Search

This Classic article is a reprint of the original work by Joseph C. Risser, The Iliac Apophysis: An Invaluable Sign in the Management of Scoliosis. An accompanying biographical sketch of Joseph C. Risser, MD is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-009-1095-0. The Classic Article is ©1958 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and is reprinted with permission from Risser JC. The iliac apophysis: an invaluable sign in the management of scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1958;11:111–119.

This issue of The Journal of Physiology celebrates the 50th anniversary of the classic joint paper by David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel (Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex, Journal of Physiology 148, 574–591, 1959), which led to a revolution in our understanding of visual processing and to their well-deserved Nobel Prize in 1981. We are delighted to celebrate this publication, for all sorts of good reasons. This was the first joint paper by Hubel & Wiesel, and this and their many subsequent papers helped us to understand not only visual processing, but also how the brain operates. Their papers are not only superb examples of physiological experimentation, but wonderfully clear scientific writing. They explain elsewhere how their paper underwent many drafts and refinements but the key element comes from their own crystal clear logical style. We reproduce the full paper here, not only as a milestone in neurophysiological investigation, but also as a wonderful model for paper writing. The present issue contains fascinating contributions from a wide array of Hubel and Wiesel's collaborators, former postdocs and colleagues. The articles range from research papers to reviews, with reflections and speculations and even philosophical discussions. I should point out that sometimes it is hard to get authors to contribute to Special Issues, but in this case we were overwhelmed with such sheer enthusiasm and delight that our authors jumped at the chance to celebrate David and Torsten. The esteem, genuine affection and considerable respect in which these gentlemen are held is quite moving. They are held thus not only for their considerable scientific achievements, but also for their mentoring of individual colleagues to whole departments. They say that you should never meet your heroes; this is nonsense. I was fortunate enough to meet both of David and Torsten over the last several months and could feel not only the power of their sheer brilliance, but also the warmth, patience, and kindness that the following authors all point out. Many scientists today (sadly) are focused solely on their work or the narrow world of their laboratories or career prospects. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel have an amazing number of outside interests and achievements and one feels they would have made a considerable impact in whatever they eventually chose as their ‘day job’. On a personal note, I’d like to thank them not only for their immense help in putting this celebratory Special Issue together but also for putting me on the path to a career in physiology. I remember listening to the Reith Lectures on the radio when I was a teenager, and in particular Colin Blakemore's wonderful ‘Mechanics of the Mind’. In one episode (I used to play the cassette tapes over and over; they wore out) Blakemore talked about the experiments of Hubel & Wiesel, and I never quite got over the excitement and shock of hearing about how nerve cells could ‘decode’ bars moving in the animals visual field, indeed discern tiny differences in orientation. When the time came for me to give lectures to first year students, some of whom had done no biology at all, I would always use those beautiful early experiments of David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel to make them see not only how marvelous the brain was, but how with insight, patience and sheer determination, scientists could figure out actually how this marvel comes about. We don't celebrate achievements nearly enough, but I hope you will join with The Journal in celebrating the wonderful achievements and contributions of Hubel and Wiesel; Happy Scientific Birthday gentlemen.

This Classic article is a reprint of the original work by Ignacio V. Ponseti and Eugene N. Smoley, Congenital Club Foot: The Results of Treatment. An accompanying biographical sketch on Ignacio V. Ponseti, MD, is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-009-0719-8 and a second Classic article is available at 10.1007/s11999-009-0721-1. This article is ©1963 by the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc., and is reprinted with permission from Ponseti IV, Smoley EN. Congenital Club Foot: The Results of Treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963;45:261–344.

(2009). Children in Conflict. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child: Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 306-319.

