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The catalytic activity of platinum for CO oxidation depends on the interaction of electron donation and back‐donation at the platinum center. Here we demonstrate that the platinum bromine nanoparticles with electron‐rich properties on bromine bonded with sp‐C in graphdiyne (PtBr NPs/Br‐GDY), which is formed by bromine ligand and constitutes an electrocatalyst with a high CO‐resistant for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The catalyst showed peak mass activity for MOR as high as 10.4 A mgPt−1, which is 20.8 times higher than the 20 % Pt/C. The catalyst also showed robust long‐term stability with slight current density decay after 100 hours at 35 mA cm−2. Structural characterization, experimental, and theoretical studies show that the electron donation from bromine makes the surface of platinum catalysts highly electron‐rich, and can strengthen the adsorption of CO as well as enhance π back‐donation of Pt to weaken the C−O bond to facilitate CO electrooxidation and enhance catalytic performance during MOR. The results highlight the importance of electron‐rich structure among active sites in Pt‐halogen catalysts and provide detailed insights into the new mechanism of CO electrooxidation to overcome CO poisoning at the Pt center on an orbital level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Organ failure constitutes a significant global health crisis, with millions of individuals awaiting organ transplants at any given time. Deceased donors, particularly those from intoxication deaths/toxicological causes, remain underutilized as organ donors despite the potential salvageability of organs. Overcoming biases against poisoned donors is essential in addressing the organ supply-demand gap and potentially saving lives. Enhancing the donor pool by incorporating these marginal or compromised donors is an imperative in the modern medical/transplant practice. This systematic review aims to comprehensively study the following. First, it seeks to examine the global profile of poisoned/intoxicated patients from whom organs have been harvested and transplanted to date. Second, it aims to analyses and consolidate the scientific rationale for assessing the suitability of poisoned patients as organ donors, while delineating factors affecting organ salvageability across different types of poisonings. In addition, it aims to assess the outcomes of transplantations utilizing organs from toxicological deaths based on available literature. Finally, the review aims to provide valuable insights that can inform future decisions regarding organ procurement and transplantation practices specifically concerning poisoned or intoxicated donors. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, and Scopus using a meticulously designed search strategy. Studies that included patient data, focused on deceased poisoned donors, and provided access to full-text articles in English were included. Studies lacking patient data or involving non-human research were excluded. To assess the risk of bias and quality of the included studies, the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used. Results: The initial search yielded 349 studies, from which 68 duplicates were removed before screening. After independent screening by the authors using Rayyan software, 170 records were excluded, leaving 111 articles for eligibility assessment. Of these, 66 met the inclusion criteria. Discussion: In the realm of organ transplantation, successful outcomes stemming from organ donations by poisoned donors, particularly in cases of drug/opioid overdose, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, and methanol intoxication, have been extensively documented. Numerous studies have shown that there is no major difference in short-term, medium-term, and long-term recipient outcomes between poisoned and nonpoisoned donors. Despite this evidence, transplant surgeons exhibit some hesitation in considering marginalized or compromised donors, such as poisoned patients, for organ donation. However, the literature presents a plethora of instances showcasing successful organ donations arising from a diverse array of poisonings, ranging from nicotine to hemlock ingestion, and even encompassing lung transplantation following fume poisoning (multiple-18, methanol-12, CO-9, cyanide-5, organophosphate-3, ethylene glycol-3, brodifacoum-2, carbamate-2, ethanol-1, hydrogen sulphide-1, nicotine-1, fume-1, doxepin-1, paraquat-1, hemlock-1, cocaine-1, ecstasy-1, acetaminophen-1 amanita phalloides-1, and trimipramine-1). Conclusion: There is a critical need for collaboration between medical toxicologists and transplant surgeons to comprehend the unique potential of transplant toxicology studies in expanding the donor pool to meet organ demand. Evidence strongly indicates that outcomes of transplants from poisoned donors and nonpoisoned donors are comparable, with complications not attributable to the toxicity of the substance. While there's no single answer to all questions posed by transplant surgeons regarding poisoned patients, it is evident that harvesting organs from poisoned/intoxicated donors is no longer experimental but founded on robust scientific evidence and ample experience. Further efforts to consolidate this experience and establish precise inclusion and exclusion criteria for each type of poisoning are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compartment syndrome following carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and compression, can have a devastating impact on neuromuscular structures, depending on a time-based dosage. To investigate multidimensional physiotherapy's short-term and long-term outcomes in identical twin cases who developed compartment syndrome due to CO poisoning and prolonged compression. Case report. This study was conducted with two male cases, a 21-year-old identical twin. The loss of consciousness due to CO poisoning lasted for 15 hours. Case one had compartment syndrome that caused damage to the median and ulnar nerves in the right forearm, while Case two had compartment syndrome that caused damage to the radial nerve in the left forearm. No surgical intervention was performed (Fasciotomy etc). The disability, dexterity, hand health status, sensory-motor function, and edema were evaluated. Initial evaluations showed severe sensory and motor dysfunction, disability, and edema. Treatment included Complex decongestive physiotherapy, electrical stimulation, therapeutic ultrasound, orthotics, and exercises. On the 144th day (discharge day), both cases still exhibited weakness in functional strength and sensory loss compared to the uninjured side. At the ninth month, all parameters except strength were similar to the uninjured side in both cases. By the 53rd month, strength also reached normal values. Multidimensional physiotherapy effectively manages edema, improves sensory-motor function, and enhances hand function in the short and long term. • All potential complications should be assessed, and treatment should address each one. • CDP can be used for edema regulation in compartment syndrome unless contraindicated. • Partially denervated muscle's electrical stimulation preserves contractile ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a major health problem associated with a high rate of severe morbidity and mortality. