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RESUMEN: Introducción: Las situaciones ambientales de estrés grave suponen un factor de riesgo conocido para el desarrollo de trastornos mentales durante el embarazo, especialmente emocionales. En este sentido la pandemia mundial del COVID-19 y el estado de emergencia y confinamiento subsiguiente, han podido tener un gran impacto psicológico en las mujeres embarazadas. Nuestro objetivo es realizar un análisis descriptivo de las percepciones de una serie de casos de mujeres embarazadas durante la pandemia COVID-19 que posteriormente han sido diagnosticadas con depresión/ansiedad postparto. Métodos: Descripción de 10 casos de mujeres adultas, embarazadas durante la pandemia y confinamiento, con depresión y/o ansiedad post-parto atendidas consecutivamente en el Programa de Salud Mental Perinatal de la Corporación Sanitaria Parc Taulí y en el Programa de Atención a la Salud Sexual y Reproductiva (ASSIR) del CAP San Fèlix. Todas las mujeres estaban en tratamiento psicológico (individual y grupal). Para medir el estrés específico, administramos el Pandemic-Related Pregnancy Stress Scale (PREPS) que evalúa la extensión y tipo de estrés relacionado con la pandemia en mujeres embarazadas, incluyendo 3 factores: Estrés relacionado con la preparación, Estrés relacionado con el miedo al contagio, y finalmente una dimensión relacionada con la resiliencia, denominada Valoración positiva. De forma opcional se incluyó una pregunta abierta sobre preocupaciones adicionales no incluidas en la Escala. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y de contenido. Resultados: La mediana de las puntuaciones en las escalas de estrés de preparación y por miedo al contagio fue de 3,07 y 3,80 respectivamente, el 40% y el 50% puntuaron ≥4. La mediana de las puntuaciones en la escala de valoración positiva fue de 2,66, solo un caso puntuó ≥4. En el análisis de contenido de las frases libres, destacan la sensación de abandono, los sentimientos de soledad, desesperanza, miedo e incertidumbre. Discusión: En nuestra muestra aparecen niveles elevados de estrés relacionados con la preparación perinatal y con el miedo al contagio, así como bajos niveles de valoración positiva, equiparándose a los resultados de otros países europeos en población general. Las intervenciones en este colectivo deberían tener en cuenta este estresor para amortiguar en la medida de lo posible su impacto.

La percepción del tiempo, y más concretamente, la estimación de su duración podría verse alterada en diferentes adicciones conductuales. Esto es lo que sucedería en la adicción a videojuegos. Entre otros factores, la alteración en la estimación temporal podría deberse al grado de disfrute que generan estos contenidos. La mayoría de estudios se han centrado casi exclusivamente en hombres, dejando de lado a las mujeres y al posible efecto diferencial del género en este fenómeno. Así, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue explorar si existen diferencias de género en la estimación temporal durante la exposición a videojuegos y el disfrute con estos contenidos. Para ello, 193 personas (54,4% mujeres) entre 18-48 años realizaron una tarea experimental que consistía en la exposición a videos de videojuegos en 4 condiciones temporales (60, 90, 120 y 150 segundos). Tras cada exposición, los participantes estimaban su duración (en segundos) y reportaban el disfrute con el contenido (entre 0-10). Ambos géneros sobreestimaban la duración de la exposición a videojuegos en las 4 condiciones temporales. Sin embargo, se observaron diferencias en función del género para la condición de 60 segundos (t= -1.10; p= .016) y para la estimación media de las 4 condiciones (t= -.741; p=.045); en todos los casos las mujeres tendían a sobreestimar más la duración. Respecto al disfrute, los hombres consideraron más satisfactorios todos los contenidos, siendo las diferencias significativas para la condición de 90 (t=5.56; p=.030), 120 (t=4.05; p=.037), y 150 segundos (t=7.13; p= .039). Tanto hombres como mujeres tendían a sobreestimar el tiempo durante el visionado de videojuegos, resultando este fenómeno más pronunciado en las mujeres. Asimismo, éstas disfrutaron mucho menos del contenido. Esto explicaría que sea menos común el riesgo de adicción en mujeres, ya que percibirían que han pasado más tiempo jugando y sentirían menos atracción hacia su contenido.

El dolor crónico y los tratamientos asociados pueden afectar negativamente el funcionamiento y la satisfacción sexual. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar si existen diferencias en algunos componentes de la sexualidad entre adultos mayores con y sin diagnóstico de dolor crónico. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 132 estudiantes de la Universidad para Mayores de la Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, 61,4% de mujeres y 38,6% de hombres, con una edad media de 61,4 años. Se dividió a las personas participantes en función de si tenían o no el diagnóstico de alguna condición de dolor crónico, un 47,7% fue clasificado en la condición con dolor crónico y un 52,3% en la condición sin dolor crónico. Se les administró la versión ampliada del cuestionario SEXPAIN (Ballester et al., 2022) que evalúa diferentes aspectos de la vida sexual. Los resultados indicaron que el 96,8% de las personas sin dolor crónico y el 91,5% de las personas con dolor crónico evaluadas consideraba las relaciones sexuales un aspecto muy importante. Sin embargo, el 20,3% de las personas sin dolor crónico yel 39,3% de las personas con dolor crónico informó que no estaba nada satisfecho con su vida sexual, y un 16,7% y un 24,1%, respectivamente, está muy de acuerdo en que cambiaría muchas cosas de su vida sexual. Las personas con dolor crónico obtienen mayor interferencia en algunos aspectos de la función sexual como el interés (p.001), la excitación (p=.014) o la satisfacción sexual (p=.035) que las personas sin dolor crónico. Otros aspectos relacionados con el intercambio de afecto, la comunicación sexual o algunos parámetros de la respuesta sexual como el orgasmo, no obtienen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos grupos. La sexualidad es un ámbito que debe ser evaluado y tratado adecuadamente en el abordaje de las personas con dolor crónico.

