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The objective of this research was to estimate the perception of dental fluorosis in children with 12 years old and associated variables. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 12 year old school children (393) from all of 10 public schools of Rio Grande da Serra town of Sao Paulo district. Only one dental surgeon, previously calibrated (Kappa = 0.84), performed all clinical examinations. A structured questionnaire was answered by the children themselves and also for their parents. The prevalence of dental fluorosis (Dean Index) found was 57%, restricted to the very mild and mild levels, but higher than expected for Brazilian standards. Significant associations between dental fluorosis stains and perception by children or guardians weren’t found. Dental fluorosis in the degree of severity found, had no adverse effect on the health of these children, but warns of the need for constant monitoring of these changes and rational use of fluoride.

Os serviços oferecidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) estão organizados em rede, de forma a oferecer a seus usuários uma atenção integral. Com esse propósito, a configuração desta rede de serviços deve privilegiar o acesso do usuário ao nível de atenção que possa oferecer resolução ao seu caso, disponibilizando um adequado sistema de referência e contrarreferência para o usuário que necessite ser encaminhado de um nível de atenção a outro. Sendo assim, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a percepção dos profissionais e usuários referente ao sistema de referência e contrarreferência, e como este sistema funciona no cotidiano das unidades envolvidas neste estudo. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, cujos dados foram coletados através da aplicação de um questionário que visava obter as representações sociais de profissionais e usuários sobre o tema proposto, bem como alguns aspectos operacionais sobre o funcionamento deste sistema nestas unidades. Posteriormente os resultados foram apresentados e analisados na forma do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo e permitiram concluir que profissionais e usuários têm a mesma percepção a respeito dos problemas que afetam o bom funcionamento deste sistema, tais como falta de profissionais, demora no atendimento, falta de resolutividade da atenção básica, disponibilidade de serviços na atenção secundária em desacordo com as necessidades da população, dificuldades na comunicação entre os profissionais dos diferentes níveis de atenção, e uma deficiência no controle do fluxo dos usuários, fazendo com que o sucesso dos encaminhamentos dependa muitas vezes do empenho pessoal dos profissionais e do esforço pessoal dos próprios pacientes. The services offered by the Unified Health System (SUS) are organized in a network in order to offer its users an integral attention. For this purpose, the configuration of this services network should prioritize the users access to the health care level that can provide the solution to his case, and a suitable reference and counter reference system to the user that needs to be sent from a health care level to another. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the perception of professionals and users concerning the reference and counter reference system, and how this system works daily in the health units involved in this study. This is a qualitative study, where data were collected through the application of a questionnaire aimed to obtain the social representations of professionals and users about the proposed subject, as well as some operational aspects about the operation of this system at these health units. Subsequently the results were presented and analyzed in the form of Collective Subject Discourse and allow us to conclude that professionals and users have the same perception about the problems that affect the proper functioning of this system, such as lack of professionals, delay in treatment, lack of resoluteness of the primary health care, availability of services in secondary care at odds with people\'s needs, difficulties in communication between professionals of different health care levels, and a deficiency in controlling the flow of users, making the success of referrals dependent often on personal commitment of the professionals involved and of the patient\'s own efforts.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the oral impact on daily performance and its association with sociodemographic characteristics, tooth pain, need for prosthesis, and periodontal disease of adults in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional epidemiological study with secondary data obtained from the Oral Health Conditions Project– 2015 conducted in 163 municipalities in the state of Sao Paulo with the participation of 17,560 individuals. This study evaluated adults in the age-range between 35–44 years (n = 5,855), selected by means of probabilistic cluster sampling in two stages. The outcome variable was the OIDP (Oral Impacts on Daily Performances), obtained by using this instrument to assess daily activities (eating, speaking, oral hygiene, relaxation, sports practice, smile, study/work, social contact, and sleep). The independent variables were collected and grouped into three blocks: Block 1 (sex, age group, and ethnic group); Block 2 (household income and education); and Block 3 (tooth pain, need for prosthesis, bleeding, calculus, and periodontal pockets). A hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis was performed considering the complex cluster sampling plan. Each observation was assigned a specific weight, depending on the location, which resulted in weighted frequencies adjusted for the effect of outlining. Results: the female sex (p

Background Oral disorders may negatively affect the quality of life (QoL) of adolescents. To investigate how social vulnerability and oral-health status factors affect QoL in 15–19 years olds who participated in the “SB São Paulo 2015” state survey. Methods The relationship of several independent variables, namely Paulista Social Vulnerability Index (PSVI) score, gender, skin color, family income, age, untreated caries, tooth loss [determined by the Decayed, Missing, Filled-Teeth (DMF-T) index], toothache, periodontal condition [determined by the Community Periodontal Index (CPI)], and malocclusion (maxillary overjet, cross bite, or open bite) affect daily life, measured by the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) instrument. Logistic regression analyses were carried out based on a hierarchical model. Results The final sample consisted of 5402 adolescents. The prevalence of at least one negative impact of oral health on QoL was 37.3%. After adjustment, demographic factors that were found to influence this impact significantly (p

The Galapagos archipelago is characterized by a high degree of endemism across many taxa, linked to the archipelago's oceanic origin and distance from other colonizing land masses. A population of ~500 American Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) resides in Galapagos, which is thought to share an historical origin with the American Flamingo currently found in the Caribbean region. Genetic and phenotypic parameters in American Flamingos from Galapagos and from the Caribbean were investigated. Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers data showed that the American Flamingo population in Galapagos differs genetically from that in the Caribbean. American Flamingos in Galapagos form a clade that differs by a single common nucleotide substitution from American Flamingos in the Caribbean. The genetic differentiation is also evident from nuclear DNA in that microsatellite data reveal a number of private alleles for the American Flamingo in Galapagos. Analysis of skeletal measurements showed that American Flamingos in Galapagos are smaller than those in the Caribbean primarily due to shorter tarsus length, and exhibit differences in body shape sexual dimorphism. American Flamingo eggs from Galapagos have smaller linear dimensions and volumes than those from the Caribbean. These findings are consistent with reproductive isolation of the American Flamingo population in Galapagos.

Resumen pt: Objetivo: Analisar a interferencia da saude bucal em funcoes biologicas e sociais, segundo a percepcao de adolescentes brasileiros de 15 a 19 anos. Metod...

The objective of the present study was to analyze individual, contextual and social support factors associated with periodontal condition among 2332 dentate elderly Brazilian participants from the Sao Paulo State Oral Health Survey 2015 (SBSP-15). Methods This study used the database compiled by the SBSP-15, conducted from January to December in 2015. The associations were made by relative risk (RR), with Multilevel Poisson Regressions, among individual, contextual and social support variables, and had periodontal diseases as outcomes. Results The mean age of elders was 70.13 years (SD 5.67). The risk factors for all outcomes of periodontal diseases were male gender and self-perceived color of non-white skin. Regarding social support, feeling unhappy was a risk factor for the presence of shallow periodontal pockets (3-5mm) RR 1.43(CI 95% 1.10-1.86). The coverage of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) was a protective factor for gingival bleeding RR = 0.7(CI 95% 0.44-0.99) and calculus RR = 0.75(CI 95% 0.60-0.95), and a risk factor for the number of lost sextants (sextants with only one tooth or without any teeth) RR = 1.12(CI 95% 1.00-1.28). Living in municipalities with more than 90% fluoridation coverage was a protective factor for the number of lost sextants RR = 0.89(CI 95% 0.78-0.99). Conclusions The study showed evidence that individual (gender and self-perceived skin color), contextual (coverage of the family health strategy and water fluoridation) and social support factors (feeling unhappy) are associated with the clinical outcomes of periodontal diseases in Brazilian elders. This reinforces the need for transdisciplinary actions in the FHS, stimulating work together and intersectoral collaboration between FHS and NASF (Family Health Support Center).

A educação a distância é uma modalidade de ensino que permite eliminar a separação geográfica entre educador e educando para atender a um número ilimitado de alunos que estejam em busca de formação, capacitação ou atualização profissional. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo conhecer e explanar a vivência dos alunos da Especialização em Saúde da Família/Unasus/Unifesp, do município de Amparo, no processo de ensino-aprendizagem através do ensino a distância mediado por tecnologia, bem como avaliar o impacto da educação permanente na organização dos serviços. Através de um modelo de pesquisa qualitativa, buscou-se estabelecer a percepção dos alunos com relação a metodologia, técnica, estratégias de aprendizagem e mudanças ocorridas nos serviços em que estão inseridos os profissionais capacitados. As respostas foram classificadas segundo os eixos estabelecidos, buscando contextualizar o relato dos atores pesquisados. Após análise e avaliação desses discursos, foram estabelecidas relações e sínteses inerentes ao processo de ensino a distância e avaliação do impacto do curso de capacitação na organização e implementa- ção dos serviços. Observou-se que todas as narrativas referem a importância da educação permanente em Saúde como eixo propulsor de mudanças nos serviços e que a especialização foi exímia em qualidade e excelência. Mas, oportunamente, tais relatos destacaram que nem sempre as transformações desejadas aconteciam na mesma velocidade do proposto e assimilado pelo curso. A conclusão deste artigo destaca a importância do reconhecimento da educação permanente em saúde, devendo ser sempre incentivada e oferecida para grupos de profissionais, para possibilitar que seus cenários de prática sejam reorganizados e fortalecidos. Essa proposta de incentivo deve ter como intuito desenvolver práticas qualificadas socialmente e tecnicamente com aplicabilidade oportunizada por gestores e representantes municipais, estaduais e federais.

A Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de São Paulo desenvolveu o Índice de Necessidades em Saúde (INS) para identificar áreas prioritárias para a oferta de serviços. Em 2008 realizou um Levantamento das Condições de Saúde Bucal. Pretende-se, neste estudo ecológico, analisar o perfil de saúde bucal em relação ao INS. As variáveis, estratificadas para as idades de 5, 12 e 15 anos, foram: porcentagem de indivíduos com dificuldade no acesso ao serviço odontológico; média do ceod e CPOD; prevalência da necessidade de extração e de livres de cárie. As informações foram analisadas para as 25 Supervisões Técnicas de Saúde (STS). Empregou-se o teste estatístico de covariância, o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e o modelo de regressão linear. Observou-se uma correlação positiva entre maiores INS e a dificuldade de acesso aos serviços. Nas STS com maiores INS houve maior experiência de cárie, maior necessidade de exodontias e menor prevalência de livres de cárie. Reforça-se a necessidade de priorizar as áreas de privação social para melhorar a condição de saúde da população.The Health Department of São Paulo, Brazil, has developed a Health Necessities Index (HNI) to identify priority areas for providing health assistance. In 2008, a survey of the status of oral health was conducted. The objective of this ecological study was to analyze the status of oral health in relation to the HNI. The variables, stratified by the age of 5, 12 and 15 years old were: percentage of individuals with difficulty of access to dental care services; DMFT and DMFS; prevalence of the need for tooth extraction and treatment of dental caries. Data were analyzed for the 25 Health Technical Supervision Units (HTS). The Statistical Covariance Test was used as well as the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression model. A positive correlation was observed between high scores of the HNI and difficulty of access to services. In the HTS with high scores of HNI a higher incidence of dental caries was observed, a greater need for tooth extractions and low caries-free incidence. In order to improve health conditions of the population it is mandatory to prioritize actions in areas of social deprivation.

A Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de São Paulo desenvolveu o Índice de Necessidades em Saúde (INS) para identificar áreas prioritárias para a oferta de serviços. Em 2008 realizou um Levantamento das Condições de Saúde Bucal. Pretende-se, neste estudo ecológico, analisar o perfil de saúde bucal em relação ao INS. As variáveis, estratificadas para as idades de 5, 12 e 15 anos, foram: porcentagem de indivíduos com dificuldade no acesso ao serviço odontológico; média do ceod e CPOD; prevalência da necessidade de extração e de livres de cárie. As informações foram analisadas para as 25 Supervisões Técnicas de Saúde (STS). Empregou-se o teste estatístico de covariância, o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e o modelo de regressão linear. Observou-se uma correlação positiva entre maiores INS e a dificuldade de acesso aos serviços. Nas STS com maiores INS houve maior experiência de cárie, maior necessidade de exodontias e menor prevalência de livres de cárie. Reforça-se a necessidade de priorizar as áreas de privação social para melhorar a condição de saúde da população. The Health Department of São Paulo, Brazil, has developed a Health Necessities Index (HNI) to identify priority areas for providing health assistance. In 2008, a survey of the status of oral health was conducted. The objective of this ecological study was to analyze the status of oral health in relation to the HNI. The variables, stratified by the age of 5, 12 and 15 years old were: percentage of individuals with difficulty of access to dental care services; DMFT and DMFS; prevalence of the need for tooth extraction and treatment of dental caries. Data were analyzed for the 25 Health Technical Supervision Units (HTS). The Statistical Covariance Test was used as well as the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression model. A positive correlation was observed between high scores of the HNI and difficulty of access to services. In the HTS with high scores of HNI a higher incidence of dental caries was observed, a greater need for tooth extractions and low caries-free incidence. In order to improve health conditions of the population it is mandatory to prioritize actions in areas of social deprivation.

This study presents the strategies for prevention and early detection of oral cancer by means of screening in the elderly population of São Paulo, the richest and the most populous state of Brazil. This research was a retrospective longitudinal study based on the analysis of secondary data. The variables - number of participating cities, coverage of screening, and number of suspicious and confirmed cases of oral cancer - were divided into two periods: 2001-2004 and 2005-2008. Data were analyzed statistically by the chi-square test at 5% significance level. The implementation of a nationwide public oral health policy in 2004 and the reorganization of the secondary and tertiary health care were evaluated as mediator factors able to interfere in the achieved outcomes. From 2001 to 2008, 2,229,273 oral examinations were performed. There was an addition of 205 participating cities by the end of the studied period (p

The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of caries among children and adolescents who have cerebral palsy. The authors conducted baseline and follow-up dental examinations of 118 children and adolescents with cerebral palsy in a specialized healthcare unit in São Paulo, Brazil. Family care-givers completed a questionnaire that provided socioeconomic and behavioral information. The analysis used multivari-ate Poisson regression models adjusted for age. More than half (52.5%) of the subjects had at least one permanent or deciduous tooth affected by new caries during the longitudinal assessment (2004-2008). The incidence of caries was associated with the baseline prevalence of caries (incidence ratio = 1.92), a higher frequency of sugar intake (IR = 1.56), and having at least one sibling (IR = 1.64). Participants whose family care-givers had more education had a significantly lower incidence (IR = 0.68). The factors associated with a higher incidence of caries are similar to those in the general population. This evidence can potentially be used to develop an effective oral health promotion program for these patients.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo descreveu a prevalência de condições periodontais e sua associação com variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e comportamentais em adultos de 35 a 44 anos residentes no município de Guarulhos, São Paulo, 2006. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal de base populacional com delineamento amostral por conglomerados. Os inquéritos e os exames foram realizados nos domicílios sorteados. Para avaliação da condição periodontal foi utilizado o índice Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Os dados foram apurados pelo programas EPIINFO 6 e STATA 10. Para o modelo de associação empregou-se a razão de prevalências (RP), calculada por meio de análise de regressão de Poisson, com correção para delineamento de amostras complexas e ponderação pelo peso populacional. RESULTADOS: Foram examinadas 263 pessoas em 237 domicílios. No estudo multivariado, com modelo ajustado para amostras complexas e ponderação populacional, a prevalência de sangramento gengival e cálculo dentário esteve associada significativamente ao fato de ser homem (RP=1,12, p=0,04), fumante (RP=1,11, p=0,01), ter menos de oito anos de estudo (RP=1,14, p=0,01) e não visitar o cirurgião-dentista (CD) há mais de dois anos (RP=1,19, p=0,00). Para a presença de bolsa periodontal, houve associação com adultos que relataram o hábito de fumar (RP=1,71, p=0,02) e apresentavam mais de dois anos sem frequentar o CD (RP=1,97, p=0,03). CONCLUSÃO: Houve maior prevalência (62,7%) de indivíduos com sangramento gengival e cálculo dentário em relação à presença de bolsas periodontais rasas ou profundas (26,6%); as primeiras, reversíveis, têm possibilidades de resolução por meio de procedimentos de atenção básica em saúde bucal. OBJECTIVE: This study described the prevalence of periodontal conditions and assessed its association with social, economical and behavioral variables in adults aged 35 to 44 years old, residents in the city of Guarulhos, State of Sao Paulo, 2006. METHODS: This study was a population based survey with cluster sampling. Data collecting and exams were done at houses drew at random. The Community Periodontal Index was used to assess the periodontal condition. Data analysis used EPIINFO 6 and STATA 10 softwares. The assessment of association used the prevalence ratio (PR), as calculated by Poisson regression models with complex sampling and weighted sample adjustments. RESULTS: The total number of people was 263 in 237 domiciles. In the multivariate model, the prevalence of gingival bleeding and dental calculus was significantly associated to being male (PR=1.12, p=0.04), smoking (PR=1.11, p=0.01), school level of less than eight years of study (PR=1.14, p=0.01), and who have not received dental care for more than two years (PR=1.19, p