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the validity of the serum glucose/potassium (Glu/K) ratio as a quick predictor of both early and delayed unfavorable outcomes following acute CO poisoning. Patients and methods: This prospective cohort study included 136 patients with acute CO poisoning admitted at Tanta Poison Control Center, Egypt, between January 2023 and June 2024. The serum Glu/K ratio was calculated for all patients. The primary outcome was a prediction of mortality. Secondary outcomes were the prediction of delayed neurological sequelae (DNS) within six months after CO exposure, the need for mechanical ventilation, and the need for hyperbaric oxygen. A receiver operating curve analysis was applied to test the performance of the Glu/K ratio in predicting acute CO poisoning outcomes. Results: The mortality rate was 12.5% of patients with acute CO poisoning. Meanwhile, 14.7% of patients developed DNS. Furthermore, mechanical ventilation was required in 16.9% of patients. An elevated Glu/K ratio was significantly associated with the severity of acute CO poisoning. At a cut-off value of >31.62, the Glu/K ratio demonstrated an AUC of 0.649 for predicting mortality. The Glu/K ratio was employed to predict DNS at a cut-off value of 33.10, with a sensitivity of 60.0%, a specificity of 82.76%, and an AUC of 0.692. Conclusions: Early Glu/K ratio may be an effective, reliable, and convenient laboratory predictor of mortality, DNS, and the need for mechanical ventilation in patients with acute CO poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Indoor air pollution is very dangerous as people spend the majority time indoors. Cooking areas are found to be hazardous as there would be an emission of harmful pollutants. This is due to the continuous cooking process which affects people working there causing them various diseases, especially carbon monoxide poisoning. The purpose of this research is to evaluate several machine learning algorithms like support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), logistic regression (LR), and decision tree (DT) for predicting the air quality index (AQI) of a Barbeque Nation Hotel kitchen's confined interior environment. This investigation was done based on real-time data that was gathered by an indoor air quality monitoring system which was placed inside the kitchen for a few weeks under various cooking conditions. Results show that DT has the highest accuracy of 98.79% followed by KNN with an accuracy of 93.01%. SVM has an accuracy of 80.34%, and LR has a low accuracy of 80.20%. Therefore, DT which is a classification algorithm that comes under supervised machine learning has predicted AQI accurately compared to others. Moreover, by segregating living from non-living particulate matter and nullifying them, airborne diseases like COVID-19 can be prevented in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning affects several vital organs; however, the long-term damage to lungs has not been well investigated. Objective: This study investigated the morphological changes and the associated molecules 6 weeks after CO poisoning in rat models. Rats in the CO poisoning group were exposed to 1500 ppm CO in a gas chamber for 3 h. After 6 weeks, the rats in the control and CO poisoning groups were sacrificed. Pathological changes were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Western blotting and antibody arrays for inflammatory signaling molecules were performed using lung homogenates. Complete blood counts and Krebs Von Den Lungen (KL)-6 levels were compared among rats in the control group and those immediately and 6 weeks after CO poisoning using blood sampling from an indwelling catheter. Results: CO-poisoned lungs showed emphysematous changes with increased mean linear intercept (p = 0.0007). SERPINA1, IL-13, CD44, and GDF7 levels were significantly decreased, whereas TGFβ, ɑ-SMA, MMP9, and NF-κB levels were significantly increased in the CO-poisoned lungs. KL-6 serum levels were significantly higher in the CO-poisoned rats (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate the long-term effects and emphysematous changes in CO-poisoned lung models. We recommend long-term monitoring following CO poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effects of acute CO poisoning and subsequent oxygen therapy on cardiac necrosis in rats, with a specific focus on adiponectin levels, twenty–one male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups (Control, CO, CO+O2). The Control group was placed in a container and exposed to room air for 30 min. Acute CO poisoning was induced in the CO group and CO+O2 group by exposing the rats to CO gas for 30 min. Following CO exposure, the CO+O2 group received oxygen therapy for 30 min, while the CO group did not receive any additional intervention. The animals were euthanized by cardiac puncture under anesthesia, following the approved ethical procedures. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), serum levels of creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase myocardial band (CK–MB), C–reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as cardiac and serum adiponectin levels were measured. CO poisoning caused necrosis in cardiac tissue however, oxygen therapy alleviated the negative effect of CO on cardiac injury. COHb and LDH levels in CO group were increased, whereas both cardiac and serum adiponectin levels were decreased (all, P0.05). Oxygen therapy decreased COHb, but increased both cardiac and serum adiponectin levels (all, P

ObjectiveCarbon monoxide poisoning can cause migraine-like attacks. However, the association between carbon monoxide poisoning and the risk of migraine has not been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to investigate the long-term risk of migraine in patients with carbon monoxide poisoning.MethodsThis nationwide, population-based cohort study was conducted using the administrative database of the National Health Insurance Service of Korea from 2002 to 2021. Patients with carbon monoxide poisoning with at least one visit documented according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision code T58 were included. Patients were only included if they had the same diagnostic code at two or more outpatient clinic visits. The primary outcome of this study was the incidence of migraine after carbon monoxide poisoning.ResultsThe overall risk of migraine was higher in the carbon monoxide poisoning group regardless of age, sex, or use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.28–1.48). The carbon monoxide poisoning group had a persistently higher cumulative incidence of migraine during the observation period than the control group.ConclusionCarbon monoxide poisoning was associated with an increased overall risk of developing migraine during long-term follow-up.

