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The existing low-rank graph representation algorithms fail to capture the global representation structure of data accurately, and cannot make full use of the valid information of data to guide the construction of the representation graph, then the constructed representation graph does not have a connected structure suitable for clustering. A smooth non-negative low-rank graph representation method for clustering (SNLRR) is proposed to solve these problems. To more accurately capture the global representation structure of data, SNLRR uses a logarithmic determinant function that is more consistent with the rank characteristics of the matrix to replace the kernel norm to estimate the rank function smoothly, which can effectively reduce the impact of larger singular values of the matrix on the rank estimation, balance the contribution of all singular values to the rank estimation, enhance the accuracy of the rank estimation, so as to more accurately capture the global representation structure of the data. The distance regularization term is also introduced to adaptively assign the optimal nearest neighbor learning representation matrix for each data point to capture the local representation structure of data. Besides, SNLRR applies rank constraint on the Laplace matrix of representation matrix so that the learned representation graph has the same number of connected components as the real number of clusters, that is, the resulting representation graph has a interconnected structure suitable for clustering. Experimental results on seven datasets with high dimensions and complex distribution, using eight comparison algorithms, show that the clustering performance of SNLRR algorithm is better than that of the eight comparison algorithms, with an average increase of 0.2073 in accuracy and 0.1758 in NMI. Therefore, SNLRR is a graph representation clustering algorithm that can effectively handle data with high dimensions and complex distribution.

This study aims to investigate whether autistic individuals (e.g., ASD) have consistent or inconsistent age-related changes for recognizing different facial emotions compared to typical ones. Particularly, we also examined whether facial recognition abilities vary with developmental trends in both groups. Pictures of six primary facial types (happy, sad, angry, surprised, and confused faces) of real person were adopted in the study for 91 ASD patients and 177 normal participants recruited from kindergartens, elementary schools, and colleges. The results showed that, although, in general, normal participants had greater recognition performance as expected, both groups of participants had three distinct categories of developmental patterns: (1) angry and fear, (2) happy and surprised, and the last, (3) sad and confused. These findings revealed significant theoretical and practical values for further research and treatment.

Uveitis, a complex ocular disorder with numerous etiologies, can result from infection, autoimmune, and various physicochemical and mechanical injury factors. The treatment of this disease is difficult, and failure to receive timely and effective treatment can often lead to blindness. With the deepening of people's understanding of uveitis and its related mechanisms, various new sustained-release drug delivery systems for uveitis have been studied. However, due to the existence of various anatomical and physiological barriers in the eye, there are multiple obstacles to the sustained release treatment of uveitis. In this paper, the main research results in this field in recent years are reviewed, and the innovations and limitations of various new sustained-release drug delivery systems are discussed in order to provide new ideas for the sustained-release drug delivery treatment of uveitis in the future. These new sustained-release drug delivery systems will help to completely change the traditional treatment mode of uveitis with side effects and poor compliance in the future, bringing longer targeted sustained release and less toxic reactions.

[Objective] In order to explore the impact of uranium on algae growth and photosynthesis, and to screen new ecological risk assessment indicators for uranium pollution in water bodies based on photosynthesis. [Methods] This experiment used different concentrations of uranium (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20 mg/ L U6+ ) to treat two types of microalgae, chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris) and Huanglong chlorella, from different environments. The relative growth rate, photosynthetic oxygen release rate, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters were measured on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th, and 14th days after treatment. [Results] (1) Low concentration uranium (0.5 mg/L) treatment significantly promoted the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of the two types of microalgae, where the relative growth rate, photosynthetic oxygen release rate, maximum photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem Ⅱ, actual photochemical quantum yield Y (Ⅱ), and relative electron transfer rate (rETR) of the two microalgae were significantly higher than the control. However, high concentration uranium treatment (5 -20 mg/L) significantly inhibited the growth and photosynthesis of the two types of chlorella. (2) Huanglong chlorella was more sensitive to uranium treatment than chlorella, and its growth and photosynthesis were significantly inhibited at 1mg/L, and it could be used as an bioindicator for monitoring of uranium pollution in water bodies. (3) Regression analysis showed that under different concentrations of uranium treatment, the response speed of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Y (Ⅱ) and rETR was faster than the changes in relative growth rate, photosynthetic oxygen release rate, chlorophyll content, and Fv/Fm, which could be used as sensitive indicators for ecological risk assessment of uranium pollution in water bodies. [Conclusion] Uranium exhibits a concentration effect on the growth and photosynthesis of chlorella, where low concentrations promote growth while high concentrations inhibit growth. Huanglong chlorella is more sensitive to uranium pollution. Therefore, the combination of Huanglong chlorella and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters Y (Ⅱ) and rETR can be applied for the ecological risk assessment of uranium pollution in water bodies.

