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The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of chlordane, heptachlor and mirex, on hormonal regulation of the force of myometrial contractions. Myometrial, endometrial, granulosa and luteal cells as well as strips of myometrium from non-pregnant cows were incubated with three insecticides at environmentally relevant doses (0.1, 1 or 10 ng/ml). None of the insecticides affected the viability of studied cells. Chlordane stimulated, while heptachlor and mirex inhibited, secretion of testosterone and estradiol from granulosa cells as well as secretion of progesterone from luteal cells, respectively. Secretion of oxytocin (OT) from granulosa cells was increased after incubation with all studied insecticides. Only mirex stimulated OT secretion from luteal cells, while heptachlor inhibited this effect. None of them affected synthesis of OT in luteal cells and prostaglandins (PGF2 and PGE2) secretion from uterine cells, except PGE2 secretion from endometrial cells was decreased when the cells were incubated with 0.1 ng/ml of chlordane. Basal and OT-stimulated myometrial contractions were increased by mirex and decreased by heptachlor. The data show that the insecticides altered secretory function of ovarian cells. Heptachlor and mirex affected also myometrial contractions in vitro , but uterine secretion of prostaglandins were not involved in the mechanism of that adverse effect of insecticides. The data indicate on potential of these insecticides to disturb fertilisation, blastocyst implantation or even the length of gestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlordane is an organochlorine pesticide that contains a mixture of components, some of which are chiral. Analysis of enantiomers can provide insights into the mechanisms of their sources, pathway, and fate. The objectives of this work were: (i) to review the published literature that reported chlordane enantiomer concentrations in various environmental compartments; (ii) to evaluate the applicability of a model developed by Hegeman and Laane (2002) for predicting the relative distribution of various chiral pesticides in the environment. This model predicts that enantiomer deviation increases in the following order: air, water, soil, molluscs, fish/birds, marine mammals, specific tissues, and enzymes; (iii) to determine the relative ranking of plants within the model. All data were converted into an enantiomer fraction and aggregated by environmental compartment using bootstrap averaging to compare to model predictions. Enantiomer distributions of cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, oxychlordane, and heptachlor exo-epoxide were reported in soil, air, water/sediments, plants, and animals. Based on aggregated average estimates for enantiomer fraction, the deviation from racemic increased in the following order for cis-chlordane: water/sediments = lower trophic aquatic organisms < air < fish < soil < plants (all combined) < seal < polar bear < bird < whale; for trans-chlordane: fish < water/sediments < lower trophic aquatic organisms < air < soil < plants (all combined) < seal < whales < bird < polar bear; and for heptachlor exo-epoxide: plants (all combined) < fish < soil = whale < water/sediments < bird < air < seal < polar bear. Depending on the species used to represent marine mammals, the Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficients of observed data against model predictions were + 0.75 or + 0.84 for cis-chlordane, + 0.41 or + 0.49 for trans-chlordane, and -0.59 or + 0.12 for heptachlor exo-epoxide. This suggests that the model is applicable for cis- and trans-chlordane, but not for heptachlor exo-epoxide. The fundamental mechanisms behind the observed enantiomeric enrichment are of eminent importance in understanding the enantioselective deviations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the potential public health risk due to the massive use of organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in agriculture in the Gulf of California. Specimens of the clam Chione californiensis were collected from three coastal lagoons (Yavaros, Altata and Reforma). Sites were classified as polluted/nonpolluted based on the presence/absence of OCs as an indicator of the persistence of these pollutants; in polluted sites, the time elapsed since pesticide application (past or recent) was estimated. Screening values (SV) for protecting human health as per the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were used for risk assessment. OCs detected were ranked according to frequency of occurrence as follows: g-chlordane (75%) > endrin (54%) > aldrin (48%) > heptachlor, and dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDE) (37%) > b-heptachlor epoxide (30%) > lindane (α-BHC, δ-BHC) and endosulphan I (⩽ 6%). Specifically, OCs detected at the highest concentration were heptachlor in Yavaros (0.0168 μgg-1) and Altata (0.0046 mgg-1), and aldrin in Reforma (0.0019 μgg-1). b-Heptachlor epoxide in Altata and Reforma was the only OC with a concentration exceeding the EPA Screening Value. From our results and based on the monthly consumption limit set forth by EPA, the maximum safe consumption of clams to avoid a carcinogenic risk derived from b-heptachlor epoxide in the fishing villages of Yavaros and Altata is 4 servings per month (1 serving = 0.227 kg) by a 70-kg person. These findings suggest that concentrations of OCs and their isomers in C. californiensis populations reflect environmental persistence as well as recent inputs of OCs into coastal lagoons in the Gulf of California. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The freshwater Anacostia River watershed (Maryland, DC, USA) was surveyed for the sources of bioavailable US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Priority Pollutants and toxic metals by active biomontoring (ABM) using the freshwater Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea. The Anacostia River is a 456 km2 tributary of the tidal freshwater Potomac River that includes the city of Washington, DC where edible fish are highly contaminated with PCBs and chlordane. From 1999 to 2011, Corbicula were collected for ABM from a Potomac reference site and translocated in cages placed at 45 sites in the tidal and nontidal Anacostia watershed. Minimum clam mortality and maximum contaminant bioaccumulation was with 2-week translocation. The clam tissues (28-50) were combined at sites and analyzed by TestAmerica for 66 USEPA Priority Pollutants plus technical chlordane, benz(e) pyrene, and 6 metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb). Tissue contaminants reflected water, not sediment, levels. To compare sites, all contaminant data above detection or reference were grouped as total metals (TMET), total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAH), total PCB congeners (TPCB), total