The article explores the potential benefits of carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation as an aid to enhance aerobic endurance in athletes. CO, a gas found in atmospheric air and cigarette smoke, has been studied for its positive effects on various biological processes at low doses. Research has shown that CO can improve aerobic performance by modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and other biological functions. Studies have investigated the effects of CO inhalation on performance in healthy physically active individuals, highlighting potential benefits for aerobic endurance and EPO levels. Further research is needed to explore the safety and efficacy of CO inhalation as an ergogenic aid for athletes. [Extracted from the article]

The editorial in Frontiers in Neurology reviews the use of hyperbaric therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy in treating neurological disorders based on pressure and hyperoxia dosing. The research highlights the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in conditions like pediatric ischemic/hypoxic neurological injury, chronic neurological injury, cancer, pressure-related issues like diving and altitude, and psychiatric diseases like PTSD. The articles emphasize the potential benefits of hyperbaric therapy and oxygen therapy in improving disease physiology and pathology, calling for further research in this field. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: The winter climate in Delhi is severe, with temperatures dropping below 10°C. As a result, individuals often resort to utilizing diverse heat sources such as electrical heating appliances, coal and gas geysers. Unfortunately, these sources are commonly associated with the emission of carbon monoxide (CO) which can accumulate in inadequately ventilated spaces. Exposure to this noxious gas can lead to acute lethargy and debilitation, leaving individuals in a state of helpless distress. Materials and Methods: The present study utilized a retrospective descriptive analysis to examine cases of fatal carbon monoxide exposure retrieved from the Department of Forensic Medicine archives at the esteemed All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Autopsy records were thoroughly examined with respect to various parameters including age, gender, seasonality of the incident, circumstances surrounding the death, source of carbon monoxide generation, post mortem observations, as well as toxicological analysis reports. Results and Discussion: This study entailed an analysis of 56 individuals who fell victim to carbon monoxide poisoning, with a staggering 95% of fatalities occurring during the winter season. The majority of the individuals affected belonged to the age bracket of 21–30 years. The most common sources of carbon monoxide exposure were linked to the use of coal-burning earthen or iron vessels for room heating, as well as structural fires. With the exception of one case, all incidents were accidental in nature. Additionally, nearly all of the victims were discovered in enclosed spaces with heating equipment in close proximity, and evidence of a struggle was noted on the crime scene or with the deceased. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the principal contributor to the inadvertent build-up of lethal concentrations of carbon monoxide gas is the utilization of heating appliances within inadequately ventilated, enclosed spaces. Due to the scentless and non-irritating properties of this gas, individuals who are asleep may be unable to detect its presence in their surroundings, thereby leading to a silent death. To mitigate such risks, the installation of carbon monoxide detectors is crucial. Additionally, it is of utmost importance to raise public awareness regarding the perils associated with using fire pots, coal burning and electrical heating appliances in areas with insufficient ventilation.

The serious problem of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning on the surface of Pt-based catalysts has long constrained the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Regeneration of Pt sites by maintaining CO scavenging ability through precise construction of the surface and interface structure of the catalyst is the key to obtaining high-performance CO-resistant catalysts. Here, we used molybdenum carbide (MoCx) as the support for Pt and introduced Ru single atoms (SA-Ru) at the Pt-MoCx interface to jointly decrease the CO adsorption strength on Pt. More importantly, the MoCx and SA-Ru are immune to CO poisoning, which continuously assists in the oxidation of adsorbed CO by generating oxygen species from water dissociation. These two effects combine to confer this anode catalyst (SA-Ru@Pt/MoCx) remarkable CO tolerance and the ability to operate stably in fuel cell with high CO concentration (power output 85.5 mW cm−2@20,000 ppm CO + H2 – O2), making it possible to directly use the cheap reformed hydrogen as the fuel for PEMFCs. Here, authors report a Pt-based catalyst resistant to high concentration CO poisoning for fuel cell applications, making it possible to use reformed hydrogen directly as fuel for fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high risk of CO poisoning justifies the need for indoor air quality control and warning systems based on the detection of low concentrations (ppm‐ppb) of CO. Cobalt corrole complexes selectively bind CO vs. O2, CO2, N2, opening new fields of applications. By combining the CO chemisorption properties of cobalt corroles with the known sorption capacity of MOFs, we hope to obtain high performance sensing materials for CO detection. In addition, the exposed metal sites of MOFs lead to CO2 physisorption, allowing the co‐detection of CO and CO2. In this work, PCN‐222, a stable Zr‐based MOF made from Ni(TCPP) with natural vacancies, has been used as a porous matrix for the grafting of electron‐poor metallocorroles. The materials were characterized by powder XRD, SEM and optical microscopy, BET analyses and gas adsorption measurements at 298 K. No degradation of the crystalline structure of PCN‐222 was observed. At 1 atm, the adsorbed CO(g) volumes measured for the best materials were 12.15 cm3 g−1 and 14.01 cm3 g−1 for CoCorr2@PCN‐222 and CoCorr3@PCN‐222 respectively, and both materials exhibited high CO chemisorption and selectivity against O2, N2, and CO2 at low pressure due to the highest energy of the chemisorption process vs physisorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution is an efficient and clean hydrogen production technology with simple process and high product purity. Searching for inexpensive alternatives to platinum will help popularize proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) technology. However, the alternative catalytic materials are essentially limited by low catalytic efficiency. Herein, we address this challenge through chemically activating cobalt phosphide (CoP) by doping a small amount of atomic palladium. Palladium substitution occurs at the cobalt site of CoP. Theoretical calculations manifest that the phosphorus atoms near the palladium sites exhibit almost zero hydrogen adsorption free energy. The final cobalt phosphide doped with only 2 wt% of palladium shows wonderful HER performance. Specifically, its overpotential at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 is only 37.5 mV in an acidic medium, and the corresponding Tafel slope is 56 mV dec−1. This work provides a reference for preparing high performance non-platinum catalysts. [Display omitted] • We successfully doped Pd atoms into CoP (Pd–CoP@NC) by designing a thermodynamic spontaneous reaction. • Palladium doping greatly improves the hydrogen evolution performance of CoP. • Carbon monoxide poisoning experiment proves that doped Pd atoms are not active sites. • DFT calculations show that phosphorus atoms near the palladium site exhibit almost zero hydrogen adsorption free energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platinum-based high-entropy-alloy nanoparticles (PHEA-NPs) have been attractive as electrocatalysts due to their excellent electrocatalytic properties. In this work, PHEA-NPs consisting of platinum, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel and manganese were prepared via a facile solvothermal reduction method and further examined for electro-oxidation of formic acid (FA) and glycerol (GLY). The resulting PHEA-NPs exhibited superior activity for FA and GLY electro-oxidation in acidic