Willis Cohoon Campbell was born in Jackson, Mississippi in 1880. He received his undergraduate training in his home state and medical training at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, where he graduated in 1924 [5]. After serving a two-year internship, he went into private practice in Memphis, Tennessee. As with other prominent orthopaedic surgeons (Ryerson among them), he visited medical centers in Europe, particularly London and Vienna. He evidently then spent some time in postgraduate work in New York City prior to returning to private practice in Memphis. (Most formal residencies were not established until the 1930s coincident with the formation of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery in 1934, although many doctors took “postgraduate” work following one or two years of internship in general medicine or surgery.) In 1910, he was asked to organize a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of Tennessee Medical School as the first Professor of Orthopaedics, a post he held until his death. In addition to forming a department for the university, Campbell helped establish one of the first hospitals for crippled children in the south, then the Willis Cohoon Campbell Clinic in 1920 [1], and finally in 1923 the Hospital for Crippled Adults. The Campbell clinic provided postgraduate training, meeting the requirements of the American Board for the Certification of Specialists. Dr. Campbell, while not one of the original nine board members of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery, was influential in establishing the Board in 1934. According to Wickstrom [4], a “...persistent rumor, repeatedly denied, held that Henderson (Melvin) and Campbell were the primary movers behind the establishment of both the American Academy of Orthopaedic surgeons and the American Board in Orthopaedic Surgery; their actions were said to be a retaliatory response to their rejection by the orthopaedic establishment ‘in the East.’” Be that as it may, Dr. Campbell served as President of a number of professional organizations [1]. He published many papers and three monographs, including the classic “Operative Orthopaedics” [3], which has gone through 10 editions, was the standard textbook for orthopaedic surgeons for decades and remains one of the most widely read references. Dr. Campbell was widely known as a kind, courteous man [5]. The article reproduced here describes arthroplasty of the elbow to restore motion to ankylosed joints [2]. In this article Campbell recognized some of the described resection arthroplasties (usually with interposition of various materials) left the elbow unstable and weak. He advocated creating a “double flap” of the triceps aponeurosis and underlying periosteum and suturing that to the anterior capsule of the elbow after resecting bone. This, he suggested, allowed functional motion within 6 months in the two cases he described. Interestingly, in his “Operative Orthopaedics” published in 1939, he recommends covering the exposed bony surfaces with fascia lata, and does not describe attaching the flap of the triceps to the anterior capsule, but rather suggests attaching “at a lower point than its former attachment to permit free play of the joint in flexion” [3]. Willis Cohoon Campbell, MD is shown. Photograph is reproduced with permission and ©American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Fifty Years of Progress, 1983. References Calandruccio RA. The history of the Campbell Clinic. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000:157–170. Campbell WC. Arthroplasty of the elbow. Ann Surg. 1922;76:615–623. Campbell WC. Operative Orthopedics. Saint Louis: CV Mosby Co; 1939. Wickstrom JK. Fifty years of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery: 1934. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;257:3–10. Willis Cohoon Campbell 1880–1941. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1941;23:716–717.

(1957). The Meanings and Uses of Countertransference. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 303-357.

his is clearly a very exciting and exhilarating time to be working in health and human rights-but it is necessarily also a difficult time. For we are creating, participating in, and witnessing an extraordinary moment in social history-the emergence of a health and human rights movement-at the intersection and at the time of two enormous paradigm shifts. Stimulated in the first instance by pressures within each field, both public health and human rights are undergoing major transformations, so that the linkages between them, and the outcomes of their association have now become dynamic and even more challenging than may have been evident just a few years ago. Fortunately, as the tectonic plates are shif ting in the domains of both public health and human rights, interest in health and human rights has intensified-a reality manifested in, and symbolized by, this 2nd International Conference. This extraordinary situation in which both the public health and the human rights paradigms-and the systems of thought and action which flow from them-are rapidly evolving has become evident during this Conference. The challenge of applying human rights concepts in analysis and response to health problems, such as violence, has helped reveal previously unrecognized difficulties and limitations in traditional human rights work; similarly, efforts to define, expand and protect human rights in health-relevant settings, such as sexual rights and health, uncover substantial gaps or inconsistencies in health thinking and practice.