La salud sexual en la infancia y en la adolescencia constituye una prioridad dado el importante impacto que esta ejerce en su salud global. Sin embargo, no existe un fuerte consenso sobre los indicadores que determinan el poseer una buena o una mala salud sexual, y más cuando hablamos de una población de especial vulnerabilidad dados los múltiples cambios físicos, psicológicos y sociales a los que se enfrentan en poco tiempo. En el presente estudio exponemos el proceso de construcción de una batería de instrumentos para la evaluación de la salud sexual de los niños, niñas y adolescentes. Tras la realización de un completo proceso de valoración, guiado por múltiples expertos en el área, se ha concluido que tanto los conocimientos como las actitudes (p.ej. sexismo) y habilidades sexuales (p.ej. asertividad sexual) son un indicador principal. Asimismo, los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo (p. ej. búsqueda de sensaciones sexuales, adicción al sexo, al cibersexo o conductas de sexting), también se consideran variables importantes. Disponer de una batería de instrumentos validados en este grupo poblacional que recoja todos los aspectos relevantes para la valoración de su salud sexual va a permitir, no solo conocer más sobre la misma, sino también probar si la educación afectivo-sexual que reciben es adecuada y suficiente para asegurar un desarrollo sexual saludable.

Sexual frequency of Spanish adolescents during confinement by COVID-19. The confinement situation due to COVID-19 has brought a great change in the lifestyles of young people. However, little is known about the impact that isolation has had on adolescent sexuality. The objective of this work is to know the sexual frequency of adolescents during confinement and its possible consequences, including gender perspective. 134 Spanish adolescents, between 16-20 years old, responded to an ad hoc online survey on sexuality, being 59.7% girls. 67.2% of the participants considered themselves heterosexual, 91.2% were confined to their parents, 59.7% were single and 40.3% had a stable partner. During confinement, an increase in the frequency of masturbation and online sexual activities has been observed, but these changes have only been statistically significant in boys. Among the causes of this increase, we find reasons such as “due to boredom”, “to relax”, or “due to an increase in sexual appetite”, with boys justifying it the most with emotional reasons. This higher sexual frequency generated a better mood and more relaxation, although many boys reported that sexual activities were less satisfactory. It would be necessary to continue studying the possible negative consequences that can arise from these changes in sexual frequency, and to analyze the role that emotions could be playing. All this to design campaigns to promote sexual health in times of confinement.

The degree of social acceptance on sexual-affective diversity directly influences LGTBI individuals’ lives. Hiding their sexual orientation or living with concerns lead to the development of internalized homophobia and, consequently, this may cause some mental health disorders. The aim was to analyze the differences between adolescents and young population in relation to their experience and concern on their sexual orientation. The sample was composed by 140 adolescents and young people (65% women and 35% men), ages ranging from 12 to 25 years old, belonging to two public secondary schools in the province of Castellón. Participants completed an ad hoc on-line questionnaire with 52 items. Three items were selected to assess participants’ experience and concern on their sexual orientation. An 1.1% of adolescents aged 12 to 18 identified as bisexual, a 3% as homosexual, a 4% had doubts and a 14% did not feel sexual attraction to any sex. Non-heterosexual people showed greater concern when discovering their orientation than heterosexual people did (45.5% vs. 3.4%). There were statistically significant differences (χ² = 40.505; p£.001). At the present moment, heterosexual maintain their concern about orientation around 3.5% differing from non-heterosexuals who obtain 31.8% (χ² = 23.838; p £.001). In spite of the differences were not significant (χ² = .404; p = .525), it was observed that non-heterosexual adolescents (12-18 years old) showed less concern than non-heterosexual young people aged 19-25 (75% vs. 61.5%). Regarding the age at which they discovered their sexual orientation, results showed that non-heterosexual participants did it later (M = 10.45; DT = 6.43) than heterosexual ones (M = 5.74; DT = 5.04). There were statistically significant differences (t = 3.84; p£.001). Finally, those non-heterosexual participants who discovered later their sexual orientation, showed more concern at present moment. These results have shown that young people and adolescents are still concerned on their own sexual orientation, especially in the cases that participants discovered a non-heterosexual one at a late age. This research emphasizes the importance of normalizing sexual-affective diversity and the need to break down hetero-normativity, so that identifying themselves as non-heterosexual individuals does not lead to any type of concern that may be the prelude to mental health disorders.

Sexual minorities have a worse perception of their mental health status and look for more psychological treatment. Studies show that they have a higher prevalence of psychological problems, mainly anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation or substance abuse. The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between different parameters of mental health and sexual orientation. A Lifestyle and Health Questionnaire (Giménez-García Ballester-Arnal, 2017) was administered to 600 students from the Universitat Jaume I of Castellón. The 67.5% of the participants identified themselves as exclusively heterosexual (75.3% of males and 59.7% of females) and 32.5% of them as not exclusively heterosexual (24.7% of males and 40.3% females). The results show that there is a statistically significant relationship between sexual orientation and self-perceived mental health status (Chi2 = 19.018; p =.001; V: 0.178), self reported psychological problems (Chi2 = 11.392; p = .001; OR: 3.194) and anxiety (Chi2 = 12.917; p =.005; V:0.147). Non-exclusively heterosexual people consider worse their mental health status, have reported more psychological problems and feel more anxious. According to gender, statistically significant relationships appear in self-perceived mental health status (Chi2 = 17.860; p = .001; V: 0.244) and self-reported psychological problems (Chi2 = 9.520; p = .002; OR: 5.886) in males, and in perceived anxiety in females (Chi2 = 13.091; p = .004; V: .210). In both cases, the non-exclusively heterosexual group obtain worst results. People with a non-heterosexual orientation are a group at psychosocial risk, perhaps due to the psychological distress associated with experiencing stressful life experiences and discrimination associated with homophobia and biphobia. Implications for the universities are discussed.

