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Background and Design: Cryotherapy is an easy-to-apply and effective method in the treatment of warts. Numerous studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of cryotherapy in treating warts. However, in the literature, there is no comparative study on the treatment success, side effects, and superiority of vertical or tangential application to each other in spray cryotherapy. This study aims to compare both methods and to determine the ideal method for increasing patient compliance and treatment success in cryotherapy. Materials and Methods: Between December 2014 and March 2016, 25 volunteer patients with 173 warts on both hands were applied spray cryotherapy with the vertical method in one hand and tangential method in the other. The patients were evaluated in terms of both treatment success and side effects at three-week intervals. Results: The two methods did not differ in therapeutic efficacy (p>0.05). There was no difference between the two methods in terms of bullae (p=0.515) and hypopigmentation (p=0.709) formation. When the pain scores of two spray methods warts were compared according to warts diameters, the tangential application's pain score was lower in warts smaller than 2.5 mm (p=0.031). There was no significant difference in warts of other diameters (between 2.6-5.0 mm and greater than 5.0 mm) (p>0.05). Warts requiring three sessions of treatment (20/173) were compared in each session for pain scores. Regardless of the method, a significant decrease in pain score was found in each consecutive session (p

Background/Aims Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the first-line therapy for dysplastic Barrett’s esophagus (BE). Therefore, cryotherapy has emerged as an alternative treatment option. This study aimed to compare the efficacies of these two techniques based on the rates of complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia (CE-IM) and dysplasia (CE-D). Adverse events and recurrence have also been reported. Methods An electronic search was conducted using the Medline (PubMed), Embase, LILACS, and Google Scholar databases until December 2022. Studies were included comparing cryotherapy and RFA for treating dysplastic BE with or without early esophageal neoplasia. This study was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results Three retrospective cohort studies involving 627 patients were included. Of these, 399 patients underwent RFA, and 228 were treated with cryotherapy. There was no difference in CE-IM (risk difference [RD], –0.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], –0.25 to 0.19; p=0.78; I2=86%) as well as in CE-D (RD, –0.03; 95% CI, –0.15 to 0.09; p=0.64; I2=70%) between the groups. The absolute number of adverse events was low, and there was no difference in the recurrence rate. Conclusions Cryotherapy and RFA were equally effective in treating dysplastic BE, with or without early esophageal neoplasia.

Objectives: In patients with symptomatic apical periodontitis, this randomized clinical trial evaluated the impact of intraoral cryotherapy treatment on the level of inflammatory mediators.Materials and methods: Two groups, one for cryotherapy and the other for control (n = 10), were randomly assigned to twenty patients with symptomatic apical periodontitis. In the cryotherapy group, when biomechanical preparation was finished, 30 minutes of intraoral cryotherapy application (a cold pack of ice gel covered in a sealed plastic cover) were done. Samples of apical fluid were taken with paper points that extended 2 mm past the apex. In the control group after mechanical preparation and after 30 minutes, and in the cryotherapy group after mechanical preparation and after cold application. The ELISA test was used to measure the levels of substance P. The data were examined using an independent t-test.Results: The cryotherapy group's change in substance P level was greater than that of the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: The substance P level was changed by intraoral cryotherapy greater than control, though not significantly. More research with a larger sample size is necessary to obtain results that are statistically significant.

Abstract Objective Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the highly prevalent endemic diseases in the Middle East. The disease is a complex skin infection imposing a heavy burden on many developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of adding oral fluconazole to topical cryotherapy on the treatment efficacy and time to achieve complete recovery of CL lesions. Method This triple-blind randomized clinical trial included 52 participants with CL. Participants were allocated to receive either weekly cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen and oral fluconazole at a dose of 6 mg/kg daily at a maximum of 400 mg for 6 weeks as the interventional arm or weekly cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen plus the placebo for the same period of 6 weeks as the control arm. Results Fifty-two eligible participants enrolled the study, with a CL lesion count of 1 to 8 (mean 1.96), and served as the interventional (n = 28) and control (n = 24) arms. The trend of the mean surface area of the lesions was significantly decreasing in both arms (P 0.05). There was no significant difference between the treatment arms in terms of the end-point recovery status (P = 0.491) or the frequency of post-treatment secretion (P = 0.437). No adverse effect was observed. Conclusion Despite a slightly higher reduction in the lesion surface in the cryotherapy and fluconazole treatment arm, the addition of fluconazole did not provide statistically significant therapeutic value to cryotherapy in the treatment of CL. However, with adjustment for the initial lesion size, the efficacy of the regimen in the interventional arm was more pronounced, though it was still insignificant.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of kinesiology tape application after mandibular third molar extraction. Method and materials: Patients with mandibular third molar extraction indications were divided into three groups. The patients in group 1 had kinesiology tape applied after tooth extraction, the patients in group 2 were given an ice pack and intermittent cryotherapy within 24 h of the operation, and the patients in group 3 were not given any additional intervention. All patients were followed up, and the postoperative swelling, pain, mouth opening limitation, and quality of life were recorded and evaluated. Comments on the intervention methods from patients were also collected. Results: Compared to group 3, groups 1 and 2 showed a significant reduction in postoperative swelling, pain, and limitation of mouth opening, and improvement of quality of life. There was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in each index, but the patients in group 1 reported fewer problems than those in group 2. Conclusions: The application of kinesiology tape was helpful in reducing the postoperative inflammatory symptoms of mandibular third molar extraction and improved the patients' postoperative quality of life. These results suggest that kinesiology tape can be used as an auxiliary treatment to cryotherapy or as an alternative intervention after mandibular third molar extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this retrospective comparative case series at a teaching hospital, we reviewed adult patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment who underwent scleral buckling surgery with external drainage of subretinal fluid performed before versus after placement of the scleral buckle. Eight eyes in each group were roughly matched for age, sex, baseline visual acuity (VA), and detachment characteristics. The complication rate was 0% for the "before" group and 37% for the "after" group (p = 0.100). In the "after" group, two eyes (25%) developed iatrogenic retinal holes and one eye (12%) developed self-limited subretinal hemorrhage during external needle drainage. The duration of surgery was significantly shorter for the "before" group (mean 89 ± 16 min) compared to the "after" group (118 ± 20 min) (p = 0.008). The primary anatomic success rate was 100% for the "before" group and 75% for the "after" group (p = 0.233). Final VA was not significantly different between the groups or from baseline. In conclusion, while limited by our small sample size, this pilot study suggests that drainage of subretinal fluid before scleral buckle placement may be safer and more efficient compared to draining after buckle placement. Initial drainage may facilitate retinochoroid apposition to allow targeted cryopexy and precise buckle placement.

BackgroundChemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a serious side effect that is highly prevalent among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. There is a growing use of cryotherapy (CryTx) and compression therapy (ComTx) to prevent CIPN at cancer centers worldwide. In this study, we examined the awareness and recommendation of these modalities and evaluated factors associated with awareness. In addition, we investigated the type of technology utilized, barriers to implementation, and perceived adverse events of CryTx and ComTx.MethodsActive members of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care of Cancer (MASCC) were invited to complete an electronic survey that was sent via SurveyMonkey between September and October 2021. The survey assessed participants' awareness, recommendation, usage, barriers to utilization, and perceived adverse events of CryTx and ComTx. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression were utilized to analyze findings.ResultsOut of 184 participants, 70.1% were physicians, 73.4% had over 10 years of practice, and 49.5% were practicing in an outpatient setting. While more than half (63.3%) of participants indicated awareness of CryTx for taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy, less than a quarter (22.8%) indicated recommendation in their practice setting. Factors associated with higher awareness of CryTx for patients receiving taxanes include living in Europe (OR = 2.69, 95% CI [1.28-5.64], p = 0.009), not practicing in an inpatient setting (OR = 3.15, 95% CI [1.45-6.85], p = 0.004), and self-identifying as non-physician (OR = 2.40, 95% CI [1.03-4.37], p = 0.041). Commercial cooling (31.5%) and compression (16.8%) gloves and socks were the most used modalities for CryTx and ComTx, respectively. The most identified barriers to CryTx and ComTx utilization include insufficient evidence (53.5%), logistics (34.8%), and patient discomfort (23.4%). Redness/irritation of skin (27.7%) and numbness/tingling (24.5%) accounted for about half of the perceived adverse events associated with use of CryTx and ComTx.ConclusionResults of our global survey illustrated that there are varying modes in the delivery of CryTx and ComTx among cancer centers around the world. Education of the utilization of CryTx and ComTx, in addition to efficacy and implementation studies, is needed to close the gap between awareness and implementation in clinical practice.

Cryotherapy leverages controlled freezing temperature interventions to engender a cascade of tumor‐suppressing effects. However, its bottleneck lies in the standalone ineffectiveness. A promising strategy is using nanoparticle therapeutics to augment the efficacy of cryotherapy. Here, a cold‐responsive nanoplatform composed of upconversion nanoparticles coated with silica – chlorin e6 – hyaluronic acid (UCNPs@SiO2‐Ce6‐HA) is designed. This nanoplatform is employed to integrate cryotherapy with photodynamic therapy (PDT) in order to improve skin cancer treatment efficacy in a synergistic manner. The cryotherapy appeared to enhance the upconversion brightness by suppressing the thermal quenching. The low‐temperature treatment afforded a 2.45‐fold enhancement in the luminescence of UCNPs and a 3.15‐fold increase in the photodynamic efficacy of UCNPs@SiO2‐Ce6‐HA nanoplatforms. Ex vivo tests with porcine skins and the subsequent validation in mouse tumor tissues revealed the effective HA‐mediated transdermal delivery of designed nanoplatforms to deep tumor tissues. After transdermal delivery, in vivo photodynamic therapy using the UCNPs@SiO2‐Ce6‐HA nanoplatforms resulted in the optimized efficacy of 79% in combination with cryotherapy. These findings underscore the Cryo‐PDT as a truly promising integrated treatment paradigm and warrant further exploring the synergistic interplay between cryotherapy and PDT with bright upconversion to unlock their full potential in cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer screening programmes frequently detect early, good prognosis breast cancers with significant treatment burden for patients, and associated health-cost implications. Emerging evidence suggests a role for minimally invasive techniques in the management of these patients enabling many women to avoid surgical intervention. Minimally invasive techniques include vacuum-assisted excision, cryoablation, and radiofrequency ablation. We review published evidence in relation to the risks and benefits of each technique and discuss ongoing trials. Data to date are promising, and we predict a trend towards minimally invasive treatment for early, good-prognosis breast cancer as technical skills, suitability criteria, and follow-up protocols are established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic pain management remains a challenging aspect of neurosurgical care, with facet arthrosis being a significant contributor to the global burden of low back pain. This study evaluates the effectiveness of cryotherapy as a minimally invasive treatment for patients with facet arthrosis. By focusing on reducing drug dependency and pain intensity, the research aims to contribute to the evolving field of pain management techniques, offering an alternative to traditional pain management strategies. Through a retrospective longitudinal analysis of patients with facet osteoarthritis treated via cryotherapy between 2013 and 2023, we evaluated the impact on medication usage and pain levels, utilizing the Visual Analog Scale for pre- and posttreatment comparisons. The study encompassed 118 subjects, revealing significant pain alleviation, with Visual Analog Scale scores plummeting from 9.0 initially to 2.0 after treatment. Additionally, 67 patients (56.78%) reported decreased medication consumption. These outcomes underscore cryotherapy's potential as a pivotal tool in chronic pain management. The findings illuminate cryotherapy's efficacy in diminishing pain and curtailing medication dependency among patients with facet arthrosis. This study reaffirms cryotherapy's role in pain management and propels the discourse on nontraditional therapeutic avenues, highlighting the urgent need for personalized and innovative treatment frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the ability to deliver full-thickness bladder wall cryoablation through a cystoscopic approach using a new closed-loop 6F cryocatheter and thermal dose-controlled protocol. Materials and Methods: Evaluations were conducted using a chronic porcine model wherein 10 lesions/animal were created throughout the bladder (bladder wall, trigone region, ureteral orifice, and distal ureter). A 6F cryocatheter was passed through the working channel of a flexible cystoscope. Single 1- and 1.5-minute freeze protocols in a saline environment were evaluated and resultant lesion size was determined. A laparoscopic approach was utilized to observe the transmural extension of the ice propagation. Results: Studies demonstrated the generation of transmural lesions characterized by full-thickness histologic necrosis after freezing for 1.5 minutes regardless of tissue thickness (range 2–12 mm). All animals were found to have good overall health (maintained weight, appetite, mobility, and energy levels) throughout the recovery period. No significant deviations were noted in complete blood count and serum chemistry bloodwork except for elevated creatine kinase levels. Importantly, no fistulas or perforations were noted. Conclusions: The cryocatheter was able to rapidly and effectively freeze the bladder wall through a cystoscopic approach. The results showed the ability to consistently ablate an ∼1 cm diameter and up to 1.2 cm deep using a single 1.5-minute freeze protocol. Analysis of the ablation efficacy revealed ∼80% destruction within the frozen mass. Although further testing and refinement are needed, these studies demonstrate the potential of this new approach to provide a next-generation strategy for the treatment of bladder cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the effect of cryotherapy on haemostasis, post-operative pain, and the outcome of full pulpotomy performed in mature permanent teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Materials and methods: The study included sixty mature permanent mandibular molar teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and no periapical rarefaction. After coronal pulp tissue amputation, teeth were randomly allocated to one of two groups (n = 30 each). In group I (conventional pulpotomy), a sterile cotton pellet moistened with 2.5% NaOCl was used for haemostasis. In group II (cryotherapy), the pulp chamber was continuously lavaged with 2.50C normal saline solution for haemostasis using an indigenous portable cryotherapy irrigation unit. Following haemostasis, the pulp was capped with mineral trioxide aggregate and the tooth was restored with resin composite. The time taken to achieve haemostasis was recorded. Preoperative and 24, 48 and 72 h postoperative pain was measured using the Numerical Rating Scale. The pulpotomy outcome was assessed at the 12-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using Fischer’s exact test, two-sample t-test, two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Friedman