OBJETIVO: Este estudo descreveu a prevalência de condições periodontais e sua associação com variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e comportamentais em adultos de 35 a 44 anos residentes no município de Guarulhos, São Paulo, 2006. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal de base populacional com delineamento amostral por conglomerados. Os inquéritos e os exames foram realizados nos domicílios sorteados. Para avaliação da condição periodontal foi utilizado o índice Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Os dados foram apurados pelo programas EPIINFO 6 e STATA 10. Para o modelo de associação empregou-se a razão de prevalências (RP), calculada por meio de análise de regressão de Poisson, com correção para delineamento de amostras complexas e ponderação pelo peso populacional. RESULTADOS: Foram examinadas 263 pessoas em 237 domicílios. No estudo multivariado, com modelo ajustado para amostras complexas e ponderação populacional, a prevalência de sangramento gengival e cálculo dentário esteve associada significativamente ao fato de ser homem (RP=1,12, p=0,04), fumante (RP=1,11, p=0,01), ter menos de oito anos de estudo (RP=1,14, p=0,01) e não visitar o cirurgião-dentista (CD) há mais de dois anos (RP=1,19, p=0,00). Para a presença de bolsa periodontal, houve associação com adultos que relataram o hábito de fumar (RP=1,71, p=0,02) e apresentavam mais de dois anos sem frequentar o CD (RP=1,97, p=0,03). CONCLUSÃO: Houve maior prevalência (62,7%) de indivíduos com sangramento gengival e cálculo dentário em relação à presença de bolsas periodontais rasas ou profundas (26,6%); as primeiras, reversíveis, têm possibilidades de resolução por meio de procedimentos de atenção básica em saúde bucal.OBJECTIVE: This study described the prevalence of periodontal conditions and assessed its association with social, economical and behavioral variables in adults aged 35 to 44 years old, residents in the city of Guarulhos, State of Sao Paulo, 2006. METHODS: This study was a population based survey with cluster sampling. Data collecting and exams were done at houses drew at random. The Community Periodontal Index was used to assess the periodontal condition. Data analysis used EPIINFO 6 and STATA 10 softwares. The assessment of association used the prevalence ratio (PR), as calculated by Poisson regression models with complex sampling and weighted sample adjustments. RESULTS: The total number of people was 263 in 237 domiciles. In the multivariate model, the prevalence of gingival bleeding and dental calculus was significantly associated to being male (PR=1.12, p=0.04), smoking (PR=1.11, p=0.01), school level of less than eight years of study (PR=1.14, p=0.01), and who have not received dental care for more than two years (PR=1.19, p

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) has been associated with aggressive behaviour and poor prognosis in human breast cancer, but there is no information on its expression in canine mammary tumours (CMT). uPA immunohistochemical expression was studied in 119 CMT (24 benign, 95 malignant) to investigate its relationship with clinical and histopathological parameters. Dogs with malignant mammary tumours (MMT) underwent a 2-year follow-up evaluation. MMT expressed significantly more uPA than benign tumours. In MMT, high uPA stromal expression was significantly associated with larger tumour size, high Ki-67 expression, invasive growth, high histological grade, regional lymph node metastases, development of distant metastases, and lower overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). On the basis of these results, uPA could be considered a useful prognostic factor in dogs with MMT.

Trata-se de um relato de experiência sobre a introdução de conteúdos e estratégias pedagógicas na disciplina de Saúde Coletiva em Odontologia da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (FOUSP) que, seguindo as orientações das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para cursos de Odontologia, utiliza o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) como cenário pedagógico, permitindo ao aluno vivenciar e dialogar com a realidade in loco, ampliando o olhar e a escuta. Por meio de módulos de conteúdo aplicados com uma pedagogia baseada em problemas, a construção da teoria é complementada com visitas técnicas ao SUS do município de Embu das Artes, além da elaboração, ao longo do ano e em grupo, de uma política municipal de saúde bucal de outro município do estado de São Paulo. A experiência propõe fornecer ao aluno instrumentos de análise críticoreflexiva, inserindo sua prática num contexto social que visa a atender as necessidades em saúde da população.

OBJETIVO: Analisar se variáveis clínicas, sociodemográficas e de acesso aos serviços odontológicos influenciam o impacto da saúde bucal nas atividades diárias de adolescentes, adultos e idosos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com dados secundários da Pesquisa Estadual de Saúde Bucal (SB São Paulo 2015) realizada em 163 municípios de São Paulo. Participaram do inquérito 17.560 indivíduos de três grupos etários: adolescentes de 15–19 anos (n = 5.558), adultos de 35–44 anos (n = 6.051) e idosos de 65 anos ou mais (n = 5.951). A seleção foi feita por amostra probabilística por conglomerados em dois estágios. A variável desfecho foi o impacto da saúde bucal sobre as atividades diárias, avaliado pelo questionário Oral Impacts on Daily Performances, contendo questões sobre comer, falar, higiene bucal, relaxamento, prática esportiva, sorriso, estudo ou trabalho, contato social e sono. O Oral Impacts on Daily Performances foi dicotomizado em com e sem impacto. As variáveis independentes foram as sociodemográficas, clínicas e de acesso, divididas em três blocos. Realizou-se análise de regressão logística múltipla hierarquizada considerando o plano amostral complexo de conglomerados. Cada observação recebeu um peso específico, dependendo da localização que resultou em frequências ponderadas e ajustadas para o efeito do delineamento. RESULTADOS: A presença de impacto da saúde bucal foi constatada em 27,9% dos indivíduos. No bloco 1, o sexo feminino e o grupo étnico preto/pardo tiveram maior chance de impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida, bem como os adultos e idosos em relação aos adolescentes. No bloco 2, a renda familiar até R$1.500 teve associação com a presença de impacto. No bloco 3, os indivíduos que relataram dor de dente, frequentaram o serviço público e procuraram tratamento odontológico tiveram maior chance de impacto. CONCLUSÕES: As variáveis sociodemográficas, clínica e de acesso ao serviço de saúde influenciam o impacto da saúde bucal nas atividades diárias de adolescentes, adultos e idosos.

This study assessed oral health outcomes (perceived dental treatment need, untreated dental caries, gingival bleeding, periodontal pockets, and pain in teeth and gums), in relation to color/race inequalities among adolescents in each Brazilian region. The database included dental examination and interview of 16,833 15-19-year-old adolescents, surveyed by the Brazilian health authority, from May 2002 to October 2003, in accordance with international diagnostic criteria standardized by the World Health Organization. Prevalence ratios estimated by Poisson regression, and controlled by socioeconomic status and access to fluoridated piped water, assessed oral health differentials among color/race groups and country's regions. Except for periodontal pockets, prevalence figures were higher in the North and Northeast: perceived dental treatment needs, untreated dental caries, gingival bleeding at probing and pain in teeth and gums varied between 80-83%, 75-76%, 38-43%, and 17-18%, respectively, in these regions. Adolescents living in the Southeast - the richest Brazilian region - presented a better general profile of oral health than their counterparts living in the remaining regions; they had a lower prevalence of untreated dental caries (54%) and unfavorable gingival status (29%). However, the Southeast presented color/race inequalities in all oral health outcomes, with a poorer profile systematically affecting browns or blacks, depending on the oral health condition under consideration. These results reinforce the need for expanding the amplitude of health initiatives aimed at adolescent oral health. Socially appropriate health programs should concurrently aim at the reduction of levels of oral disease and its inequalities. O presente estudo avaliou desfechos de saúde bucal (necessidade de tratamento dentário autopercebida, cárie dentária não tratada, sangramento gengival, bolsa periodontal e dor nos dentes e gengivas) com o intuito de identificar desigualdades por cor/raça entre adolescentes em cada uma das macro-regiões brasileiras. O banco de dados incluiu informações sociodemográficas e de exames bucais de 16.833 adolescentes entre 15-19 anos de idade, investigados pelo Ministério de Saúde entre maio de 2002 e outubro de 2003, conforme critérios diagnósticos preconizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Foram utilizadas razões de prevalência, calculadas por regressão de Poisson e ajustadas para variáveis socioeconômicas e acesso a água fluoretada, para estimar desigualdades nos desfechos de saúde bucal entre os grupos de cor/raça e as macro-regiões brasileiras. Exceto para bolsa periodontal, as estimativas de prevalência foram mais altas no Norte e no Nordeste: necessidade de tratamento dentário autopercebida, cárie dentária não tratada, sangramento gengival e dor nos dentes e gengivas variaram entre 80-83%, 75-76%, 38-43% e 17-18%, respectivamente, nestas regiões. Os adolescentes do Sudeste - a macro-região mais rica do país - apresentaram, em geral, melhores condições de saúde bucal, quando comparados com seus pares das demais macro-regiões; os adolescentes do Sudeste apresentaram menores prevalências de cárie dentária não tratada (54%) e de sangramento gengival (29%). Entretanto, o Sudeste demonstrou desigualdades por cor/raça em todos os desfechos investigados, com piores condições afetando sistematicamente pardos ou pretos, a depender da condição de saúde bucal investigada. Estes resultados reforçam a necessidade de expandir as ações dirigidas à saúde bucal dos adolescentes brasileiros. Programas/intervenções em saúde socialmente sensíveis devem visar a redução de níveis de morbidades bucais, bem como de suas desigualdades.

