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Subject. The article addresses the structure of using the monetary incomes of the population and household consumption expenditures of the Chechen Republic in 2002–2021. Objectives. The aim is to determine the income level of the population in the context of volume and quality of satisfaction of needs of the population and households, to make conclusions and propose measures to solve existing problems. Methods. The study draws on the comparative analysis, general scientific and economic-statistical research methods. Results. The study established that the structure of the use of monetary income and household consumption expenditures during the study period in the Chechen Republic improved significantly. There was an increase in the standard of living of the population in 2002–2021, however, at the same time, the Chechen Republic is noticeably lagging behind the average Russian level of monetary income. Conclusions. The average per capita income in the Chechen Republic is considerably lower than the average Russian level, and this gap persists during the period under analysis. Trends in the structure of the use of monetary incomes indicate a decrease in living standards in the region. Improving the standard of living of the population should become the main task of regional economic policy makers. The primary task of socio-economic policy makers in our country at all levels should be the creation of socio-economic conditions so that people would have a sufficiently high level of monetary income to meet their needs.

The COVID-19 pandemic has put severe pressure on health care systems worldwide. Although attention has been focused on COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths, some experts have warned about potentially devastating secondary health effects. These effects may be most severe in low- and middle-income countries with already weak health care systems. This study examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on early infant deaths, a question that is currently unsettled. We present new evidence from Nigeria showing that early infant deaths have significantly increased during the pandemic. Using data on the birth outcomes of a large and diverse cohort of pregnant women enrolled in a prospective study and a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design, we found a 1.1-percentage-point (22 percent) increase and a 0.72-percentage-point (23 percent) increase, respectively, in stillbirths and newborn deaths. Our findings show that the health effects of the pandemic extend beyond counted COVID-19 deaths. If these findings generalize to other low- and middle-income countries, they may indicate that the hard-won gains in child survival made during the past two decades are at risk of being reversed amid the ongoing pandemic. Policies addressing disruptions to health services delivery and providing support to vulnerable groups-specifically to households with pregnant women-will be critical as the pandemic continues.

Background: Despite the global decline in pediatric HIV infections, infants in sub-Saharan Africa still acquire HIV infection through inappropriate feeding. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare knowledge and predictors of infant feeding behavior between mothers living with HIV and controls of unknown HIV status in Gombe, northeast Nigeria. Methods: A cross-section of clinic-based samples of 84 HIV-positive mothers and 170 controls of unknown status were interviewed using validated questionnaires. Knowledge scores and self-reported infant feeding practices were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to determine predictors for infant feeding practices. Results: Transmission risk perception (95.2% vs. 65.3%) (p0.05). Antenatal attendance, hospital delivery, knowledge, and positive attitude predicted infant feeding practices in both groups. The predictive roles of education and parity were limited to HIVpositive mothers, while the effects of maternal age and infant death were restricted to controls. Conclusion: Risk perception, knowledge, and exclusive breastfeeding rates were higher among mothers living with HIV. Antenatal care, hospital delivery, knowledge, and attitude predicted infant feeding practices in both groups. Girl child education, antenatal care, hospital delivery, and sustained promotion of exclusive breastfeeding with antiretroviral therapy are key to HIV-free infant survival.

Purpose: To assess the repeatability and reliability of semi-automated EyeMark Python program measurements compared to manual ImageJ image processing of anterior segment-optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) structures in healthy and keratoconus eyes. Methods: Heidelberg AS-OCT was used to image 25 eyes from 14 healthy subjects and 25 eyes from 15 subjects with keratoconus between the ages of 20 and 80 years, collected prospectively, in this observational case-control study. Visual axis scan containing vertical fixation light beam was selected from the 15-line AS-OCT scan raster. Central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior corneal radius of curvature (ACRC), posterior corneal radius of curvature (PCRC), and truncated anterior vault (TAV) were measured using ImageJ software and the EyeMark Python program. MedCalc and R were used to calculate the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and generate Bland-Altman plots (BAP). Results: When comparing the measurements of CCT, ACRC, PCRC, and TAV between manual ImageJ analysis and the EyeMark Python program, ICC values were consistently greater than 0.9, indicating excellent agreement. BAPs comparing the ImageJ and Python measurements of anterior segment structures show no systematic proportional bias and the average differences were near zero and within 95% of the limits of agreement. Conclusions: Semi-automated tools may provide the necessary efficiency for point-of-care quantitative corneal analysis of raw AS-OCT images. The semi-automated EyeMark Python program offers a repeatable and reliable tool compared to manual ImageJ analysis for measuring anterior segment structures from AS-OCT images among individuals with keratoconus.

Subject. This article discusses and analyzes regional projects to be implemented in the Chechen Republic for the period 2019–2024. Objectives. The article aims to develop a set of proposals aimed at improving the competitiveness of the Republic's economy. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of systems and statistical analyses. Results. The article describes the role of regional projects in the development of the socio-economic sphere of the Chechen Republic and proposes a set of measures the implementation of which will help shape a competitive economy in the Republic. Conclusions. Regional project objectives and indicators need to be better defined. Regional projects are elements of national projects designed to contribute to a breakthrough in the scientific, technological and socio-economic development of the Russian Federation.

Ninety-nine percent of global maternal deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. The high mortality rates are often attributed to a large portion of births occurring outside of formal healt...

The consumption of fruits, vegetables and cereals in the form of flour has been an alternative for the intake of nutrients, currently seen in society that seeks a healthier diet. Thus, the assessment of total content and bioaccessibility is important to better understand the actual intake of nutrients or contaminants present in foods. The aim of this study was to determine the total content and estimate the bioaccessible fraction of Cu, Fe, and Zn in nutritious flours by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) after microwave acid digestion. Bioaccessibility was assessed using in vitro method that takes into account the entire gastrointestinal tract (Unified Bioaccessibility Method (UBM)). The following concentration ranges, in μg g-1, were found: Ca (341 - 6275), K (2984 - 13953), P (476 - 6110), Na (

The consumption of fruits, vegetables, and cereals in the form of flour has been an alternative for the intake of nutrients, currently seen in a society that seeks a healthier diet. Thus, the assessment of total contents and bioaccessibility is important to better understand the actual intake of nutrients or contaminants present in foods. The objective of this study was to determine the total content and estimate the bioaccessible fraction of Cu, Fe, and Zn in nutritious flours by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) after microwave acid digestion. Bioaccessibility was assessed using the in vitro method, taking into account the entire gastrointestinal tract (Unified Bioaccessibility Method (UBM)). The following concentration ranges, in μg g