The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections is a serious problem for the Public Health. The young population is the most affected, but there is insufficient evidence about some differential profiles. This makes difficult preventive efforts, particularly when sexual diversity is only addressed in a categorical way, classifying among heterosexual, bisexual and homosexual people. For this reason, this study explores the prevalence of STIs, as well as differences in primary and secondary preventive behavior according to sexual orientation that is not evaluated categorically but according to the Kinsey scale. 600 university students (50% men and women; 67.5% attracted only to people of the other sex) filled in, online, voluntarily and anonymously, the Lifestyle and Health questionnaire (Giménez-García Ballester-Arnal, 2017). The results show a STIs’ prevalence of 5.3% that is mainly placed among those who are a little more attracted to people of the opposite sex (19%) and to people of the same sex exclusively (14.3%), with significant differences (Chi2=15.75; p=.027). Regarding the systematic use of condoms, 52.8% reported it with sporadic partners and 37.1% with regular partners, showing differences for the last one (Chi 2=17.69; p=.007). For both of them, people who are a little more attracted to people of the same sex use it more (100% sporadic and 67.7% regular) compared to those who are basically attracted to people of the same sex (33.3% sporadic and 0% regular). About the HIV screening test that 16.7% report, there are significant differences (Chi2=16.86; p=.018), being more frequent among people who are attracted exclusively (35.7%) or basically (28.6 %) to same sex people. Therefore, the higher prevalence seems to beamong people who are a little more attracted to people of the opposite sex and to people of the same sex exclusively, differing the groups at highest risk according to preventive behavior. Consequently, preventive efforts should guarantee an inclusive view of all sexual orientations.

Introduction: Traditionally, sexuality has been conceptualized from a conservative perspective, considering sexual orientation as a hermetic and inflexible construct. These conservative beliefs, which have been translated into homophobic attitudes, seem to be more noticeable in men, possibly due to the importance that the concept of masculinity in traditional gender roles has in them. Objective: To know the age of definition of sexual orientation, if sexual orientation is a stable dimension throughout the life cycle, the assessment of traditional labels and the possible existence of gender differences in these variables. Methodology: 2924 Spaniards between 18 and 73 years old (M=26.29; SD=9.10) participated in the present study, with 32.9% men and 67.1% women. Regarding sexual orientation, 77.8% identified as heterosexual, 9.6% as homosexual and 12.6% as bisexual. All of them completed an ad hoc questionnaire on sexual orientation, awareness and evolution of their sexual self-definition, as well as an assessment of traditional labels. Results: The evaluated sample defined their sexual orientation at 12.2 years of age (SD=4.70). Based on gender, women defined it at 12.5 years old (SD=4.41) and men at 11.5 year old (SD=5.18), with significant differences (t=4.37; p0.001). Regarding their evolution, 11.5% of men and 15.3% of women (chi 2=7.46; p=0.006) have experienced changes in their sexual orientation throughout their lives. On the other hand, 58.6% of men and 72.4% of women consider that traditional labels on sexual orientation (heterosexual, bisexual and homosexual) do not accurately represent today’s society (chi 2=56.19; p0.001). And, finally, it is observed that the people who had defined later their sexual orientation were those who had experienced changes in it (t=26.52; p0.001) and who had considered that the traditional categories of orientation did not accurately represent to current society (t=3.77; p0.001). Conclusions: These results show the fluidity and the flexibility existing in the experience of sexual orientation. A significant percentage of the population seems to reflect on their sexuality and question traditional categories, which could delay the stable definition of their sexual orientation. This effect is more noticeable in women. These findings should be considered when conceptualizing sexual orientation, not only as a continuous dimension, but also as construct that evolves throughout the life cycle.

Botanical biopesticides have emerged as sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides, whose indiscriminate use leads to several drawbacks to human and environmental health. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on M. pubescens’ bioactivity on phytopathogens affecting crops as a potential fungicide or antifeedant. This has encouraged us to investigate the potential of the roots of this plant as a source of biopesticides. The present study reports on the evaluation of the roots extract from Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hill., a species from the Cerrado (Brazilian savannah), on the phytopathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Alternaria alternata. In addition, its insect antifeedant effect was assayed against Chrysodeixis chalcites. Thus, an in vitro test-assay was used to determine the fungicide potential (percentage growth inhibition, % GI) of the ethanolic extract of this plant species, whereas a leaf-disk bioassay on the 5th instar larvae of C. chalcites was performed to evaluate its insecticidal potential. The ethanolic extract was further fractionated by liquid–liquid partition using solvents of increasing polarity. The hexane/dichloromethane fraction exhibited a moderated potency and was similar to the ethanolic extract on the three assayed fungi (around % GI 30 at 1 mg/mL), whereas the n-butanol fraction showed a slight improvement of the fungicide effect against B. cinerea (% GI 39.18 at 1 mg/mL). Moreover, the ethanolic extract exhibited a strong antifeedant activity, with a refusal rate (FR) higher than 90% in both choice and non-choice assays against C. chalcites, while the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions behaved as appetite suppressors. These results highlight M. pubescens as a promising source of biopesticides and deserve further investigations to optimize extraction procedures.

La salud sexual de los/as adolescentes y jóvenes suele mirarse desde una lente que se enfoca en los problemas. En el caso de los adolescentes que están en el sistema de protección infantil este análisis centrado en los riesgos es mayor si cabe, dado que experimentan tasas más altas de resultados negativos de salud sexual. La presente revisión tiene el objetivo de examinar la literatura relacionada con los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo de los adolescentes y jóvenes que se encuentran en el sistema de protección. Para ello, se han consultado varias bases de datos (Web of Science, Scopus y PUBMED), restringiendo la búsqueda a las palabras clave “sexual behavior” o “sexual risk” y “child welfare system” o “foster youth”, y el rango de publicación entre 2011 y 2021. De las 1496 publicaciones identificadas inicialmente, se eliminaron aquellas duplicadas y/o que no cumplían los criterios de inclusión, quedándonos con un total de 22 artículos. La mitad de las publicaciones que analizaban los comportamientos predictivos de conductas sexuales de riesgo se centraban en las experiencias de abuso sexual en la infancia. Por otro lado, el 22,7% de los artículos analizados informaban de un uso deficitario del preservativo entre los jóvenes en hogares de acogida, mientras que el 18,2% afirmaban que este colectivo presenta una mayor prevalencia de ITS y el 31,8% reportan que las tasas de embarazo son más altas entre las chicas de esta población. Asimismo, el 18,2% de los estudios analizados encontraron indicios de una posible relación entre la participación en el sistema de bienestar infantil y en actividades de sexo transaccional. Así, aunque la investigación sobre este tema sigue siendo escasa, esta revisión pone de manifiesto el riesgo de desarrollar patrones poco saludables de sexualidad entre los jóvenes del sistema de protección.