pesticides (TPEST), and total technical chlordane (TCHL). Tidal Anacostia ABM found highest TPAH and TCHL upstream at Bladensburg Marina (MD) except for TCHL at site PP near the confluence. Five nontidal MD subtributaries (94% of flow) had 17 sites with bioavailable TPAH, TPCB, or TCHL 2 to 3 times higher than found at the toxic-sediment 'hotspots' near Washington. The only TMET noted was Fe at 1 site. TPAH in MD subtributaries was highest near industrial parks and Metro stations. A naphthalene spill was detected in Watts Branch. TPCB (low molecular weight) originated upstream at 1 industrial park. Total technical chlordane (80% of TPEST) was 2 to 5 times the US Food and Drug Administration action in 4 nontidal tributaries where heptachlor indicated legacy chlordane dumpsites. Total technical chlordane fell to reference below a stormwater pond, suggesting transport via suspended sediment. Controlling the formation and movement of contaminated TSS in MD should enable the uncontaminated-sediment capping of Washington DC's toxic-sediment 'hot-spots' that are presently considered responsible for fish contamination. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:548-558. © 2015 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have utilized chemical fingerprints in the determination of habitat utilization and movements of the aquatic animals. In the present effort, we analyzed polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and organochlorine pesticides in the samples of juvenile bluefin tuna caught offshore of Virginia, and in larger bluefin tuna from the Gulf of Maine and near Nova Scotia. For a given specimen, or a given location, PCB concentrations were highest, followed by DDTs, and chlordanes. Average contaminant concentrations from fish captured from the three locations were not significantly different; and PCBs, DDTs, and chlordanes correlated well with each other. Trans-nonachlor/PCB 153 ratios in bluefin tuna of eastern Atlantic (i.e., Mediterranean) origin are low compared to the corresponding ratios in fish in the western Atlantic. As the former migrate to the western Atlantic, these ratios gradually turnover due to the accumulation of biomass from forage contaminated with higher trans-nonachlor/PCB 153 ratio reflecting dissimilar use of chlordane pesticides on two sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The trans-nonachlor/PCB 153 ratio indicated that one juvenile bluefin tuna from offshore of Virginia and one large bluefin tuna from Gulf of Maine in the present study originated from foraging grounds in the Mediterranean Sea, and that they have made the trans-Atlantic migrations. The remaining individuals were determined to be either spawned in the Gulf of Mexico or the trans-nonachlor/PCB 153 ratio for the putative Mediterranean bluefin tuna was completely turned over to resemble the ratio characteristic to the western Atlantic. Based on the turnover time for trans-nonachlor/PCB 153 ratio previously determined, the residence time of juvenile bluefin tuna offshore Virginia was estimated to be at least 0.8 to 1.6 years. A discriminant function analysis (DFA) plot of total PCB normalized signatures of PCB congeners showed three separate clusters, which suggested that bluefin tuna from offshore Virginia, Gulf of Maine, and Nova Scotia could have had extended residences and foraging within the areas of capture to be able to sustain the stable signatures of PCB congeners. The DFA cluster results supported the concept of metapopulation theory of spatial ecology comprising discrete aggregates of local populations of bluefin tuna where the desired prey species are likely to be abundant. Despite their highly migratory trait and endothermic advantage of foraging in broader and colder habitats, the movements and mixing across the aggregation ranges related to feeding did not appear to be extensive. Advancement in the understanding of bluefin tuna population dynamics beyond the coarse concept of trans-Atlantic migrations to the metapopulation hypothesis provides a novel exploratory tool in the stock assessment and resource management. As the chemical tracer tags are fortified naturally and document the time- and space-integrated foraging history, they promise to serve as the low-cost alternatives to the high-cost electronic data recording tags employed for addressing the migratory movements of bluefin tuna. Between the different potential chemical tracer tags, a distinct advantage of PCB/pesticide analysis over the otolith micro-constituent analysis is that the muscle tissue of a given individual bluefin tuna can be sampled repeatedly for PCB/pesticide analysis over different spatial and temporal scales in a non-lethal manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues were studied in different mollusk species from the Egyptian Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts. The average levels of OCPs in mollusks comprised chlordanes, dieldrins, total endrin, endosulfan compounds, and methoxychlor (DECEM), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). The averages of HCHs, DDTs, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in mollusks from the Mediterranean Sea were 1.13 ± 1.21, 1.30 ± 1.27, and 1.40 ± 0.93 ng/g, respectively; from the Red Sea, they were 0.62 ± 0.90, 1.77 ± 1.82, and 6.44 ± 5.05 ng/g, respectively. The analysis of HCHs, DDTs, and PCBs in mollusks indicates a new usage of lindane, PCB congeners, and the input of technical HCH and aged DDT. The data showed that the Red Sea Coast was more affected by PCBs congeners than the Mediterranean Sea Coast, which may be attributed to the different activities along the two coastal areas. Mollusks in the Mediterranean Sea had higher dieldrins, total endrin, endosulfan compounds, and methoxychlor contents than those in the Red Sea. Interestingly, HCHs, DDTs, and PCBs levels were lower than those recommended for Swedish Food Regulation and U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which means that mollusks from these two coastal areas are safe as food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food consumption is an important route of human exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). In order to assess the potential human health risks associated with OCPs, edible cattle tissues (liver, kidney and tongue) were collected from three slaughter houses in Mansoura, Zagazig and Ismailia cities, Egypt. Levels of 22 OCPs such as hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), aldrin, dieldrin and endrin (Drins), chlordanes (CHLs), heptachlors (HPTs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) residues were investigated. Among the investigated OCPs, HCHs represented the most dominant group with high proportions of γ−HCH isomer (53–91% of total HCHs). Mansoura city had the highest OCPs contamination load ranged from 0.1 to 2827 ng g −1 lw (lipid weight). Surprisingly, tongue samples collected from Mansoura showed the highest concentration of HCHs (448 ng g −1 lw) in comparison to liver (152 ng g −1 lw) and kidney (266 ng g −1 lw). Generally, contamination pattern of OCPs was in the order of HCHs > Drins > CHLs > DDTs ≅ HCB and HPTs. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) through dietary consumption of cattle tissues were lower than the recommended acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) established by FAO/WHO. However, the hazard ratios (HRs) based on cancer risk were greater than 1.0 for HCHs based on the average and 95th centile concentrations, indicating carcinogenic effects to consumers through cattle tissues consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlordane bioremediation using actinobacteria mixed culture is an attractive clean-up technique. Their ability to produce bioemulsifiers could increase the bioavailability of this pesticide. In order to select a defined actinobacteria mixed culture for chlordane remediation, compatibility assays were performed among six Streptomyces strains. The strains did not show growth inhibition, and they were assayed for chlordane removal, either as pure or as mixed cultures. In pure cultures, all of the strains showed specific dechlorination activity (1.42-24.20 EU mg−1) and chlordane removal abilities (91.3-95.5%). The specific dechlorination activity was mainly improved with cultures of three or four microorganisms. The mixed culture consisting of Streptomyces sp. A2-A5-A13 was selected. Their ability to produce bioemulsifiers in the presence of glucose or chlordane was tested, but no significant differences were observed ( p > 0.05). However, the stability of the emulsions formed was linked to the carbon source used. Only in chlordane presence the emulsions retained 100% of their initial height. Finally, the selected consortium showed a high degree of sporulation in the pesticide presence. This is the first study on the effects that chlordane exerts on microbe morphology and emulsifier production for a defined mixed culture of Streptomyces with ability to remediate the pesticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although chlordane-related compounds (CHLs) have been regulated, a variety of CHLs are still identified and detected in wild birds and eggs. Embryo is one of fragile periods and is very susceptible to toxic effects of pollutants. In this study, the fate of CHLs during embryo development and degradation of CHLs in neonatal chick were investigated. During embryo development, CHLs were mainly distributed to the liver and muscle, in which trans -nonachlor and an octachlorochlordane (MC5) were hardly metabolized and showed the high persistence, implying a greater risk to birds' offspring. CHLs with the lower K ow were found to be higher uptake efficiency in embryo, implying contaminants with the lower lipophilicity may contribute to their transport to embryo. Furthermore, the effects of CHLs on the metabolome of neonatal chicks was evaluated. The ether lipid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism were found to be significantly affected, which may disturb the angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration in embryogenesis. Taken together, the lipophilicity of contaminants might be a main factor influencing their transport to embryo, and metabolomics results improve understanding of the effects of CHLs on embryo. [Display omitted] • Chlordanes with the lower K ow contribute to their transport to embryo. • Trans -nonachlor and MC5 were hardly metabolized and highly persistent in embryo. • Enantiomeric profiles of chlordanes in embryo were investigated. • Ether lipid metabolism in embryo was affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fraction of trans -chlordane (TC) in chlordane was used to indicate racemic degradation while the enantiomer fractions (EFs) indicated enantioselective depletion. In 44 soils of the Central Tibetan Plateau, the fractions of TC ranged from 0.368 to 0.411. The EFs ranged from 0.174 to 0.696 for TC and from 0.483 to 0.672 for cis -chlordane (CC). (−) enantiomer excess (ee) was found to be 80.0% in the soils for TC and (+) ee was 86.5% for CC. The fraction of TC changed with the clay content while the EFs changed with the soil organic carbon. Meanwhile, the fractions of TC and the EFs were determined for the surficial sediments in Yamzhog Yumco Lake, which were compared with those in the soils at its catchment area. The composition and chiral signature of chlordane did not vary between soils and sediments. Our results will help to elucidate the transformation of chlordane in soils and in surficial transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a metal-organic framework material, MIL-101, used as a micro-solid-phase extraction (μ-SPE) sorbent for efficient enrichment of five organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including α-HCH, Aldrin, α-Chlordane, Dieldrin and p,p′-DDD from water samples, followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, is reported. This study demonstrated a new application of MIL-101 using μ-SPE, an advantage of the latter being its ability to process complex aqueous matrices, due to the protection of the sorbent afforded by the hollow fiber membrane bag. Key factors affecting extraction efficiency were studied, including elution solvent, extraction and desorption time. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the calibration plots were linear from 0.05 to 50 ng/mL for α-HCH and p,p′-DDD, and 0.1 to 50 ng/mL for the other three analytes. The limits of detection were between 0.0025 and 0.016 ng/mL. The relative recoveries of the OCPs spiked into real water samples (at 5 ng/mL of each analyte) ranged from 87.6 to 98.6% with relative standard deviations of <10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of three absorbing medium on microwave degradation of chlordane in contaminated soil under alkaline condition. [Method] Soil samples were collected from the original site of a relocated pesticide production enterprise as experimental materials, to investigate the effects of Cu2O, MnO2 and activated carbon powder as absorbing medium on soil warming and removal rate of chlordane under alkaline condition with 20% moisture content. In addition, the effects of activated carbon as the optimal absorbing media on the removal rate of chlordane in contaminated soil were analyzed, and the effects on the removal rate of chlordane in different weights of soil samples were investigated. [Result] The effects of three different absorbing medium on the removal rates of chlordane demonstrated a descending order of activated carbon > MnO2 > CuO2. Under the same microwave condition, the removal rate of chlordane decreased with the increase of soil weights, but the utilization efficiency of microwave was improved continuously and tended to be stabilized