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Global milk production has increased by 59% since 1988, reaching 944 million tonnes in 2023. This surge has resulted in an annual by-product, whey, totalling 200 million tonnes. Despite half of this whey being utilized in the food and pharmaceutical sectors, significant quantities are discarded, posing environmental challenges due to its high biological oxygen demand. Whey proteins and lipids are recovered from whey, and the resultant whey permeate stream is rich in lactose is a viable carbon source for value-added biochemical. D(-)lactic acid (DLA) is a versatile organic acid molecule widely used in the synthesis of thermostable biodegradable polymers viz., polylactic acid (PLA). However, the DLA market faces constraints; downstream demand is unsaturated, and upstream production is restricted, leading to elevated costs and posing challenges to its growth and profitability, which affect PLA manufacturing. This review study addresses a novel techno-economic approach involving strategies for genetic engineering of lactic acid bacteria and process intensification towards efficient valorization of whey permeate into DLA. This review enumerates a circular bioeconomy approach offering both environmental benefits and revenue opportunities for the dairy sector, revolutionizing by-product utilization and enhancing the industry's sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina (Spirulina) is the general name of filamentous, multicellular and bluegreen microalgae, of which the two genera Arthrospira and spirulina are important edible spirulina. This algae is the most common and widely used species that has been studied and investigated in many fields, especially food and medical industries. Chemical analysis of spirulina microalgae shows that it is an excellent source of some macronutrients and micronutrients. Spirulina is rich in protein, vitamins, essential amino acids, minerals and essential fatty acids that are important for health. The cell cover of spirulina is made of a thin hydrocarbon membrane that is very quickly digested by gastric juice, for this reason spirulina is completely digestible and one of the richest food sources available.By adding spirulina instead of stabilizer, the nutritional properties of dairy products will improve and they will have a better texture, appearance and color than before because spirulina can be used as a stabilizer. Adding 1 to 1.5% of spirulina powder to dairy products such as cheese reduces water and moisture in it, which makes it softer and is directly related to increasing its shelf life. Dairy industry is one of the most polluting industries that contain high content of elements such as phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon. Microalgae can be used to completely remove pollutants such as phosphorus and nitrogen. Spirulina blue-green algae are known to have the ability to utilize the nutrients of dairy wastewater and reduce the organic load to lower concentrations so that the treated water can be reused.In general, the addition of spirulina will increase the nutritional properties and improve the physical characteristics, and in various industries, especially the dairy industry, it can create many benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In both dairy and beverage industries, returned products are considered as waste and they are forwarded to the wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Nevertheless, such products have an important organic load disturbing the WWTP performance. In this work, an upstream biological treatment for those products is proposed. Different mixture proportions of dairy and cola beverage waste (DW-B) were studied and their pollution loads were assessed. An equal volume mixture of cola beverage, source of phosphoric acid, with dairy waste allowed COD and turbidity reductions of 52% and 72%, respectively. Moringa oleifera seeds aqueous extract (10 g/L) has been incorporated (50%) as natural coagulant in the resulted mix DW-B50. COD and turbidity abatement values reached 92% and 93%, respectively. The natural coagulation achieved better results compared to the chemical one using 10% of FeCl3 solution (60 g/L) where the recorded abatement rate was 78% for COD. Then, the indigenous microflora in the mix was used for the biological treatment which reduced both COD (76%) and residual sugar (15%) contents. Nevertheless, the mixture inoculation using 1 and 3% of kefir grains improved sugar consumption rates to 58 and 73%, respectively. Such approach allows a better DW-B waste mixture treatability and milk proteins recovering for eventual valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mainly composting plants, agricultural biogas plants or incineration plants are used to manage agricultural waste [[5]]. In summary, biogas production via AD offers a versatile and sustainable solution for converting different types of organic waste into valuable renewable energy. Therefore biogas production from different types of waste through AD proces not only helps manage organic waste but also contributes to renewable energy generation, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and improved waste management practices. One of the problems of the modern world is the generation of increasing amounts of waste by agriculture and various industries. [Extracted from the article]