Una de las principales motivaciones para consumir cibersexo es conocer a otras personas con fines románticas y/o sexuales. Parece que el género podría ser importante a la hora de modular la realización de este tipo de Actividad Sexual Online (ASO); sin embargo, los datos son escasos y no siempre apuntan a la misma dirección. Así mismo, tampoco se ha estudiado ampliamente el impacto que puede tener el hecho de tener una relación estable sobre el consumo de este tipo de ASO. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la influencia del género y tener o no pareja estable sobre el uso y la selección de ASOs que impliquen la interacción sexual y/o romántica con otros usuarios online. Para ello, 120 personas de entre 18-48 años (59.17% mujeres, 40.83% hombres; 56.65% sin pareja estable, 43.35% con pareja estable) cumplimentaron un cuestionario sobre conductas y prácticas sexuales online. El flirteo e insinuaciones a terceros es la ASO interactiva más común en hombres (55.1%) y mujeres (45.1%). Los hombres tienden a preferir aquellas ASO interactivas que buscan establecer contacto sexual offline, mientras que las mujeres presentan preferencia por el cibersexo online. Sin embargo, las diferencias de género solo son estadísticamente significativas para la búsqueda de pareja sexual online (χ2= 3.870; p=.049). El consumo de cibersexo interactivo es muy común en personas con una relación estable (89.5%-92.9%), de forma que no se aprecian diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto a los solteros para ninguna ASO. Este trabajo nos ha permitido demostrar que el género se constituye como un claro factor modulador en el uso y la selección de ASOs para conocer a gente con fines sexuales y/o románticos. No obstante, parece que el hecho de tener o no pareja estable no es un factor explicativo de este uso.

In the last years, there has been a rebound in sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Traditionally, STIs were associated with certain groups. However, it is observed that this accentuation occurs in different population groups due to risky sexual behaviours that are carried out, which are exacerbated by certain factors, such as toxic substance consumption, low risk perception and sexual sensations searching. The main goal is to verify the relationship between drugs consumption and condom use in different sexual practices. As secondary objectives, these same relationships will be studied according to the participant’s sex, as well as their sexual orientation. There were 1910 participants (733 men and 1177 women), who completed a survey about sexual experience and practices. The age average was 21,42 (SD = 5,54). Of these subjects, 1700 (89%) were considered heterosexual, 146 (7.6%) bisexual and 64 (3.4%) homosexual. On one hand, the results indicate that women who have consumed alcohol use less condom in vaginal sex practice than those who have not consumed (p= ,023). On the other hand, men use condoms less frequently if they have consumed hashish (p = ,021). In addition, if men consume cocaine, they do not use condoms in practices such as vaginal sex (p= ,035) or with sporadic sexual partners (p= ,007). Furthermore, heterosexual people who consume hashishuse less prophylactics in vaginal sex (p= ,006) and with sporadic sexual partners (p=,03). Hetero also use less condoms in vaginal sex (p= ,019) and with sporadic sexual partners (p= ,023) if they consume cocaine. Finally, bisexual people who consume alcohol use fewer condoms in vaginal sex (p= ,029). No differences were found between drugs and condom use in homosexuals. Despite the great amount of information about sexual health, which is principally taught at schools and high schools, it is a fact that young population carries out risky sexual behaviours. These risky behaviors are increased if there is a drug use. Future programs focused on sexual health should add the relationship between sex and drugs, in order to reduce STIs and increasing condom use.

Even though sexually transmitted infections are usually associated with early stages of development, current studies focus on the older population. However, limited efforts are related to this group, due to some aspects such as the invisibility of their sexuality. This is more frequent, when it comes to socially penalized behavior, as the case of infidelity. For this reason, this study analyzes condom use by older people, in the context of infidelity, as well as the role that psychological variables and new sexual contexts, such as the Internet, could play. For this, 244 people (47.5% men and 52.5% women), with an average age of 64.4 years (SD= 5.32), completed a battery of questionnaires on sexuality that evaluated attitudes and practices, as well as condom use. Firstly, 22% of people have been unfaithful to their partners and, only 25.9% of these people have used the condom systematically; 29.7% of men and 17.6% of women have it done (Chi2 =,885; p≤,347). In this context, those people who do not use condoms report a higher level of sexual arousal before physical stimuli (M=4,55, SD=1,83) than those who use it (M=3,36, SD=1,94) (t =-2.05, p≤,045) and a higher use of the Internet for sexual purposes. In particular, online sexual activities would explain 18% of the variance of condom use (F=11,32; p≤,001). Thus, our findings emphasize the importance of opening the coverage of preventive programs to the elderly population, as well as of studying new sexual scenarios such as online that may play an important role in risk behaviors. This project has been funded by the Dávalos Fletcher Foundation.

Sexually transmitted infections are one of the most prevalent risks among young population. In Spain, its incidence has increased in recent years, being one of the most affected countries in Europe. Regardless of diverse preventive efforts have been made to reverse this situation, these have not shown the expected effectiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to study in depth those factors that could maintain risk behaviors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the role of psychological factors in the prevention of sexually transmitted infections among young people. For this, 984 young people between 18 and 24 years old (32.7% men and 67.3% women), sexually active, completed an online questionnaire about lifestyles with a specific section on sexual health. Following the analyses, only 37.2% of them use condoms systematically in vaginal sex and 12.1% in anal sex. Moreover, a greater use of condoms is connected to being afraid of sexually transmitted infections (rho = .098; p = .002), higher age of onset in sexual practices (rho = .075; p = .021), lower frequency of alcohol consumption (rho = -.069, p = .037), lower levels of anxiety (rho = -.094, p = .003), greater satisfaction with the image body (rho = .066; p = .033) and less use of pornography (rho = -.107; p = .001). In particular, in addition to the fear of sexually transmitted infections, the lower use of pornography and less anxiety would also contribute to a greater likelihood of condom use (Chi2 = 29.18, p = .001). Thus, the need to include these variables in sexual risk prevention programs to improve their effectiveness among the young population seems to be evident.