Changes in the vertical dimension of mandibular rest position for 50 subjects wearing complete dentures were measured on cephalometric radiographs between lead markers attached to the face and between skeletal landmarks. Measurements between the landmarks were compared on radiographs made without (edentulous) and with (edentoprosthetic) the dentures in the mouth. The findings support the following statements. The facial structures tended to mask the positional changes of the mandible. The rest position of the edentulous mandible tended to vary within the time frame of the cephalometric examination. The range of measurements of the skeletal rest position appeared greater with greater denture age and experience of the subjects. The rest position of the edentoprosthetic mandible (with dentures in the mouth) was more frequently constant when measured skeletally than when measured facially and more frequently constant than the edentulous mandibular rest position. The edentulous mandibular rest position of most subjects was increased upon insertion of dentures. The rest position was decreased for the remainder of the subjects. As a group, those subjects whose mandibular rest position decreased (up-shifted) with insertion of dentures had older dentures and more years of denture-wearing experience than subjects whose mandibular rest position increased (down-shifted) with insertion of dentures. The edentulous mandibular rest position does not seem particularly suitable for determination of the vertical dimension of occlusion and appears somewhat less suitable when facial measurements are used.

Much of what we know about the ideas of Harry Stack Sullivan can be credited to a series of books that have been published posthumously. This series contains collections of previously published material and extractions from Sullivan’s extensive lectures, from both his notebooks and from transcriptions of the lectures themselves. After Sullivan’s death the William Alanson White Psychiatric Foundation formed the Committee on Publication of Sullivan’s Writings consisting of Mabel Blake Cohen, MD, David Mck. Rioch, MD. Janet Mck. Rioch, MD, Clara Thompson, MD, and Helen Swick Perry (Sullivan’s biographer). Sullivan gave five complete lectures at the Washington School of Psychiatry and the William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Psychology in New York in the 1940s (Perry & Gawel, 1953). His sixth set of lectures was unfinished at the time of his death on January 14, 1949. The Committee’s task was formidable because of the volume of material left behind. The editors retained the lecture format in these works, having Sullivan address his readers in the first person singular. This device creates a certain informality and immediacy of which Sullivan would probably approve. The books are invaluable compilations of Sullivan’s thoughts. On the other hand, one remains curious about what actually listening to a lecture would have been like; fortunately, such an opportunity arose in the form of an old recording. Hilda Bruch, MD, a famous psychiatrist in her own right, attended at least some of Sullivan’s lectures and carried with her some wire recordings of his lecturing when she moved from New York to the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, TX. One author (A.B.C.) of this article arranged for these old recordings to be transcribed to a compact disk. The transcriptions of the longest fragments in the collection, those from lectures of January 4 and February 1, 1948, part of Sullivan’s incomplete last series,1 are offered in this article. Sullivan, like virtually all psychiatrists of his era, was originally exposed to classic psychoanalytic theory and underwent some 200 hours of psychoanalysis himself. Yet it is the evolution of his ideas away from a pure drive theory toward one emphasizing the importance of human relationships that has been his considerable contribution to our field. To Sullivan, the human organism is driven by the ongoing searches for satisfacPsychiatry 69(2) Summer 2006 101