Diverse feedstocks utilized in anaerobic digestion (AD) pose challenges to enzymatic disintegration because of their nature and complex physical structures and thereby limiting biogas generation. To overcome this, the AD process is often combined with pretreatment techniques, which facilitate the breaking of organic feedstock into smaller molecules and eventually result in enhanced biogas production. Among several techniques, ultrasound-assisted pretreatment of AD feedstock remains promising because it is simple to implement, requires no chemicals, and combines physical (or cavitation) and biological phenomena for degrading AD feed. This review is primarily centered on the applications of ultrasound pretreatment for disintegrating various feedstocks and increasing biogas production during AD. Biogas generation is described in relation to the ultrasound-assisted disintegration of dairy industry waste, hybrid food and municipal wastes, olive mill wastewater, rice straw, tannery wastewater, meat processing sludge, hybrid industrial waste municipal sewage sludge, and lignocellulosic biomass. The disintegration schemes of feedstocks under ultrasound are proposed. COD is solubilized, and suspended solids (SS) are reduced upon ultrasonication. The impact of ultrasonic treatment on biogas production might be amplified if paired with alkali. Furthermore, the techno-economic commercial scopes of ultrasound pretreatment-based biogas production are discussed, and recommendations for future studies are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's objectives were to develop a packaging film incorporating oregano essential oil, and evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial, mechanical, and physicochemical activities of the film toward grapes packaging. The films were developed by casting method, after adding nano-emulsion of essential oil into WPC-glycerol film forming solution. The effects of the Oregano Essential Oil (OEO) at different concentrations of 1, 2, 3, and 4% (w/w) in the WPC edible films were studied. The light transmittance, colour aspects, water aspects, mechanical, antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, FTIR, SEM microstructure, and biodegradability of the film were studied. Acidity, weight, TSS, pH and 9-point hedonic sensory analysis of grapes packed in WPC-OEO film were evaluated. Results showed that 3% OEO incorporated WPC film displayed positive inhibition towards pathogenic bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (25.36 ± 0.52–28.0 ± 0.5 mm), the antioxidant activity of 86.89 ± 0.087% and 51.24 ± 0.031% for DPPH, FRAP respectively and degradation after 10 days. The film displayed reduced light transmittance, lower water solubility (44.04 ± 2.361%) and prominent surface characteristics in SEM microstructure and FTIR spectra. The grapes packed in WPC-3% OEO film were firmer, had less surface colour change and showed negligible change in weight, pH, acidity, and Brix value throughout the storage period. Thus, the developed film displayed excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties that potentially extended the quality of fresh grapes during refrigerated storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Water Association's (IWA) established Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) was created to serve as a backup for experimental findings regarding the actual anaerobic digestion process. The previous model idea was adjusted and used to simulate an anaerobic digestion process in this study. Testing procedures, such as benchmark tests and balance checks, were performed in order to verify the accuracy of the implementation. These measures worked in tandem to ensure that the model was implemented flawlessly and without inconsistencies. The primary objective of this article is to construct a method that is based on the ADM1 for evaluating co-digestion and predicting the performance of the digestion process or methane yield based on the analyzed substrates' physicochemical properties. Additional equations and simulations have been added to the standard model to create tools for evaluating the feasibility of anaerobic co-digestion. The study's two most intriguing aspects are the optimal mixture and parameter dependence. The adjusted ADM1 is accurate in predicting the measured values of effluent COD, pH, methane, and produced biogas flows with a reasonable degree of accuracy, according to the validation results. This research shows how to use ADM1 in a wastewater treatment plant and other settings where anaerobic digestion is of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processing of dairy products currently generates significant amounts of waste, particularly in the form of liquid whey. The disposal of whey poses a challenge to the environment due to its high organic content and biological oxygen demand. Whey contains lactose, soluble proteins, lipids, and minerals. While Saccharomyces cerevisiae can efficiently utilize glucose, they are unable to metabolize lactose. In contrast, Kluyveromyces spp. encode two genes, Lac12 and Lac4 that enable conversion of lactose to other by-products such as ethanol. Here, we selected five Kluyveromyces yeast inoculated into three different types of whey substrates, cheddar sweet whey, cream cheese acid whey, and yogurt acid whey that could be used to convert lactose into ethanol. We demonstrate that differences exist in ethanol production across different whey substrates inoculated with Kluyveromyces yeast. In sweet whey, K. lactis, K. lactis Y-1205 and K. lactis Y-1564 were the highest ethanol producing strains. The highest amount of ethanol produced was 24.85 ± 3.5 g/L achieved by Y-1564 in sweet whey (96.8% efficiency). K. lactis Y-1205 produced 22.39 ± 5.6 g/L ethanol in yogurt acid whey. In cream cheese acid whey, K. lactis strains produced significantly higher ethanol levels compared to S. cerevisiae and K. marxianus (p < 0.05). Outcomes from this study could provide a simple and cheap solution for small-to medium-sized dairy processing facilities to ferment lactose in whey into ethanol using lactose-consuming yeasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistance