way to measure the success of the academic process and achievement of student competence, is giving exams, from the smallest level namely daily tests, semester exams, to the highest level, namely the national exam. In an effort to maintain the security of exam question data, there is a data security method known as cryptography. In this research, a security system was designed that serves to protect exam questions so that data cannot be read by student before its time by using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. The AES algorithm is a type of symmetric algorithm where the encryption and decryption processes have the same key for the encryption and decryption processes. In the system that will be designed, the Caesar Cipher algorithm is used to form an additional key (seed) that is kept secret from the public. The results of this study indicate that AES encryption method can give results maximum so that the AES method can applied to virtual data storage system to protect the transmitted data.

Cryptography is a significant study area at present since it can be vital to protect exceedingly sensitive and secret information from illegal fraud during network transmission. One of the basic cryptographic algorithms is the Vigenere cipher, which is a very easy encryption method to be used as an alternative to Caesar cipher for encrypting the text of the message. In this paper, we enhance the Vigenere algorithm and propose a new method by shifting the key in each message to prevent repeating the messages. Also, it converts the messages into binary form rather than an alphabet. Furthermore, it adds a few bits of random padding to each block of outputs to send a series of bits. The proposed algorithm is named “circular-left-shift key-based Vigener algorithm using most significant bit (MSB) binary (CLS-V-MSB)”. Finally, this technique slightly raises the size of the ciphertext, but substantially increases the cipher's protection, achieves the security objectives (authentication, confidentiality, integrity, freshness, and nonrepudiation), and avoids Kasiski and Friedman.

The hill cipher algorithm has the uniqueness of using matrix multiplication in the process where the key used is a matrix that has weaknesses in the process of encryption and decryption. In this paper will be modified to the encryption process with caesar cipher substitution. The principle of the hill cipher algorithm using the multiplication of the 2x2 key matrix of keys is enhanced through process modification lies in the combination of initial character determination using the substitution of 3 caesar ciphers. From the results of this modification can be seen that the more the number of characters processed the time required will be longer. The magnitude of the determinant also affects time and size during the poses. A 1 character increment occurs if the initial character of the encryption process is an odd number.

The caesar cipher modification will be combine with the transposition cipher, it would be three times encryption on this experiment that is caesar modification at first then the generated ciphertext will be encrypted with transposition, and last, the result from transposition will be encrypted again with the second caesar modification, similarly at the decryption but the process is reversed. In the modification of caesar cipher, what would be done is the shift of letters are not based on the alphabet but based on ASCII table, plaintext will get the addition of characters before encryption and then the new plaintext with the addition of characters will be divided into two, they are plaintext to be encrypted and plaintext are left constantly (no encryption), The third modification is the key that is used dynamically follows the ASCII plaintext value.

With the growth of Internet and advancement of technology, communication becomes faster and easier. Now-a-days, the data sent through open and unsecured network becomes vulnerable to unauthorized access. Hence many schemes are developed for encryption using Cellular Automata. We come up with a scheme of image encryption using traditional encryption system like Caesar Cipher and 1-D Hybrid Cellular Automata. The private or symmetric key used to encipher the image is again proposed to be encrypted by using RSA public key scheme. From the result of simulation and security analysis it is shown that the given scheme satisfies confusion and diffusion and is ideal for information concealing. With the use of public key encryption the proposed scheme becomes more robust

As the world has made significant progress in the science and technology, it has lead to many changes in the day to day life of an individual, both in his behavior and habits. Earlier men use letters, telegram and radio for communication. Today, these communications have been digitized by use of internet technology, mobile phones, online chatting et al. which has replaced the letters and telegrams. Due to daily advancement in technology many of traditional encryption techniques have become outdated as they suffers from many vulnerabilities. Therefore a new or upgraded version of encryption and ciphering technique is needed. Mercurial Cipher, is a new ciphering technique which is designed by analyzing the flaws, shortcomings and vulnerabilities of existing (XOR cipher etc) and Classical Ciphering techniques (Caesar Cipher, Vigenere Cipher, Rail Fence Cipher et a1). The main idea is to solve the problem of key management as most of the ciphering technique are based on the key and it is the most vulnerable part of any encrypted message and if attacker comes to know about the keys message could easily be retrieved. It totally defeats the aim of achieving security. So, in this Encryption technique, sender’s machine information has been incorporated, so that the original message makes sense to its intended receiver and knows from where the message has come from.

Various cryptographic algorithms have been evolved to improve data security. One of development in cryptographic techniques, the especially symmetric key type is Shift Cipher which is very simple method and only changes the position of the plaintext character. This research proposed a super encryption method created from the development of a shift method with double shift ciphers that can carry out two operations at once, namely shift operations that function to scramble positions and shift operations that can change values, such that encryption substitution occurs. By using this method, the results of encryption are far better than the shift cipher method, even better than several methods developed in research that in recent years. To test the quality of encryption several tests were carried out, namely the avalanche effect (AE), bit error rate (BER), time taken and character error rate (CER). The test results showed that the proposed method produces good performance.