Professor Arthur Hodgson ("Hoddy") turned 75 years old in June 1990 (Figure not shown). This was the year of the 35th anniversary of the first anterior surgical approach for spinal tuberculosis. In 1955, three patients were surgically treated with this procedure and received follow-up treatment for several months. At this stage, the patients had solid healing of the bone grafts and no sign of paraparesis. It was then decided, on the basis of these initial surgical observations, to proceed. Since then, Hodgson's contribution has been legendary. A paper that reported the surgical treatment of the first 50 patients was published in the British Journal of Surgery in 1956. During the next few years, large series of patients were reported with dramatic recovery of Pott's paraplegia and a very high rate of anterior bone graft fusion. Doctor Hodgson, his wife Monica, and their five children arrived in Hong Kong in 1951. He had left Rochester, England, where he was a senior registrar, and sailed to Hong Kong to take up the post as lecturer in orthopaedic surgery within the Department of General Surgery at Hong Kong University. During these early years in Hong Kong, Hodgson also had to deal with endemic poliomyelitis, osteomyelitis, and all the Third World orthopaedic problems. His first assistant in these early years was Dr. Harry Fang. By 1960, his work was well recognized, and he was made the first professor of the new Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, separate from the Department of General Surgery in which he began this monumental work. I was fortunate to spend eight years as lecturer in the department, leaving at the end of 1975. During this period, there was a renaissance in spinal surgery that was solely attributable to the hard work and clear thinking of Hodgson. Not only did he think and write clearly (his papers are few in number, but classical in quality), but he provided a great stimulus and influence on many leaders in spinal surgery during the past quarter of a century, including Doctors John Hall, Kenton Leatherman, and the late Alan Dwyer. It is no secret that without Hodgson's continuing support for Dwyer's screw and cable technique, it probably would have failed. All told, he spent 24 years in orthopaedic surgery at Hong Kong University, 15 of these as professor and head of the department. This volume of Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research is a tribute to Professor Hodgson. I personally thank those who made the effort to put together their thoughts. The spinal papers in this Symposium represent much of the latest contemporary thought in spinal surgery, and would have been strongly approved of and encouraged by Professor Hodgson himself. As he looks back during his years of contribution to spinal surgery, Hodgson can be more than gratified by the knowledge that this concepts and ideas have been disseminated throughout the world. His contribution and the development of the anterior approach to spinal tuberculosis remain a milestone; from this flowed the anterior approach for so many other diseases of the vertebral column as we know it today. Professor Hodgson died on November 16, 1993 at the age of 78. His leadership in spinal surgery will be sorely missed throughout the world.

It is approaching a half century since Bill Stokoe published his revolutionary monograph, Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf It is rare for a work of innovative scholarship to spark a social as well as an intellectual revolution, but that is just what Stokoe's 1960 paper did. And it is indicative both of Stokoe's genius and of his commitment that he did not simply publish his groundbreaking work and then sit back to watch the revolutions unfold. He actively promoted important changes in at least three areas of social and intellectual life. First, and perhaps most important, his work, that was ultimately generally accepted as showing the signing of deaf people to be linguistic, supported significant changes in the way deaf children are educated around the globe. Second, his work led to a general rethinking of what is fundamental about human language; and, third, it helped to reenergize the moribund field of language origin studies. This truly revolutionary paper has been reprinted at least twice, in revised and original versions, since its initial release in 1960, and now, five years after Bill's death, it is good to see it once again brought before the general public.

I have attempted to excuse the shortcomings of the commercial dental laboratory by pointing out the responsibilities of the dentist for biologic partial denture design and his frequent failure to provide the laboratory technician with casts of properly prepared mouths and adequate prescriptions for him to follow. By "prescription" I am referring to penciled outlines (Fig. 15, A ), diagrams (Fig. 15, B ), and written instructions prepared by the dentist for the dental technician. 13 Now I must also make a statement regarding the responsibilities of the commercial dental laboratory in the hope that they, too, may find some motivation for improving their services. Fig. 15.— A , The outline form of the denture framework has been carefully drawn in pencil on the surveyed master cast. The laboratory technician has only to duplicate this design in his casting so that when the casting is placed on the master cast it matches the penciled outline. B , The framework design is drawn on a chart with colored pencils. Labels and written instructions are used to supply the specific details. In the average commercial dental laboratory today, mass production is an economic necessity. It is augmented by the use of stereotyped designs and plastic pattern forms. Added to this, the salary level of the skilled dental laboratory technician is not high by today's economic standards, and the training facilities for dental laboratory technicians are woefully inadequate. In many areas, adequate training facilities are nonexistent. However, despite this, quality partial denture and mouth rehabilitation service is needed now more than ever before. Teeth that would have been lost in the past by periodontal disease, caries, or by pulpal involvement are being saved now by the thousands. Increased life expectancy has placed us on the threshold of geriatric dentistry, with its many implications and challenges for the future dental care of an aging population. 18 Human mouths are not stereotyped, and neither are the problems in mouth reconstruction. Stereotyped partial denture service must be replaced with individualized treatment planning and rehabilitation service. 19 Dentists must do more than make a single impression, send it to the commercial dental laboratory, and receive a finished appliance to be inserted in the mouth. Also, it seems a little bit incongruous to spend a great deal of time and effort on elaborate research in the testing of some of the clinical principles in partial denture design, when these very principles are being so flagrantly violated by those responsible for their clinical application. If training facilities and increased salary standards for dental laboratory technicians are needed, then let the dental profession have the courage and the integrity to lead the way toward their improvement. But also, let the profession demand standards of individualized service from the commercial dental laboratory in keeping with competent and informed leadership.