This study assessed oral health outcomes (perceived dental treatment need, untreated dental caries, gingival bleeding, periodontal pockets, and pain in teeth and gums), in relation to color/race inequalities among adolescents in each Brazilian region. The database included dental examination and interview of 16,833 15-19-year-old adolescents, surveyed by the Brazilian health authority, from May 2002 to October 2003, in accordance with international diagnostic criteria standardized by the World Health Organization. Prevalence ratios estimated by Poisson regression, and controlled by socioeconomic status and access to fluoridated piped water, assessed oral health differentials among color/race groups and country's regions. Except for periodontal pockets, prevalence figures were higher in the North and Northeast: perceived dental treatment needs, untreated dental caries, gingival bleeding at probing and pain in teeth and gums varied between 80-83%, 75-76%, 38-43%, and 17-18%, respectively, in these regions. Adolescents living in the Southeast - the richest Brazilian region - presented a better general profile of oral health than their counterparts living in the remaining regions; they had a lower prevalence of untreated dental caries (54%) and unfavorable gingival status (29%). However, the Southeast presented color/race inequalities in all oral health outcomes, with a poorer profile systematically affecting browns or blacks, depending on the oral health condition under consideration. These results reinforce the need for expanding the amplitude of health initiatives aimed at adolescent oral health. Socially appropriate health programs should concurrently aim at the reduction of levels of oral disease and its inequalities.O presente estudo avaliou desfechos de saúde bucal (necessidade de tratamento dentário autopercebida, cárie dentária não tratada, sangramento gengival, bolsa periodontal e dor nos dentes e gengivas) com o intuito de identificar desigualdades por cor/raça entre adolescentes em cada uma das macro-regiões brasileiras. O banco de dados incluiu informações sociodemográficas e de exames bucais de 16.833 adolescentes entre 15-19 anos de idade, investigados pelo Ministério de Saúde entre maio de 2002 e outubro de 2003, conforme critérios diagnósticos preconizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Foram utilizadas razões de prevalência, calculadas por regressão de Poisson e ajustadas para variáveis socioeconômicas e acesso a água fluoretada, para estimar desigualdades nos desfechos de saúde bucal entre os grupos de cor/raça e as macro-regiões brasileiras. Exceto para bolsa periodontal, as estimativas de prevalência foram mais altas no Norte e no Nordeste: necessidade de tratamento dentário autopercebida, cárie dentária não tratada, sangramento gengival e dor nos dentes e gengivas variaram entre 80-83%, 75-76%, 38-43% e 17-18%, respectivamente, nestas regiões. Os adolescentes do Sudeste - a macro-região mais rica do país - apresentaram, em geral, melhores condições de saúde bucal, quando comparados com seus pares das demais macro-regiões; os adolescentes do Sudeste apresentaram menores prevalências de cárie dentária não tratada (54%) e de sangramento gengival (29%). Entretanto, o Sudeste demonstrou desigualdades por cor/raça em todos os desfechos investigados, com piores condições afetando sistematicamente pardos ou pretos, a depender da condição de saúde bucal investigada. Estes resultados reforçam a necessidade de expandir as ações dirigidas à saúde bucal dos adolescentes brasileiros. Programas/intervenções em saúde socialmente sensíveis devem visar a redução de níveis de morbidades bucais, bem como de suas desigualdades.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação de condições de saúde gengival com a utilização de serviço odontológico. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se levantamento epidemiológico de saúde bucal de 1.799 adolescentes, em 35 cidades do Estado de São Paulo, em 2002. A saúde gengival foi avaliada pela prevalência de sangramento na gengiva à sondagem e cálculo dentário (índice periodontal comunitário) e oclusão dentária (índice de estética dentária). A utilização de serviços odontológicos foi medida pelo índice de cuidado (O/CPO) para cada cidade. Análise multinível de regressão logística ajustou modelos explicativos para fatores associados aos desfechos de interesse. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sangramento gengival à sondagem foi 21,5%; de cálculo dentário foi 19,4%. Os participantes do sexo masculino, negros e pardos, moradores em áreas rurais, residentes em domicílios aglomerados e com atraso escolar apresentaram chance significantemente mais elevada para os agravos que seus respectivos pares de comparação. Características de oclusão dentária também associaram com gengiva não-saudável: apinhamento dos segmentos incisais, mordida aberta vertical anterior, relação molar antero-posterior. Cidades com maior utilização de serviço odontológico tiveram menor proporção de adolescentes com sangramento gengival e cálculo. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização de serviços odontológicos foi significativamente associada a melhores condições de saúde gengival (sangramento e cálculo). Essa associação independeu das características sociodemográficas individuais e contextuais, e de oclusão dentária.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between gingival health conditions and dental service utilization. METHODS: An epidemiological survey of the oral health of 1,799 adolescents was carried out in 35 cities of the state of São Paulo, in 2002. Gingival health was assessed through the prevalence of gingival bleeding on probing and dental calculus (community periodontal index), and dental occlusion was assessed through the dental aesthetic index. The utilization of dental services was measured by means of the dental care index (F/DMFT) for each city. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to adjust explanatory models to factors associated with the outcome variables of interest. RESULTS: The prevalence of gingival bleeding on probing was 21.5%, whereas dental calculus was prevalent in 19.4%. Male participants, who were either black or dark-skinned, lived in crowded homes, in rural areas, and showed schooling delay, were at a significantly higher risk than their respective counterparts. The following dental occlusion characteristics were also associated with unhealthy gum: incisor segment crowding, vertical anterior open bite, and antero-posterior molar relationship. Cities with a higher utilization of dental services showed a smaller proportion of adolescents with gingival bleeding and dental calculus. CONCLUSIONS: The utilization of dental services was significantly associated with better gingival health conditions (gingival bleeding and dental calculus). This association did not depend on contextual and individual sociodemographic characteristics or dental occlusion.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação de condições de saúde gengival com a utilização de serviço odontológico. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se levantamento epidemiológico de saúde bucal de 1.799 adolescentes, em 35 cidades do Estado de São Paulo, em 2002. A saúde gengival foi avaliada pela prevalência de sangramento na gengiva à sondagem e cálculo dentário (índice periodontal comunitário) e oclusão dentária (índice de estética dentária). A utilização de serviços odontológicos foi medida pelo índice de cuidado (O/CPO) para cada cidade. Análise multinível de regressão logística ajustou modelos explicativos para fatores associados aos desfechos de interesse. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sangramento gengival à sondagem foi 21,5%; de cálculo dentário foi 19,4%. Os participantes do sexo masculino, negros e pardos, moradores em áreas rurais, residentes em domicílios aglomerados e com atraso escolar apresentaram chance significantemente mais elevada para os agravos que seus respectivos pares de comparação. Características de oclusão dentária também associaram com gengiva não-saudável: apinhamento dos segmentos incisais, mordida aberta vertical anterior, relação molar antero-posterior. Cidades com maior utilização de serviço odontológico tiveram menor proporção de adolescentes com sangramento gengival e cálculo. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização de serviços odontológicos foi significativamente associada a melhores condições de saúde gengival (sangramento e cálculo). Essa associação independeu das características sociodemográficas individuais e contextuais, e de oclusão dentária.