of solid-separated solid wastes (SSDWs) to moderate airflow ranging from 0.05 to 0.30 m3/s-m2 was measured at various bed depths and moisture levels. The pressure drop across a loose-fill fixed bed column was observed to increase more rapidly with increasing airflow rates than with increasing bed depths. An increase in the moisture content (10 percentage points) caused a decrease in the pressure drop by an average of 13.2–17.0%, evaluated within a 10–40% moisture content (MC) range. A full-factorial model analysis using standard least squares was used to describe the main effects and interactions of the test parameters in predicting the pressure drop. The Hukill and Ives nonlinear model was able to accurately describe the airflow resistance data of SSDWs at various MCs. Empirical curves describing the SSDW resistance to airflow were developed to aid in the preliminary design of ventilation systems for drying and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy sludge is one of the main and inexpensive wastes of the dairy industry, which contains the nutrients necessary for the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to produce microbial metabolites, and for its efficient use, optimization of fermentation conditions is critical. In order to optimize the production of dry biomass, three independent variables of dairy sludge concentration (5, 12.5 and 20%), pH (6, 7 and 8) and the inoculation rate of Lactobacillus fermentum strain 4-17 (1, 3 and 5%) were used. Before fermentation, the cell growth and morphology of this bacterium were examined in order to determine the function of the growth rate and confirm the presence of bacteria in this medium. The independent variables were optimized using response surface method (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) in order to maximize dry biomass production by this bacterium. The optimization results showed that the maximum amount of dry biomass production related to the optimal treatment included 20% dairy sludge concentration, 1% inoculation rate and pH 8. Also, according to the results, the dairy sludge substrate is suitable for the fermentation of this bacterium. As a result, the effect of dairy sludge bed concentration and pH on dry biomass production by this bacteria was very significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of dairy processing waste was performed to investigate the effect of temperature and initial pH on the yield and composition of the solid (hydrochar) and liquor produced. All hydrochars met the EU requirements of organo-mineral solid fertilizers defined in the Fertilizing Products Regulation in terms of phosphorus (P) and mineral content. Methods: Laboratory scale HTC was performed using pressurized reactors, and the products (solid and liquid) were collected, stored and analyzed for elemental composition and nutrient content using Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and other analytic techniques. Results: Maximum hydrochar yield (60.67%) was observed at T=180℃ and pH=2.25, whereas the maximum P-recovery was 80.38% at T=220℃ and pH=4.6. The heavy metal content of the hydrochars was mostly compliant with EU limitations, except for Ni at T=220℃ and pH=8.32. Meanwhile, further study of Chromium (Cr) species is essential to assess the fertilizer quality of the hydrochars. For the liquid product, the increase in temperature beyond 200℃, coupled with an increase in initial acidity (pH=2.25) drove P into the liquor. Simultaneously, increasing HTC temperature and acidity increased the concentration of NO 3 - and NH 4 + in the liquid products to a maximum of 278 and 148 mg/L, respectively, at T=180℃ and pH=4.6. Furthermore, no direct relation between final pH of liquor and NH 4 + concentration was observed. Conclusions: HTC allows for the production of hydrochar as a potential fertilizer material that requires further processing. Adjusting HTC conditions enhanced P-recovery in the hydrochar, while retrieving higher nitrate concentrations in the liquid product. Optimizing HTC for the production of qualified hydrochars requires further treatment of Cr content, studying the availability of P in the products and enhancing the hydrochar yield for economic feasibility.

The main aim of the present work is to investigate the influence of hydrogen injection timing and injection duration on the combustion and emissions of a CI engine functioning on dual fuel (DF) mode by employing diesel/dairy scum oil methyl ester (DiSOME)/Waste frying oil methyl ester (WFOME) - producer gas (PG) combination. Hydrogen flow rate was maintained constant (8 lpm) and injected in air-producer gas (PG) mixture an inlet manifold using a gas injector. In this current work, injection timing was varied from TDC to 15 deg., aTDC in steps of 5. Similarly, injection duration was adopted from 30 deg., CA to 90 deg., CA and differed in steps of 30. From the outcome of work, it is noticed that the best possible injection timing and injection duration were found to be 10 deg., aTDC and 60 deg., CA respectively. Results showed that, at optimum injection parameters, diesel-PG combination with hydrogen resulted in augmented BTE by 6.7% and 12.4%, decreased smoke by 26.04% and 36.4%, decreased HC by 16.6% and 22.4%, decreased CO by 23.5% and 29.6% and increased NOx by 12.4% and 22.1%, compared to DiSOME and WFOME supported DF operation. Investigation with DiSOME-hydrogen enriched PG combustion showed satisfactory operation. • Production of biodiesel from dairy scum and waste frying oil. • Operation of producer gas with methyl ester of dairy scum and waste frying oil in dual fuel mode. • Improve the performance of using hydrogen fuel along with producer gas and methyl ester of dairy scum & waste frying oil. • Optimization injection