solutions relative to the commercial Pt/C catalyst. In contrast, PHEA-NPs showed no activity for FA oxidation and mediocre activity for GLY oxidation in alkaline electrolytes. Interestingly, the activity for FA and GLY electro-oxidation in alkaline solutions was enhanced via an acidic treatment, which was attributed to the surface enrichment of platinum element arisen from the structural re-construction of PHEA-NPs. To explore the role of the components, a series of control samples were prepared. It was found that the presence of copper, nickel, and iron is beneficial to the electro-oxidation of FA and GLY in acidic electrolytes. Further CO stripping experiments were conducted to evaluate the poisoning resistance of the samples, which correlates with the catalytic performance. It was found that PHEA-NPs exhibit superior tolerances to CO poisoning compared to Pt/C. The findings from this work may be valuable for fabricating high-performance electrocatalysts for the electro-oxidation of FA and GLY. [Display omitted] • PHEA-NPs show excellent performance for FA and GLY oxidation in acidic electrolytes. • Copper, nickel, and iron contribute played a crucial role for the superior activity. • PHEA-NPs exhibit superior tolerances to CO poisoning compared to Pt/C. • An acid treatment enhanced activities of PHEA in alkaline electrolytes. • Surface Pt enrichment was the main reason for the increased activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), as a feasible alternative to replace the traditional fossil fuel-based energy converter, contribute significantly to the global sustainability agenda. At the PEMFC anode, given the high exchange current density, Pt/C is deemed the catalyst-of-choice to ensure that the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) occurs at a sufficiently fast pace. The high performance of Pt/C, however, can only be achieved under the premise that high purity hydrogen is used. For instance, in the presence of trace level carbon monoxide, a typical contaminant during H2 production, Pt is severely deactivated by CO surface blockage. Addressing the poisoning issue necessitates for either developing anti-poisoning electrocatalysts or using pre-purified H2 obtained via a thermo-catalysis route. In other words, the CO poisoning issue can be addressed by either thermal-catalysis from the H2 supply side or electrocatalysis at the user side, respectively. In spite of the distinction between thermo-catalysis and electro-catalysis, there are high similarities between the two routes. Essentially, a reduction in the kinetic barrier for the combination of CO to oxygen containing intermediates is required in both techniques. Therefore, bridging electrocatalysis and thermocatalysis might offer new insight into the development of cutting edge catalysts to solve the poisoning issue, which, however, stands as an underexplored frontier in catalysis science. This review provides a critical appraisal of the recent advancements in preferential CO oxidation (CO-PROX) thermocatalysts and anti-poisoning HOR electrocatalysts, aiming to bridge the gap in cognition between the two routes. First, we discuss the differences in thermal/electrocatalysis, CO oxidation mechanisms, and anti-CO poisoning strategies. Second, we comprehensively summarize the progress of supported and unsupported CO-tolerant catalysts based on the timeline of development (nanoparticles to clusters to single atoms), focusing on metal–support interactions and interface reactivity. Third, we elucidate the stability issue and theoretical understanding of CO-tolerant electrocatalysts, which are critical factors for the rational design of high-performance catalysts. Finally, we underscore the imminent challenges in bridging thermal/electrocatalytic CO oxidation, with theory, materials, and the mechanism as the three main weapons to gain a more in-depth understanding. We anticipate that this review will contribute to the cognition of both thermocatalysis and electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of mild hypothermia combined with hyperbaric oxygen on myocardial injury markers, oxidative stress response and neurofactors levels in patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning (ACMP), so as to provide clinical guidance for the treatment of ACMP. Methods: A total of 96 ACMP patients admitted to our hospital from January 2022 to May 2023 were selected and divided into study group (n = 48) and control group (n = 48) by random number table method. The control group was given hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and the study group was given mild hypothermia combined hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Myocardial injury markers, oxidative stress, neurofactors, neurological function, coma degree, ability of daily living, mortality, incidence of acute carbon monoxide poisoning delayed encephalopathy (DEACMP) and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results: After treatment, the levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (cTnI) in two groups were decreased (P < 0.05) and the levels in the study group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in the two groups were increased (P < 0.05), while the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were decreased (P < 0.05) The levels of GSH-Px and SOD in the study group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and the levels of MDA and NO were lower (P < 0.05) After treatment, serum neuron specific enolase (NSE), myelin basic protein (MBP) and cerebrospinal fluid central nerve specific protein (S100ß) were decreased in both groups (P < 0.05), and those in the study group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05) . After treatment, the score of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) decreased (P < 0.05) while the score of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Barthel (BI) of standard daily living ability increased (P < 0.05) The NIHSS score of the study group was lower than that of the control group P < 0.05 ), and the scores of GCS and BI were higher (P < 0.05) Mortality and incidence of DEACMP in the study group were 2.08% (1/48) and 16.67% (8/48), which were lower than 10.42% (5/48) and 27.08% (13/48) in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the study group was 12.50% (6/48), which had no statistical significance compared with 18.75% (9/48) in the control group (P>0. 05). Conclusion: The application of mild hypothermia combined with hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of ACMP patients can reduce the degree of myocardial and nerve damage and coma, relieve the oxidative stress reaction, promote the recovery of nerve function, improve the ability of daily living, reduce the mortality and the incidence of DEACMP, with high safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recent technological progress, carbon monoxide poisoning is still one of the leading causes of domestic and industrial morbidity and mortality. The brain is particularly vulnerable to CO toxicity, and thus the majority of survivors develop delayed movement and cognitive complications. CO binds to haemoglobin in erythrocytes, preventing oxygen delivery to tissues, and additionally inhibits mitochondrial respiration. This renders the effect of CO to be closely related to hypoxia reperfusion injury. Oxygen deprivation, as well as CO poisoning and re-oxygenation, are shown to be able to activate the production of reactive oxygen species and to induce oxidative stress. Here, we review the role of reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress in the mechanism of neuronal cell death induced by carbon monoxide and re-oxygenation. We discuss possible protective mechanisms used by brain cells with a specific focus on the inhibition of CO-induced ROS production and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless and odorless gas from combustion sources causing accidental or intentional poisoning. Patients present with nonspecific symptoms such as headache and dizziness, but severe cases can lead to altered mental status. Myocardial injury is a life-threatening outcome of CO poisoning, requiring timely evaluation and management. Case Presentation: A 33-year-old pregnant female with no prior co-morbidities presented to the emergency department with dizziness, vomiting, and syncope. She had been exposed to CO from a petrol generator, resulting in a carboxyhemoglobin level of 9.6%. The patient exhibited global hypokinesia and reduced ejection fraction. After receiving oxygen therapy, she showed improvement and was discharged in stable condition. Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of early recognition and management of myocardial injury in CO poisoning, particularly in pregnant patients. Prompt oxygen therapy and appropriate follow-up are crucial to mitigate long-term cardiovascular and fetal complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) results from incomplete combustion of carbon-based materials, causing symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, chest pain, confusion, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness. Normobaric oxygen therapy (NBOT) is the standard therapy, whereas hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is recommended in severe cases of organ damage. This study examined the early and late adverse outcomes in patients with severe CO poisoning. Materials and methods: This study analyzed severe cases of CO poisoning among patients admitted to the emergency department between January 2020 and May 2022. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of symptomatic individuals and those requiring HBOT were examined. The study recorded early outcomes, such as intubation and in-hospital mortality, and late outcomes, such as delayed neurological sequelae and 1-year mortality. Chi-square tests, Spearman's rho correlation tests, and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors affecting these outcomes. Results: Patients who received HBOT showed a significant difference in delayed neurological sequelae (DNS) compared to those who received NBOT (p = 0.037). Significant differences were observed in the need for intubation, in-hospital mortality, and 1-year mortality between patients based on COHb levels, but no significant differences were found in DNS. The 1-year mortality probability was significantly influenced by COHb level (odds ratio = 1.159, 95% CI [1.056–1.273]). Patients receiving NBOT had a higher odds ratio for DNS risk than those receiving HBOT (odds ratio = 8.464, 95% [1.755–40.817], p = 0.008). Conclusion: The study showed no differences in intubation, in-hospital mortality, and 1-year mortality rates between the HBOT and NBOT groups. However, significant differences in DNS suggest that treatment modalities have different effects on neurological outcomes. High COHb levels are associated with an increased risk of intubation, and mortality underscores the significance of monitoring COHb levels in clinical evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platinum-based catalysts that have long been used as the anodes for the formic acid electro-oxidation (FAO) in the direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs) were susceptible to retrogradation in performance due to CO poisoning that impaired the technology transfer in industry. This work is designed to overcome this challenge by amending the Pt surface sequentially with nanosized cobalt (nano-CoOx, fibril texture of ca. 200 nm in particle size) and iron (nano-FeOx, nanorods of particle size and length of 80 and 253 nm, respectively) oxides. This enriched the Pt surface with oxygenated groups that boosted FAO and mitigated the CO poisoning. The unfilled d-orbitals of the transition metals and their tendency to vary their oxidations states presumed their participation in a faster mechanism of FAO. Engineering the Pt surface in this FeOx/CoOx/Pt hierarchy resulted in a remarkable activity toward FAO, that exceeded four times that of the Pt catalyst with up to ca. 2.5 times improvement in the catalytic tolerance against CO poisoning. This associated a ca. − 32 mV shift in the onset potential of FAO which increased to − 40 mV with a post-activation of the same catalyst at − 0.5 in 0.2 mol L–1 NaOH, displaying the catalyst's competitiveness in reducing overpotentials in DFAFCs. It also exhibited a favorable amelioration in the catalytic durability in long-termed chronoamperometric electrolysis. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the CO stripping voltammetry were employed to elucidate the origin of enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanding the application of methanol fuel cells in the energy economy is only feasible when a low-cost or highly CO-tolerant electrocatalyst replaces Pt catalysts to enhance the electrocatalytic properties of Pt. In this study, a PtAu thin film was produced at the liquid-liquid interface through the simple reduction of [Pt(cod)Cl2] and [Au(PPh3)Cl] complexes. The resulting thin film was directly transferred onto a glassy carbon electrode (without the application of Nafion™) and used as an electrocatalyst in the methanol oxidation reaction. Experimental and theoretical results both confirmed that PtAu exhibits lower CO poisoning compared to PtPd or Pt films. The high jf/jb ratio (where jf is the maximum current of the anodic peak in the forward route and jb is the maximum of peak current in the backward route), and theoretically calculated adsorption energies for PtAu thin film showed higher CO tolerance compared to Pt or PtPd thin film electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon monoxide poisoning (COP) represents a significant global health burden, characterized by its morbidity and high mortality rates. The pathogenesis of COP-induced brain injury is complex, and effective treatment modalities are currently lacking. In this study, we employed network pharmacology to identify therapeutic targets and associated signaling pathways of Zhuli Decoction (ZLD) for COP. Subsequently, we conducted both in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate the therapeutic efficacy of ZLD in combination with N-butylphthalide (NBP) for acute COP-induced injury. Our network pharmacology analysis revealed that the primary components of ZLD exerted therapeutic effects through the modulation of multiple targets and pathways. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the combination of NBP and ZLD effectively inhibited apoptosis and up-regulated the activities of P-PI3K (Tyr458), P-AKT (Ser473), P-GSK-3β (Ser9), and Bcl-2, thus leading to the protection of neuronal cells and improvement in cognitive function in rats following COP, which was better than the effects observed with NBP or ZLD alone. The rescue experiment further showed that LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, significantly attenuated the therapeutic efficacy of NBP + ZLD. The neuroprotection effects of NBP and ZLD against COP-induced brain injury are closely linked to the activation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine has collaborated with international emergency medicine journals to share important research studies. One study from the African Journal of Emergency Medicine examined the assessment and reassessment of injured patients in non-tertiary hospitals in Ghana. The study found that while initial assessments were generally adequate, reassessment rates were very low, even for seriously injured patients. Another study from the Annals of Emergency Medicine discussed the dangers of xylazine, a veterinary sedative, being associated with opioid overdose deaths in the United States. The study emphasized the importance of providing ventilatory support and naloxone in overdose management. This article focuses on a randomized controlled trial conducted at an Australian level 1 trauma center, which investigated the effects of integrating pharmacists into trauma response teams to enhance analgesia delivery and medication management. The trial involved 82 patients, and the primary outcome was the proportion of patients who received the first dose of analgesia within 30 minutes. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of an emergency medicine pharmacist in the trauma response team improved the time to analgesia and optimized medication management. This intervention may enable other team members to concentrate on life-saving interventions. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a case of periocular pyoderma gangrenosum (PG), a rare ulcerative disorder that typically affects the skin. The patient presented with swelling and ulceration in the left periocular region, which worsened despite antibiotic therapy. The diagnosis of PG was confirmed through histology, and treatment included prednisolone, doxycycline, and dapsone. The patient also sought hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), which resulted in significant improvement and accelerated healing of the ulceration. This case highlights the importance of considering PG as a differential diagnosis for non-responsive periocular lesions and suggests that HBOT may be a beneficial adjunctive treatment for poorly healing wounds caused by PG. [Extracted from the article]