A redução na prevalência de cárie em crianças no Estado de São Paulo é explicada pela fluoretação das águas de abastecimento, uso de dentifrícios fluoretados e ampliação do acesso às ações coletivas de saúde bucal, na qual se inserem os procedimentos coletivos (PC), desenvolvidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Nos PC incluem-se atividades anuais preventivas e educativas. Sobre as últimas, espera-se que os participantes adquiram e mantenham hábitos saudáveis de higiene bucal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a percepção, o conhecimento e as práticas em saúde bucal e a avaliação das atividades educativas e preventivas de 219 estudantes do 1º ano do ensino médio, egressos de escolas públicas, que receberam os PC de 1ª a 4ª série, de 1ª a 8ª série ou que não receberam os PC, no município de Embu (SP) 2005. Analisou-se associação entre os grupos pelo teste qui-quadrado. A percepção, o conhecimento e as práticas em saúde bucal não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os três grupos. A maioria dos jovens acredita ser importante falar sobre saúde bucal nas escolas e, mesmo os que não participaram dos PC, afirmaram ter recebido algum ensinamento na escola, o que reforça que o conhecimento e a conseqüente prática em saúde bucal são influenciados por outros fatores. Neste estudo, ter participado ou não dos PC quando criança não causou impacto diferente em relação aos cuidados em saúde bucal na adolescência.The decline in tooth decay in the children of the State of São Paulo is explained by fluoridation of the water supply, the use of fluoridated toothpaste and access to collective actions promoting oral health, such as the "collective procedures" (CPs). CPs are educational and preventive annual programs developed in public schools by the Brazilian public health system. It is expected that the participants will acquire and maintain healthy oral hygiene practices. The purpose of this study was to investigate perception, knowledge and practices/behavior related to oral health, as well as the evaluation of the educational and preventive activities of 219 students of the 1st grade of high school in the city of Embu, São Paulo, in 2005. The first group of students had received the CPs in elementary public school from grades 1st to 4th; the second group had received them from grades 1st to 8th; and the third one had not received the CPs. The students were interviewed after consent had been obtained. Analyses were performed using the Chi-square test. No significant differences were found between groups. The majority of the students believe it is important to speak about oral health at school. The ones who had not participated in the CPs said that they had received some instructions at school, which strengthens the theory according to which oral health is influenced by other factors. In this study, children's participation in the CPs did not seem to have an impact on oral health care/practices in adolescence.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalencia de carie dentaria nao tratada em adolescentes no Brasil e analisar a associacao da carie com fatores individuais e contextuais nos municipios onde esses adolescentes residem. METODOS: Utilizou-se um banco de dados gerado pelo Ministerio da Saude (projeto SB-Brasil) que inclui informacoes de 16 833 adolescentes (15 a 19 anos). A presenca de ao menos um dente permanente com carie nao tratada foi a variavel de estudo. As variaveis explicativas, em nivel individual, foram: sexo, grupo etnico, local de residencia e situacao escolar. As variaveis referentes ao municipio foram: indice de desenvolvimento humano municipal (IDH-M), proporcao de domicilios com ligacao de agua e presenca de fluor na agua de abastecimento ha 5 anos ou mais. Para ajustar o desfecho as condicoes individuais e municipais de interesse, foi realizada uma analise multinivel para estimacao em modelos multivariados de regressao logistica. RESULTADOS: Ser negro ou pardo (razao de chances ajustada, ORajust = 1,79; 1,68 a 1,92) e residir em area rural (ORajust = 1,31; 1,19 a 1,45) foram determinantes individuais de maior probabilidade de apresentar carie nao tratada. Ser estudante foi identificado como fator de protecao (ORajust = 0,67; 0,62 a 0,73). As variaveis de segundo nivel, IDH-M (coeficiente ajustado beta = -0,213), fluor na rede de agua (beta = -0,201) e proporcao de domicilios com ligacao de agua (beta = -0,197) foram identificadas como determinantes contextuais de carie. CONCLUSAO: Os resultados mostram que existe desigualdade na distribuicao dos servicos de saude nas diferentes regioes brasileiras e sugerem que pode haver desigualdade tambem na efetividade dos servicos prestados. Politicas de expansao do acesso a agua fluoretada e inclusao escolar podem contribuir para evitar a doenca carie em adolescentes.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de cárie dentária não tratada em adolescentes no Brasil e analisar a associação da cárie com fatores individuais e contextuais nos municípios onde esses adolescentes residem. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se um banco de dados gerado pelo Ministério da Saúde (projeto SB-Brasil) que inclui informações de 16 833 adolescentes (15 a 19 anos). A presença de ao menos um dente permanente com cárie não tratada foi a variável de estudo. As variáveis explicativas, em nível individual, foram: sexo, grupo étnico, local de residência e situação escolar. As variáveis referentes ao município foram: índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal (IDH-M), proporção de domicílios com ligação de água e presença de flúor na água de abastecimento há 5 anos ou mais. Para ajustar o desfecho às condições individuais e municipais de interesse, foi realizada uma análise multinível para estimação em modelos multivariados de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Ser negro ou pardo (razão de chances ajustada, ORajust = 1,79; 1,68 a 1,92) e residir em área rural (ORajust = 1,31; 1,19 a 1,45) foram determinantes individuais de maior probabilidade de apresentar cárie não tratada. Ser estudante foi identificado como fator de proteção (ORajust = 0,67; 0,62 a 0,73). As variáveis de segundo nível, IDH-M (coeficiente ajustado beta = -0,213), flúor na rede de água (beta = -0,201) e proporção de domicílios com ligação de água (beta = -0,197) foram identificadas como determinantes contextuais de cárie. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostram que existe desigualdade na distribuição dos serviços de saúde nas diferentes regiões brasileiras e sugerem que pode haver desigualdade também na efetividade dos serviços prestados. Políticas de expansão do acesso à água fluoretada e inclusão escolar podem contribuir para evitar a doença cárie em adolescentes.OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of untreated caries among adolescents in Brazil and to analyze the association between caries and individual and contextual factors in the municipalities where these adolescents live. METHODS: A Ministry of Health database (projeto SB-Brasil) provided health records on 16 833 adolescents from 15-19 years of age. The study variable used was the presence of at least one permanent tooth having been lost to caries. The individual variables considered were: sex, ethnic group, living in an urban versus a rural area, and being a student or not. Contextual variables related to the municipality were: municipal human development index (MHDI), proportion of households connected to the water system, and water fluoridation for 5 years or more. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was carried out to adjust the outcome to the individual and contextual variables. RESULTS: Individual determinants related to a higher probability of untreated caries were: the ethnic group described as "black or brown," (adjusted odds ratio, ORadjust = 1.79; 1.68 to 1.92); and living in a rural area (ORadjust = 1.31; 1.19 to 1.45). Being a student was identified as a protective factor (ORadjust = 0.67; 0.62 to 0.73). Secondary variables identified as contextual determinants of caries were MHDI (adjusted coefficient beta = -0.213), water fluoridation (beta = -0.201), and households connected to the water system (beta = -0.197). CONCLUSIONS: The results show inequalities in the distribution of health services in the various Brazilian regions, and suggest that inequalities may also be present in the effectiveness of the services provided. Policies to increase access to fluoride-treated water and school enrollment may contribute to preventing caries in adolescents.

Introduction: Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) measurement in newborns has been studied extensively in the non-Hispanic population, but its usefulness in the Hispanic population remains unclear. We evaluate the accuracy of TcB measurements in assessing jaundice in Hispanic neonates by using total serum bilirubin (TSB) measurements as the reference standard and determine the TcB level that can be used to identify neonates at risk for clinically significant jaundice (above the 95th percentile). Methods: A total of 192 Hispanic neonates were enrolled. TcB measurements were performed within 30 minutes of obtaining the TSB measurement. The linear relationship between TcB and TSB was measured by using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values by using a TcB level above the 75th percentile to identify neonates with a TSB level above the 95th percentile. Results: TSB ranged from 1.7 to 13.9 mg/dL, with 62% falling below the 75th percentile. TcB correlated well with TSB in Hispanic neonates (r 0.87). A TcB level above the 75th percentile detected all infants with a TSB level above the 95th percentile, sensitivity 100%, and specificity 66%. Conclusions: In Hispanic newborns, the TcB level correlated well with the TSB level. TcB monitoring is a useful clinical screening tool to evaluate for the risk of clinically significant jaundice. (J Am Board Fam Med 2007;20:266‐271.)

O objetivo do artigo é estimar o custo da fluoretação das águas de abastecimento público no Município de São Paulo no período de 1985-2003. Para o cálculo da composição de custos da fluoretação das águas levou-se em conta os seguintes custos: (a) capital inicial de instalação; (b) produto químico (ácido fluorsilícico); (c) operacionalização do sistema (manutenção do sistema, energia elétrica e recursos humanos); e (d) controle dos teores de flúor. A ação do flúor mostrou-se efetiva, pois para a idade de 12 anos observou-se redução de 73% na experiência de cárie dentária, sendo que em 1986 a média do índice CPO-D era de 6,47 (6,12-6,82) e em 2002 foi de 1,75 (1,48-2,92). Nesta idade-índice 40% das crianças apresentaram CPO-D = 0 em 2002. O custo médio per capita/ano na Cidade de São Paulo foi de R$ 0,08 (US$ 0,03) em 2003. O custo acumulado em 18 anos de implantação do sistema de fluoretação foi de R$ 1,44 (US$ 0,97) per capita.The aim of this study was to estimate the cost of fluoridating the public water supply in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1985 to 2003. Cost calculation for fluoridation of the public water supply used the following: capital cost of initial installation, chemical product (hydrofluosilicic acid), system's operational cost (maintenance, electricity, and human resources), and monitoring fluoride levels. Fluoridation was effective, since there was a decrease of 73% in dental caries in 12-year-olds ­ mean DMF was 6.47 (6.12-6.82) in 1986, having decreased to 1.75 (1.48-2.92) in 2002. In this age group, 40% of children presented DMF = 0 in 2002. Average cost per inhabitant/year for 2003 was R$ 0.08 (US$ 0.03). The accumulated cost for 18 years of implementation and maintenance of the fluoridation system was R$ 1.44 (US$ 0.97) per capita.

