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International audience; A new set of 17 unspiked K-Ar and five 40Ar/39Ar ages, together with previously published radiometric ages for the volcanic region around Lassen volcanic center (LVC) in the Southern Cascades, USA, shows that eruptive periods at LVC have occurred in close temporal relationship with mafic eruptive sequences within the broader Lassen region, up to 50 km from the LVC. The back-arc Caribou volcanic field (CVF, ~ 800–15 ka) and fore-arc volcanoes, active simultaneously with the LVC, are characterized by eruptive sequences that each persisted for 20–40 ky, with the most recent eruptions occurring during the last glacial episode (

Following attendance by hos- pital security officers at a law enforcement active shooter training course, the author conducted nine quarterly drills at a vacant hospital involving security, outside law enforce- ment, medical staff and other employees. Drills were also conducted at the hospital ' off- campus locations. In this arti- cle he details the lessons learned from the drills.

Irrigation dominates demand in many watershort countries, generating competition, scarcity, and environmental degradation. Remedies require political commitment, laws, institutional reforms and technical interventions, collectively based on physical water accounts that distinguish between nonconsumptive uses that largely return water to the surface or subsurface system environment for reuse, and consumptive uses that remove water from the local water system. Domestic and industrial uses predominate in the former category; irrigation dominates the latter. The most commonly recommended solution to the water crisis, namely improved technology, has the potential to worsen scarcity by increasing both consumption and demand for water. An alternative option, pricing, has nowhere been successfully demonstrated to reduce irrigation demand to sustainable levels. Enforced physical quotas that are consistent with sustainable consumption is the only proven approach, and it is essential that the elements necessary to achieve this are introduced before widespread adoption of ‘hi tech’ irrigation is promoted.

The Hai Basin in China exemplifies problems that are observed in many arid environments: excessive water consumption, depletion of aquifers, and damage to eco-systems. Progressively since the 1970s water resources in Hai Basin have been over-exploited, primarily for irrigation, while the water requirements of other sectors have increased. Water tables are falling and outflows to the sea are sporadic and heavily polluted. Current consumption of water in the basin is estimated to exceed the renewable supply from rainfall by 6.25 × 109 m3 yr−1. Traditional approaches—improving irrigation efficiency through structural works and on-farm technologies such as drip and sprinkler—have failed to restore a balance. Researchers have investigated various on-farm techniques to reduce consumption, including mulching, zero tillage, deficit irrigation, revised cropping patterns, and improved cultivars. We project the results of such experiments for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and cotton (Gossypium spp.) to basin scale to assess their potential in restoring sustainable water consumption. Widespread adoption of mulching, which is the most promising option for farmers, would reduce the over-consumption by 25% (1.6 × 109 m3 yr−1). If water quotas are introduced, forcing a reduction in consumption, current production could be maintained while saving 4.1 × 109 m3 yr−1. Ending the remaining over-consumption of 2.15 × 109 m3 yr−1 would require reducing grain production by 4–7.8 Mt yr−1.

Bernard Tschumi is widely recognized as one of today’s foremost architects. First known as a theorist, he drew attention to his innovative architectural practice, in 1983, when he won the prestigious competition for the Parc de La Villette. Since then, he has made a reputation for groundbreaking designs that include the new Acropolis Museum in Athens and Le Fresnoy National Studio for the Contemporary Arts in France. Very early in his career, Tschumi collaborated with RoseLee Goldberg on the exhibition A Space: A Thousand Words at the Royal College of Art, which brought together artists and architects as well as students and faculty from both the RCA, where Goldberg directed the school’s art gallery, and the Architectural Association, where Tschumi taught design. As evidenced in the conversation, it was precisely Tschumi’s exposure to such interdisciplinary exchanges early in his career that served to inform a radical rethinking of architecture. The many books devoted to Tschumi’s writings and architectural practice include a comprehensive monograph, titled Architecture Concepts: Red is Not a Color, the four-part Event-Cities series, and The Manhattan Transcripts. Tschumi has taught architecture at a range of institutions including the Architectural Association in London, Princeton University, and The Cooper Union in New York. He was dean of the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation at Columbia University from 1988 to 2003, where he is currently a professor. Tschumi’s work has been exhibited in solo shows at The Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Venice Architecture Biennale, and the Pompidou Center in Paris. This conversation took place in New York on March 12, 2014.