The existing clustering algorithms are inaccurate to identify arbitrary clusters, sensitive to density changes within clusters, sensitive to outliers and difficult to determine the threshold. An adaptive threshold-constrained density cluster backbone clustering algorithm (DCBAT) is proposed to solve the problems. Firstly, the adaptive reachability density threshold is defined in combination with the skewness coefficient and points density mean. Under the constraint of the threshold, the core points with higher local densities and higher relative distances are grouped according to the reachability, and the initial clusters backbones are obtained. The non-core points are then assigned into the cluster which their nearest neighbors with higher density belong to. Finally, the adaptive density D-value threshold is proposed in combination with D-value mean and scale factor. According to the threshold, the initial cluster is separated at the point where the density varies sharply, and the final clusters are obtained. DCBAT fully considers the internal structure and distribution of the data when clustering, thereby improving the clustering performance. The performance of this algorithm is demonstrated compared with five excellent algorithms k-means,DBSCAN, OPTICS, CFDP and MulSim on eight datasets with various dimensions and types. DCBAT algorithm has the advantages of good recognition of arbitrary clusters, insensitivity to density changes within clusters, insensitivity to outliers and stable clustering result. Its overall performance is superior to comparison algorithms.

This study explores the roles and research foci of AILEd (Artificial Intelligence in Language Education). The AILEd studies published from 1990 to 2020 in the WOS (Web of Science) database were included in the present study. Based on the well-recognized Technology-based Learning Review model, several dimensions, such as research methods, research sample groups, adopted technology, language skills, the role of AI in language education, and learning outcomes, were taken into account. The review results show that the main application domains of AILEd research were writing, reading, and vocabulary acquisition. In terms of applied technology and algorithms, AI in language education mostly adopted ITS (Intelligent Tutoring System) and NLP (Natural Language Processing). Besides, several commonly used AI algorithms were Statistical Learning, Data Mining, Machine Learning, and Natural Language Parsing. It was also found that some research focused on learning anxiety, willingness to communicate, knowledge acquisition, and classroom interaction. However, higher order thinking, complex problem solving, critical thinking ability, and collaborative learning tendencies were rarely considered in AILEd studies. Accordingly, several suggestions are provided to researchers, teachers, and decision makers for applying or studying AI applications in language education in the future.

Self-directed learning (SDL) ability, its usefulness in higher education and life-long learning have been highlighted in previous literature. However, there has been much less understanding of the effects of SDL ability in the school settings, specifically the effects on learners' SDL behaviors and processes. To address this limitation, this study investigated the relations between SDL ability, SDL behaviors, and reading outcomes and further explored the process of planning behaviors in SDL. This study examined the context of SDL for extensive reading using a goal-oriented active learning system, GOAL. The results showed that the high SDL ability students demonstrated significantly more reading outcomes in terms of books completed and the number of days read than those with low SDL ability. The high SDL ability students engaged significantly more in planning behaviors, that were found to be significantly correlated with reading outcomes, than the low SDL ability students. Cluster analysis and transition analysis also differentiate groups of learners with different planning behaviors. These findings suggested that the learning behaviors and outcomes facilitated by the environment were affected to varying degrees by the levels of students' SDL ability, and personalized feedback can be created using the SDL behavioral variables and patterns in the environment.

Fostering students' competence in applying interdisciplinary knowledge to solve problems has been recognized as an important and challenging issue globally. This is why STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) education has been emphasized at all levels in schools. Meanwhile, the use of robotics has played an important role in STEM learning design. The purpose of this study was to fill a gap in the current review of research on Robotics-based STEM (R-STEM) education by systematically reviewing existing research in this area. This systematic review examined the role of robotics and research trends in STEM education. A total of 39 articles published between 2012 and 2021 were analyzed. The review indicated that R-STEM education studies were mostly conducted in the United States and mainly in K-12 schools. Learner and teacher perceptions were the most popular research focus in these studies which applied robots. LEGO was the most used tool to accomplish the learning objectives. In terms of application, Technology (programming) was the predominant robotics-based STEM discipline in the R-STEM studies. Moreover, project-based learning (PBL) was the most frequently employed learning strategy in robotics-related STEM research. In addition, STEM learning and transferable skills were the most popular educational goals when applying robotics. Based on the findings, several implications and recommendations to researchers and practitioners are proposed.