Phytopathogens are responsible for great losses in agriculture. In particular, Fusarium, Alternaria and Botrytis are fungal diseases that affect crops worldwide. In the search for eco-friendly solutions to pest control, plants and their chemo-biodiversity are promising sources of biopesticides for integrated pest management. The aim of the present study is to report the evaluation of sixteen plant species from the Canary Islands Archipelago against the phytopathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Alternaria alternata. The plants were selected on the basis of their traditional uses in medicine and/or pest control, as well as on scientific studies reporting their uses in crop protection. Their growth inhibition (% I), in an in vitro test-assay on mycelium, was used to identify six ethanolic plant extracts displaying activity (% I > 30% at 1 mg/mL) against at least one of the assayed fungi. The most effective plant extracts were further fractionated by liquid–liquid partition, using solvents of increasing polarity. This procedure led to an improvement of the bioactivity against the phytopathogens, even affecting the hexane fraction from S. canariensis and achieving an 83.93% of growth inhibition at 0.5 mg/mL on B. cinerea. These findings identified five plant-derived extracts as potential candidates for the future development of new biofungicides, which could be applied in integrated pest management.

La epidemia del VIH-Sida constituye uno de los problemas más importantes de salud pública. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos en el ámbito farmacológico, no se han acompañado de otros que mejoren la prevención comportamental. Por este motivo, se analizan variables cognitivas (percepción de gravedad y temor hacia el VIH, y de fiabilidad del preservativo), y conductuales (uso de método de barrera en relaciones estables, esporádicas y tras consumir sustancias) que incrementan las prácticas sexuales de riesgo para el VIH, así como algunas de las estrategias que han mostrado ser eficaces. Para ello, 805 jóvenes con edad promedio de 20,06 años (DT=2,49) (43,1% hombres y 56,9% mujeres) cumplimentaron la Encuesta del Sida (Ballester et al., 2007) en 2019. A nivel general, en una escala de 0 a 100, se observa un promedio de temor percibido de 72,11 (DT=35,02) y una probabilidad percibida de 18,25 (DT=23,56), mostrando una fiabilidad percibida del preservativo de 2,65 (DT=0,52) en una escala de 0 a 3. Respecto al uso sistemático de métodos de barrera, solamente un 32,2% informa usarlo sistemáticamente en relaciones estables y un 56,6% en parejas esporádicas, siendo un 38,1% el que lo hace tras consumir sustancias. Según el género, las mujeres muestran mayor promedio de temor percibido (77,39 vs 65,30; t=-4,77, p=,000) y probabilidad percibida (20,06 vs 15,88, t=-2,49; p=,013), aunque dichas diferencias no resultan significativas en las conductas. Así pues, la población joven continúa presentando un perfil de riesgo con diferencias de género, en las que las mujeres siguen sin trasladar su probabilidad percibida y gravedad al plano conductual. Por ello, resulta necesario continuar con los esfuerzos preventivos que han mostrado eficacia, como aquellas propuestas multicomponentes que, desde una perspectiva de género, se han basado en teorías sociocognitivas y metodologías participativas.

Abstract Senescent cells accumulate in multiple aging‐associated diseases, and eliminating these cells has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic approach. Here, we take advantage of the high lysosomal β‐galactosidase activity of senescent cells to design a drug delivery system based on the encapsulation of drugs with galacto‐oligosaccharides. We show that gal‐encapsulated fluorophores are preferentially released within senescent cells in mice. In a model of chemotherapy‐induced senescence, gal‐encapsulated cytotoxic drugs target senescent tumor cells and improve tumor xenograft regression in combination with palbociclib. Moreover, in a model of pulmonary fibrosis in mice, gal‐encapsulated cytotoxics target senescent cells, reducing collagen deposition and restoring pulmonary function. Finally, gal‐encapsulation reduces the toxic side effects of the cytotoxic drugs. Drug delivery into senescent cells opens new diagnostic and therapeutic applications for senescence‐associated disorders.

Introduction. At present, despite some advances in the legal rights of people with sexual-affective diversity, there are still related social prejudices. This fact is multiplied in the elderly, who have suffered a more homophobic education and a greater invisibility of their sexuality, so it is necessary to investigate in this population too. Method. 139 people participated, between 50 and 73 years old, with an average of 56.1 years old (SD=5.44), being 40.3% women and 59.7% men. 89.9% self-defined as heterosexual and 10.1% as non-heterosexual. All of them completed a questionnaire about the experience of their sexual orientation. Results. 50% of non-heterosexual people have felt rejectiondue to their sexual orientation, 42.9% have experienced discomfort, 28.6% suffered verbal violence and 14.3% physical violence. Thus, significant differences are observed between non-heterosexual and heterosexual people in various aspects related to their sexual orientation, being non-heterosexual those who show greater emotional distress (χ²=20.61, p.000), more doubts about their orientation (χ²=15.01; p.000), suffering more verbal violence (²=18.03; p.000) and more physical violence (χ²=18.11; p.000). Conclusions. These findings confirm that the social rejection of some sexual orientations can be a source of emotional discomfort, as well as a risk factor to be a victim of violence. In general, people with a non-heterosexual orientation would show greater emotional affectation and greater probability of suffering aggressions. In order to improve this situation, we should analyze what variables can mediate in these results to establish adequate prevention and intervention strategies throughout the life cycle.