Objective To characterize the epidemiological features of public health emergencies that occurred in Changping District of Beijing City in recent years, to provide scientific support for promoting prevention and control levels and strengthening response capability on such episodes. Methods Public health emergencies and related information reported in Changping District (January 2006 to December 2023) were obtained from the National Public Health Emergency Reporting and Management System. A descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on factors such as event level, type, and temporal and spatial distribution in the emergency episodes. Results From 2006 to 2023, a total of 1 219 public health emergencies were reported in Changping District (an annual average of 68 incidents), involving 2,097 cases (an annual average of 117 cases), showing an overall decreasing trend in the annual number of incidents. The emergencies were mainly classified as general level (Class IV, 31 incidents, all infectious disease events) and unclassified events (1 183 incidents, including 1 141 non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning episodes and 34 infectious disease episodes); there were no major level (Class III), significant level (Class II), or particularly significant level (Class I) public health emergencies. Non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning accounted for the highest proportion of public health emergencies, occurring predominantly in winter months (November to March), with incidents mainly occurring in households (1 091, 95.62%). Infectious disease emergencies mainly emerged in February and summer months (June to August), with incidents mainly occurring in households (42 cases, 60.00%) and schools (25 cases, 35.71%), involving diseases such as cholera, chickenpox, type A influenza (H1N1), and novel coronavirus infection. Meanwhile, the emergencies were mostly located in the streets/towns with higher population density and larger numbers of floating populations, such as Huilongguan Street, Dongxiaokou Street, Beiqijia Street, and Shahe Town. The median reporting time for public health emergencies in Changping District during 2006-2023 was 0.29 days, with a positive correlation between the discovery-to-reporting time and the duration of infectious disease outbreaks (rs=0.429, P<0.01). Conclusions Non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning and infectious disease outbreaks are the major causes as well as priorities of public health emergencies in Changping District. The urban-rural fringe areas are high-risk and key areas for the management of such emergencies. For public health emergencies caused by cholera, chicken pox, novel coronavirus infection, and other infectious diseases, comprehensive measures such as strengthening epidemic monitoring, expanding vaccination coverage, and improving handling capacity should be taken to enhance the response capability and raise the prevention and control level on such emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The winter climate in Delhi is severe, with temperatures dropping below 10°C. As a result, individuals often resort to utilizing diverse heat sources such as electrical heating appliances, coal and gas geysers. Unfortunately, these sources are commonly associated with the emission of carbon monoxide (CO) which can accumulate in inadequately ventilated spaces. Exposure to this noxious gas can lead to acute lethargy and debilitation, leaving individuals in a state of helpless distress. Materials and Methods: The present study utilized a retrospective descriptive analysis to examine cases of fatal carbon monoxide exposure retrieved from the Department of Forensic Medicine archives at the esteemed All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Autopsy records were thoroughly examined with respect to various parameters including age, gender, seasonality of the incident, circumstances surrounding the death, source of carbon monoxide generation, post mortem observations, as well as toxicological analysis reports. Results and Discussion: This study entailed an analysis of 56 individuals who fell victim to carbon monoxide poisoning, with a staggering 95% of fatalities occurring during the winter season. The majority of the individuals affected belonged to the age bracket of 21–30 years. The most common sources of carbon monoxide exposure were linked to the use of coal-burning earthen or iron vessels for room heating, as well as structural fires. With the exception of one case, all incidents were accidental in nature. Additionally, nearly all of the victims were discovered in enclosed spaces with heating equipment in close proximity, and evidence of a struggle was noted on the crime scene or with the deceased. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the principal contributor to the inadvertent build-up of lethal concentrations of carbon monoxide gas is the utilization of heating appliances within inadequately ventilated, enclosed spaces. Due to the scentless and non-irritating properties of this gas, individuals who are asleep may be unable to detect its presence in their surroundings, thereby leading to a silent death. To mitigate such risks, the installation of carbon monoxide detectors is crucial. Additionally, it is of utmost importance to raise public awareness regarding the perils associated with using fire pots, coal burning and electrical heating appliances in areas with insufficient ventilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the face of global climate change and the need for energy diversification, electrocatalytic technology emerges as an eco‐friendly solution. However, persistent electrode failures hinder long‐term stability. This review comprehensively outlines the primary causes leading to the failure of self‐supported electrodes, encompassing substrate passivation, substrate/catalyst dissolution, CO poisoning, catalyst migration and agglomeration, as well as cathodic etching. Proposed strategies center on material design, emphasizing anchoring, lattice matching, substrate stability, and morphological control. Advanced characterization techniques and in situ technologies offer promising ways. The integrated deployment of these strategies will provide crucial guidance and support for the sustainable advancement of electrocatalytic technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate how effectively systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and Monocyte-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio (MHR) predict the development of early cardio-cerebral complications in elderly patients who have experienced acute severe carbon monoxide poisoning (ASCMP). A retrospective analysis was conducted on 77 elderly patients with ASCMP admitted to the emergency department of Harrison International Peace Hospital from November 2020 to March 2022. The prevalence of early-onset complications among the 77 individuals was 38.96%. Binary Logistics regression analysis showed that SII and MHR were independent influencing factors of early cardio-cerebral complications in elderly patients with ASCMP. The complication group had a longer length of stay, a greater mortality rate, and a higher incidence of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning (p <.05) than the non-complication group. The area under the curve (AUC) of SII and MHR in predicting early cardio-cerebral complications in elderly patients with ASCMP were 0.724 and 0.796, respectively, with 80.0% and 63.3% sensitivity, and 61.7% and 87.2% specificity. The incidence of early cardio-cerebral complications in elderly patients who had ASCMP is high and the prognosis is poor. SII and MHR can be utilized as independent predictors of early cardio-cerebral complications in elderly patients with ASCMP, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat cardio-cerebral complications earlier and improve prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed study is devoted to highlighting the importance of mixed oxides preparation through the layered double hydroxide route for undesirable gas pollutants abatement. Different series of Cu/Al/Ce mixed oxides with similar