As the demand for water resources continues to grow, the current “demand management” approach often fails to deliver the expected results in terms of reduced water consumption, release of water to other uses, or improved environmental conditions. Recognizing that evapotranspiration (ET) represents the dominant consumptive use of water in the hydrologic cycle, this paper describes an approach to basin-scale water resources management based on ET. The ET management approach comprises four stages: (i) a basin-scale water consumption balance; (ii) determination of a target ET consistent with sustainable water consumption; (iii) identification of water consumption tradeoffs, competition and feedback among different water sectors (agricultural, industrial, domestic, and socio-environmental); and (iv) basin-wide monitoring of sustainable water consumption. Continuous, basin-wide ET data obtained from the ETWatch models are combined with estimates of water consumption as a result of mechanical, chemical, and biological energy to assess the water consumption balance, and set targets. On this basis, water resource managers can identify opportunities to achieve sustainable, productive use of water resources by (i) reducing non-beneficial ET; (ii) converting non-beneficial ET to beneficial ET; and (iii) increasing the productivity of beneficial ET. Irrigated agriculture is usually the largest controllable contribution to ET in a basin, so meeting the target ET for agriculture is key. A water balance analysis for Hai Basin and the implementation of ET management in the Basin are presented to illustrate the ET management approach.

The molecular pathogenesis of ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is not yet fully understood, and a versatile cellular model is required for in vitro studies. The occurrence of continuous neurogenesis and easy access make the multipotent adult stem cells from the olfactory mucosa within the nasal cavity a potential cellular model. We describe an efficient method to establish neuron-like cells from olfactory mucosa biopsies derived from A-T patients for the purpose of studying the cellular and molecular aspects of this debilitating disease.

International audience; Climate change is one of the greatest threats to the long-term maintenance of coral-dominated tropical ecosystems, and has received considerable attention over the past two decades. Coral bleaching and associated mortality events, which are predicted to become more frequent and intense, can alter the balance of different elements that are responsible for coral reef growth and maintenance. The geomorphic impacts of coral mass mortality have received relatively little attention, particularly questions concerning temporal recovery of reef carbonate production and the factors that promote resilience of reef growth potential. Here, we track the biological carbonate budgets of inner Seychelles reefs from 1994 to 2014, spanning the 1998 global bleaching event when these reefs lost more than 90% of coral cover. All 21 reefs had positive budgets in 1994, but in 2005 budgets were predominantly negative. By 2014, carbonate budgets on seven reefs were comparable with 1994, but on all reefs where an ecological regime shift to macroalgal dominance occurred, budgets remained negative through 2014. Reefs with higher massive coral cover, lower macroalgae cover and lower excavating parrotfish biomass in 1994 were more likely to have positive budgets post-bleaching. If mortality of corals from the 2016 bleaching event is as severe as that of 1998, our predictions based on past trends would suggest that six of eight reefs with positive budgets in 2014 would still have positive budgets by 2030. Our results highlight that reef accretion and framework maintenance cannot be assumed from the ecological state alone, and that managers should focus on conserving aspects of coral reefs that support resilient carbonate budgets.

Virtual water and water footprints have gained recognition as indicators to guide action on issues related to water scarcity. I argue that water footprints are fundamentally different from carbon footprints, as local reductions in carbon emissions have global benefits, while global attempts to reduce water footprints will have neither necessary beneficial impacts in areas of local water scarcity, nor global impacts on atmospheric water content. In addition, water footprints have little or no meaning for purposes of setting policy regarding national water use or international trade. Furthermore, the calculation procedures adopted in most estimates of water footprints are flawed. Finally, I suggest that water footprints are incorrectly assessed on an absolute, rather than a relative basis. Water analysts are fortunate to have hydrology, a science with agreed procedures and standards, to use in describing the physical impacts of interventions in the hydrologic cycle. Generalised water footprints are neither accurate nor helpful indicators for gaining a better understanding of water resource management.

There is a widely observable pattern of what must be done to make water management consistent with expressed policy: physical accounting for water; a political process of priority setting; rules that reflect policy and define responsibilities; and appropriate engineering works. When things change – due to climate, privatization, or the building of a new dam – feedback mechanisms affect most components of the system. The classification of functions as Accounting, Bargaining, Codification, Delegation and Engineering (ABCDE) provides all the concerned disciplines with a place at the table. Feedback (F) among these elements is the basis for planning the future, addressing problems, or responding to change.