Heterosexual transmission is the second route of new HIV infection diagnoses in Spain. A high percentage of young people use condom inconsistently. Beyond cognitive factors, emotional variables seem to be associated with sexual risk behavior. The aim was to examine the differential clinical profile between young people at risk and no-risk for HIV infection. A total of 424 heterosexuals were evaluated (M age =20.62; SD=2.16), and distributed into two groups: risk group (60.7%) and non-risk group (39.3%). They completed the AIDS Prevention Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Young people who do not use condoms consistently scored higher on worry about health, fear of negative evaluation, depressive symptoms and self-esteem. But no statistical differences were obtained between the group of risk and non-risk group. A multiple regression logistic analysis indicated that depression (B =.054, p = .015) and age (B =.135, p = .010) explained 5.6% of the variance in condom use. It would be relevant to continue studying the role of negative affective states and emotional self-regulation in risky sexual behaviors among this population.

In general, attitudes and behaviours of parents may influence on the configuration of children’s habits. However, it is unclear what extent this influence could exist on important stages such as adolescence, in which their peers are the main reference and exercise a powerful modelling. For this reason, our study explores if certain behaviours and attitudes of parents are related to the consumption and/or attitudes of their children regarding alcohol and other drugs. A total of 331 adolescents (47.2% boys, 52.7% girls) with ages between 13 and 18 years old (M=14.8, SD=1.02) completed the CIACS-2 (Ballester y Gil, 2007). Half of the girls and 70% of the boys have been drunk, at least, once ( X ²=12.72, p=.005). In addition, approximately 25% of boys and girls disagree with the affirmation “I would not use any drug for perceiving fear of its effects”. In this context, positive parental attitudes towards alcohol consumption and their parents’ consumption are associated with the fact that adolescents have ever gotten drunk, consume alcohol on weekends and have positive attitudes towards it. Similarly, positive attitudes toward drugs among family members are related to adolescents’ underestimate of its adverse effects. The risk behaviours and attitudes of relatives seem to modulate, negatively, adolescents’ beliefs and behaviours. Therefore, and taking into account the role of parents as models, it seems essential to design more preventive strategies aimed at family responsible, as well as adolescents.

The Internet more increasingly seems to be used to socialize as well as to engage in sexual relations. Cybersex can provide some benefits, but also facilitates the exposure to some risks such as the easiness of lying about one’s identity and characteristics, and the difficulty of verifying this information by the interlocutor. The motivation may be to explore one’s sexuality, but also try to hide complexes or try to deceive the other person. Our objective is to analyse to what extent lies are frequent in cybersex and their relation to different variables. 1.907 people (45.9% women) aged between 18-50 years (Mean=27.9; SD= 9.72) were administered an online battery. 97.4% of men and 75.8% of women used the Internet for sexual purposes (Chi square=141.89, p 0.000). 31.3% of these men lied about some aspects of their appearance, compared to 24.5% of women (Chi square=5.36, p0.021). The content of the lies was mainly different aspects of his/her life (studies, work, family, friends, ...) with 10.8% of men and 7.4% of women; followed by age (10.6% and 6.5% respectively); the physical appearance (7.7% and 4.6%); and the fact of being man or woman (3.2% and 1.8%). There was no relationship with age and self-esteem, but was with the number of hours connected to sexual websites, the concern about the cybersex use, the degree of sexual compulsivity, addiction to cybersex, sex and the internet, and sexual sensation seeking. While the percentage of heterosexuals who lied was 21%, in bisexuals and homosexuals it exceeded 40% (Chi square=55.74, p0.000). In conclusion, the lies in cybersex are not only frequent but also closely related to a problematic or addictive use of it.

In adolescence, alcohol consumption is one of the most demanding health problems. However, both adolescents and society show a low perception of seriousness. In this context, the beginning of consumption might establish differences in patterns, facilitating their consolidation. Therefore, it is analyzed if there are differences between those people who started their consumption before and after 14 years, in terms of frequency of consumption, perceived benefits and problems. For this purpose, 894 young Spaniards between 18 and 22 years old (33.6% men and 67.3% women), completed a questionnaire about health habits aimed at young people. According to results, 99.4% consume alcohol at the present and more than a third percent started before age 14. Men would begin both earlier consumption and their first drunkenness (between 10 and 12 years), showing statistically significant differences compared to women, for the first one (Chi2 = 15.66; p≤, 008). In general, in both men and women, it is observed how people who started the consumption before the age of 14 show a greater frequency. In some cases, as in the daily intake of beer, they double the consumption of those who started it later. In addition, they report more damages due to alcohol consumption, as well as perceiving benefits related to their consumption such as feeling more secure, meeting people more easily, feeling euphoria or fighting boredom more easily. Thus, the results support a greater risk exposure, behavioral and attitudinal, among those people who started drinking earlier. In this way, it is supported the importance of delaying the consumption of alcohol and, consequently, managing preventive plans aimed at younger ages.

In education of people with intellectual disability (ID) it is important that the main agents involved (users, parents and professionals working with them) have common criteria about educational objectives in general, and especially, in sexuality. However, the three perspectives do not always coincide with the consequences of it. Taking into account the importance of identifying common needs and goals, we propose this work with the objective of knowing the degree of agreement between: 1) the knowledge that users have about sexuality and the attribution their parents and professionals made about them and 2) the opinion of parents, professionals and users on the need to provide/receive affective-sexual education. For this, 92 adults with ID (45.6% women, 54.4% men) with ages between 19 and 67 year old (M=37.5) and their parents and professionals, completed an instrument where they were asked about knowledge about sexuality and the interest of receiving training in affective-sexual education. Results indicate agreement respect to sexuality knowledge of 36.7% between parents and users and 58.4% between professionals and users. Regarding the agreement of the need to receive training in affective-sexual education, this was 75.5% between parents and users and 88.5% between professionals and users. The agreement between the three regarding this issue was high (74.7%). From these results we can conclude that professionals are better aware of the needs, skills and knowledge of the users than their own parents are but, all have in common the identification of the need to introduce in a standardized way affective-sexual education in this group.