timing and duration of hydrogen fuel for better performance and emission characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative energy sources have become a preferred energy production source with both clean energy production and wide usage area. In addition, the fact that alternative energy consumption is renewable gives confidence in the continuity of energy. Dairy farms have a great potential to use energy based on biomass from alternative energy sources. It is possible to obtain biogas energy by evaluating animal wastes in dairy farms and to use cooling, which includes the most important expense of the farm. In this example, numerical calculations and usage studies of a vapor compression milk cooling system were carried out using biogas energy obtained from animal wastes of a dairy farm. It maintains the model in hand, which uses the Java programming language for numerical calculations. With the measurements obtained from numerical calculations, a fermentor, consumption, storage and automation test system with a capacity of 2.5 m3 was established. Carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, etc. in the biogas obtained from the system. The filtering processes of the gases were carried out and stored in a 10 m3 membrane. An internal combustion gas engine powered by stored biogas drove a 300-liter vapor-compression milk tank compressor with cooling. The biogas fueled milk cooling system provided 54.37% energy savings compared to the conventional milk cooling system. According to the experimental situation, TS EN 13732 limitation Turkish Standard and EN 13732 standard, raw feeding at 32 oC in each milking has the ability to cool down to +4 oC in a maximum of 2.5 hours. Colony count was made on the sample taken from the milk cooled to +4 oC and 2.1 x 104 colonies/ml log10 4.32 were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated antibiotic resistance (ABR) and extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL) patterns in bacterial isolates collected from the dairy, hotel, meat, and canteen food waste samples. A total of 144 bacterial strains were collected and screened for resistance against 9 standard antibiotics belonging to three generations and ESBL production. The ABR profile of the bacterial isolates was observed against all four major antibiotic groups (aminoglycosides, β-lactams, quinolone, and others), where resistance against cefotaxime (> 70%) and methicillin (> 50%) was high. Though the ABR pattern of strains from dairy waste (> 50%) was high against first-generation antibiotics, the strains from meat waste (> 50%) showed considerable resistance against second- and third-generation antibiotics. ESBL-producing isolates were screened (> 60%, n = 144) through primary identification tests (combined disk test and double disk synergy tests) and further confirmed through Hexa G-minus 23 and 24 and MIC E-stripe following CLSI guidelines. Genes conferring ESBL resistance blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaTEM, blaKPC genes and multidrug resistance (MDR) mexF gene were detected in the selected isolates with ABR and ESBL traits. Isolates with multidrug ABR and ESBL phenotype were further genotypically identified through 16 s rRNA gene sequencing. The synergy of ABR was detected through the co-expression of ESBL and MDR in isolates with a high occurrence of ABR and ESBL. The results demonstrate the significance of food waste as a natural reservoir of ABR and ESBL-producing pathogens, highlighting the importance of resistance monitoring and its interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the growth, biomass, and bio-constituents of Chroococcus sp., Haematococcus pluvialis, Dunaliella sp., Coelastrella saipanensis, and Chlorella sp. grown in dairy wastewater and fish waste as nutrients were assessed. As both wastes constitute organic and inorganic nutrients, dairy wastes contain proportionately higher amount of K, Na, and sugars than the fish wastes which contains nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, and protein as nutrients. Algae grown among different dilutions of wastes showed that medium supplemented with 50% dairy waste significantly increased the growth, biomass, carbohydrates, and protein content in algae such as Chroococcus sp., H. pluvialis, C. saipanensis, and Chlorella sp., whereas in Dunaliella sp. by addition of 10% dairy waste showed maximum growth and other bio-constituents, but 50% fish waste used for Chroococcus sp., C. saipanensis, and Chlorella sp. growth medium. A total of 25% fish waste used for Dunaliella sp. and H. pluvialis. The enhanced growth and bio-constitute accumulation in microalgae grown using waste nutrients was further confirmed by increased growth observed in nitrogen-depleted waste supplemented medium over control (only medium). Despite increased growth and bio-constituent accumulation in algae grown by waste nutrients, Chroococcus sp., H. pluvialis, and Chlorella sp. grown by waste nutrients showing significant decrease in chlorophyll content were found as efficient in absorbing waste nutrients by heterotrophic mode. The Chroococcus sp. and Dunaliella sp. grown in dairy waste and Chlorella sp., H. pluvialis, and C. saipanensis grown in fish waste accumulated intracellular non-polar storage lipids identified through fluorescence study were recognised as suitable biorefinery candidates for lipid sequestration by utilizing waste nutrients, besides high value pigments. This study concludes that dairy and fish wastes are cost-effective nutrient resource for enhanced growth, bio-constituents, lipids, and high values pigments accumulation in microalgae as biorefinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work was drafted to explore the potential of the extract from dairy waste Molten