O presente estudo visa descrever o processo de avaliação da precisão e validade do levantamento de cárie dentária realizado na cidade de São Paulo em 2002, integrado ao Projeto SB2000 do Ministério da Saúde. Para essa finalidade, foi empregada metodologia padronizada internacionalmente pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Durante o treinamento dos cirurgiões-dentistas que participaram do levantamento, foi realizado exercício de calibração envolvendo nove examinadores e dois grupos de 20 escolares, para a aferição de concordância interobservadores. A validação dos exames bucais usou como critério de "gold standard" a indicação do coordenador do levantamento como examinador padrão. Além disso, durante a coleta de dados, 58 escolares foram reexaminados pelos mesmos profissionais para o cálculo dos indicadores de precisão intra-observador. Foram estimados elevados indicadores sintéticos de precisão para o levantamento: respectivamente, 99,83% e 96,45% de porcentagem geral de concordância intra e interobservadores e 0,996 e 0,943 os correspondentes valores da estatística kappa. A validade do estudo também foi avaliada positivamente, com elevados indicadores globais de sensibilidade (0,972) e especificidade (0,978). A avaliação de precisão e validade para cada observador produziu indicadores igualmente elevados e satisfatórios. A descrição dos procedimentos adotados para avaliação de precisão e validade, bem como a apresentação dos resultados obtidos, podem fornecer indicações metodológicas para estudos subseqüentes dessa natureza.The present study aims at describing the assessment of the reliability and accuracy of a survey of dental caries performed in the city of São Paulo in 2002, as part of the SB2000 Project of the Ministry of Health. The appraisal of indexes used methodology internationally standardized by the World Health Organization. During the training of examiners participating in the survey, an exercise of calibration was conducted for the gauging of inter-observer agreement, which involved nine dental surgeons and two groups of 20 schoolchildren. The coordinator of the survey was assigned as the gold Standard for the validation of the oral examination records in the calibration process. Furthermore, during the gathering of data, 58 schoolchildren were reexamined by the same professionals, for the assessment of intra-observer agreement. We calculated high synthetic indicators of reliability for the survey: respectively 99.83% and 96.45% for the percentage of overall intra- and inter-observer agreement, and 0.996 and 0.943 for the corresponding values of kappa statistics. The validity of the study was also evaluated positively, with high global indicators of sensitivity (0.972) and specificity (0.978). The evaluation of reliability and accuracy for each observer produced high and satisfactory indicators. The description of the procedures chosen for the assessment of reliability and accuracy, as well as the presentation of results, can provide methodological indications for subsequent studies of dental caries distribution.

O Projeto Bandeira Científica é uma atividade de extensão universitária que atua em localidades vulneráveis do Brasil. Desde 2006 a Faculdade de Odontologia da USP é responsável pela saúde bucal. As atividades foram desenvolvidas entre 8 e 20 de dezembro de 2015, em Limoeiro de Anadia - AL. Participaram 28 alunos da graduação FO-USP e FO-UFAL, 2 professores e 5 Cirurgiões Dentistas em ações de promoção em saúde em 1.454 crianças de 20 escolas de Ensino Fundamental, Educação Infantil e População da Comunidade. Todos os escolares participaram das atividades de educação em saúde bucal e escovação supervisionada, ações prioritárias do projeto. Foi desenvolvido um levantamento epidemiológico de saúde bucal, foram distribuídos 2.500 kits de escovação infantil e realizadas 1.454 aplicações de flúor tópico, 752 escolares receberam atendimento clínico: tratamento restaurador atraumático com ionômero de vidro (1.588); selamento de cavidades com cimento provisório (11); medicação endodôntica (2); exodontia de decíduos (429) e permanentes (50); raspagem periodontal (20), totalizando 2.165 procedimentos clínicos e 296 procedimentos preventivos: aplicação de cariostático (123); aplicação de selante (160) e aplicação de verniz fluoretado (13), foram confeccionadas 24 próteses totais para 12 moradores e foram encaminhadas 358 crianças para tratamento de maior complexidade para a Unidade Básica de Saúde.

AIM: To estimate tooth loss prevalence among adolescents in São Paulo, considering socioeconomic and demographic factors, dental service use and pain. METHODS: Data were obtained from the São Paulo Oral Health Survey 2008. The sample comprised 2858 adolescents from 15 to 19 years old from public and private schools, who underwent through an oral examination. In addition, a questionnaire was applied regarding the characterization of factors related to socioeconomics, demographics, use of dental services and pain in the last six months. At least one tooth lost was the outcome. The independent variables included gender, ethnicity, parents' schooling, type of school, number of rooms, people and cars per home, family income, dental service use, decayed teeth, toothache. A multivariate logistic regression model was used. RESULTS: The prevalence of tooth loss was 7%. The independent variables decayed tooth (RP=1.71), toothache (RP=2.04), father's schooling - elementary (RP=1.40) and per capita family income - less than 1/2 a minimum salary (RP=1.45) were associated with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that socioeconomic factors may contribute to the increase of early tooth loss among adolescents.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a tendência de prevalência de fluorose dentária em crianças de 12 anos em contexto de exposição a múltiplas fontes de flúor. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se análise de tendência da prevalência de fluorose dentária no período de 1998 a 2010 na cidade de São Paulo, SP. As prevalências foram calculadas para diferentes anos (1998, 2002, 2008 e 2010), a partir de dados secundários obtidos em levantamentos epidemiológicos com amostras representativas da população de 12 anos de idade. A ocorrência de fluorose foi avaliada sob luz natural utilizando o índice de Dean, preconizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde e categorizada em normal, questionável, muito leve, leve, moderada e severa. Em 1998 foram examinadas 125 crianças; 249 em 2002; 4.085 em 2008; e 231 em 2010. RESULTADOS: Em 1998 a prevalência de fluorose foi de 43,8% (IC95%35,6;52,8), em 2002 de 33,7% (IC95% 28,2;39,8), de 40,3% (IC95% 38,8;41,8) em 2008 e de 38,1% (IC95% 32,1;44,5) em 2010. As categorias muito leve + leve registraram 38,4% (IC95%30,3;47,6) em 1998, 32,1% (IC95% 26,6;38,2) em 2002, 38,0% (IC95% 36,5;39,5) em 2008 e 36,4% (IC95%30,4;42,7) em 2010. Não se observou fluorose severa com significância estatística. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de fluorose dentária em crianças paulistanas pode ser classificada como estacionária no período de 1998 a 2010, tanto em geral quanto ao se considerarem apenas as categorias muito leve + leve. OBJETIVO: Analizar la tendencia de prevalencia de fluorosis dentaria en niños de 12 años en contexto de exposición a múltiples fuentes de flúor. MÉTODOS: Se realizó análisis de tendencia de la prevalencia de fluorosis dentaria en el período de 1998 a 2010 en la ciudad de Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil. Las prevalencias fueron calculadas para diferentes años (1998, 2002, 2008 y 2010), a partir de datos secundarios obtenidos en pesquisas epidemiológicas con muestras representativas de la población de 12 años de edad. La ocurrencia de fluorosis fue evaluada bajo la luz natural utilizando el índice de Dean, recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y, categorizada como normal, cuestionable, muy leve, leve, moderada y severa. En 1998 fueron examinadas 125 niños; 249 en 2002; 4.085 en 2008 y 231 en 2010. RESULTADOS: En 1998 la prevalencia de fluorosis fue de 43,8% (IC95%35,6;52,8), en 2002 de 33,7% (IC95% 28,2;39,8), de 40,3% (IC95% 38,8;41,8) en 2008 y de 38,1% (IC95% 32,1;44,5), en 2010. Las categorías muy leve+leve registraron 38,4% (IC95%30,3;47,6) en 1998, 32,1% (IC95% 26,6;38,2) en 2002, 38,0% (IC95% 36,5;39,5) en 2008 y 36,4% (IC95%30,4;42,7) en 2010. No se observo fluorosis severa con significancia estadística. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de fluorosis dentaria en niños paulistanos pudo ser clasificada como estacionaria en el período de 1998 a 2010, tanto en general como al considerar sólo las categorías muy leve+leve. OBJECTIVE: To assess the trend of dental fluorosis prevalence in 12-year-old children, in the context of exposure to multiple sources of fluoride. METHODS: An analysis was carried out of the trends in prevalence of dental fluorosis in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, between 1998 and 2010. The rates of prevalence were calculated for different years (1998, 2002, 2008 and 2010) using secondary data obtained from epidemiological surveys of representative samples of 12-year-old children. Occurrence of fluorosis was assessed in natural light using the Dean index, recommended by the World Health Organization and categorized into normal, questionable, very mild, mild, moderate and severe. In 1998, 125 children were examined, 249 in 2002, 4,085 in 2008 and 231 in 2010. RESULTS: In 1998 the prevalence of fluorosis was 43.8% (95%CI 35.6;52.8) in 2002 it was 33.7% (95%CI 28.2;39.8), it was 40.3% (95%CI 38.8;41.8) in 2008 and 38.1% (95%CI 32.1;44.5) in 2010.The categories very mild + mild totaled 38.4% (95%CI 30.3;47.6) in 1998, 32.1% (95%CI 26.6;38.2) in 2002, 38.0% (95%CI 36.5;39.5) in 2008 and 36.4% (95%CI 30.4;42.7) in 2010. Severe fluorosis was not observed, with statistical significance, in the analyzed period. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dental fluorosis in children from São Paulo can be classified as stationary between 1998 and 2010, both when considering all categories, and when considering only the categories very mild + mild.