or different stoichiometrics were prepared and compared for toluene and/or CO oxidation. Catalyst synthesis methods influence material properties and activity for oxidation reactions. The high activity for the oxidation reactions of mixed oxides derived from LDH is explained by the Cu/Ce synergy. The presence of CO in the CO/toluene mixture does not affect the total toluene oxidation, and the toluene does not affect the total oxidation of CO conversion at low temperatures. The most effective catalytic material (Cu6Al1.2Ce0.8) presents a long lifetime stability for total toluene oxidation and resistance to CO poisoning in mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae (DNS) are critical complications following acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning that can substantially affect the patient's life. Identifying high-risk patients for developing DNS may improve the quality of follow-up care. To date, the predictive DNS determinants are still controversial. Consequently, this study aimed to construct a practical nomogram for predicting DNS in acute CO-poisoned patients. This retrospective study was conducted on patients with acute CO poisoning admitted to the Tanta University Poison Control Center (TUPCC) from December 2018 to December 2022. Demographic, toxicological, and initial clinical characteristics data, as well as laboratory investigation results, were recorded for the included patients. After acute recovery, patients were followed up for six months and categorized into patients with and without DNS. Out of 174 enrolled patients, 38 (21.8%) developed DNS. The initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level, CO exposure duration, oxygen saturation, PaCO2, and pulse rate were significantly associated with DNS development by univariate analysis. However, the constructed nomogram based on the multivariable regression analysis included three parameters: duration of CO exposure, COHb level, and GCS with adjusted odd ratios of 1.453 (95% CI: 1.116–1.892), 1.262 (95% CI: 1.126–1.415), and 0.619 (95% CI: 0.486–0.787), respectively. The internal validation of the nomogram exhibited excellent discrimination (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.962), good calibration, and satisfactory decision curve analysis for predicting the DNS probability. The proposed nomogram could be considered a simple, precise, and applicable tool to predict DNS development in acute CO-poisoned patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon monoxide poisoning is associated with severe damage to various organs. In this study, we aimed to determine if previous carbon monoxide poisoning was associated with an increased risk of lung diseases. The study population was derived from the National Health Insurance Service database of Korea between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2021. Adults with carbon monoxide poisoning, with at least one visit to medical facilities between 2002 and 2021, were included. For comparison, an equal number of matched controls with the same index date were selected from the database. A total of 28,618 patients with carbon monoxide poisoning and 28,618 matched controls were included in this study. Approximately 42.8 per cent of the patient and control groups were female, with a mean age of 51.3 years. In patients with carbon monoxide poisoning, there was a significant increase in the risk of lung cancer (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.84; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.42–2.39; P < 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.60; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.36–1.89; P < 0.001), pulmonary tuberculosis (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.46; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.13–1.88; P = 0.003), and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.54; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.01–2.36; P = 0.047). In this retrospective cohort study, previous carbon monoxide poisoning was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary tuberculosis, and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection. Further studies are needed to confirm such an association in other populations and the risk of lung diseases due to the toxic effect of carbon monoxide from different sources. Previous carbon monoxide poisoning was associated with an increased risk of lung diseases, but the relative importance of the causes and sources of exposure was not known. The long-term management of survivors of acute carbon monoxide poisoning should include monitoring for lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary tuberculosis, and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and serious medical and psychosocial complications of pregnant and postpartum adolescent patients at a pediatric emergency department (PED). Materials and Methods: Demographic and clinical data of all pregnant and postpartum adolescents who presented to the PED of a single tertiary referral hospital between January 2020 and January 2023 were collected and documented retrospectively. Results: Twenty-seven patients with a mean age of 16.7 ± 0.8 years were included in the study. The main presenting complaints were abdominal pain (n = 9), suspicion of pregnancy (n = 5), cough, seizure, and vomiting (3 patients each). Potentially life-threatening medical complications included stroke (n = 3), placental abruption (n = 1), and carbon monoxide intoxication (n = 1). Sexual assault (n = 4), physical assault (n = 2), recurrent pregnancies (n = 5), and suicide attempts (n = 4) were serious psychological and social complications in our patient group. Conclusion: Pregnant and post-partum adolescents may present to PED with serious lifethreatening complications, and permanent sequelae may occur. In addition to sexual and physical violence, various psychological problems are comorbid conditions. These patients should be managed with a multidisciplinary biopsychosocial approach, and these issues considered in their acute treatment and follow-up at emergency departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Prevention methods for carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in Wisconsin address occupational and nonoccupational exposures together, but differences between the settings could inform new approaches to preventing occupational CO poisonings. We described occupational CO poisonings in Wisconsin from July 1, 2018, through July 1, 2021, using surveillance data from the Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System and Wisconsin Poison Center. Methods: We identified cases of CO poisoning from the Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System and Wisconsin Poison Center. Occupational CO poisonings were records where "workplace" was recorded as the location of exposure. We excluded records classified as suspect/not a case, those missing laboratory results or information on exposure source/location, and intentional poisonings. We compared characteristics between occupational and nonoccupational settings using odds ratios (ORs), and we estimated crude incidence rates of occupational exposures by occupation. Results: We identified 614 cases of CO poisoning, of which 168 (27.4%) were occupational exposures. When compared with patients with nonoccupational exposures, patients with occupational exposures were more likely to be male (OR = 3.8; 95% CI, 2.4-6.1), Hispanic (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.2), and younger (mean difference [SD] = 6.6 [20.9]). Several CO sources were significantly associated with occupational poisonings: forklifts (OR = 58.4; 95% CI, 13.9-246.1; P <.001), pressure sprayers (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.4; P =.003), and other gasoline-powered tools (OR = 3.8; 95% CI, 2.3-6.3; P <.001). The natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupation group had the highest crude incidence rate—45.0 poisonings per 100 000 full-time equivalent employees. Conclusions: Incorporating data from the Wisconsin Poison Center improved data quality, but surveillance is limited by underreporting. Creating strategies to increase reporting would allow for a more comprehensive understanding of occupational CO poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Carbon Monoxide: An Ancient Silent Enemy," provides a historical and contemporary perspective on the impact of carbon monoxide (CO) on humans. It discusses various incidents throughout history where CO poisoning occurred, including the deaths of crew members on Arctic expeditions and the dangers of coal gas in the 19th century. The article also explores the toxic effects of CO on the body and the symptoms of chronic CO poisoning. It concludes by emphasizing the ongoing threat of CO poisoning and the importance of detection and prevention. [Extracted from the article]