Test, and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: The cryotherapy group achieved haemostasis in less time (p < 0.05). There was a significant pain reduction at 24 and 48 h in the cryotherapy group when compared with the conventional pulpotomy group (P < 0.005). The overall success rate of pulpotomy after 12 months was 88% (n = 22) in both study groups(p < 0.05). Conclusions: Cryotherapy application reduces postoperative pain and has no adverse effect on the outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Clinical relevance: The cryotherapy can be incorporated in pulpotomy protocol as an adjunct to minimize post-operative pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In dermatology, inflammatory skin conditions impose a substantial burden worldwide, with existing therapies showing limited efficacy and side effects. This report aims to compare a novel immunological activation induced by hyperthermic 20 MHz high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) with conventional cryotherapy. The bioeffects from the two methods are initially investigated by numerical models, and subsequently compared to clinical observations after treatment of a patient with the inflammatory disease granuloma annulare (GA). Methods: Clinical responses to moderate energy HIFU and cryotherapy were analysed using numerical models. HIFU-induced pressure and heat transfer were calculated, and a three-layer finite element model simulated temperature distribution and necrotic volume in the skin. Model output was compared to 22 lesions treated with HIFU and 10 with cryotherapy in a patient with GA. Results: Cryotherapy produced a necrotic volume of 138.5 mm3 at − 92.7 °C. HIFU at 0.3–0.6 J/exposure and focal depths of 0.8 or 1.3 mm generated necrotic volumes up to only 15.99 mm3 at temperatures of 68.3–81.2 °C. HIFU achieved full or partial resolution in all treated areas, confirming its hyperthermic immunological activation effect, while cryotherapy also resolved lesions but led to scarring and dyspigmentation. Conclusion: Hyperthermic immunological activation of 20 MHz HIFU shows promise for treating inflammatory skin conditions as exemplified by GA. Numerical models demonstrate minimal skin necrosis compared to cryotherapy. Suggested optimal HIFU parameters are 1.3 mm focal depth, 0.4–0.5 J/exposure, 1 mm spacing, and 1 mm margin. Further studies on GA and other inflammatory diseases are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable production of pome fruit crops is dependent upon having virus-free planting materials. The production and distribution of plants derived from virus- and viroid-negative sources is necessary not only to control pome fruit viral diseases but also for sustainable breeding activities, as well as the safe movement of plant materials across borders. With variable success rates, different in vitro-based techniques, including shoot tip culture, micrografting, thermotherapy, chemotherapy, and shoot tip cryotherapy, have been employed to eliminate viruses from pome fruits. Higher pathogen eradication efficiencies have been achieved by combining two or more of these techniques. An accurate diagnosis that confirms complete viral elimination is crucial for developing effective management strategies. In recent years, considerable efforts have resulted in new reliable and efficient virus detection methods. This comprehensive review documents the development and recent advances in biotechnological methods that produce healthy pome fruit plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect disease recurrence after focal therapy for prostate cancer, but there is no robust guidance regarding its use. The TARGET consensus recommendations provide guidance on the acquisition, interpretation, and reporting of MRI after focal therapy, as well as minimum standards for study reporting. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect recurrences after focal therapy for prostate cancer but there is no robust guidance regarding its use. Our objective was to produce consensus recommendations on MRI acquisition, interpretation, and reporting after focal therapy. A systematic review was performed in July 2022 to develop consensus statements. A two-round consensus exercise was then performed, with a consensus meeting in January 2023, during which 329 statements were scored by 23 panellists from Europe and North America spanning urology, radiology, and pathology with experience across eight focal therapy modalities. Using RAND Corporation/University of California-Los Angeles methodology, the Transatlantic Recommendations for Prostate Gland Evaluation with MRI after Focal Therapy (TARGET) were based on consensus for statements scored with agreement or disagreement. In total, 73 studies were included in the review. All 20 studies (100%) reporting suspicious imaging features cited focal contrast enhancement as suspicious for cancer recurrence. Of 31 studies reporting MRI assessment criteria, the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score was the scheme used most often (20 studies; 65%), followed by a 5-point Likert score (six studies; 19%). For the consensus exercise, consensus for statements scored with agreement or disagreement increased from 227 of 295 statements (76.9%) in round one to 270 of 329 statements (82.1%) in round two. Key recommendations include performing routine MRI at 12 mo using a multiparametric protocol compliant with PI-RADS version 2.1 standards. PI-RADS category scores for assessing recurrence within the ablation zone should be avoided. An alternative 5-point scoring system is presented that includes a major dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) sequence and joint minor diffusion-weighted imaging and T2-weighted sequences. For the DCE sequence, focal nodular strong early enhancement was the most suspicious imaging finding. A structured minimum reporting data set and minimum reporting standards for studies detailing MRI data after focal therapy are presented. The TARGET consensus recommendations may improve MRI acquisition, interpretation, and reporting after focal therapy for prostate cancer and provide minimum standards for study reporting. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans can detect recurrent of prostate cancer after focal treatments, but there is a lack of guidance on MRI use for this purpose. We report new expert recommendations that may improve practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In Ethiopia, both incidence and mortality of cervical cancer are relatively high. Screening services, which were implemented during the past few years, are currently being expanded. The World Health Organization recommends patients with a positive VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid) result should immediately receive treatment followed by rescreening after 1 year as precancerous lesions can reoccur or become residential despite treatment. Materials and Methods Screening logbooks dating between 2017 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed in 14 health facilities of Addis Ababa and Oromia region. Data for 741 women with a VIA-positive result were extracted and those women were asked to participate in a questionnaire-based phone interview to gain insights about adherence to treatment and follow-up. Data were analyzed using descriptive methods and then fitted into 2 generalized linear models to test variables for an influence on adherence to follow up. Results Around 13 800 women had received a VIA screening, of which approximately 820 (5.9%) were VIA positive. While over 90% of women with a positive screen received treatment, only about half of the treated patients returned for a follow-up examination. After treatment, 31 women had a VIA-positive re-screen. We found that educational status, age over 40, no/incorrect follow-up appointment, health facility-related barriers, and use of reminders are important drivers of adherence to follow up. Conclusion Our results revealed that adherence to treatment after VIA positive screening is relatively high whereas adherence to follow up recommendations still needs improvement. Reminders like appointment cards and phone calls can effectively reduce the loss of follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction In contemporary medicine, increasing attention is being devoted to alternative forms of therapy. Immersing oneself in cold water, cryotherapy, or cold showers are practices that have long sparked interest due to their potential health benefits. Aim of the study The aim of this comprehensive review is to analyze the impact of cold exposure on the human body, with particular emphasis on its effects on the nervous system. Through the synthesis of available research, the paper seeks to identify health benefits and areas requiring further investigation in the context of various cold application practices. Materials and methods An analysis of scientific articles available in the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases was conducted. Publications from recent years that most relevantly addressed the discussed topic were utilized for this study. The search process involved the use of the following