Scarcity and competition for water are matters of increasing concern, as are potential shortages of food. These issues intersect both within the agricultural sector and across all water using sectors. Irrigation is by far the largest user of water in most water-scarce countries, and is under pressure to reduce utilisation (to release water to other sectors, including the environment) and use water more productively to meet demands for food and fibre. The terminology for such intra- and inter-sectoral analysis must be unambiguous across sectors so that interventions and their impacts are properly understood. Such terminology, based on previous work and debate, is set out. Implications for a better understanding of the scope for improved productivity of water in agriculture are traced, and some examples are given using data from recent research submissions, demonstrating the benefits of precise water accounting.

Engineering has been the dominant discipline in the development of water resources for the benefit of mankind. Future water security under a changing climate will similarly be dependent on engineering solutions – informed and mediated by politics, economics, societal concerns and environmental issues. For engineering to find its role and priorities in the multisectoral spectrum of water-related activities, it is first essential to describe water utilization in terminology that is unambiguous for each sector, then to identify which are the critical categories of use and finally to determine the kinds of technical intervention that will mitigate scarcity and competition and improve the productivity of water use. Based on such an approach, some apparent priorities are outlined.

Human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus vital to the etiology of cervical cancer, is strongly associated with the development of head and neck cancer. Therefore, it is pivotal to develop a noninvasive and cost-effective approach for detecting oral HPV. Accumulating evidence suggested the usefulness of salivary oral rinse as a diagnostic fluid to detect oral HPV DNA within a clinical setting. However, there is little known about the HPV DNA prevalence and type distribution in unstimulated whole mouth saliva (UWMS). In the current study, we show a positive correlation of HPV-16 E2 (r = 0.95, p < 0.0001) and E6/7 (r = 0.93, p < 0.0001) relative copy number as well as high-risk HPV genotypes (HPV 16, 18 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68) and fold change difference between the relative copy numbers of E2 and E6/7 (r = 0.46, p < 0.0098) in both salivary oral rinse and UWMS samples collected from OPC patients. More importantly, in line with the previous study, among HPV-16 positive head and neck cancer cases, most often a mixed HPV-16 form (episomal and integrated) was found in both saliva sampling methods. In conclusion, regardless of the sampling method, detection of HPV in saliva is an attractive, noninvasive method that could change the need for invasive biopsies in head and neck cancer patients. Citation Format: Kai D Tang, Chris Perry, Chamindie Punyadeera. High-risk human papillomavirus detection in head and neck cancers using saliva [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2207.

Irrigation is widely criticised as a profligate and wasteful user of water, especially in watershort areas. Improvements to irrigation management are proposed as a way of increasing agricultural production and reducing the demand for water. The terminology for this debate is often flawed, failing to clarify the actual disposition of water used in irrigation into evaporation, transpiration, and return flows that may, depending on local conditions, be recoverable. Once the various flows are properly identified, the existing literature suggests that the scope for saving consumptive use of water through advanced irrigation technologies is often limited. Further, the interactions between evaporation and transpiration, and transpiration and crop yield are, once reasonable levels of agricultural practices are in place, largely linear—so that increases in yield are directly and linearly correlated with increases in the consumption of water. Opportunities to improve the performance of irrigation systems undoubtedly exist, but are increasingly difficult to achieve, and rarely of the magnitude suggested in popular debate.

Recent work on the distinctive features of emotions appraised as either negative or positive has links to the investigation of differences in levels of emotional intelligence. In a study with experienced teachers as participants, it was found that emotional reactions to positive or negative situations was moderated by level of emotional intelligence. The reactions to positively charged emotional situations involving students and peers were similar for teachers with high and low levels of emotional intelligence, although the low level group showed somewhat lower likelihood of making an “emotionally intelligent” response compared to the high level group. A much sharper contrast in response likelihood was found for negatively charged emotional situations involving students and peers. Teachers with high levels of emotional intelligence responded quite differently to those with low levels of emotional intelligence. The results indicate the prospect of clarifying a neglected area of exploration of differences in the likely behaviour of teachers differing in levels of emotional intelligence.