with the increase of soil weights. [Conclusion] This study provided a theoretical basis for further large-scale application in soil remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mianzhu—Aba prefecture transect, eastern of the Tibetan Plateau, was selected to study the occurrence of currently used organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) along an altitudinal gradient. Soil mean concentrations (ng g − 1 , dw) in winter (March) and summer (July) changed as follows: 0.24 and 0.27 for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 0.15 and 0.12 for heptachlor (HEPT), 0.43 and 0.04 for heptachlor epoxide (HEPX), 0.53 and 0.11 for chlordane, 0.10 and 0.10 for nonachlor, 0.10 and 0.35 for endosulfan, respectively. Soil OCP concentrations in this transect were slightly higher than those in other mountainous regions. Analysis of some compound ratios showed that the OCPs in this transect might be partly attributed to the long-range atmospheric transport and also suggested current chlordane and endosulfan inputs. The total OCPs in winter soil (1.55 ng g − 1 ) were slightly higher than those in summer soil (0.99 ng g −1 ), in full agreement with seasonal distribution pattern with input of new substance in winter and loss of unstable organic substance in summer. Different spatial distribution for different OCPs was observed along the transect. Individual linear regression analyses between OCP concentrations and some available variables showed that OCPs distribution along this transect were influenced by many factors, not solely a variable. A primary fugacity analysis on OCPs soil–air exchange in summer indicated that this transect may be a sink for cis -chlordane, and a secondary source for HCB and HEPT. As with trans- chlordane, α -endosulfan and β -endosulfan, this transect may be both a sink and a secondary source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organochlorine pesticides in soil samples across urban, suburban, agricultural, and industrial sites were analyzed every year between 2013 and 2016 in South Korea. The study aims to understand the residual status, diminution of occurrence from the South Korean environment, and its risk to humans after three decades of the ban. A general decreasing trend of OCPs has been observed over the years. The OCP concentrations were below the guideline values prescribed for soil pollution. Metabolites like p,p' -DDD and endosulfan sulfate contributed a major portion to the total OCP concentration over the years. The agricultural sites showed higher OCP levels than other site types. Compositional profile and diagnostic ratios suggested that the occurrence of DDT and endosulfan residues were due to historical inputs, but those of HCH and chlordane reflect recent usage in some pockets. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk was within the safety limit for all age groups across the genders in the majority of the sites. It is evident that the OCP load on soil is decreasing since the ban on usage. However, regular monitoring with a special focus on metabolites can be an effective control measure to regulate and eliminate the contamination of OCPs. [Display omitted] • A general decreasing trend of OCPs has been observed over the years. • Agricultural sites had the highest mean concentration of total OCPs. • The influence of past use of OCPs was more apparent than the current use. • A decrease in parent compounds and an increase in metabolites have been observed. • The risk was below the safety limit across age groups in the majority of the sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study an effort was made to monitor the residue levels of 32 pesticides in tea samples collected from three representative tea districts of China during 2010 to 2012. A total of 223 samples of green tea, pu-erh tea, black tea, and oolong tea were determined using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among 223 samples, 198 samples contained pesticide residues, and 39 samples had residue levels that were more than the European Union (EU) maximum residue limits (MRLs). The most positive and violated MLRs were observed in Oolong tea. The highest detection rates and the most often exceeding the MRLs were observed for the residues of bifenthrin. Ten pesticides were not found in the 223 tea samples. The potential health risks to consumers due to tea consumption in three representative cities were estimated. The results suggested that non-cancer hazards of organophosphorus, organochlorines, and pyrethroids and the cancer risks from exposure to hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor, chlordane, and pp’-DDT were clearly below the safe limit. Nevertheless, an investigation into continuous monitoring and tighter regulation of pesticide residues in tea samples are almost always desirable or even necessary for public health protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollution levels of typical semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) consisting of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 20 organic chlorinated pesticides (OCPs), and 15 phthalate esters (PAEs) were investigated in small rivers running through the flourishing cities in Pearl River Delta region, China. The concentrations of ∑15PAHs were 2.0-48 ng/L and 29-1.2 × 10 ng/g in the water and sediment samples, respectively. The ∑20OCPs were 6.6-57 ng/L and 9.3-6.0 × 10 ng/g in the water and sediment samples, respectively. The concentrations of ∑15PAEs were much higher both in the water and sediments. The partition process of the detected SVOCs between the water and sediment did not reach the equilibrium state at most of the sites when sampling. The combustion of petroleum products and coal was the major source of the detected PAHs. The OCPs were mainly historical residue, whereas the new inputs of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, and endosulfan were possible at several sites. The industrial and domestic sewage were the major source for the PAEs; storm water runoff accelerated the input of PAEs. No chronic risk of the SVOCs was identified by a health risk assessment through daily water consumption, except for the ∑20OCPs that might cause cancer at several sites. Nevertheless, the integrated health risk of the SVOCs should not be neglected and need intensive investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess how climate-sensitive factors may affect the exposure to organochlorines (OCs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), we monitored concentrations in eggs of the common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) over two decades (1999-2019) in central Norway. The goldeneye alternates between marine and freshwater habitats and is sensitive to climate variation, especially due to alterations in ice conditions which may affect feeding conditions. We assessed how biological