keywords: "cold," "cold showering," "cold water," "cryotherapy." Results The results of the literature review unequivocally indicate a positive, multifaceted impact of cold on the human body, particularly with an emphasis on the nervous system. Significant therapeutic effects observed in various fields suggest that the application of cold may be a promising alternative in promoting health and treating numerous medical conditions. Summary The focused literature review on the impact of cold on the human body, especially the nervous system, presents various therapies such as cryotherapy or cold water immersion, emphasizing their beneficial effects on the nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, and joint systems. However, despite the observed benefits, further research is needed to gain a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of action and to ensure the safety of these practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endodontic pain is a disruptive event to all clinicians and patients. When performing dental treatment on teeth with clinically healthy pulps, efficient and adequate local anesthesia is the fundamental basis for dental pain control. Nevertheless, when managing patients with acutely inflamed pulps, local anesthesia is actually much less efficient. Clinical trials have reported that an IANB injection of a local anesthetic solution is inefficient in 30 to 80% of patients diagnosed with acute irreversible pulpitis. Therefore, pain management of lower molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis is usually a challenge to the endodontist. Many efforts have been made to implement various pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical agents to control the inflammatory processes leading to pulpal pain. These agents chiefly included NSAIDs and synthetic steroids, along with other modalities such as cryotherapy and acupuncture. The effect of steroids and cryotherapy on the success rates on IANBs when treating lower molars with symptomatic acute pulpitis was investigated in a few studies to increase the efficiency and duration of nerve block in these cases. The goal of this review is to highlight the role of steroids and cryotherapy in increasing the success rate of IANB and to point out the clinical studies concerned with both modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Keloids are less responsive to any single treatment modality; hence, there is a need for combination therapy that can yield satisfactory outcomes. Objective: The present study assessed efficacy and safety of combination therapy--surgical excision or cryotherapy and intralesional corticosteroids along with 5-fluorouracil [IL (S + 5-FU)] injection, followed by silicone gel sheet (SGS) under compression therapy in the treatment of keloids. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study comprising 21 clinically diagnosed keloid patients. All patients were treated with the stated combination therapy. Data about demographic, lesions, procedural characteristics, and treatment outcomes were reported. Results: Of 21, 11 (52.4%) patients were treated with liquid nitrogen (LN2) cryotherapy, and 10 (47.6%) patients were treated with surgical excision. Mean age was 30.8 ± 7.6 (range: 14-44) years with slight male (52.4%) predominance. A mean surface area of keloid lesion was 96.8 ± 170.5 cm3. The most frequently involved site was auricle (8 [38.1%] patients). Patients received the following types of treatments: intralesional LN2 cryotherapy (6 [28.6%]), intralesional excisional surgery (6 [28.6%]), surface LN2 cryotherapy (5 [23.8%]), and extralesional excisional surgery (4 [19.0%]). Complications of recurrence (2 [9.5%]), secondary infections (2 [9.5%]), persistent postinflammatory hypopigmentation (1 [4.8%]), and atrophic scarring with postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (1 [4.8%]) were reported. After a study period of 2.5 years, 100% cure rate was achieved. Conclusion: Combination therapy of surgical excision or cryotherapy and IL (S + 5-FU), followed by SGS under compression, was safe and effective in treating keloids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the potential of an affordable cryotherapy device for the accessible treatment of breast cancer, the performance of a novel carbon dioxide-based device was evaluated through both benchtop testing and an in vivo canine model. This novel device was quantitatively compared to a commercial device that utilizes argon gas as the cryogen. The thermal behavior of each device was characterized through calorimetry and by measuring the temperature profiles of iceballs generated in tissue phantoms. A 45 min treatment in a tissue phantom from the carbon dioxide device produced a 1.67 ± 0.06 cm diameter lethal isotherm that was equivalent to a 7 min treatment from the commercial argon-based device, which produced a 1.53 ± 0.15 cm diameter lethal isotherm. An in vivo treatment was performed with the carbon dioxide-based device in one spontaneously occurring canine mammary mass with two standard 10 min freezes. Following cryotherapy, this mass was surgically resected and analyzed for necrosis margins via histopathology. The histopathology margin of necrosis from the in vivo treatment with the carbon dioxide device at 14 days post-cryoablation was 1.57 cm. While carbon dioxide gas has historically been considered an impractical cryogen due to its low working pressure and high boiling point, this study shows that carbon dioxide-based cryotherapy may be equivalent to conventional argon-based cryotherapy in size of the ablation zone in a standard treatment time. The feasibility of the carbon dioxide device demonstrated in this study is an important step towards bringing accessible breast cancer treatment to women in low-resource settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of cold have long been recognized in sport and medicine. However, it also brings costs, which have more rarely been investigated, notably in terms of sensorimotor control. We hypothesized that, in addition to peripheral effects, cold slows down the processing of proprioceptive cues, which has an impact on both feedback and feedforward control. We therefore compared the performances of participants whose right arm had been immersed in either cold water (arm temperature: 14°C) or lukewarm water (arm temperature: 34°C). In experiment 1, we administered a Fitts's pointing task and performed a kinematic analysis to determine whether sensorimotor control processes were affected by the cold. Results revealed 1) modifications in late kinematic parameters, suggesting changes in the use of proprioceptive feedback, and 2) modifications in early kinematic parameters, suggesting changes in action representations and/or feedforward processes. To explore our hypothesis further, we ran a second experiment in which no physical movement was involved, and thus no peripheral effects. Participants were administrated a hand laterality task, known to involve implicit motor imagery and assess the internal representation of the hand. They were shown left- and right-hand images randomly displayed in different orientations in the picture plane and had to identify as quickly and as accurately as possible whether each image was of the left hand or the right hand. Results revealed slower responses and more errors when participants had to mentally rotate the cooled hand in the extreme orientation of 160°, further suggesting the impact of cold on action representations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: We investigated how arm cooling modulates sensorimotor representations and sensorimotor control. Arm cooling induced changes in early kinematic parameters of pointing, suggesting an impact on feedforward processes or hand representation. Arm cooling induced changes in late kinematic parameters of pointing, suggesting an impact on feedback processes. Arm cooling also affected performance on a hand laterality task, suggesting that action representations were modified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed whether patients with a small renal mass would consent to a trial comparing cryoablation and partial nephrectomy treatment. We found that most patients agreed and a full trial would therefore be feasible. There is a paucity of high-level evidence on small renal mass (SRM) management, as previous classical randomised controlled trials (RCTs) failed to meet accrual targets. Our objective was to assess the feasibility of recruitment to a cohort-embedded RCT comparing cryoablation (CRA) to robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN). A total of 200 participants were recruited to the cohort, of whom 50 were enrolled in the RCT. In the CRA intervention arm, 84% consented (95% confidence interval [CI] 64–95%) and 76% (95% CI 55–91%) received CRA; 100% (95% CI 86–100%) of the control arm underwent RPN. The retention rate was 90% (95% CI 79–96%) at 6 mo. In the RPN group 2/25 (8%) were converted intra-operative to radical nephrectomy. Postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade 1–2) occurred in 12% of the CRA group and 29% of the RPN group. The median length of hospital stay was shorter for CRA (1 vs 2 d; p = 0.019). At 6 mo, the mean change in renal function was −5.0 ml/min/1.73 m2 after CRA and −5.8 ml/min/1.73 m2 after RPN. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a cohort-embedded RCT comparing CRA and RPN. These data can be used to inform multicentre trials on SRM management. We assessed whether patients with a small kidney tumour would consent to a trial comparing two different treatments: cryoablation (passing small needles through the skin to freeze the kidney tumour) and surgery to remove part of the kidney. We found that most patients agreed and a full trial would therefore be feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Posterior nasal nerve (PNN) ablation is a minimally invasive treatment option for patients with chronic rhinitis. Recent evidence shows that parasympathetic innervation of the nasal cavity is more extensive and there are many fibers posterior to the lateral attachment of the middle turbinate. We describe a modified ablative technique that targets the extensive innervation of the posterior nasal nerves. Methods: Description of the technique and retrospective cohort analysis. In addition to the traditional radiofrequency and cryoablation targets, three additional treatment sites posterior to the middle turbinate were targeted using radiofrequency ablation, as well as one focused treatment posteroinferior to the middle turbinate attachment using cryotherapy ablation. The primary outcome collected was a 30% improvement in overall rhinitis symptoms. Results: Forty‐five patients received treatment and completed 3‐month follow‐up using the modified technique for radiofrequency and cryotherapy PNN ablation. Previously, our institution documented a 64.5% responder rate at 3 months. After introducing the modified technique, the response rate at 3 months significantly improved (64.5% vs. 91.1%, p =.004). Conclusions: This report suggests improved efficacy with implementation of the modified technique for in‐office PNN ablation. Given the extensive nature of the post‐ganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the nasal cavity which often emerge posterior to the middle turbinate attachment, a modified technique to target these branches should be considered. Prospective randomized studies comparing this modified technique to the traditional technique are needed. Level of Evidence: III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Human papilloma virus (HPV), which enters the body through skin breaks and wounds and develops as a lesion on the soles or toes, is the source of plantar warts.. There are many treatment options for plantar warts. Topical treatments are acceptable to the patients in general because of their pain free nature and less cost. Cryotherapy is a second line treatment for plantar warts. The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of 50% salicylic acid vs. cryotherapy in the treatment of plantar warts. Methods A total of 98 patients (49 in each group; Group A and Group B) were enrolled for this study. Group A was exposed to cryotherapy every two weekly with a minimum of 4 sessions and assessed at the end of 12th week of initiation of therapy. Group B was given 50% salicylic acid to be applied daily at home every night and removal of the dead tissues with abrasive stone in the morning for a total of 8 weeks. Final observation for efficacy was done at the end of 12th week. Efficacy was defined here as 50% reduction in the size of wart as measured at baseline. No change in size or less than 50% reduction in size was considered as non-efficacious and partially effective respectively. Results Complete response was seen in 26.5% of patients in group A and 18.4% patients in group B. Almost similar number of patients did not respond to either of the two treatment modalities. The efficacy was found in 34.7% in group A while in group B, the efficacy was 30.6%. Conclusion Our study reveals no significant difference between efficacy of 50% salicylic acid and cryotherapy in treatment of plantar warts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warts are benign tumors infected by the Human Papillomavirus. Physicians and medical practitioners are endeavoring to identify the best wart treatment method. The present study finds the response of well-known wart treatment methods, namely immunotherapy and cryotherapy, towards the removal of predominant wart types such as plantar and common warts. The present study utilized the optimal feature space generated by the measure of Fisher score, information gain, and univariate statistical test. In addition, the proposed method finds the customized cost in terms of class weighted and non-class weighted to reduce the miss-classified instances for the positive class sample. The class-weighted and non-class-weighted approaches explicitly incorporated with the well-known classification algorithm extreme gradient boosting approach, which provides a maximum measure of true positive rate, true negative rate, positive predicted value, F-measure, and area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 100.00, 100.00, 100.00, 80.00, and 82.00% respectively on immunotherapy dataset, 100.00, 100.00, 100.00, 100.00, 92.00% respectively on cryotherapy dataset. While validating the performance on the benchmark dataset with the state-of-the-art approach, the proposed model gives an improvement of 6.40% to a maximum of 43.00% in terms of specificity on the immunotherapy dataset. However, the proposed model improves 3.33 - 30%, 5.70 -30%, and 0 - 31% in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, respectively on cryotherapy dataset. Also, the proposed framework achieved a maximum sensitivity of 91.30%, which dominates the existing state-of-the-art approaches by a margin of 1.87% and 10.82%, respectively on the merged dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the highly prevalent endemic diseases in the Middle East. The disease is a complex skin infection imposing a heavy burden on many developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of adding oral fluconazole to topical cryotherapy on the treatment efficacy and time to achieve complete recovery of CL lesions. Method: This triple-blind randomized clinical trial included 52 participants with CL. Participants were allocated to receive either weekly cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen and oral fluconazole at a dose of 6 mg/kg daily at a maximum of 400 mg for 6 weeks as the interventional arm or weekly cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen plus the placebo for the same period of 6 weeks as the control arm. Results: Fifty-two eligible participants enrolled the study, with a CL lesion count of 1 to 8 (mean 1.96), and served as the interventional (n = 28) and control (n = 24) arms. The trend of the mean surface area of the lesions was significantly decreasing in both arms (P < 0.001), with no statistically significant difference between arms (P = 0.133) or all assessed time point pairwise comparisons (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference between the treatment arms in terms of the end-point recovery status (P = 0.491) or the frequency of post-treatment secretion (P = 0.437). No adverse effect was observed. Conclusion: Despite a slightly higher reduction in the lesion surface in the cryotherapy and fluconazole treatment arm, the addition of fluconazole did not provide statistically significant therapeutic value to cryotherapy in the treatment of CL. However, with adjustment for the initial lesion size, the efficacy of the regimen in the interventional arm was more pronounced, though it was still insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Common features in chronic inflammatory disease patients (CIDP) are inflammation, mental stress (MS), and autonomic nervous system imbalance. Whole‐body cryotherapy (WBC) exposure and regular physical exercise are known to regulate these features. In this study, we assessed the impact of regular physical exercise and the use of WBC exposure in CIDP on the level of electrical skin resistance (SR) to evaluate the skin sympathetic nervous activity and and estimate MS levels. Methods: SR was evaluated before and after a 10‐day‐period of daily physical exercise preceded or not by WBC (3 min at −110°C) in two groups of 134 CIDP (WBC vs. non‐WBC groups). Results: At baseline, the number of severe MS patients was similar in both groups. However, after the training period, the number of severe MS patients significantly decreased in the WBC group, only. An increase in SR (a decrease in stress level) was noted in the WBC group only, and such increase was higher in men than in women and in patients younger than 60 versus patients older than 60 years old. Conclusion: The use of daily WBC combined with physical exercise induced physiological adaptations and lowered the sympathetic nervous activity that may reflect a reduced level of MS in CIDP. These adaptations seem to depend on gender and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the first-line therapy for dysplastic Barrett's esophagus (BE). Therefore, cryotherapy has emerged as an alternative treatment option. This study aimed to compare the efficacies of these two techniques based on the rates of complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia (CE-IM) and dysplasia (CE-D). Adverse events and recurrence have also been reported. Methods: An electronic search was conducted using the Medline (PubMed), Embase, LILACS, and Google Scholar databases until December 2022. Studies were included comparing cryotherapy and RFA for treating dysplastic BE with or without early esophageal neoplasia. This study was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results: Three retrospective cohort studies involving 627 patients were included. Of these, 399 patients underwent RFA, and 228 were treated with cryotherapy. There was no difference in CE-IM (risk difference [RD], -0.