This study aims to identify the bibliometric outcomes of articles and research trends in specific areas. This study revealed research on the use of e-books for EFL education published in selected journals of the Web of Science from 2011 to 2020, and discusses the trends of the top-cited countries, journals, the most used keywords, and the popular subjects, learning strategies, target skills, and the research outcomes. A total of 53 selected articles were manually and systematically analyzed. The results revealed that the most productive country was Taiwan, and the most cited journal was Computers & Education. The most used keywords were "engagement." The bibliometric analysis can be reflected in the content analysis as preschoolers and elementary school students were the most common participants, guided learning were the most frequently used strategy, and the main target skill was reading. This review study provides an overview of the research agenda for the last 10 years, and highlights the trends in the field by analyzing relevant past research. When the use of e-books in EFL education studies was examined, reading comprehension, teaching/learning strategies, and learning engagement were found to be crucial in the studies. Therefore, there is a need to develop more useful features of e-books to support EFL teaching practices. It is therefore suggested that future research focus more on pedagogical aspects and e-book feature development.

Background: Hands-on activities and makerspaces have rapidly gained popularity in recent years. One of the reasons for this is that they have the potential to stimulate interest and identity development in STEM or STEAM. Taiwan has organized many technology and science competitions for students to raise their interest and creativity in the past years. Purpose: The iSTEAM contest in Taiwan plan to assist public schools in rural areas to develop students' capability in making activities. To motivate rural students to experience an integrated science, technology, engineering, art, and math (iSTEAM) contest, this study invited rural school students to prepare for and join a competition focusing on making miniature models. The related variables relevant to motivation orientation, such as participants' hands-on making self-efficacy, perceived value, cooperative attitude, and competition preparedness in the iSTEAM contest were explored. Expectedly, with an understanding of the correlates between those variables, the results of this study can be applied to successfully implement other STEAM contests. Sample: A total of 187 students who participated in the competition filled in the questionnaire for the survey participants. After invalid questionnaires were excluded, 167 valid questionnaires were obtained. Design and Methods: This study adopts the purposive sampling method, based on the value-attitude-behavior model, the quantitative research method was adopted. Results: The results showed that students who participated in the competition had high self-efficacy for making miniature models, appreciated the value that the competition brought them, and had a positive attitude about cooperating with team members as well as preparing for the competition. Conclusion: There is a close and positive correlation between the four constructs of self-efficacy, perceived value, cooperative attitude, and competition preparedness.

Background and aim: Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a life-threatening complication, and patients who experience it are formally assigned to stage T4 in the TNM system, while many clinicians informally assign them to stage C in the more widely used Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) system. The present study explored whether these re-staging practices are appropriate for HCC patients who suffer tumor rupture. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 1952 HCC patients who underwent hepatic resection at our hospital between January 2017 and June 2021. We compared recurrence-free and overall survival between 143 patients who had BCLC stage A or B disease at the time of spontaneous rupture and 449 patients who had BCLC stage C disease without rupture. Results: Overall survival rate was significantly higher among the 143 patients (1, 3, 5-year survival rate was 80.3%, 60.4%, 51.4%) with rupture than among the 449 (1, 3, 5-year survival rate was 69.5%, 41.5%, 32.4%) with BCLC stage C disease (hazard ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.29 to 2.12). The two groups had similar recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 0.92 to 1.53), but most patients with rupture were able to receive interventional and potentially curative treatments after recurrence, whereas most patients in BCLC stage C received interventional or supportive care. Similar results were obtained after propensity score matching. Conclusion: HCC patients who experience spontaneous rupture tumor while in BCLC stage A or B have better prognosis than patients in BCLC stage C without rupture. Our results suggest that HCC patients who suffer rupture in BCLC stage A or B should not be assigned to BCLC stage C.

Within clinical, biomedical, and translational science, an increasing number of projects are adopting graphs for knowledge representation. Graph-based data models elucidate the interconnectedness among core biomedical concepts, enable data structures to be easily updated, and support intuitive queries, visualizations, and inference algorithms. However, knowledge discovery across these "knowledge graphs" (KGs) has remained difficult. Data set heterogeneity and complexity; the proliferation of ad hoc data formats; poor compliance with guidelines on findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability; and, in particular, the lack of a universally accepted, open-access model for standardization across biomedical KGs has left the task of reconciling data sources to downstream consumers. Biolink Model is an open-source data model that can be used to formalize the relationships between data structures in translational science. It incorporates object-oriented classification and graph-oriented features. The core of the model is a set of hierarchical, interconnected classes (or categories) and relationships between them (or predicates) representing biomedical entities such as gene, disease, chemical, anatomic structure, and phenotype. The model provides class and edge attributes and associations that guide how entities should relate to one another. Here, we highlight the need for a standardized data model for KGs, describe Biolink Model, and compare it with other models. We demonstrate the utility of Biolink Model in various initiatives, including the Biomedical Data Translator Consortium and the Monarch Initiative, and show how it has supported easier integration and interoperability of biomedical KGs, bringing together knowledge from multiple sources and helping to realize the goals of translational science.