factors such as diet (stable isotopes δ 13 C and δ 15 N), the onset of egg laying, and physical characteristics such as winter climate (North Atlantic Oscillation: NAO w ) influenced exposure. We predicted compounds to show different temporal trends depending on whether they were still in production (i.e. some PFASs) or have been banned (i.e. legacy OCs and some PFASs). Therefore, we controlled for potential temporal trends in all analyses. There were declining trends for α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), oxychlordane, cis-chlordane, cis-nonachlor, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p.p'-DDT) and less persistent polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (e.g. PCB101). In contrast, the dominant compounds, such as p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and persistent PCB congeners, were stable, whereas hexachlorobenzene (HCB) increased over time. Most OCs were positively related to δ 15 N, suggesting higher exposure in birds feeding at upper trophic levels. Chlordanes and HCB were positively associated with δ 13 C, indicating traces of marine input for these compounds, whereas the relationships to most PCBs were negative. Among PFASs, perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) declined. Most PFASs were positively associated with δ 13 C, whereas there were no associations with δ 15 N. Egg laying date was positively associated to perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), suggesting that some of the PFAS load originated from the wintering locations. Although NAOw had little impact on the exposure to organohalogenated contaminants, factors sensitive to climate change, especially diet, were associated with the exposure to OHCs in goldeneyes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: Peregrine falcon eggs were collected in South Greenland between 1986 and 2003 and analysed for 6 congeners of toxaphene and 5 chlordane-related pesticides (cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor and oxychlordane). Oxychlordane had the highest median concentration of 1448ng/g lipid weight (lw) or 79ng/g wet weight (ww) of all compounds. Of the toxaphene congeners, CHB-50 was the predominant congener, with a median concentration of 215ng/g lw (15.5ng/g ww). Chlordane-related concentrations were comparable with results from the USA, but lower than those from Canada and Norway. Toxaphene was considerably higher than in eggs of Norwegian peregrine falcon eggs, possibly reflecting different toxaphene usage in the areas of peregrine falcon migration. Toxaphene information in birds of prey is limited and comparisons with other species indicate differences in concentrations and organochlorine pattern. Temporal trends showed significant log-linear decreases for cis-chlordane and trans-chlordane, but no significant trends for other chlordanes or the toxaphene congeners, probably affected by the large variation between eggs, also of the same bird. Correlations between chlordanes and toxaphene in the Greenland peregrine falcon eggs might suggest similar sources of exposure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In blubber of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from Ulukhaktok, NT, residues of DDT, other organochlorine pesticides, and PCBs declined between 1972 and 2010. The rate of decline varied: concentrations of the DDT-group began to fall after 1981, whereas those of PCBs fell rapidly between 1972 and 1981, and then slowed. Concentrations of cis- and trans-chlordane and of HCB in both sexes, and of cis-nonachlor in males, declined slowly between 1978 and 2010; those of other organochlorine pesticides remained steady. Exponential half-lives of p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE in female seals are about 9 and 36y (corresponding to initial declines of 7.8% and 1.9% per year, respectively) and those of PCB congeners from about 20 to 60y (declines of 3.2% to <1.5% per year); the more refractory residues may be detectable for centuries to come. Exploratory PCA of PCB congener distribution identified temporal changes apparently not related to molecular structure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The temporal distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was examined in the Pb dated sediment core from the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea. The total OCPs concentrations were in the range of 0.93-26.6 ng g dry weight. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) (0.17-24.8 ng g), Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) (0.04-0.51 ng g), Chlordane related compounds (CHLs) (0.22-1.72 ng g) and endosulfan (n.d.-0.91 ng g) were the predominant compounds. Similar to most Chinese coastal areas, the levels of DDTs in the Beibu Gulf became elevated since the early 1990s, especially since 2000 despite the ban in 1983 in China. This suggests that the concentrations of DDTs were controlled by several processes, such as land reclamation and soil runoff. The isomer ratios of ( p, p′-DDE + p, p′-DDD)/ p, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDT/DDTs along with construction land expansion indicated that economic activities, land reclamation, soil runoff and the use of DDT-containing antifouling paints might be responsible for the input of DDT. The ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH (and γ-HCH/HCHs) and trans-chlordane/ cis-chlordane (TC/CC) indicated fresh inputs of lindane and chlordane, respectively. In addition, CC was found to be degraded faster than TC under anaerobic conditions in sediments from the Beibu Gulf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Priority pesticides (alachlor, aldrin, γ-chlordane, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, 4,4′-DDT, 4,4′-DDD, 4,4′-DDE, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, endrin, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, HCB, HCBD, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, isodrin, methoxychlor, mirex, quintozene, terbuthylazine and trifluralin) are a group of toxic substances that are known by their persistency in the aquatic environment. Their screening in marine sediments may provide information on the sources and distribution in the water mass of fresh-transitional and coastal waters. This work proposes a rapid and reliable method to extract multi-residues of priority pesticides by ultrasounds irradiation from marine sediments. Multiple variables have been optimised: ultrasound frequency, sonication intensity, signal operation mode, time of extraction and water bath temperature. After sample clean-up and pre-concentration of the pesticides by stir bar sorptive extraction, the compounds were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using the selective ion monitoring acquisition mode (SIM). Better performance was found for ultrasonic-assisted extractions (UAE) at frequency of 35 kHz