Secure computation over real numbers has recently been proposed for outsourcing computations while maintaining high security. This scheme has had difficulty in practice because it causes an unreasonably large computational complexity in decryption. While previous research resolved this difficulty, problems remain because the encryption is based on a kind of Caesar cipher known to be weak in terms of security. This paper proposes an improvement on the previous research. The key idea is replacing the differential operator used in the encryption and decryption process with another one so that encryption can be altered to use additional secret real numbers. This addition realizes stronger security because hackers must find not only keys but also these secret real numbers.

Security of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is a well-known concern as these devices come in increasing use in homes and commercial environments. To better understand the extent to which companies take security of the IoT devices seriously and the methods they use to secure them, this paper presents findings from a security analysis of 96 top-selling WiFi IoT devices on Amazon. We found that we could carry out a significant portion of the analysis by first analyzing the code of Android companion apps responsible for controlling the devices. An interesting finding was that these devices used only 32 unique companion apps; we found instances of devices from same as well as different brands sharing the same app, significantly reducing our work. We analyzed the code of these companion apps to understand how they communicated with the devices and the security of that communication. We found security problems to be widespread: 50% of the apps corresponding to 38% of the devices did not use proper encryption techniques; some even used well-known weak ciphers such as Caesar cipher. We also purchased 5 devices and confirmed the vulnerabilities found with exploits. In some cases, we were able to bypass the pairing process and still control the device. Finally, we comment on technical and non-technical lessons learned from the study that have security implications.

In the field of cryptography, to make cryptosystem more secure an evaluation of modulus operations on integral values followed by ASCII value generation on plain text characters have been deeply explored in this research paper. On the basis of this an extended algorithm has been proposed. In this, the Encryption technique consists of an extended combination of Vigenere and Caesar cipher which is the main key feature of this algorithm and then decryption of text along with ASCII algorithm and substitution methodology has been done. The Algorithm is initiated on the basis of inspection of various research papers, furthermore, reviews have been made for proving this system more reliable. In the proposed algorithm modified Vigenere table and ASCII values are taken into consideration for decreasing the steps to reduce complexity and making a more secure way of cryptography.

There is a risk in the process of exchanging information, especially text information. To reduce that risk, one of cryptographic method can be applied. That is Vigenere Cipher algorithm. But the Vigenere Cipher algorithm have a weakness. The weakness is a repetitive encryption key. It causes the chipertext to be predictable with the Babbage-Kasiski method. By combining Caesar Cipher and Hill Cipher methods in the process of generating the encryption key, its expected to cover up the weakness of the Vigenere Cipher method. The combination has the capability to hide the character appearance’s frequencies.

Steganography technique is a technique to hide data or information into other media such as digital images, text, sound, or video. One of the simplest methods of Steganography in the concept of Steganography is the Least Significant Bit. The Least Significant Bit (LSB) method hides the message by inserting the message at the lower or rightmost bits in the cover work file as a medium to hide the message. Caesar Cipher is one method that replaces each letter in the plaintext with letters that are at odds with certain numbers in the alphabet. Columnar transposition Cipher is one method in which messages are written in rows of a specified length, then are read column by column in the order of reading based on a keyword. The message is inserted into the cover image with the target pixel determination to be inserted based on the results of the Caesar Cipher process of the Columnar Transposition Cipher index to the random value of the Multiply With Carry Generator algorithm. The system implementation uses the C# programming language. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of a combination of Caesar Cipher, Columnar Transposition Cipher, and Multiply With Carry Generator can maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and security of data.

The most important issue for every organization is nothing but security. This paper deals with the confidentiality of electronic data which is transmitted over the internet. To ensure security we are cryptography. “Cryptography” is the process of converting readable format of text to unreadable format of text. This is mainly used for secured communication. Many ciphers have been developed to provide security. Out of these techniques we considered five cipher techniques those are “Caesar Cipher, Mono alphabetic Cipher, Poly alphabetic Cipher, Row Transposition Technique, and Rail fence Techniques”. The main objective of this proposed system is to combine the functionality of these five techniques to overcome the disadvantages of these techniques and to form a new hybrid technique named as “Classical Hybrid Encryption Substitution and Transposition Techniques” which can provide a good security when compared to techniques. This method uses two stages of encryption. In the first stage Substitution techniques – Mono alphabetic, Caesar cipher, poly alphabetic cipher are used to generate partial cipher text. The key for Caesar cipher and poly alphabetic technique is generated randomly by using Multiplicative linear congruential generator (Random number generation technique). In the second stage of Encryption Technique Transposition methods – Row Transposition and Rail fence Techniques are used to generate final cipher text. This algorithm provides 91! Of key space and in addition of that this encryption technique is multistage with each stage uses different key. Through this technique we will achieve good security against Brute-Force Attack and Cryptanalysis.

This article presents a novel cryptosystem for secure transmission of color images through a coordinate cryptosystem as well as a geometric cryptosystem with time domain and frequency domain. In this technique, we have designed image encryption and decryption by a proposed random matrix shift cipher (RMSC) associated with a discrete fractional Fourier transform (DFrFT). Our proposed random matrix shift cipher is a coordinate and geometric cryptosystem for security of color image data which is completely different from existing cryptosystems for security of any data. The combination of a random matrix shift cipher and discrete fractional Fourier transform provide a robust cryptosystem for color image data in the time domain as well as the frequency domain without loss of any information. Existing techniques provide single-layer protection of color image data, but the cryptosystem presented here gives multiple layers of protection. Computer simulation on a standard example (Lena and Barbara color im...