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.25 to 0.19; p=0.78; I²=86%) as well as in CE-D (RD, -0.03; 95% CI, -0.15 to 0.09; p=0.64; I²=70%) between the groups. The absolute number of adverse events was low, and there was no difference in the recurrence rate. Conclusions: Cryotherapy and RFA were equally effective in treating dysplastic BE, with or without early esophageal neoplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of cryotherapy on range of motion, pain, swelling, and gait in patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty. Methods: Forty-three patients who underwent TKA (total knee arthroplasty) and met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental (n = 21) and control (n = 22) groups underwent cryotherapy and non-cryotherapy treatments, respectively, six times a week for two weeks, and once each before and after exercise for 3 min. Both groups followed a similar initial rehabilitation exercise program using a continuous passive motion device. Results: The results showed a significant difference in knee flexion range of motion, pain, edema, and 10 MWT comparisons from pre- to post-test (p < 0.001). The above values were also significantly different in the comparison between the two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Therefore, this study confirmed that an initial rehabilitation exercise program accompanied by cryotherapy could be an effective intervention method for range of motion, pain, edema, and walking in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Cryotherapy is an easy-to-apply and effective method in the treatment of warts. Numerous studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of cryotherapy in treating warts. However, in the literature, there is no comparative study on the treatment success, side effects, and superiority of vertical or tangential application to each other in spray cryotherapy. This study aims to compare both methods and to determine the ideal method for increasing patient compliance and treatment success in cryotherapy. Materials and Methods: Between December 2014 and March 2016, 25 volunteer patients with 173 warts on both hands were applied spray cryotherapy with the vertical method in one hand and tangential method in the other. The patients were evaluated in terms of both treatment success and side effects at three-week intervals. Results: The two methods did not differ in therapeutic efficacy (p>0.05). There was no difference between the two methods in terms of bullae (p=0.515) and hypopigmentation (p=0.709) formation. When the pain scores of two spray methods warts were compared according to warts diameters, the tangential application's pain score was lower in warts smaller than 2.5 mm (p=0.031). There was no significant difference in warts of other diameters (between 2.6-5.0 mm and greater than 5.0 mm) (p>0.05). Warts requiring three sessions of treatment (20/173) were compared in each session for pain scores. Regardless of the method, a significant decrease in pain score was found in each consecutive session (p<0.05). Conclusion: This is the first study to compare spray cryotherapy's vertical or tangential application to the lesion. Based on the data of this study, tangential spray application is more comfortable than vertical application. Cryotherapy may be a more widely used method if tangential spray freezing becomes common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a skin disease characterized by firm, itchy, erythematous lesions. Treatment consists of systemic and non-systemic modes of therapy. Non-systemic forms of treatment are first-line and include topical corticosteroids, topical steroid-sparing agents, and phototherapy. The objective was to review the efficacy of non-systemic treatment used to treat PN. A systematic search was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023412012). The search consisted of keywords and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms and translated to Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus. Google Scholar was also searched for the first 200 articles. Article quality of evidence was scored using GRADE criteria. The search yielded 1151 results; 37 met criteria for inclusion. There were 14 studies on phototherapy, and 11 studies on topical corticosteroids, most of which were also combined with topical antihistamines, antipruritics, and/or phototherapy. There were 2 studies each on topical antipruritics used in isolation, vitamin D analogues, and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide. There was 1 study each on topical pimecrolimus, tacrolimus, 2% dinitrochlorobenzene, cryotherapy, acupuncture, and the Paul Gerson Unna boot. Most were case reports and case series, although 2 randomized controlled trials on phototherapy and topical pimecrolimus were included. Corticosteroids had varying levels of positive response in patients and appeared more effective when used in combination or under occlusive dressing. Phototherapy is likely effective, but the risk of relapse is high. Cryotherapy may also be a lesion-directed agent to circumvent challenges to adherence and avoidance of systemic medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold-water immersion (CWI) has been reported to reduce tissue metabolism postimmersion, but physiological data are lacking regarding the muscle metabolic response to its application. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive optical technique that can inform muscle hemodynamics and tissue metabolism. To investigate the effects of CWI at 2 water temperatures (10°C and 15°C) on NIRS-calculated measurements of muscle oxygen consumption (mVO2). Crossover study. University sports rehabilitation center. A total of 11 male National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II long-distance runners (age = 23.4 ± 3.4 years, height = 1.8 ± 0.1 m, mass = 68.8 ± 10.7 kg, mean adipose tissue thickness = 6.7 ± 2.7 mm). Cold-water immersion at 10°C and 15°C for 20 minutes. We calculated mVO2 preimmersion and postimmersion at water temperatures of 10°C and 15°C. Changes in tissue oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), total hemoglobin (tHb), hemoglobin difference (Hbdiff), and tissue saturation index (TSI %) were measured during the 20-minute immersion at both temperatures. We observed a decrease in mVO2 after immersion at both 10°C and 15°C (F1,9 = 27.7801, P =.001). During the 20-minute immersion at both temperatures, we noted a main effect of time for O2Hb (F3,27 = 14.227, P =.001), HHb (F3,27 = 5.749, P =.009), tHb (F3,27 = 24.786, P =.001), and Hbdiff (F3,27 = 3.894, P =.020), in which values decreased over the course of immersion. Post hoc pairwise comparisons showed that these changes occurred within the final 5 minutes of immersion for tHb and O2Hb. A 20-minute CWI at 10°C and 15°C led to a reduction in mVO2. This was greater after immersion at 10°C. The reduction in mVO2 suggests a decrease in muscle metabolic activity (ie, O2 use after CWI). Calculating mVO2 via the NIRS-occlusion technique may offer further insight into muscle metabolic responses beyond what is attainable from observing the NIRS primary signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