The aim of the study was to analyze what sociodemographic and economic variables were associated with the presence of untreated caries in 12-year-old children in the city of São Paulo. This cross-sectional study had a complex sample design. It was based on secondary data generated by the Levantamento epidemiológico em saúde bucal (Epidemiological Oral Health Survey) in the city of São Paulo, conducted in 2008, whose sample comprised 4,246 12-year-old children from the public and private schools of all the administrative districts of the city. A questionnaire was applied and an epidemiological exam was performed in accordance with the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommendations. The variables of interest were categorized into a dependent variable of untreated dental caries (carious component of the DMFT index that corresponds to carious, missing and filled teeth) and independent variables related to the socioeconomic and demographic conditions of the children and their families, and to their access to dental services. The EPI-INFO 06 and STATA 10 programs were used for the analysis; the prevalence ratio and a confidence interval of 95% were applied to the population parameters. The Poisson regression model was used, adjusted for sampling of the complex type. Caries was associated with ethnicity (higher rate in black people, p = 0.042), attending public school (p = 0.000), lower average family income (p = 0.002), overcrowded dwellings (p = 0.000) and presence of pain (p = 0.000). Caries is a multifactorial disease influenced by social health determinants that intensify its risk.

To assess the trend of dental fluorosis prevalence in 12-year-old children, in the context of exposure to multiple sources of fluoride.An analysis was carried out of the trends in prevalence of dental fluorosis in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, between 1998 and 2010. The rates of prevalence were calculated for different years (1998, 2002, 2008 and 2010) using secondary data obtained from epidemiological surveys of representative samples of 12-year-old children. Occurrence of fluorosis was assessed in natural light using the Dean index, recommended by the World Health Organization and categorized into normal, questionable, very mild, mild, moderate and severe. In 1998, 125 children were examined, 249 in 2002, 4,085 in 2008 and 231 in 2010.In 1998 the prevalence of fluorosis was 43.8% (95%CI 35.6;52.8) in 2002 it was 33.7% (95%CI 28.2;39.8), it was 40.3% (95%CI 38.8;41.8) in 2008 and 38.1% (95%CI 32.1;44.5) in 2010.The categories very mild + mild totaled 38.4% (95%CI 30.3;47.6) in 1998, 32.1% (95%CI 26.6;38.2) in 2002, 38.0% (95%CI 36.5;39.5) in 2008 and 36.4% (95%CI 30.4;42.7) in 2010. Severe fluorosis was not observed, with statistical significance, in the analyzed period.The prevalence of dental fluorosis in children from São Paulo can be classified as stationary between 1998 and 2010, both when considering all categories, and when considering only the categories very mild + mild.

To evaluate the prevalence, clinical features, and risk factors of dentin hypersensitivity (DH) in a Brazilian population. 300 patients at the Dentistry Clinic of the University of Sao Paulo participated in this study. The subjects completed a questionnaire regarding their personal information, the presence of DH, and some of its risk factors. Following completion of the questionnaire, a clinical examination was undertaken. To confirm the presence of DH, the subjects were evaluated with the use of a probe and cold air from a triple syringe. Statistical analysis was performed with the chi-square test and odds ratio, with the critical level p

To estimate the prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs in 12-year-olds and adolescents.Cross-sectional study based on results from the epidemiological surveys: Oral Health Conditions in the State of Sao Paulo, 2002 and the Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil) 2010. Secondary data for 5,782 (2002) and 369 (2010) 12-year-olds and 880 (2002) and 300 (2010) 15- to 19-year-olds were analyzed. Dental caries attack was evaluated using the DMFT (decayed, missing or filled teeth) index and the need for treatment verified using the criteria proposed by the World Health Organization. The Significant Caries Index was used to measure the severity of the decay in the tercile of the group with the highest prevalence of the disease. In order to analyze the results, the Chi-squared and Mann-Whitney tests were used, with a 5% significance.There was a decrease of 39.3 percentage points in the DMFT index for 12-year-olds (p0.001) and of 41.1 percentage points for the adolescents (p0.001) between 2002 and 2010, and an increase of around 161.0 and 303.0 percentage in the group which was free from dental caries respectively. The percentage of restored teeth decreased in both age groups, although the prevalence of dental caries did not change in the group more affected by dental caries. In the group with few dental caries, there was a decrease in the component 'tooth loss' for adolescents and increase in the component 'decayed teeth' for the 12-years-old and the adolescents. There was an increase in the need for dental treatment in the group as a whole and in the group of 12-year-olds more affected by dental caries; and among the adolescents, the need for restoration on two or more surface decreased in the group as a whole and also in the group which suffered least from dental caries.The decreasing need for non-complex treatment in adolescents suggests that promotion and prevention activities are having a positive effect on this group. Moreover, the two epidemiological surveys in the state of Sao Paulo show improvements in oral health conditions in both age groups studied and calls for monitoring aimed also at the group least affected by dental caries.

In 2002, the Brazilian Ministry of Education approved the official curricular guidelines for undergraduate courses in Brazil to be adopted by the nation's 188 dental schools. In 2005-06, the Brazilian Dental Education Association (BDEA) promoted workshops in forty-eight of the schools to verify the degree of transformation of the curriculum based on these guidelines. Among the areas analyzed were course philosophy (variables were v1: knowledge production based on the needs of the Brazilian Public Health System [BPHS]; v2: health determinants; and v3: postgraduate studies and permanent education); pedagogical skills (v4: curricular structure; v5: changes in pedagogic and didactic skills; and v6: course program orientation); and dental practice scenarios (v7: diversity of the scenarios for training/learning; v8: academic health care centers opened to the BPHS; and v9: participation of students in health care delivery for the population). The subjects consisted of faculty members (n=711), students (n=228), and employees (n=14). The results showed an incipient degree of curriculum transformation. The degree of innovation was statistically different depending on the type of university (public or private) for variables 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Private schools reported a higher level of innovation than public institutions. Resistance to transforming the dental curriculum according to the official guidelines may be linked to an ideological conception that supports the private practice model, continues to have faculty members direct all classroom activities, and prevents students from developing an understanding of professional practice as targeted towards the oral health needs of all segments of society.

The Health Department of São Paulo, Brazil, has developed a Health Necessities Index (HNI) to identify priority areas for providing health assistance. In 2008, a survey of the status of oral health was conducted. The objective of this ecological study was to analyze the status of oral health in relation to the HNI. The variables, stratified by the age of 5, 12 and 15 years old were: percentage of individuals with difficulty of access to dental care services; DMFT and DMFS; prevalence of the need for tooth extraction and treatment of dental caries. Data were analyzed for the 25 Health Technical Supervision Units (HTS). The Statistical Covariance Test was used as well as the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression model. A positive correlation was observed between high scores of the HNI and difficulty of access to services. In the HTS with high scores of HNI a higher incidence of dental caries was observed, a greater need for tooth extractions and low caries-free incidence. In order to improve health conditions of the population it is mandatory to prioritize actions in areas of social deprivation.