The concept of “survivor guilt” has come into increasingly widespread use over the past four decades. However, there has been almost no research on the resolution of moral dilemmas following exposure to severe trauma. The present study employed qualitative analyses of five testimonies of holocaust survivors to explore moral dilemmas and their resolution. In all five testimonies, survivors discussed a discrepancy between their behaviors prior to the war and after the war in contrast to their behaviors during the war. Remaining human in the face of dehumanizing experiences was described as a major struggle in all five testimonies. Ways of resolving this discrepancy varied, with some survivors willingly acknowledging its presence and others denying it. In all cases reviewed, however, the discrepancy continued to exist even five decades after the Holocaust.

The research effort was conducted to identify the performance capabilities of the Vertical Impact Device (VID) test located in Bldg 824, Wright Patterson AFB OH. The performance requirements for the VID were required to support the Warrior Injury Assessment Manikin (WIAMan) program. The test program approach used a parametric analysis with the objective to define and evaluate the performance effect of various impact attenuators on VID impact acceleration. Over 100 impact tests were completed and consisted of varying the energy attenuators, defined as the high-density (red) urethane programmers and industrial felt of varying density and thickness, while progressively increasing the drop height of the VID's drop table. One red urethane programmer, 4 felt densities, and 4 felt thicknesses were evaluated, and were used as the basis to separate the data analysis into three sub-phases. The measured response was the acceleration recorded on the VID drop carriage, and the calculated velocity change and TTP velocity change. The first phase of the assessment evaluated the VID's red urethane programmers on the drop carriage at 8 different drop heights that ranged from 5 to 50 inches. The acceleration pulse width was used as an estimator of the time-to-peak velocity. The second phase of testing indicated that the felt density variation had a minimal effect on the peak acceleration or velocity change at two drop heights, and was shown by calculating a percent difference in the response relative to a baseline which was the least dense felt. The third phase of testing indicated that the felt thickness variation had a very little effect on the velocity change at the two drop heights, but had a large effect on the peak acceleration and the acceleration pulse width at the two drop heights. This was shown by calculating a percent difference in the response relative to a baseline which was the least thick felt.

Branden Hookway and Chris Perry introduce the Responsive Systems Group (RSG), a newly formed design research collective at Cornell University's School of Architecture, Art, and Planning. Highly interdisciplinary in nature, the work here addresses questions of collective intelligence at a number of scales. In terms of practice, collaborative, group-based work is emphasised, with both the students as well as the instructors working in teams of three (Perry and Hookway are co-directors of the Responsive Systems Group along with Ezra Ardolino). The second scale addresses the technologies and methodologies of design itself, exploring problems of ‘responsivity’ in the context of artificial intelligence and the emerging fields of robotic and sensory interaction design. Finally, and by extension, the issue of scale itself becomes a site of inquiry as the RSG's work focuses less on ‘architecture’ and more on ‘design’, implicitly if not explicitly loosening general notions of disciplinarity as a means of revealing new sites for mixture and innovation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In the late 1990s servo emerged as a young design collaborative embracing new forms of distributed practice as enabled by the advent of telecommunications technologies. In this section, David Erdman, Marcelyn Gow, Ulrika Karlsson and Chris Perry write about how these organisational principles are at work not only in the context of their practice, but in the design work itself, which stretches across a variety of design disciplines to incorporate areas of expertise particular to information and interaction design, as well as a number of manufacturing and fabrication technologies. Many of servo's projects have focused on small-scale interior infrastructures, typically in the form of gallery installations, furniture systems and exhibition designs. This particular scale has allowed the group to focus on the development of full-scale prototypes, exploring a wide range of potential innovations at the point of integration between various technological and material systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In their introduction to this issue, Christopher Hight and Chris Perry define the idea of collective intelligence in its relationship to design practice and to broader technological and social formations. First they suggest a reformulation of practices around networked communication infrastructures as conduits for the new orchestrations of power that Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt detailed in their books Empire and Multitude. They then describe how such practices are often involved in the development of responsive sensing environments as new sites for manifesting the social organisations and communities made possible via telecommunications and the Internet. Lastly, they address how traditional boundaries of design disciplines and knowledge, from architecture to programming, are opening into complex co-minglings of their respective isolated ‘intelligences’ into collectives capable of engaging these new sites, new briefs and new sorts of projects. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Irrigation is the dominant user of water worldwide, but provision of potable water and water for industry are higher priorities and give higher social and economic returns. Irrigation will continue to lose water to competing sectors and the productivity of irrigation systems (since food demand continues to grow) remains a central issue in water management. Performance assessment of irrigation has traditionally been difficult when based on field measurements of flows, deliveries and depths over large areas. Furthermore, performance measures have shifted from narrow engineering indicators to broader productivity issues of production achieved per unit of water consumed. Remote sensing, applied to the estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) over large areas, provides analysts of irrigation systems with extraordinary new tools for the objective assessment of consumption and production – constituting a quantum leap in the assessment of irrigation system performance. Awareness and utilisation of these tools is spreading, but important areas remain to be “converted” from traditional approaches that rely on an array of estimated parameters. The next challenge for remote sensing will be to map the frontier between the reliability of the irrigation service and the productivity achieved. Reliability provides the inducement for farmers to invest in higher productivity – to the benefit of themselves and society – and understanding better how the individual maximises profits within an uncertain irrigation environment can provide important guidance to managers and system designers.