10-km street run is a highly popular and accessible sport, yet can result in exercise-induced muscle damage for runners. Ensuring a positive continuation of sports practice after the recovery process from running performance becomes essential. While several therapeutics modalities have been employed for accelerate performance recovery, Cold-Water Immersion (CWI) notably stands out among them. In addition, although Creatine Kinase concentration ([CK]) has been used to monitor the recovery status, its relationship with other muscle damage indirect markers following exercise remains inconclusive. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationships between creatine kinase concentration ([CK]) and pain, and functional and neuromuscular muscle damage markers after a 10-km street run following cold-water immersion (CWI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) still poses a substantial challenge in clinical medicine because of the high morbidity and mortality rate that characterizes it. This review article expands into the complex pathophysiological processes underlying primary and secondary neuronal death following ICH. It explores the potential of therapeutic hypothermia as an intervention to mitigate these devastating effects. Methods: A comprehensive literature review to gather relevant studies published between 2000 and 2023. Discussion: Primary brain injury results from mechanical damage caused by the hematoma, leading to increased intracranial pressure and subsequent structural disruption. Secondary brain injury encompasses a cascade of events, including inflammation, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier breakdown, cytotoxicity, and neuronal death. Initial surgical trials failed to demonstrate significant benefits, prompting a shift toward molecular mechanisms driving secondary brain injury as potential therapeutic targets. With promising preclinical outcomes, hypothermia has garnered attention, but clinical trials have yet to establish its definitive effectiveness. Localized hypothermia strategies are gaining interest due to their potential to minimize systemic complications and improve outcomes. Ongoing and forthcoming clinical trials seek to clarify the role of hypothermia in ICH management. Conclusion: Therapeutic hypothermia offers a potential avenue for intervention by targeting the secondary injury mechanisms. The ongoing pursuit of optimized cooling protocols, localized cooling strategies, and rigorous clinical trials is crucial to unlocking the potential of hypothermia as a therapeutic tool for managing ICH and improving patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conservation of plant species, especially those vital for agriculture, is crucial to responsibly use biological resources and prevent further losses in plant diversity. Preserving plant genetic resources ensures the adaptability of wild populations and cultivars for future sustainability in agriculture, supports biotechnology and commerce, and honors cultural significance. In Serbia, the European plum (Prunus domestica L.) faces challenges from climate change and persistent pathogen pressure, endangering valuable local plum genotypes. Biotechnology-based conservation methods, such as cryopreservation at ultra-low temperatures, provide important long-term solutions. Cryotherapy, a novel application, helps in eliminating pathogens from infected plant material, though its efficacy varies among genotypes. Considering that viral diseases pose a significant threat to agriculture, reducing yields and crop quality, two cryotherapy methods (D and V cryoplate) were assessed for plum pox virus (PPV) eradication from autochthonous plums (Crvena Ranka and Belošljiva). Cryopreservation successfully eliminated PPV from the Crvena Ranka variety, while neither method achieved PPV elimination in the Belošljiva variety despite the treatments applied. Given the prevalence of PPV in Serbia, cryotherapy shows promise for preserving endangered plum genotypes by eradicating viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose: In recent years there has been an increase in scientific research regarding the body's exposure to low temperatures. The potential health benefits have captured the attention of both researchers and the general public. This article review provides an analysis of the existing literature concerning the impact of cold body exposure on health and athletic achievements. Material and methods: A review of the literature available in the "PubMed" database and books was conducted. The search was performed by using the following keywords: "cold exposure", "cryotherapy", "cold shower", "cold-water immersion" and "winter swimming". State of knowledge: Encountering low temperatures can be perceived as a physiological stressor. The body responds to this situation by activating adaptive mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, such as the activation of brown adipose tissue, improved glucose control and increased immune system activity. An increasing amount of data supports the positive impact of cold exposure on athletic performance. Potential benefits are indicated such as enhancing physical endurance through increased heat production and stimulation of the circulatory system, as well as facilitating faster body recovery. Results and Conclusions: The article review indicates a growing interest in the impact of cold exposure. While there are encouraging findings of positive effects, further research is necessary for better understanding and determining the optimal conditions for achieving maximum benefits. This information could have a significant impact on the development of training strategies and health prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus can directly penetrate the stratum corneum and epidermis, which explains why this microorganism can disrupt the immune homeostasis of the skin and potentially influence skin diseases. Whole-body cryotherapy (W-BC) is one of the methods used in cryotherapy. It is well known that exposure to extremely low temperatures in the human body induces metabolic, hormonal, and thermoregulatory reactions. The study aimed to investigate whether repeated whole-body cryotherapy treatments would have an impact on the colonization of Staphylococcus aureus in individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods: Fourteen adults with a mean age of 32 ± 10.8 and mild to moderate AD (mean of SCORAD index 36.5 points) were enrolled in the study. Whole-body cryotherapy comprised a total of 15 treatments, once a day. Results: In the following research, it has been observed that whole-body cryotherapy treatments have an impact on the colonization of Staphylococcus aureus on the skin of patients with AD. It would be beneficial to include a larger sample size of AD patients, including both those receiving W-BC treatments and those who do not. Conclusions: Based on the following research, W-BC can be considered an effective adjunctive method in the treatment of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central sensitisation is defined as a multifactorial etiopathogenetic condition involving an increase in the reactivity of nociceptive neurons and alterations in pain transmission and perception in the central nervous system. Patients may present with widespread chronic pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, dizziness, psychological (e.g., depression, anxiety, and anger) and social impairment. Pain can be spontaneous in onset and persistence, characterised by an exaggerated response and spread beyond the site of origin, and sometimes triggered by a non-painful stimulus. Whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) could be an adjuvant therapy in the management of this type of pain because of its global anti-inflammatory effect, changes in cytokines and hormone secretion, reduction in nerve conduction velocity, autonomic modulation, and release of neurotransmitters involved in the pain pathway. In several conditions (e.g., fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic musculoskeletal pain), WBC affects physical performance, pain perception, and psychological aspects. Given its multiple targets and effects at different organs and levels, WBC appears to be a versatile adjuvant treatment for a wide range of conditions of rehabilitation interest. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of analgesic effect and potential actions on pain pathways, as well as to study long-term effects and potential uses in other chronic pain conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryotherapy, or the use of low temperatures for medical treatment, has gained interest in dentistry for its potential therapeutic benefits. This review article delves into the rationale, applications, advantages, and limitations of cryotherapy in dentistry, shedding light on its future prospects in the field.

Aim: The point of search of present study was to assess intracanal viability of cold saline, curcumin as an irrigant, and ordinary saline as last irrigant in lessening post endodontic torment. Material and Method: In total, 60 individuals were chosen and divided into 3 groups: Group I: intracanal cryotherapy using 2.5°C cold saline, Group II: curcumin irrigant, and Group III: ordinary saline. After the biomechanical preparation, the above mentioned irrigant was used. On the visual analogue scale, participants were asked to rank the intensity of their discomfort following the procedure before, after 6 h and 24 h after the procedure. The outcomes were dissected utilizing ANOVA test. Result: Both the regimens were successful in reducing post endodontic soreness associated with infected teeth. Conclusion: Curcumin and cryotherapy both the regimens were successful in lessening post endodontic torment.

Angiokeratomas are benign, rarely occurring vascular lesions characterised by marked ectasia of thin-walled blood vessels in the superficial dermis. Angiokeratoma of Fordyce is the second most common type. It is more frequent in men and usually presents as multiple bright red papules on the scrotum, occasionally on the penis, buttocks, and abdomen; it can also occur in females mainly over the vulvar region. Here, a case of a 70-year-old patient who presented with multiple asymptomatic elevated skin-coloured lesions over the scrotal region for six months is presented. Based on the clinical and dermoscopic findings, a diagnosis of angiokeratoma of Fordyce was made. Treatment involved proper counselling and reassurance about the benign nature of Angiokeratoma.

Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate the superiority of cryocompression over cryotherapy alone in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) grade 2 or above. Methods: This prospective randomized study was conducted between May 2020 and January 2023 in Innsbruck. Eligible patients had a diagnosis of gynecological cancer and received a minimum of 3 cycles of taxane-based CT (neoadjuvant, adjuvant or palliative therapy). Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either cryotherapy or cryocompression on their upper extremities during chemotherapy (CT). We performed temperature measurements, two QoL questionnaires and neurological tests during CT and at follow-up 3 and 6–9 months after the completion of CT. CIPN was assessed using the CTCAE score. Results: Of 200 patients recruited, both groups showed a lower prevalence of CIPN in this study compared to recent literature. In the group receiving cryotherapy, the prevalence of grade 1 CIPN was 30.1 %, and that of grade 2 CIPN or above was 13.7 %; in the group treated with cryocompression, the prevalence of grade 1 CIPN was 32.8 %, and that of grade 2 or above CIPN was 17.2 %. We found a significant reduction in temperature in the cryotherapy and cryocompression groups. Regarding the two QOL questionnaires as well as the neurological tests no significant differences were found between the two groups. Conclusion: Our study suggests that cryotherapy as well as cryocompression is a safe and effective way to cool patients’ extremities to lower the prevalence of CIPN. Cryocompression was not more effective than cryotherapy alone in the prevention of CIPN.

Introduction: Warts, benign skin growths caused by various human papillomavirus strains, are categorized as genital and non-genital. Non-genital warts often lack noticeable symptoms but can lead to psychological distress due to factors like embarrassment. Traditional treatments, including physical and chemical methods, show limitations, prompting the exploration of novel approaches like intralesional immunotherapy. The clinical challenge lies in selecting the most effective modality. Objective: In our study, we used the network meta-analysis (NMA) as a statistical tool to explore the most effective intralesional immunotherapy interventions. Methods: Comprehensive searches of Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were conducted until December 2023. Eligible studies were analyzed for outcomes presented as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Treatments were ranked using the P-score in an NMA performed with R software. Results: We included 68 RCTs in our study. For complete response, needling showed a significant difference compared to Candida albicans antigen (RR= 0.13, 95% CI [0.02; 0.99]) and Mw (RR= 0.12, 95% CI [0.02; 0.94]). In overall response, both bleomycin and furosemide with digoxin were significant compared to autoimplantation (RR= 0.46, 95% CI [0.24; 0.88]) and (RR= 0.40, 95% CI [0.18; 0.91]) respectively. Similarly, both were significant compared to cryotherapy (RR= 0.45, 95% CI [0.27; 0.76]) and (RR= 0.40, 95% CI [0.19; 0.82]) respectively. Conclusion: This NMA indicates needling, furosemide with digoxin, and PBP antigen stimulants as effective for non-genital warts, surpassing traditional treatments in complete and overall response. Direct comparisons in future research are warranted to confirm their superiority.

Background. Warts are a common skin disease affecting individuals of all ages worldwide. This clinical trial aims to compare the effectiveness of furosemide 0.125 Percent topical gel and KOH 10 Percent topical gel in treating patients with warts. Methods. Patients diagnosed with warts by dermatologists were included in the study and treated with either 0.125 Percent furosemide or 10 Percent KOH for two months. Patients were examined and imaged at the beginning of the study and in weeks 4 and 8 to assess the number, diameter, and height of warts and complications. Results. The study included 40 patients (48 lesions) with common warts, with 20 patients in each intervention group. In the furosemide group, the average diameter of warts decreased from 4.25 ± 1.43 mm in the first visit to 4.14 ± 1.47 mm in the final visit. In contrast, the average diameter of warts in the KOH group decreased from 3.89 ± 1.67 mm to 3.02 ± 1.49 mm. No complications were reported in the furosemide group, whereas seven complications related to redness and burning were observed in the KOH group. Conclusion. Furosemide 0.125 Percent is effective and safe for treating skin warts. However, it is less effective than KOH in reducing the diameter and height of warts. This study's findings suggest that furosemide can be a promising alternative to KOH in treating warts, especially for patients with sensitive skin or those who experience complications with KOH treatment. Further research is needed to determine the optimal treatment duration and dosage of furosemide for treating warts. Practical Implications. We can find new ways to reduce complications in treating warts.

Abstract Background Desmoid tumours (DTs) or deep fibromatosis are benign soft-tissue tumours, sometimes locally aggressive, requiring intervention on some cases. Surgery has been the gold standard, but new less invasive techniques such as percutaneous cryoablation have proved their effectiveness, reducing health resources and complications. The study aimed to compare the total cost of percutaneous cryoablation and conventional surgery for patients with extra-abdominal and/or abdominal wall DTs, candidates for local ablative treatment in Spain. Methods A cost-analysis model was developed. An expert panel provided data about resource consumption for the percutaneous cryoablation technique and validated the epidemiology used for target population estimation. Unitary resources cost (€ 2022) derived from local cost databases. A retrospective analysis of 54 surgical cases in 3 Spanish hospitals was performed to estimate the cost of conventional surgery based on the cost of the Diagnosis-Related group (DRG) codes identified on this patient sample, weighted by each DRG proportion. The total cost for each alternative included intervention cost and complications cost, considering debridement required in 4.5% of cases with percutaneous cryoablation and minor surgery for surgical site infection in 18.0% for conventional surgery. Results The total cost for percutaneous cryoablation (€ 5774.78/patient-year) was lower than the total cost for conventional surgery (€ 6780.98/patient-year), yielding cost savings up to € 80,002 in 1 year for the entire cohort of 80 patients with DTs eligible for intervention estimated in Spain. One-way sensitivity analyses confirmed the results’ robustness. Conclusion Percutaneous cryoablation versus conventional surgery would yield cost savings for the management of DT patients in Spain. Critical relevance statement This manuscript provides insight into the economic impact derived from the savings related to the use of percutaneous cryoablation for desmoid-type tumours from the perspective of the Spanish National Healthcare System, providing useful information for the health decision-making process. Key points • Desmoid tumours are locally aggressive and may require local therapy. • Percutaneous cryoablation procedure is less invasive than the conventional surgery. • Cost comparison shows savings associated to percutaneous cryoablation use. Graphical Abstract

Angiokeratomas are benign, rarely occurring vascular lesions characterised by marked ectasia of thin-walled blood vessels in the superficial dermis. Angiokeratoma of Fordyce is the second most common type. It is more frequent in men and usually presents as multiple bright red papules on the scrotum, occasionally on the penis, buttocks, and abdomen; it can also occur in females mainly over the vulvar region. Here, a case of a 70-year-old patient who presented with multiple asymptomatic elevated skincoloured lesions over the scrotal region for six months is presented. Based on the clinical and dermoscopic findings, a diagnosis of angiokeratoma of Fordyce was made. Treatment involved proper counselling and reassurance about the benign nature of Angiokeratoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryotherapy, or the use of low temperatures for medical treatment, has gained interest in dentistry for its potential therapeutic benefits. This review article delves into the rationale, applications, advantages, and limitations of cryotherapy in dentistry, shedding light on its future prospects in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HPV infection is the primary cause of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), with persistent high-risk HPV infection being the leading factor in the development of cervical cancer. In addition to the application of large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) for the treatment of cervical pre-cancerous lesions, various ablative techniques, including thermal ablation, cryotherapy, carbon dioxide (CO2) laser therapy, and focused ultrasound therapy also play significant roles in the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology of cervical HPV infection and discusses the ablative methods commonly used in clinical practice, along with their indication and contradiction, especially in women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The aim is to identify safe and effective treatment strategies for treating cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, thereby avoiding under- or over-treatment, which may reduce the incidence and progression of cervical cancer through timely diagnosis and treatment.