butter residue as a source of the antioxidant agent. The dairy waste extract was subjected to estimation of total phenolic content, total anti-oxidation activity, % of DPPH radical scavenging activity and antibiotic activity. It exhibits total phenolic content of 60.11 mg/mL with maximum total antioxidant activity and 99.39% of DPPH scavenging activity when compared to ascorbic acid as a standard. It also shows antibiotic activity against micro-organisms like Bacillus, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. The antioxidant and antibiotic potentiality of the extract from molten butter residue may be applicable in pharmaceutical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock development sector remained conspicuous in many developed and developing countries. Nevertheless, animal manure management became an increasing concern relative to environmental and economic constraints. The daily cow manure varies between 60-85 kg per 1000 kg of body biomass. Thus, 33 to 70 % of biomass could be recovered in the form of cow dung for value added products such as bioenergy and biofertilizer. Halhale dairy farm of Eritrea has a potential to produce approximately 25 tonnes of fresh cow manure per day. Proximate analysis of Halhale dairy manure (HDM) revealed that it contains a mean value of 14.35% of total solids, which inherently composed of 64.8% of Volatile solids and 23.3% of ash content. Detailed elemental analysis using X-ray fluorescent showed that it has 43.1% of C, 0.31% of S, 0.21% of P and 1.18% of K. Hydrogen and nitrogen contents of 4.57% and 1.58% were evaluated for HDM. Thermo physical parameters such as PH, SG and lower heating value(LHV) estimated as 7.025, 1.68 and 19.97 MJ kg-1 respectively. Significant LHV values indicate the aptness of HDM for fuel substitute. In addition, estimated C/N values of 25.68-27.3, ensure their best suitability for the biogas generation. Rich organic matter and high moisture content in HDM support large number of earthworms in vermicomposting. HDM have showed excellent N:P2O5 of 3.84 to favor the growth of any crop. Higher Si content of 4.32% along with desired micronutrients of 0.043% of Zn, <0.02% of Cu and 241 ppm of Mn, were measured for HDM samples. The effect of sodicity on soil measured in terms of sodium absorption rate (SAR), and a mean value of 0.84 was estimated for HDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Greek-style yogurt market continues to experience prosperous growth, finding the most appropriate destination for yogurt acid whey (YAW) is still a challenge for Greek yogurt manufacturers. This study provides a direct alternative treatment of YAW by leveraging the abilities of Mucor circinelloides and Mucor genevensis to raise the pH of YAW and to produce fungal biomass with a high lipid content. Aerobic cultivations of these species were conducted in YAW, both with and without the addition of lactase, at 30 °C, and 200 rpm agitation. The density, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), biomass production, lipid content, fatty acid profile, and sugar and lactic acid concentrations were regularly measured throughout the 14-day cultivations. The data showed that M. genevensis was superior at deacidifying YAW to a pH above 6.0—the legal limit for disposing of cultured dairy waste. On the other hand, M. circinelloides generated more fungal biomass, containing up to 30% w/w of lipid with high proportions of oleic acid and γ-linolenic acid. Additionally, the treatments with lactase addition showed a significant decrease in the BOD. In conclusion, our results present a viable treatment to increase the pH of YAW and decrease its BOD, meanwhile generating fungal oils that can be further transformed into biodiesel or processed into functional foods or dietary supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering sustainable bioprocesses that convert abundant waste into fuels is pivotal for efficient production of renewable energy. We previously engineered an Escherichia coli strain for optimized bioethanol production from lactose-rich wastewater like concentrated whey permeate (CWP), a dairy effluent obtained from whey valorization processes. Although attractive fermentation performances were reached, significant improvements are required to eliminate recombinant plasmids, antibiotic resistances and inducible promoters, and increase ethanol tolerance. Here, we report a new strain with chromosomally integrated ethanologenic pathway under the control of a constitutive promoter, without recombinant plasmids and resistance genes. The strain showed extreme stability in 1-month subculturing, with CWP fermentation performances similar to the ethanologenic plasmid-bearing strain. We then investigated conditions enabling efficient ethanol production and sugar consumption by changing inoculum size and CWP concentration, revealing toxicity- and nutritional-related bottlenecks. The joint increase of ethanol tolerance, via adaptive evolution, and supplementation of small ammonium sulphate amounts (0.05% w/v) enabled a fermentation boost with 6.6% v/v ethanol titer, 1.2 g/L/h rate, 82.5% yield, and cell viability increased by three orders of magnitude. Our strain has attractive features for industrial settings and represents a relevant improvement in the existing ethanol production biotechnologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing population and wealth brings increasing demand for dairy products, so sustainable growth of dairy production will be needed. We explore the possible contribution of oilseed waste, in particular rapeseed meal, to improved milk yields and quality. Addition of 500 g of rapeseed meal to the daily feed of Holstein dairy cattle contributed to a 12.7% increase in the gross milk yield compared to the