The analysis of the state of the art of complete denture prosthodontics cannot be adequately discussed by any one person, and even if attempted, the subject could not be explored in detail in the space usually allocated for one article. Nevertheless, I will do the best I can to make an honest appraisal of prosthodontics as I see it. Thus, in this article I will discuss, first, the technical accomplishments in complete denture prosthodontics, and, second, some of the philosophic, educational, and political situations and attitudes that are affecting prosthodontics.

The following is a presentation of selected passages from The Social Transformation of American Medicine (original pages numbers enclosed in parentheses) in tandem with the names of the authors in this retrospective issue and the various themes and issues they address.

In 1935 two young neurologists, Derek Denny-Brown and E. Graeme Robertson, published an article explaining the mechanisms underlying human defaecation based on a manometric study in patients with sacral root and spinal cord lesions, and normal subjects. This article is still routinely cited in studies of rectal and sphincter ani function. Unfortunately, however, the article itself is not written well, being composed of long convoluted sentences and containing 79 often indecipherable figures. Difficult-to-understand articles were common to the publications of Denny-Brown, who became one of the most prominent neurologists of the twentieth century. In accord with our prior work explaining Denny-Brown and Robertson's earlier paper on micturition, we provide here what we hope is a clear explanation of the methods and results in their study on defaecation.

Since the classic descriptions of the course of bipolar and recurrent depressive forms of manic-depressive illness by Emil Kraepelin a century ago, it has been considered a truism that the rate of cycling increases, and wellness intervals shorten, with rising counts of recurrences, particularly early in the natural history of the illness. Less well known is that the analysis of this phenomenon is vulnerable to a computational artifact first described by Eliot Slater, based on his reanalysis of data from manic-depressive patients first evaluated by Kraepelin at the Munich Psychiatric Institute. Slater realized that there is an increasingly disproportionate representation of faster-cycling patients in sub-samples involving higher cycle-counts in pooled samples of subjects. More accurate results require analyzing illness-course either within individuals, or in groups matched for episode-counts. This artifact is pervasive in the older and modern research literature, but still not widely recognized. Since Slater's 1938 report in German is not well known, we provide an abbreviated English translation with commentary and additional reanalysis to highlight the phenomenon that might be termed 'Slater's Fallacy'.

Public policy regarding bathhouses has been criticized as being based on political expediency rather than on medical or social science. To affect that shortcoming, we include here a brief history of gay bathhouses. The history of the baths is rarely told, but whenever it is told it necessarily reflects the times in which it was written. For that reason, we include a history written in 1984, at the time that much of what was known about AIDS, routes of transmission and the role of the bathhouses was very much in flux. This history not only gives a context for the current discussion, but also allows the reader to see the history from that distant point in time. This paper was first published in December 1984 as an article in Coming Up!, a lesbian and gay community newspaper published monthly in San Francisco (California). It was later edited and reprinted in a book titled Policing Public Sex (1996). The version of the paper presented here is from the original 1984 article (pp. 15-19); several images appeared with the article that are not reproduced here. As with all the reprinted papers in this volume, no editorial changes were made to the paper and only minor typographical errors were corrected.