Sexual abuse is a problem that affects, especially, people with intellectual disabilities. In order to cope with this, the role of professionals is essential for both the identification and the prevention and treatment of this problem. However, there are few studies focus on what extent the professionals’ evaluation agree the real experience of the people with intellectual disability. For this reason, the present study analyses risk perception and experience of sexual abuse suffered by people with intellectual disability, compared to the identification and evaluation of professionals who attend them. For this purpose, 154 adults with intellectual disabilities and 16 professionals completed the DAS, the ECS and the ECS-R respectively. The results show how sexual abuse is a reality for people with intellectual disabilities although they do not always manifest receiving, sometimes, rejection by their close people. Moreover, gender differences are shown, in which women suffer sexual abuse and its consequences more frequently. Professionals only realize about some part of this situation and they attribute greater vulnerability to women and those who have already suffered a prior episode of sexual abuse. In this sense, it would be essential to have programs for the detection and treatment of sexual abuse, considering that professionals are a positive reference for people with intellectual disabilities

La autoestima influye en el desarrollo de la sexualidad y de las relaciones interpersonales de los jóvenes. Con el objetivo de examinar los efectos de la autoestima en la prevención del VIH, se evaluaron a 467 jóvenes de la Comunidad Valenciana (Medad = 20,62; DT = 2,14). Se utilizó la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg y el Cuestionario de Prevención del Sida de Ballester et al. (2007). Los resultados muestran relaciones positivas estadísticamente significativas de la autoestima con autoeficacia en el uso del preservativo (p=.000), competencia percibida (p=.041) o número de parejas sexuales (p=.001). Por el contrario, se encuentran relaciones negativas estadísticamente significativas con solidaridad hacia las personas que viven con VIH (p=.013), barreras percibidas para utilizar el preservativo (p=.030), intención de usar el preservativo con parejas esporádicas (p=.043) y uso del preservativo con pareja estable (p=.021). Resulta necesario atender a la autoestima para diseñar intervenciones psicológicas eficaces para la prevención del VIH.

Las principales causas de mortalidad y morbilidad entre la población se relaciona con el estilo de vida. Con el objetivo de examinar los efectos de la personalidad en los cuidados de salud en diferentes áreas, se evaluaron a 200 jóvenes de la Comunidad Valenciana (Medad = 20,92; DT = 2,25). Se utilizaron la Escala de Cuidados de Salud y el Inventario de Personalidad NEO PI-R. Los jóvenes cuidan su salud una media de 62.83 puntos (DT=12.19) sobre un máximo de 110 puntos. Los hábitos de salud más cuidados son la conducción, la higiene y la sexualidad. Por el contrario, los menos cuidados son el ejercicio físico, el consumo de alcohol y las revisiones médicas. El análisis de las correlaciones muestra que los jóvenes con mayores puntuaciones en Responsabilidad cuidan en mayor medida la mayoría de las áreas de salud evaluadas. Por el contrario, las personas con mayor Neuroticismo, cuidan menos la alimentación, el ejercicio físico, el consumo de tabaco y otras drogas. La dimensión Extraversión correlaciona positivamente con el cuidado en alimentación y hábitos sexuales. La Apertura a la Experiencia se relaciona de manera positiva con el cuidado de la alimentación y de la exposición al sol. Y, por último, la Amabilidad correlaciona positivamente con el cuidado del consumo de alcohol, tabaco, otras drogas y conducción. El análisis de regresión indica que Amabilidad y Responsabilidad explican el 18.2% de la varianza de los cuidados sobre la salud. Las características individuales de las personas, consideradas como agentes activos, constituyen una de las claves más importantes para entender los procesos involucrados en la adquisición, mantenimiento o deterioro de su propia salud.

The quality of life in the Intellectual Disabled people assessed by themselves and by their professionals: implicated variables. Improving the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities is a prioritary goal since the implementation of the Law on Promotion of Personal Autonomy and Care for dependent people. Professionals and users do not always agree with the assessment about the different construct dimensions. Discrepancies may be due to variables not specifically analyzed by the research like the way they live, or the degree of disability that they have. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible discrepancies between the assessments of both informants attending these features. To this objective the INICO-FEAPS scale was applied to 360 adults with intellectual disability and 103 professionals working with them. The results show agreement in 5 of the scale dimensions, like Rights, Physical and Material Well-being; on the other hand we have found large discrepancies in Self-determination and Emotional Well-being. Results are interpretated in light of the kind of needs of the dimensions of quality of life.

El ajuste diádico no solamente es un factor esencial en la perdurabilidad y calidad de toda relación de pareja, sino que además, puede afectar a la vida personal y a la salud de sus miembros. El presente estudio explora el ajuste percibido por las personas mayores en España en su relación de pareja presente o pasada, analizando las posibles diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Se administró la Escala de Ajuste Diádico a 80 personas entre los 51 y los 81 años. El 55% eran mujeres. El 66,3% estaban casados, el 21,3% separados o divorciados y un 12,5% había enviudado. Se tomó el valor 107 propuesto en la literatura como punto de corte para establecer un ajuste diádico positivo. La puntuación global media en el total de población fue 101,47 (DT = 21,75). Los hombres presentan una mayor puntuación que las mujeres en la escala global y en cada una de sus dimensiones, pero únicamente se halló diferencias significativas en la escala Consenso (hombres: 48,87 vs mujeres: 41,17; p=0,042). Los resultados muestran la influencia de los roles de género tradicionales en la valoración percibida de la relación de pareja y la necesidad de establecer estrategias clínicas y sociales para favorecer el disfrute y la armonía en las parejas de personas mayores.