and an output intensity of 60% in a sweep mode of operation. An increase of water bath temperature to 80°C had a significant effect on the extraction of pesticides with high octanol-water partitioning coefficients (Kow). Under optimal conditions, method detection limits (MDLs) and method quantification limits (MQLs) ranged from 0.3 to 4.4 ng g−1and from 0.8 to 14 ng g−1, respectively. Recoveries between 70 and 111%, at high precision levels, were found at different types of marine sediments with a single extraction cycle. Method performance was in good agreement with quality control guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nineteen pairs of gaseous and surface seawater samples were collected along the cruise from Malaysia to the south of Bay of Bengal passing by Sri Lanka between April 12 and May 4, 2011 on the Chinese research vessel Shiyan I to investigate the latest OCP pollution status over the equatorial Indian Ocean. Significant decrease of α-HCH and γ-HCH was found in the air and dissolved water phase owing to global restriction for decades. Substantially high levels of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, trans-chlordane (TC), and cis-chlordane (CC) were observed in the water samples collected near Sri Lanka, indicating fresh continental riverine input of these compounds. Fugacity fractions suggest equilibrium of α-HCH at most sampling sites, while net volatilization for DDT isomers, TC and CC in most cases. Enantiomer fractions (EFs) of α-HCH and o,p'-DDT in the air and water samples were determined to trace the source of these compounds in the air. Racemic or close to racemic composition was found for atmospheric α-HCH and o,p'-DDT, while significant depletion of (+) enantiomer was found in the water phase, especially for o,p'-DDT (EFs = 0.310 ± 0.178). 24% of α-HCH in the lower air over the open sea of the equatorial Indian Ocean is estimated to be volatilized from local seawater, indicating that long-range transport is the main source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] This study focuses on the contamination of OCPs in a typical tropical area of China. [•] DDTs, HCHs and chlordanes were ubiquitous in the sediments of Beibu Gulf, China. [•] High concentrations of DDTs were observed in the harbor region and aquaculture base. [•] DDTs would pose adverse biological effects on Beibu Gulf. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) or C60 fullerenes on the uptake of weathered chlordane or DDx (DDT + metabolites) by Cucurbita pepo (zucchini), Zea mays (corn), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), and Glycine max (soybean) was investigated. The plants were grown in 50 g of soil with weathered chlordane (2150 ng/g) and DDx (118 ng/g) that was amended with 0, 500, 1000, or 5000 mg/kg MWCNT or C60. After 28 d, the root and shoot content of chlordane components and DDx was determined by GC-MS. Zucchini and tomato growth were unaffected by carbon nanomaterial coexposure, although C60 at 500 mg/kg reduced corn and soybean biomass by 36.5-45.0%. Total chlordane content ranged from 1490 (tomato) to 4780 (zucchini) ng; DDx amounts ranged from 77.8 (corn) to 395 ng (zucchini). MWCNT coexposure decreased chlordane and DDx accumulation 21-80% across all crops, depending on species and nanotube concentration. Conversely, C60 had species- and contaminant-specific effects on pesticide uptake, ranging from complete suppression of DDx uptake (corn/tomato) to 34.9% increases in chlordane accumulation (tomato/soybean). The data show that pesticide accumulation varies greatly with crop species and carbon nanomaterial type/concentration. These findings have implications for food safety and for the use of engineered nanomaterials in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The levels of PCBs and OCPs in breast milk significantly increased within the first month of lactation. [•] Seafood and noodle consumption was associated with the concentrations of PCBs and OCPs in breast milk. [•] OC exposure to breast-fed infants was below the thresholds proposed by US EPA and Health Canada. [•] Chlordane has a potential health risk to Korean infants via breast milk. [•] This is the first comprehensive study to assess infant exposure to OCs via breast milk in Korea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Cucurbita pepossppepo(zucchini) accumulates significant levels of persistent organic pollutants in its roots, followed by unexpectedly high contaminant translocation to the stems. Most other plant species, including the closely relatedC. peposspovifera(squash), do not have this ability. To investigate the mechanism of contaminant accumulation, two cultivars each of parental zucchini and squash, as well as previously created first filial (F1) hybrids and F1 backcrosses (BC) of those parental cultivars, were grown under field conditions in a soil contaminated with weathered chlordane (2.29 μg/g) and DDX residues (0.30 μg/g; sum of DDT, DDE, DDD). The parental zucchini had stem-to-soil bioconcentration factors (BCF, contaminant ratio of stem to soil) for chlordane and DDX of 6.23 and 3.10; these values were 2.2 and 3.7 times greater than the squash, respectively. Chlordane and DDX translocation factors, the ratio of contaminant content in the stems to that in the root, were 2.1 and 3.2 times greater for zucchini than for squash. The parental zucchini and squash also differed significantly in chlordane component ratios (relative amounts of trans-nonachlor [TN], cis-chlordane [CC], trans-chlordane [TC]) and enantiomer fractions for the chiral CC and TC. Hybridization of the parental squash and zucchini resulted in significant differences in contaminant uptake. For both the three separate component ratios (CR) and two sets of enantiomer fraction (EF) values, subspecies specific differences in the parental generation became statistically equivalent in the F1 hybrid zucchini and squash. When backcrossed (BC) with the original parental plants, the zucchini and squash F1 BC cultivars reverted to the statistically distinct CR and EF patterns. This pattern of trait segregation upon hybridization suggests either single gene or single locus control for persistent organic pollutant (POP) uptake ability byC. pepossppepo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) has been quickly industrialized and urbanized. Passive air sampling of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was carried out in the YRD in 2010–2011 to investigate their spatiotemporal distributions and estimate the risk of cancer from their inhalation. Annual concentrations were 151, 168, 18.8, 110, 17.9, and 35.0 pg m−3 for HCB, ∑DDTs, ∑HCHs, ∑chlordane, mirex, and PCBs, respectively. The highest OCP and PCB concentrations were generally detected in the autumn and winter. The average concentrations of OCPs and PCBs for the different site groups followed the order urban ≈ urban–rural