control group of dairy cows, as well as increase in the milk's butterfat, protein and lactose content. The norm for adding rapeseed meal to the basic diet of dairy cattle is justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Membrane technology is used in different applications. In this work, a whey‐based product with a final protein content of 16% has been formulated from Scotta – the last waste of the dairy industry – by cross‐flow ultrafiltration (UF) membrane followed by vacuum evaporation (EV). Until now, Scotta was only revalorized in conjunction with whey and into the biogas production process. It was never revalorized as food in the food supply chain. UF and EV processes led to an overall water amount removed from the whey of 84.9%. A vertical configuration of the polyethersulfone (PES) hollow‐fibre membrane was used in the OUT‐to‐IN structure. At 1.50 bar of pressure with 120 min of time interval, higher permeate flow decay has been obtained with a further reduction of the microbiological environments. A combination of intermediate and standard blocking seems to happen in all membranes, but concentration polarisation (CP) may be neglected for membranes with high fibres. The best EV operating conditions have been obtained at ten bars, with 37°C of the heating bath and 2.5 h of time, further preventing microorganism formation and protein denaturation. For future applications of Scotta revalorized in a food, it would be interesting to investigate the use of the multistage methods of membrane and evaporators to obtain a low specific energy consumption and to reduce costs further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The current use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers harms the environment, alternative substitutions using organic materials are needed. One of them is utilizing the dairy industry sludge waste to become a Super Liquid Fertilizer (SLF). This study aimed to analyze the nutrient quality of SLF (a dairy industry sludge waste that was added to some the microbial activators). Method The types of microbes and the number of nutrients in pure sludge were identified, followed by composed SLF and applied to the larvae of Spodoptera litura to see the pathogenicity. Data were analyzed using SPSS.26 software. Results The types of microbes that exist in the pure sludge waste of the dairy industry are dominated by Pseudomonas bacteria, as much as 50%. The nutrient content of SLF is appropriate to Indonesia's national standard for liquid organic fertilizer. Analysis of varian (ANOVA) analysis shows that the addition of activator microbe at P3 is the best. The number of microbes in SLF is significantly different (P < 0.05) at each treatment, where P3 is the best treatment. The pathogenicity of SLF is also good, as evidenced by the motility of the Spodoptera litura reaching 98% in the P5 treatment for 96 hours. Conclusion This research has succeeded in producing SLF with the nutritional value of nutrients that are close to the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture. The number of bacterial colonies in SLF is more than 106 CFU/mL, especially in the P3 treatment. SLF can kill Spodoptera litura caterpillars in a time period of 46 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disposal of excess milk can pose significant challenges for dairy farms during supply chain disruptions, extreme weather events, or plant closures. Improper disposal methods risk causing environmental damage, public health issues, and regulatory violations. This study evaluates three on-farm milk disposal methods, lagoon discharge, composting, and land application, to guide the effective management of large-scale milk disposal events. Laboratory experiments assessed the impact of milk disposal on lagoon water quality, highlighting that lagoon discharge was feasible for large-scale operations but increased total solids and chemical oxygen demand (COD), potentially overloading the system's treatment capacity. Similarly, experiments on composting showed that adding milk enhanced compost quality but required careful monitoring to prevent moisture imbalance and odors. For land application, experiments demonstrated improvements in soil health and plant growth but also revealed risks of nutrient imbalance and gas emissions, particularly at higher application rates. Dividing milk into smaller, multiple applications consistently reduced adverse impacts across all methods. Each method's suitability depends on farm size, infrastructure, and disposal volume. Lagoon discharge is better suited for large farms with sufficient capacity to manage treatment risks. Composting works well for smaller volumes, while land application benefits soil health when carefully managed. The findings have practical applications in helping dairy farms select appropriate disposal strategies, minimizing environmental harm, and complying with regulations during large-scale milk disposal events. Additionally, this study serves as a foundation for creating more comprehensive guidelines and strategies to address milk disposal challenges, fostering sustainable practices across diverse agricultural settings. • This study evaluates challenges in milk disposal by examining three on-farm disposal methods: lagoon discharge, composting, and land application. • Lagoon discharge handles large volumes but needs careful treatment management. • Composting enhances soil health but requires moisture and odor control. • Land application boosts plant growth but must avoid environmental harm. • Guidance is provided for dairy farms to minimize milk disposal impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hydrochar composition was investigated in relation to its potential phytotoxicity. • Hydrochar shows high content of aliphatic, easily