This article uses the process of a teacher renewal partnership programme to explore the role of the university academic as a facilitator of change. Responses to a series of interview questions relating to change were used to explore and examine the dimensions of the facilitator's role. Facilitators report that the role is complex, often uncertain and requires an understanding of the school and its culture and schools' and teachers' previous experiences in professional development programmes. The findings from this article suggest that an effective facilitator creates, for the teachers involved, a space for discussion, reflection and challenge and that this space provides for and legitimates teacher renewal.

Water shortage shifts attention from the traditional concept of crop yield—production per unit of land—to the productivity of water—production per unit of water. Whether this parameter is best increased through responsive, sophisticated irrigation scheduling or through predetermined schedules, providing limited water, has been a contentious issue for some years. This paper brings together modelling studies from Pakistan that address this issue, as well as raising the question of whether deficit irrigation threatens sustainability through the build-up of salts in the soil profile. It is shown that under conditions of plentiful water, highest productivity is achieved when irrigation is precisely scheduled to meet crop needs. However, when water is short its productivity is substantially increased (by almost 50%) by deficit irrigation. No salt problem occurs as long as amount of water applied through irrigation is sufficient to meet 80% of the total crop evapotranspiration. Under limited water conditions, the productivity achieved is little affected by setting predetermined irrigation schedules, allowing the operating agency to concentrate on reliability of service. Finally, it is also shown that the salt build-up is independent of irrigation scheduling. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A number of initiatives have sprung up to attempt connecting the potential of new technology to the understanding of conflict trends and dynamics. These follow initiatives in development (i.e., poverty mapping, health indicators, climate impacts) and humanitarian aid (i.e., disaster response), where the use of new technology is more advanced than in the peace and security field.

In this paper we discuss the use of metaphor as an educative tool for reflection. In the instance of this paper we use metaphor to reflect on the personal images of change that were used by some women teacher educators to make sense of their professional lives and practices over the last decade. This last decade in teacher education has seen significant institutional and cultural change. The paper discusses the strengths and limitations of the use of metaphor. The different interpretations of these metaphors illustrates how these women have used metaphor for explaining facets of change in their professional lives. The challenge of professional renewal is apparent in the metaphors in the ways that complexity, change, journeys, and movement are indicated. Reflection on change in professional practice needs to be continuous. Use of metaphor in the way described in this paper encourages that ongoing process.