transition > rural. The lifetime excess cancer risks from the inhalation of OCPs and PCBs were <1.0 × 10−6. The predicted cancer cases per lifetime associated with the inhalation of OCPs and PCBs are 12, 7, and 4 per ten thousand people for urban, urban–rural transition, and rural areas, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We have analyzed concentration data sets covering the period 1992-2010 from the Great Lakes Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network and from the Great Lakes Fish Monitoring and Surveillance Program to determine and compare pollutant time trends in the atmosphere and in fish. The analytes of interest were polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs, chlordanes, dieldrin, and α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), and the sites of interest were Lakes Erie, Michigan, and Superior. Overall, we found no significant differences between the atmospheric and fish temporal trends for any of these compounds in any of the lakes. Polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations are decreasing in both the atmosphere and in the fish with halving times of 14 ± 2 years. The halving times for DDTs, chlordanes, and dieldrin are 8.7 ± 0.4 years for both the atmosphere and the fish. The most rapid temporal trend was observed for α- and γ-HCH concentrations, which are decreasing in both the atmosphere and in fish with halving times of 3.3 ± 0.4 years. The practical implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The residues of organochlorine pesticides in dog sharks were 10.75–30.35ng/g. [•] DDTs and chlordanes has a tendency to accumulate in the liver. [•] Direct gill penetration may be an important means of entrance for HCHs. [•] The compositional profiles suggest historical usage of HCHs and chlordanes. [•] The predominant o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT ratios reflected a recent use of dicofol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlordane, heptachlor, and their metabolites are chiral persistent organic pollutants that undergo enantiomeric enrichment in the environment. This study investigated the enantioselective metabolism of both chlordane isomers and heptachlor, major components of technical chlordane, by liver microsomes prepared from male rats treated with corn oil (CO) or inducers of CYP2B (PB; phenobarbital) and CYP3A enzymes (DX; dexamethasone), isoforms induced by chlordane treatment. The extent of the metabolism of all three parent compounds was dependent on the microsomal preparation used and followed the rank order PB > DX > CO. The mass balances ranged from 49 to 130% of the parent compound added to the microsomal incubations. Both cis- and trans-chlordane were enantioselectively metabolized to oxychlordane (EF = 0.45-0.89) and 1,2-dichlorochlordene (EF = 0.42-0.90). Heptachlor was metabolized enantioselectively, with heptachlor epoxide B (EF = 0.44-0.54) being the only metabolite. Interestingly, the direction on the enrichment for oxychlordane, 1,2-dichlorochlordene, and heptachlor epoxide differed depending on the microsomal preparation. These findings demonstrate that the direction and extent of the enantioselective metabolism of both chlordane isomers and heptachlor is P450 isoform-dependent and can be modulated by the induction of P450 enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sampling of bed sediment for contamination characterization is often limited by the heterogeneity in sediment properties and distribution. In this study, we explored the use of hydroacoustic measurements to characterize sediment properties and guide sediment sampling in a small lake contaminated by organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and PCBs. A dual frequency hydroacoustic survey was conducted to characterize sediment properties, distribution, and thickness in McGrath Lake, near Ventura, CA. Based upon these results, sediment core samples were collected from 15 sites on the lake, and sectioned into 20cm intervals for sediment characterization and analysis of OCPs and PCBs. Very high concentrations of total DDT and total chlordane were found in the sediments, with mean values of 919 and 34.9ngg−1, respectively. Concentrations of OCPs were highest at 60–80cm depth near the inflow at the north end of the lake. Total PCB concentrations were much lower (mean concentration of 4.5ngg−1). Using the hydroacoustic and chemical data, it was estimated that nearly 30,000m3 of DDT- and chlordane-contaminated sediment (above effects range median values) was present in the uppermost 1.2m of sediment in the lake. A hydroacoustic survey can be a valuable tool used to delineate sediment distribution in a lake, identify areas with deeper organic sediment where hydrophobic contaminants would likely be found, and guide sampling. Sampling and chemical analyses are nonetheless needed to quantify contaminant levels in bottom sediments. When combined with hydroacoustic measurements, this approach can reasonably estimate the distributions and volumes of contaminated sediment important in the development of remediation strategies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Objective] This study aimed to clarify the mechanism of enzymatic degradation of organochlorine insecticide chlordane by the white rot fungus Phlebia brevispora. [Method] The degradation characteristics of chlordane were determined by the crude enzyme extracted from P. brevispora strain by pure culture, ultrasonic fragmentation and centrifuge separation. [Result] About 33.2% and 10.4% of chlordane were degraded respectively by intracellular enzyme and extracellular enzyme within 20 min. At pH 5.0 and 32 °C, the crude enzyme showed the greatest degradation activity (49.9%), with its Michaelis-Mentns constant (Km) and maximum degradation rate (Vmax) of 3.49 and 8.38 [xmol/min, respectively. [Conclusion] Extracellular enzyme can degrade chlordane through dehydrogenation or dehydrochlorination. Intracellular enzyme plays a major role in chlordane degradation. It can transform chlordane to some hydroxylated metabolites through hydroxylation or substitution of chlorine atom by hydroxyl group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There are only few studies defining persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations in various fat compartments from living obese individuals. The present study has therefore determined the concentrations of various classes of organohalogenated compounds, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in visceral fat (VF: n =52) and subcutaneous abdominal fat (SF: n =52) samples collected in 2010–2012 from obese individuals in Belgium. Organohalogen compounds were detected in all fat samples in the decreasing order of their concentrations: PCBs>DDTs>HCHs>CHLs>HCB>HBCDs>PBDEs, suggesting that Belgians have been widely exposed to these contaminants. The levels