Background Despite evidence that health and disease occur in social contexts, the vast majority of studies addressing dental pain exclusively assessed information gathered at individual level. Objectives To assess the association between dental pain and contextual and individual characteristics in Brazilian adolescents. In addition, we aimed to test whether contextual Human Development Index is independently associated with dental pain after adjusting for individual level variables of socio-demographics and dental characteristics. Methods The study used data from an oral health survey carried out in São Paulo, Brazil, which included dental pain, dental exams, individual socioeconomic and demographic conditions, and Human Development Index at area level of 4,249 12-year-old and 1,566 15-year-old schoolchildren. The Poisson multilevel analysis was performed. Results Dental pain was found among 25.6% (95%CI = 24.5-26.7) of the adolescents and was 33% less prevalent among those living in more developed areas of the city than among those living in less developed areas. Girls, blacks, those whose parents earn low income and have low schooling, those studying at public schools, and those with dental treatment needs presented higher dental-pain prevalence than their counterparts. Area HDI remained associated with dental pain after adjusting for individual level variables of socio demographic and dental characteristics. Conclusions Girls, students whose parents have low schooling, those with low per capita income, those classified as having black skin color and those with dental treatment needs had higher dental pain prevalence than their counterparts. Students from areas with low Human Development Index had higher prevalence of dental pain than those from the more developed areas regardless of individual characteristics.

Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are a very heterogeneous group of neoplasms with variable prognosis. Their aggressiveness is mainly due to their ability to invade locally and to metastasize. The degradation of extracellular matrix components is an important determinant of the invasive phenotype. The aims of this study were to analyse by immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence the expression of metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) in eight normal canine mammary glands and 118 CMTs (24 benign, 94 malignant) and to investigate relationships with metastatic disease and survival. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression was higher in malignant tumours than in normal canine mammary tissue and benign tumours. The main difference between benign and malignant CMTs was the pattern of expression of both molecules: benign tumours presented TIMP-2 and MMP-2 immunoreactivity in the myoepithelial cells lining the basement membrane of tubuloalveolar structures, while malignant tumours showed mainly diffuse expression in neoplastic cells. In malignant tumours, increased TIMP-2 expression was significantly associated with the development of distant metastases, lower overall survival and lower disease-free survival. MMP-2 expression was not significantly associated to any of these parameters. These results suggest that the immunohistochemical expression of TIMP-2 is a useful prognostic factor in CMTs.

This study described the prevalence of periodontal conditions and assessed its association with social, economical and behavioral variables in adults aged 35 to 44 years old, residents in the city of Guarulhos, State of Sao Paulo, 2006.This study was a population based survey with cluster sampling. Data collecting and exams were done at houses drew at random. The Community Periodontal Index was used to assess the periodontal condition. Data analysis used EPIINFO 6 and STATA 10 softwares. The assessment of association used the prevalence ratio (PR), as calculated by Poisson regression models with complex sampling and weighted sample adjustments.The total number of people was 263 in 237 domiciles. In the multivariate model, the prevalence of gingival bleeding and dental calculus was significantly associated to being male (PR=1.12, p=0.04), smoking (PR=1.11, p=0.01), school level of less than eight years of study (PR=1.14, p=0.01), and who have not received dental care for more than two years (PR=1.19, p0.01). As for the presence of periodontal pocket, associated factors were smoking (PR=1.71, p=0.02) and who have not received dental care for more than 2 years (PR=1.97, p=0.03).We observed a higher prevalence (62.7%) of individuals with gingival bleeding and dental calculus in relation to the presence of shallow or deep periodontal pockets (26,6%). As shallow pockets are reversible, their treatment may be resolute in programs of primary dental care.

To describe the prevalence of untreated caries among adolescents in Brazil and to analyze the association between caries and individual and contextual factors in the municipalities where these adolescents live.A Ministry of Health database (projeto SB-Brasil) provided health records on 16 833 adolescents from 15-19 years of age. The study variable used was the presence of at least one permanent tooth having been lost to caries. The individual variables considered were: sex, ethnic group, living in an urban versus a rural area, and being a student or not. Contextual variables related to the municipality were: municipal human development index (MHDI), proportion of households connected to the water system, and water fluoridation for 5 years or more. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was carried out to adjust the outcome to the individual and contextual variables.Individual determinants related to a higher probability of untreated caries were: the ethnic group described as "black or brown," (adjusted odds ratio, OR(adjust) = 1.79; 1.68 to 1.92); and living in a rural area (OR(adjust) = 1.31; 1.19 to 1.45). Being a student was identified as a protective factor (OR(adjust) = 0.67; 0.62 to 0.73). Secondary variables identified as contextual determinants of caries were MHDI (adjusted coefficient beta = -0.213), water fluoridation (beta = -0.201), and households connected to the water system (beta = -0.197).The results show inequalities in the distribution of health services in the various Brazilian regions, and suggest that inequalities may also be present in the effectiveness of the services provided. Policies to increase access to fluoride-treated water and school enrollment may contribute to preventing caries in adolescents.

A redução na prevalência de cárie em crianças no Estado de São Paulo é explicada pela fluoretação das águas de abastecimento, uso de dentifrícios fluoretados e ampliação do acesso às ações coletivas de saúde bucal, na qual se inserem os procedimentos coletivos (PC), desenvolvidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Nos PC incluem-se atividades anuais preventivas e educativas. Sobre as últimas, espera-se que os participantes adquiram e mantenham hábitos saudáveis de higiene bucal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a percepção, o conhecimento e as práticas em saúde bucal e a avaliação das atividades educativas e preventivas de 219 estudantes do 1º ano do ensino médio, egressos de escolas públicas, que receberam os PC de 1ª a 4ª série, de 1ª a 8ª série ou que não receberam os PC, no município de Embu (SP) 2005. Analisou-se associação entre os grupos pelo teste qui-quadrado. A percepção, o conhecimento e as práticas em saúde bucal não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os três grupos. A maioria dos jovens acredita ser importante falar sobre saúde bucal nas escolas e, mesmo os que não participaram dos PC, afirmaram ter recebido algum ensinamento na escola, o que reforça que o conhecimento e a conseqüente prática em saúde bucal são influenciados por outros fatores. Neste estudo, ter participado ou não dos PC quando criança não causou impacto diferente em relação aos cuidados em saúde bucal na adolescência. The decline in tooth decay in the children of the State of São Paulo is explained by fluoridation of the water supply, the use of fluoridated toothpaste and access to collective actions promoting oral health, such as the "collective procedures" (CPs). CPs are educational and preventive annual programs developed in public schools by the Brazilian public health system. It is expected that the participants will acquire and maintain healthy oral hygiene practices. The purpose of this study was to investigate perception, knowledge and practices/behavior related to oral health, as well as the evaluation of the educational and preventive activities of 219 students of the 1st grade of high school in the city of Embu, São Paulo, in 2005. The first group of students had received the CPs in elementary public school from grades 1st to 4th; the second group had received them from grades 1st to 8th; and the third one had not received the CPs. The students were interviewed after consent had been obtained. Analyses were performed using the Chi-square test. No significant differences were found between groups. The majority of the students believe it is important to speak about oral health at school. The ones who had not participated in the CPs said that they had received some instructions at school, which strengthens the theory according to which oral health is influenced by other factors. In this study, children's participation in the CPs did not seem to have an impact on oral health care/practices in adolescence.

The aim of this study was to estimate the cost of fluoridating the public water supply in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1985 to 2003. Cost calculation for fluoridation of the public water supply used the following: capital cost of initial installation, chemical product (hydrofluosilicic acid), system's operational cost (maintenance, electricity, and human resources), and monitoring fluoride levels. Fluoridation was effective, since there was a decrease of 73% in dental caries in 12-year-olds--mean DMF was 6.47 (6.12-6.82) in 1986, having decreased to 1.75 (1.48-2.92) in 2002. In this age group, 40% of children presented DMF = 0 in 2002. Average cost per inhabitant/year for 2003 was R$ 0.08 (USD 0.03). The accumulated cost for 18 years of implementation and maintenance of the fluoridation system was R$ 1.44 (USD 0.97) per capita.

O objetivo do artigo é estimar o custo da fluoretação das águas de abastecimento público no Município de São Paulo no período de 1985-2003. Para o cálculo da composição de custos da fluoretação das águas levou-se em conta os seguintes custos: (a) capital inicial de instalação; (b) produto químico (ácido fluorsilícico); (c) operacionalização do sistema (manutenção do sistema, energia elétrica e recursos humanos); e (d) controle dos teores de flúor. A ação do flúor mostrou-se efetiva, pois para a idade de 12 anos observou-se redução de 73% na experiência de cárie dentária, sendo que em 1986 a média do índice CPO-D era de 6,47 (6,12-6,82) e em 2002 foi de 1,75 (1,48-2,92). Nesta idade-índice 40% das crianças apresentaram CPO-D = 0 em 2002. O custo médio per capita/ano na Cidade de São Paulo foi de R$ 0,08 (US$ 0,03) em 2003. O custo acumulado em 18 anos de implantação do sistema de fluoretação foi de R$ 1,44 (US$ 0,97) per capita.