The inefficiency of ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) presents a significant obstacle in harnessing renewable biofuels with high energy density into electricity. Despite efforts, most Pt-based catalysts still suffer from drawbacks such as poor activity and susceptibility to CO poisoning, particularly in acidic conditions. Herein, we employed a physical laser-assisted approach to synthetize a PtPd alloy with a 1:1 atomic ratio. This alloy demonstrates remarkable performance in acidic EOR, boasting a high mass activity of 1.86 A·mgPt−1 and competitive resistance to poisoning. Combining in situ synchrotron radiation infrared spectroscopy with theoretical calculations, we reveal that the synergic interaction between Pt and Pd enhances both the adsorption of OH* intermediate and the dehydrogenation ability of ethanol. This work will prove the feasibility of synthesizing bimetallic alloys by a physical laser-assisted strategy and promote the development of advanced alloy electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal oxides have garnered attention for the methanol electro‐oxidation reaction owing to their easy availability, high catalytic applicability, and multiple oxidation capabilities. Bimetal‐based catalysts further enhance the performance of the methanol oxidation reaction. In this context, a chrysanthemum‐flower‐like MoO2/WO3 is synthesized through a solvothermal and annealing strategy. The morphology attests to the rough surface and pores in the catalyst, augmenting its surface area for reactions and enhancing catalytic applicability. Electrochemical oxidation of methanol yields an optimal current density of 0.99 mA cm−2 and 2.07 mA mg−1 at a potential of 0.57 V versus Ag/AgCl. The catalyst exhibits a remarkably low Tafel slope of 37.45 mV dec−1, affirming its rapid reaction kinetics. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveals an equivalent electronic circuit of R(Q(R(QR)Q(RW))), confirming low charge transfer resistance (Rct) and diffusion‐controlled kinetics attributable to the pores in the sample. The sample also demonstrates an electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) value equal to 0.122 mF cm−2 and long‐term stability over continuous 5000 s, exhibiting no change and high resistance to CO poisoning. All these characterizations and obtained results collectively affirm that the chrysanthemum‐flower‐like MoO2/WO3 serves as a highly suitable electrocatalyst for the electrochemical oxidation of methanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides summaries of various studies and initiatives related to Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBO2). One study found that adjunctive treatments with NBP or DXM were more effective than HBO2 alone for treating DNS from CO poisoning. Another study examined the prevention of middle ear barotrauma during HBO2 and found diverse practices among facilities. A physiological model for decompression sickness (DCS) presentations was also proposed. Additionally, the text discusses the use of HBO2 for soft tissue radiation injury and the potential benefits for treating sexual dysfunction. Lastly, a care process model and text alert system were implemented to increase the consultation rate for HBO2 treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. [Extracted from the article]

Despite established exposure limits and safety standards, and the availability of carbon monoxide (CO) alarms, each year an estimated 50,000 people in the United States visit emergency departments for CO poisoning. Carbon monoxide poisoning can occur from brief exposures to high levels of CO or from longer exposures to lower levels. If the CO exposure is sufficiently high, unconsciousness and death occur quickly, and without symptoms. With non-lethal exposures to CO, common symptoms include headaches, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, general malaise, and altered mental status. Some patients may have chest pain, shortness of breath, and myocardial ischemia, and may require mechanical ventilation and treatment of shock. Individuals poisoned by CO often develop brain injury. As with brain injury from non-CO causes such as traumatic brain injury, the clinical expression of brain injury caused by CO poisoning includes the domains of cognition, affect, neurological, and somatic. Common problems are neurological: imbalance, motor weakness, neuropathies, hearing loss, tinnitus, Parkinson's-like syndrome, vestibular, gaze, auditory processing, cognitive, anxiety and depression, posttraumatic stress, personality change, persistent headaches, dizziness, sleep problems, and others. In addition, some will have cardiac or other problems. While breathing oxygen hastens the removal of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) hastens COHb elimination and favorably modulates inflammatory processes instigated by CO poisoning, an effect not observed with breathing normobaric oxygen. Hyperbaric oxygen improves mitochondrial function, inhibits lipid peroxidation transiently, impairs leukocyte adhesion to injured microvasculature, and reduces brain inflammation caused by CO-induced adduct formation of myelin basic protein. Based upon supportive randomized clinical trials in humans and considerable evidence from animal studies, HBO² should be considered for all cases of acute symptomatic CO poisoning. Hyperbaric oxygen is indicated for CO poisoning complicated by cyanide poisoning, often concomitantly with smoke inhalation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World War II was approaching its end in Italy in 1944 when one of the worst train disasters in world history occurred near the small town of Balvano in the Apennine Mountains. The train did not derail or crash into something as in most major train disasters. Instead, it entered a mountainous railway tunnel, and when it emerged, over 500 passengers were dead from carbon monoxide poisoning. The event was not allowed to be publicized for almost two decades. This manuscript reconstructs the story of possibly the most significant incident of carbon monoxide mortality ever recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In clinical management of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, serum cardiac enzyme biomarkers and electrocardiogram (ECG) are both highly recommended emergency check-ups to evaluate myocardial injuries. Medical imaging - including head CT or MRI - are not routine for CO poisoning emergency management. We herein report on a comatose patient who was diagnosed with cerebral infarction secondary to 24 hours previous acute CO poisoning, warned by a typical cerebral-type T waves on ECG in advance, and confirmed by a head MRI. Fortunately, the patient made a full recovery based on a timely treatment with medications and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy. We would like to propose that a vital, stable, conscious CO poisoning patient who remains a higher risk for hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke should be closely monitored for potential neurological abnormalities, and a continuous ECG monitoring should be reinforced throughout the treatment. A head MRI or CT is a priority in evaluating the secondary cerebral stroke and should be arranged immediately in the event of an abnormal ECG or if unusual new symptoms are apparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cases of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning complicated with massive cerebral infarction are rare. A chinese female patient with carotid atherosclerotic plaque was found unconscious during bathing. The patient was diagnosed as carbon monoxide poisoning complicated with massive acute cerebral infarction by carbon monoxide hemoglobin (COHb) detection and imaging examination. The patient regained consciousness after treatment with hyperbaric oxygen, antiplatelet, and atorvastatin. This case suggests that patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaque may be more susceptible to develop acute cerebral infarction when CO poisoning occurs.