Today, cryptography is a cornerstone in the resource constrained networks and devices. Many modern cryptosystems make it very difficult but not impossible for an attacker to determine the decoding key. Even though the key might be eventually determined by a skilled decoder, given enough time and effort, cryptosystems can still provides ample security to protect valuable information. Among various encryption techniques, Caesar cipher is one of the oldest technique to encrypt the valuable information. But it gets easily cracked due to its simplicity of operation. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed i.e. Coherent Caesar Cipher (CCC), which is found to be more consistent and reliable as compared to other existing caesar cipher algorithms. Performance of CCC and conventional techniques are tested using various NIST suggested randomness evaluation tests along with brute force attack analysis. The results were promising as the proposed technique produced more random results for various inputs and has the capability to withstand brute force attack for a longer duration.

Caesar cipher is a mono alphabetic cipher. It is also a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is “shifted” a certain number of places down the alphabet. However, Caesar cipher method did not last long because of its simplicity and lack of communication security. Therefore, we believe that strengthen the key mechanism should increase its complexity against the various cryptanalysis attacks. This paper proposes an enhanced Caesar cipher method through adopting two private keys that are tied to the character positions (i.e. odd and even) for encryption and/or decryption. The two private keys are mapped into one public key to be transferred to the recipient. At the end, the results show that the new cryptosystem is inevitable to cryptanalysis attack. And the cipher text is reduced in size and thus, memory space. The public key generation process is proven to be a one-way function utilizing binary matrices that are generated and shared between the two communicating parties. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Vigenere cipher is one of the earliest known polyalphabetic cipher which was considered secure for a very long time until 1917 when friedman and kasiski were able to break it by determining repeating segments of the ciphertext and using it to determine the length of the key. Once the length of the key is known, the ciphertext could be grouped in columns and treated as a separate caesar cipher which can be solved. Over the years, a lot of modification has been done to inprove the security of the vigenere cipher. This paper presents a review of the vigenere cipher and also discusses various existing modifications. General Terms Cryptography is the art and science of protecting information from unauthorized individuals. Encryption is a way of converting information (plaintext) into a form that is unreadable to unauthorized individuals (ciphertext).

This study discusses the implementation of the Least Significant Bit (LSB) method and the Vigenere Cipher algorithm to maintain the confidentiality of information or data from unauthorized parties by hiding messages on media audio. LSB is used to insert messages by replacing the lowest bit in a byte of the carrier media. Vigenere Cipher cryptographic algorithm to increase message security by encoding the alphabetic text using a Caesar cipher based on the letters in the password. Testing based on steganographic criteria, namely changes in file size, fidelity, and robustness. Based on tests carried out on several mp3 audio files that have been inserted with messages with variations of 50 to 1000 characters, the results obtained that the file size does not change after the message is inserted and can be extracted again. The number of characters in a message affects the parsing time of the message. In terms of fidelity, character insertion does not change the bit rate of audio stega. Meanwhile, in terms of robustness, stega audio is not resistant to manipulation. These results indicate that the LSB method and the Vigenere Cipher algorithm on audio media can insert messages and decipher messages that have been encrypted properly without damaging the audio components.

Personal data is often the target of people who are not responsible for being misused. Theft is done is to benefit from people who have the data. In addition to theft of work files, theft is also carried out on video files. Theft of this file aims to find out what the contents of the video. Someone has a private recorded video that cannot be known by others. Misuse of video files will be fatal for the owner of the video. Cryptographic techniques are needed in video security. Caesar Cipher's algorithm can help users secure the video file. The Base64 algorithm can be used to change the ASCII 256 format to Base64 so that it is easy to send or store in a storage medium. This algorithm will make the file structure simpler so that it can be displayed and saved. By applying the Base64 and Caesar Cipher algorithms to video files, the security and confidentiality of these files will be guaranteed

Security in the protection of sending messages is a matter that must be considered, because the more the development of the age, the more sophisticated the technology. So that security in sending messages and data communication should be of more concern. Therefore we need a method or algorithm that can protect the message to be sent to the recipient of the message. The algorithm that can be used in encrypting is Caesar Cipher, as a cryptographic coding technique for messages so that messages that look difficult to read and solve. As for the method of inserting messages on encrypted image media using the End of File (EOF) steganography method, which is the method used directly at the end of the file. In the work of securing techniques of messages on this system, using various sizes of images or images that will be inserted a coded secret message or encryption whose capacity is not much different from the photos or images to be used. The conclusion of this study is that the application of the Caesar Cipher Algorithm can be used as a message security technique even though the algorithm is so simple but the level of security is assisted by the End of File (EOF) method to insert the encryption results from the Caesar Cipher algorithm so that the security level it has is sufficient to protect message information to be safe from eavesdroppers or hackers of the message that is not responsible or as a protection of data held.