degradable molecules. • High doses of hydrochar can cause phenomena of phytotoxicity. • Stabilized hydrochar can contribute to the soil organic matter balance. • Mix of hydrochar and compost shows high fertilizer performances. In this study, hydrochar (HC), a carbon-rich product originated from hydrothermal conversion treatment (HTC), was obtained from wastes of the wine and dairy industries. The effect of mixing secondary char and compost was tested, before and after the aerobic mixing of compost (COM) and HC at increasing doses (from 15 to 75 Mg ha−1 DM), in an effort to lower the HC phytotoxicity due to potential phytotoxic compounds of secondary char. The results indicated that, after the aerobic stabilization, the mix HC/COM was able to double the plant growth in comparison to COM alone. The presence of easily degradable organic compounds probably led to poor stability of HC, increased microbial activity and, consequently, root anoxia when used at high doses. Chemical, spectroscopic and thermal investigation confirmed this hypothesis. In particular, HC shows a high content of dissolved organic matter, characterized by the presence of small molecules, which is negatively correlated with the growth index of lettuce. Furthermore, thermal characterization suggests a higher proportion of less complex and thermally stable molecular compounds in HC in comparison to COM. Therefore, co-composting of HC allows obtaining a useful amendment to support soil organic matter and fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymers of different natures (carbohydrates, proteins, etc.) recovered from by-products of industrial processes are increasingly being studied to obtain biomaterials as alternatives to conventional plastics, thus contributing to the implementation of a circular economy. The food industry generates huge amounts of by-products and waste, including unsold food products that reach the end of their shelf life and are no longer usable in the food chain. Milk proteins can be easily separated from dairy waste and adapted into effective bio-based polymeric materials. Firstly, this review describes the relevant properties of milk proteins and the approaches to modifying them for subsequent use. Then, we provide an overview of recent studies on the development of films and coatings based on milk proteins and, where available, their applications in food packaging. Comparisons among published studies were made based on the formulation as well as production conditions and technologies. The role of different additives and modifiers tested for the performances of films and coatings, such as water vapor permeability, tensile strength, and elongation at break, were reviewed. This review also outlines the limitations of milk-protein-based materials, such as moisture sensitivity and brittleness. Overall, milk proteins hold great potential as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based polymers. However, their use in food packaging materials at an industrial level remains problematic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of a circular economy can be utilized in the process of starting a dairy cattle enterprise. A circular economy is not only a chance to lessen the amount of waste produced by dairy farms and cut down on the amount of pollution that is released into the environment, but also an attempt to maximize the number of advantages that are shared between the economy and the environment. A circular economy can be implemented at any level, from the micro-level (businesses and customers) to the meso-level (eco-industrial zones), and all the way up to the macro-level (city, province, or country). The identification of circular economy practices is possible through the use of Circular Performance Indicators (CPIs). The purpose of this research is to identify circular economy practices based on CPIs at the micro-level, with a focus on the Taruna Mukti Farmer Group in the Bandung Regency of West Java, Indonesia. Based on our research, it is found that the identified CPIs achieve an average score of 2.57, with an achievement level value of 85.5% (very good). The results of the MICMAC analysis show that the key indicator in the CPIs of livestock waste management in the Taruna Mukti Farmer Group is additional income/income from the processing of livestock waste (C1). There is a relationship between the management of livestock waste in the Taruna Mukti Farmer Group and the circular economy concept based on Circular Performance Indicators. Farmers see the aspect of economic profit (economic motive) as important in the management of livestock waste. Marketing and sales strategies will have a big influence on the system of converting livestock waste into organic fertilizer. The higher the sales volume, the higher the level of profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy sector in Bangladesh releases huge amounts of wastewater in the open environment. Dairy wastewater is enriched with hazardous contaminants, which can cause various health complications. The objective of this study was to evaluate the water quality of dairy wastewater by determining the physicochemical properties of tap water and wastewater from three farms from the Islamnagar zone, Savar, Dhaka, and also to assess the significant impacts of wastewater on the environment. The most important physicochemical properties investigated include pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and microbial colony count. The results revealed that in tap water, the pH ranged from 7.11 to 7.20, and in wastewater, it ranged from 7.30 to 7.77. The TDS in tap water ranged from 109 to 116 mg/L, and in wastewater, it ranged from 451 to 2000 mg/L. The EC values were found in tap water from 0.22 to 0.23 mS/cm, whereas in wastewater, they