La percepción social del Sida se construye por el contexto cultural. Los factores sociales influyen la percepción del riesgo a la infección por VIH y en las actitudes hacia las personas que viven con la enfermedad. Con el objetivo de examinar si existen diferencias culturales en la percepción social del sida, se evaluaron a 200 jóvenes españoles (Medad = 20,25; DT = 1,88) y 183 jóvenes argentinos (Medad = 22,30; DT = 2,89). Se utilizó el Cuestionario de Prevención del Sida que evalúa los principales componentes de los modelos de prevención sobre el VIH. Los resultados muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la probabilidad percibida de infección por VIH, siendo los argentinos los que identifican mayor riesgo que los españoles (p≤.001). No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el temor percibido (p = .408). Los jóvenes de ambos países atribuyen mayor riesgo de infección al colectivo de drogodependientes, seguido de los heterosexuales y homosexuales. No obstante, los españoles atribuyen mayor probabilidad de infección a los drogodependientes (p≤.001) comparados con los argentinos. Al contrario, los argentinos atribuyen más riesgo a los heterosexuales (p≤.001) y homosexuales (p≤.001) con respecto a los españoles. Por otra parte, los jóvenes argentinos valoran de forma más elevada el sufrimiento a nivel físico y social que experimenta una persona que vive con VIH (p≤.001). No se encuentran diferencias significativas a nivel estadístico en la solidaridad hacia los enfermos (p = .403). Por último, los jóvenes de ambos países se comportarían igual o apoyarían más si se enterasen que un amigo es portador del VIH (p = .053). La percepción social puede actuar como factor protector o dificultador de la prevención primaria y secundaria y ser un importante factor en la disminución o potenciación del estigma hacia los enfermos.

Adolescence is an important stage to achieve healthy lifestyles. However, at European level, adolescents show daily risk behaviors for their health. Due to the associated implications, this study explores risk behaviours for health (alcohol consumption, tobacco and other drugs, harmful eating, sedentary lifestyle and risk sexuality), as well as the analysis of those variables that could facilitate them (attitudes, beliefs and motivations) among adolescents who are from Comunidad Valenciana. For this purpose, 300 adolescents between 15 and 18 years old filled the Questionnaire of Information, Attitudes and Behaviours related to Health-3 in their educational centres. Results show a greater prevalence of risk behaviours among these adolescents compare with the European mean; they only show better results than European mean for physical activity. There are not differences based on gender for doing risk behaviours, although boys and girls differ significantly in beliefs, attitudes and motivations to do them. Therefore, there is a need to focus on prevention of substance consume, harmful eating habits, sedentary lifestyle and risk sexual behaviour, considering particular characteristics of boys and girls. All of this, in order to improve their well-being and quality of life in a short and medium term

La diseminación de contenidos sexuales a través de distintos portales de Internet facilita que muchos adolescentes sean expuestos involuntariamente mientras navegan, con el impacto negativo que a veces esto podría suponer. Por eso es importante explorar qué aspectos pueden amortiguar los efectos negativos de esta exposición, como por ejemplo la pre-exposición voluntaria a pornografía. Este es precisamente el objetivo de este trabajo. Tomando una muestra de 152 chicos adolescentes de entre 14 y 16 años, se constata que efectivamente los pre-expuestos voluntariamente no sólo experimentan menos síntomas a consecuencia de la exposición involuntaria, sino que además parecen extraer aspectos positivos de ésta.

La violencia entre adolescentes y jóvenes es un problema que repercute en su desarrollo biopsicosocial y viene determinado por diversos factores. El binomio sexo-género, ha mostrado una influencia considerable en las conductas agresivas adolescentes. Con el interés de profundizar nuestro conocimiento sobre estas variables, el presente estudio analiza la relación que las categorías de género (masculino, femenino, andrógino o indiferenciado) y sexo (hombre o mujer) tienen sobre la agresividad adolescente. Por este motivo, mediante la adaptación española de Inventario de Rol Sexual de Bem (García-Mina Freire, 2004) y el Cuestionario de Información, Actitudes y Comportamientos relacionados con la Salud (Ballester y Gil, 1999), se analiza la presencia de conductas violentas realizadas por 270 adolescentes de la Comunidad Valenciana, entre 13 y 17 años, así como su auto-identificación con el género. En general, los resultados ratifican la relación entre los rasgos masculinos y una mayor probabilidad de ejercer conductas agresivas. Este resultado, también se obtiene en la mayoría de personas identificadas con el “género indiferenciado”. Por el contrario, se reafirma la mayor preocupación por otras personas, de los y las adolescentes con más rasgos femeninos. Además, estos rasgos femeninos son los que muestran tener una mayor influencia en la realización de conductas agresivas, previniendo su aparición. Así pues, los hallazgos confirman la desigualdad de género en el comportamiento agresivo, asociado al universo masculino e indiferenciado, y proponen un amplio campo de acción para las intervenciones preventivas.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las actitudes ante la expresión de la sexualidad, los conocimientos sobre prácticas sexuales seguras y de riesgo y el comportamiento sexual en una muestra de mujeres con discapacidad intelectual, para prevenir la violencia sexual hacia este colectivo. La muestra está compuesta por 39 mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre 27 y 52 años, residentes en viviendas tuteladas, centros residenciales o unidades familiares. Los resultados obtenidos a través de una entrevista estructurada y una escala de percepción sexual adaptada a la población de estudio, indican que la conducta más aceptable y frecuente en mujeres entre los 27 y 35 años es la práctica de sexo oral tanto con hombres como con mujeres. Las relaciones sexuales habían sido más practicadas por mujeres entre los 44 y 52 años y también este segmento había recibido más abusos sexuales. En relación al tipo de vivienda, en las mujeres que residen en viviendas tuteladas la masturbación, el sexo oral y el vaginal más frecuentes que en otros tipos de vivienda, mientras que las actitudes ante la expresión de la sexualidad en público y el conocimiento sobre prácticas sexuales seguras y de riesgo, son más favorables en mujeres que residían en centros residenciales. Estos resultados subrayan la importancia de adecuar los programas de educación afectiva-sexual a los diferentes tipos de vivienda y/o estilos de vida de este colectivo.

Breve recorrido histórico para conocer el origen de las actuales exposiciones temporales, para después tratar diversas cuestiones generales sobre aspectos legales e institucionales que van a definir el marco de actuación en el que se puede organizar una exposición temporal. A continuación se desgranan las distintas fases que conlleva una exposición temporal.