Shortage of water and inadequate funding for maintenance of irrigation works have focused attention on the potential for water charges to generate financial resources, and reduce demand for water through volume-based charges. Examples from other utilities, and from the domestic/industrial sectors of water supply, suggest the approach could be effective. However, in many developing countries, the facilities required for measured and controlled delivery, which are both essential for volume-related charges, are not in place and their introduction would require a massive investment in physical, legal and administrative infrastructure. To be effective in curtailing demand, the price of water must be significant, but the price structures and levels that are within the politically feasible and acceptable range are usually too low to have a real impact on demand, much less to actually bring supply and demand into balance. Similarly, the present cost of water is too low to induce significant technical innovation or investments that could reduce consumption. Moreover, while water supplied is a proper measure of service in domestic and industrial uses, in irrigation, and especially as the water resource itself becomes constrained, water consumption is the appropriate measure for water accounting, and this is exceptionally difficult to define. An alternative approach to coping with shortage would focus on assigning volumes to specific uses – and effectively rationing water where demand exceeds supply – has a number of potential benefits including simplicity, transparency and the potential to tailor allocations specifically to hydrological situations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. La penurie d'eau et le manque de moyens consacres a l'entretien des systemes d'irrigation ont mis en evidence le role que le prix de l'eau pouvait jouer pour generer des ressources financieres et faire flechir la demande, et ce par le biais d'une tarification basee sur le volume. L'exemple d'autres services publics, et des secteurs domestiques et industriels de la distribution d'eau, laisse penser que cette approche peut etre efficace. Toutefois, dans de nombreux pays en developpement, les equipements necessaires pour assurer un approvisionnement controle et mesure – ce qui est indispensable si l'on veut appliquer une tarification basee sur le volume– existent rarement, et leur installation necessiterait d'enormes investissements, au niveau de l'infrastructure materielle, juridique et administrative. Pour pouvoir avoir un impact reel sur la demande, le prix de l'eau doit etre significatif. Or, les prix politiquement applicables et acceptables sont trop bas pour avoir un reel impact sur la demande, et a fortiori pour etablir un equilibre entre l'offre et la demande. De meme, le cout actuel de l'eau est trop faible pour generer des innovations techniques ou des investissements significatifs susceptibles de reduire la consommation. De plus, si la quantite d'eau fournie est une mesure adequate du service en ce qui concerne l'usage domestique et industriel, par contre, en matiere d'irrigation – surtout lorsque les ressources hydriques deviennent limitees – c'est la consommation reelle qu'il faudrait pouvoir mesurer, ce qui est extremement difficile a determiner. Un autre moyen de gerer la penurie consisterait a affecter des volumes a des usages specifiques et a rationner efficacement l'eau la ou la demande excede l'offre. Une telle approche offre un certain nombre d'avantages potentiels en termes de simplicite et de transparence, et offre egalement la possibilite de moduler les volumes en fonction de la situation hydrologique specifique des regions concernees. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The World Commission on Dams has now published its report. Insights into the workings and conclusions of the Commission were published in the last edition of this Journal. While the WCD report brings together a number of important existing and new recommendations on ameliorating the negative impacts of large dams, it pays inadequate attention to the impacts in the major area (food production and security) for which dams have been built. Consideration of data presented by the WCD would suggest a more positive impact, and a brief review of national and world trends in food production suggests that irrigation – of which large dams are an intrinsic and central component – has underlain if not dominated the vast improvement in food availability that occurred in the second half of the last century. With water in crisis in many countries, planners, policymakers and politicians will continue to face challenging decisions on the allocation of limited freshwater supplies, and demands to increase the level of water resources development. Some guidance from the WCD is helpful, and some is flawed. Most importantly, much is missing, and to be useful, guidance must reflect rational and balanced, expert and rigorous assessment of all the impacts of the available options. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. La Commission Globale des Barrages a maintenant publiee son rapport. Quelques apercus sur les methodes et les conclusions de la commission ont ete donnees dans la derniere edition de ce journal. Quant le rapport CGB a se rassemble quelques recommendations nouveaux et actuels pour ameliorer les impacts negatifs des grands barrages, il n'y a pas d'attention suffisante donnes aux impacts sur les questions importantes (comme le production et la securite d'alimentation) pour qui les barrages ont etes construits. Penser aux donnes du CGB suggere un impact plus positif et un critique des tendances nationale et globale du production d'alimentation denote que l'irrigation (dont les grands barrages sont un composant central et intrinseque) a soutienne si non dominee l'immense amelioration de la disponibililite d'alimentation dans la derniere partie du XXe siecle. Avec la crise actuelle de l'eau en beaucoup de pays, les planificateurs, les dirigants de politique et les politiciens se continuent de faire face aux decisions difficile sur les questions d'allocation d'eau limitee et les demands pour une augmentation de developpement des resources en eau. Quelques conseils du CGB sont util mais quelques uns sont en defaut. Les plus importantes problemes sont que le rapport manque beaucoup de choses et que, pour etre utile, les conseils doivent reflechir les impactes de tous les choix dans une facon rationale et equilibree avec une evaluation experte et rigoureuse. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article reports on a teacher professional development program involving one particular instance of a process of mentoring that involved educators in schools and educators in universities. This...