and the patterns of POP distribution in VF and SF tissue depots were not significantly different. Concentrations of PCBs (VF/SF; median: 285/275ng/g lw) and DDTs (VF/SF; median: 150/155ng/g lw) were the major POPs in all fat samples. Concerning PCBs, PCB 153 (VF/SF: 27/26%) was the most dominant congener, followed by PCB 180 (VF/SF: 17/18%), PCB 138 (VF/SF: 15/14.5%) and PCB 170 (VF/SF: 8.1/8.4%) to the sum PCBs, respectively. Levels of HBCDs (VF/SF; median: 4.0/3.7ng/g lw) and PBDEs (VF/SF; median: 2.6/2.7ng/g lw) were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than those of PCBs and DDTs. Among PBDEs, BDE 153 (VF/SF: 31/34%) was the dominant congener, followed by BDE 47 (VF/SF: 26/23%), BDE 154 (VF/SF: 16/16%), BDE 100 (VF/SF: 10/11%) and BDE 99 (VF/SF: 9/9%). To our knowledge, this is the first report on HBCD concentrations in Belgian human fat tissues. Total PBDE and HBCD levels in human fat samples could not be correlated with age. In agreement with the literature, a significant correlation (p<0.05) between age and the concentration of PCBs (r =0.828), DDTs (r =0.640), HCHs (r =0.666), CHLs (r =0.534) and HCB (r =0.754), was observed in the present study. Levels of DDTs, HCHs, HCB and CHLs were also significantly correlated to each other, suggesting that they share similar exposure routes. Correlation with computed tomography (CT) scan data revealed that VF and VF/SF ratios are positive for most of the POPs, such as PCBs, PBDEs, p,p′DDE, CHLs, β-HCH, and HCB. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess the relationship between POP levels in adipose tissue and markers of abdominal adiposity, determined by CT. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Marine edible fish samples were collected from two important nearshore fishing sites in the eastern Guangdong Province, China: Shantou Harbor and Haimen Bay. In the mixed edible muscle tissues of marine fish samples, the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlordanes, and hexachlorobenzene ranged from 1.12 to 53.87, ND (not detected) to 84.01, 0.22 to 7.09, ND to 4.74, and ND to 1.49 ng/g wet weight (ww) in Haimen Bay, respectively, and from ND to 70.35, ND to 164.83, ND to 8.68, ND to 25.61, and ND to 1.76 ng/g ww in Shantou Harbor, respectively. The concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs in all samples did not exceed maximum residue limits (China and United States Food and Drug Administration). However, a few fish samples exceed the maximum levels established by the European Union. Daily fish consumption from this region can be of serious concern, and lifetime cancer risk remains a possibility in the studied area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Data are presented for 11 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) measured by high volume air samplers at three background sites (monthly for one site, seasonally for two sites) in South Korea during June 2008 and December 2009, and levels, seasonal variations and potential sources of high levels of OCPs and impact of long-range transport (LRT) were discussed. Geometric mean (GM) concentrations of OCPs in air samples (pg m−3) were highest for HCB (80, 15.0–256), HCH (71, 10.8–547), a currently used pesticide, DDT (3.50, ND-56.5), and Chlordane (1.15, ND-10.5). Other chemicals regularly detected included, Heptachlor (0.41, ND-2.59), Drins (0.61, ND-4.36) and Mirex (0.04, ND-0.78). Seasonal variation of OCPs was featured by higher concentrations in summer and lower in winter period. This could be associated with their temperature-driven re-volatilization from historical source and recent application of some OCPs (such as dicofol, HCH etc). Ratios of specific OCPs isomers suggest that dominant source of air HCHs in Korea background sites is technical HCH with a little input of lindane in recent time, and dominant source of air DDT is old and used technical DDT with a little bit of dicofol type DDT, and current air chlordane in Korean background sites mainly come from the source of historically used chlordane. The results from this study will provide comparable and scientifically sound data of OCP in background air and will contribute to further long-term POPs monitoring program in East Asia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been measured in 21 surface soil samples (0–20cm) collected along Sanduao Bay and Xinghua Bay, southeast China. The total concentrations of OCPs in soil samples of Sanduao Bay and Xinghua Bay range from 1.85 to 54.73ng/g (dry weight) and 4.66–38.07ng/g (dry weight), respectively. The mean concentrations of soil samples two bays were in following order: DDTs>HCHs>endosulfans>chlordanes. HCHs in the study areas may have received fresh lindane input. DDTs in 85.7% soil along Sanduao Bay and Xinghua Bay indicating a use of technical DDT in these areas for a long time. But, DDTs in some soil samples along Xinghua Bay were likely due to the historical application of technical DDT. There were weak correlations between TOC contents and residues of HCHs, DDTs, chlordane and endosulfan, indicating that TOC of soil is not the only factor enhance adsorption of these compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: Problems associated with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)-contaminated sites have received wide attention. To address the associated environmental concerns, innovative ex situ techniques are urgently needed. Materials and methods: As regards long-term contamination by OCPs in Wujiang region, China, we investigated the feasibility of a cleanup strategy that employed hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and peanut oil to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting OCPs, followed by the addition of supplemental nutrients to the residual soil. Results and discussion: Elevated temperature (50 °C) in combination with ultrasonication (35 kHz, 30 min) at 50 g L HPCD and 10 % peanut oil were effective in extracting, and therefore washing, the OCPs in soil. Ninety-three percent of total OCPs, 98 % of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes, 93 % of chlordane as well as 85 % of Mirex were removed from soil after three successive washing cycles. Treating the residual soil with nutrients addition for 12 weeks led to significant increases ( p < 0.05) in the average well color development obtained by the BIOLOG Eco plate assay, Shannon-Weaver index, Simpson index, and EC ecotoxicological evaluation compared with the controls. This implied that this cleanup strategy at least partially restored the microbiological functioning of the OCPs-contaminated soil and has the advantage of being an environmental-friendly technology. Conclusions: The ex situ cleanup strategy through HPCD and peanut oil enhanced soil washing followed by nutrients addition could be effective in remediation of OCPs-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]