Water is becoming increasingly scarce in many parts of the world. In most such areas, definition and enforcement of water rights have yet to be put in place, while experience shows that these steps are fundamentally important to ensure productive and efficient use of water. Often, as competition intensifies, the data required to assess appropriate allocations and rules become more contentious and difficult to access. New technologies are available, primarily based on remotely sensed satellite data used in conjunction with a minimum set of ground measurements, to generate hydrological data. Such data can readily be correlated with streamflow measurements and also can be used for “what if” analyses of specific climate situations or changes in ground cover. The satellite data are freely available over the Internet, as are other data required.

Widespread industry and award restructuring, technological change and competency-based approaches to career entry and progression have brought about significant changes in the Australian (and world) labour market. These changes have led to changes in expectations of the aims and purposes of education. Important connections have been established between education and industry to address these changes. Teachers are seen to be vital in not only developing greater understanding about industry needs and expectations but also in the transfer of those workplace-related skills and competencies to their work with students. Concerns have been expressed about teachers' knowledge and abilities to make this link effectively. This has resulted in a significant focus being placed on teacher professional development programmes that increase teachers' understanding about the world of work. The article examines the concept of teachers' work in terms of its appropriateness in understanding wider work issues. The ar...

Recovery of a three-dimensional (3-D) description of the world from images has been a central topic in computer vision from the early days of AI research and is currently becoming of great importance, particularly to the film and entertainment industries. In particular, this article addresses the problems of preproduction and postproduction for 3-D compositing of graphics in film and of building multimedia content for computer entertainment systems, both areas of burgeoning activity currently driven extensively with expensive skilled human labor. In this article, we discuss how the particular requirements for accuracy and generality of these applications impact the choices of vision techniques and how the interactive nature of production systems can be exploited to bypass the difficulties of segmentation and scene understanding that has prevented equally successful systems from arising in traditional AI contexts. We show actual results of both preproduction and postproduction processes in film and multime...

The olfactory mucosa, located in the nasal cavity, is the only nervous tissue that is exposed to the external environment and easily accessible in every living individual. In addition, this organ is home of a continuing neurogenesis that is sustained by a large population of stem cells. Here, we describe a method for biopsying olfactory mucosa from human nasal cavities and isolating multipotent adult stem cells that can be used to either identify biomarkers in brain disorders or repair the pathological/traumatized nervous system.

This article was written as a course requirement in the Masters of Homeland Security Public Health Preparedness curriculum. The authors spell out the many reasons why people have ignored evacuation orders in the face of impending disasters, risking injury and death, and putting first responders and rescuers at greater risk. Public apathy, however does not relieve their leaders of the task of using mass notification and other methods to inform them of risks, employ effective persuasion methods, or responding to emergencies.

This publication examines trends in how the United Nations Security Council has engaged with civil wars since 1989 and the evolution of the Council’s civil-war response strategies over the past two decades, including where and when it chose to engage. The study reveals a comprehensive change in the way the Council has applied its mandate under the United Nations Charter to situations of internal conflict. The report represents the most comprehensive analysis to date of the Security Council’s approaches to resolving civil wars during the past two decades. It is the first publication produced by the International Peace Institute’s multiyear research project on Compliance with United Nations Security Council Resolutions in Civil Wars. Future analysis by this project will seek to provide answers to two questions: To what extent do civil-war parties comply with demands issued by the Security Council? And what factor or combination of factors best explains the variance in the level of compliance – e.g., conflict settings, conflict management strategies, or political dynamics within the Security Council? In the future, the project will produce a book combining rigorous quantitative analyses and detailed case studies on this very important topic. IPI will also publish a searchable online database of all Security Council resolutions adopted in the context of civil wars between 1989 and 2006. The IPI Security Council Compliance Database will document the Security Council’s conflict-management efforts and the civil-war parties’ responses to each individual demand addressed to them during the first fifteen years after the Cold War, from 1989 to 2003.