ranged from 0.86 to 13.20 mS/cm. Additionally, for DO, the tap water ranged from 4.21 to 6.25 mg/L; in wastewater, it ranged from 0.98 to 1.86 mg/L. The pH and TDS stayed within the standard limits in the physical–chemical parameters assessed. However, the EC and DO are not within the DoE (Department of Environment, Bangladesh)-allowed limits. In addition, more microbial colonies have occurred in wastewater than in tap water. The study demonstrates that the discharge of dairy wastewater in the open field is detrimental to our ecosystem, and a proper treatment facility is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy waste scum obtained from the downstream milk production process is a potential source to produce biodiesel. It's a less dense floating solid mass that primarily consists of triglycerides and fatty acids, which are important constituents for fuel. The present study aims to produce biodiesel using dairy waste scum by a transesterification process using NaOH/KOH catalysts. The present work identifies the better catalyst between two alkaline catalysts NaOH and KOH, using low-cost methodologies. The preliminary confirmation characteristics, such as density, calorific value, Kinematic Viscosity, Specific Gravity, Flash Point, and Fire Point will support the formation of synthesised biodiesel via the proposed methodology. The experimental results lead to a yield of 89.02% of biodiesel using NaOH catalyst with optimised process parameters of the temperature of 55°C, the reaction time of 120 min, and catalyst loading of 1 wt./wt.%. Finally, biodiesel was tested for emission and combustion characteristics in a CI engine. To optimise the process parameters, the response surface methodology (RSM) along with Bootstrap estimation has been performed using MINITAB19. Furthermore, the experimental and predicted yields obtained from ANOVA were reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Whey is a by-product of paneer, cheese and casein industry and considered as a dairy waste. Worldwide, approximately 180–1,900 million tons of whey is produced annually. Whey is classified as a high pollutant due to its organic matter level. Owing to its high chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand, it is a big threat to the environment. Whey contains 4.5%–5.0% lactose, 0.6%–0.7% protein, 0.4%–0.5% lipids, vitamins and minerals. Due to its high nutritional profile, it is a good substrate for the microorganisms for production of natural pigments. The purpose of this paper is to review the utilization of low cost substrate (whey) for production of various types of pigments and their applications in different sectors. Design/methodology/approach: The databases for the search included: Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Research gate and Google. The main search was directed towards different types of natural pigments, stability, technologies for enhancing their production and contribution towards circular economy. Approximately 100 research papers were initially screened. A global search was conducted about natural pigments. Research articles, review papers, books, articles in press and book chapters were the type of search for writing this review paper. Findings: Production of natural pigments using whey and their addition in food products not only improves the colour of food but also enhances the antioxidant properties of food products, helping the health benefits by chelating free radicals from the body. The sustainable use of whey for production of natural pigments can improve the bio-based economy of different industries and thereof the national economy. Originality/value: Efficient utilization of whey can bring a lot more opportunities for production of natural pigments in a sustainable manner. The sustainable approach and circular economy concepts will benefit the dependent industries and health conscious consumers. The potential uses of whey for the production of natural pigments using diverse organisms are highlighted in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy waste management to reduce environmental pollution through its utilization in various food and non-food products is a major concern of the dairy industry. Whey and buttermilk are regarded as the major waste materials of the dairy industry. Therefore, the current review aimed to summarize the various extraction methods and potential application of buttermilk and cheese whey in production of different products, i.e., microencapsulation matrix, beverages, baked products, microorganisms' cultivation, edible films, exopolysaccharides, organic acids, and essential fatty acids. These wasted components can be extracted from the dairy products by utilizing various extraction methods such as conventional homogenization, ultra-high-pressure homogenization, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration. In microencapsulation technology, these have been used to encapsulate various essential oils, probiotics and several bioactive substances. Whey and buttermilk-based beverages have also been prepared to accentuate their application in the beverage industry. Whey and buttermilk-based microbial fermented products have a significant role in value-added food production. Edible coatings prepared from whey protein concentrate are more accessible, environmentally friendly, nontoxic, and low cost. In addition, several bioactive substances such as exopolysaccharides, bioactive peptides, essential fatty acids, and organic acids have been extracted from the whey and buttermilk. Moreover, these have the potential to improve the physicochemical, organoleptic, and rheological properties (i.e. water absorption, gelatinization temperature, dough development time) of baked goods in the bakery industry. In conclusion, utilization of dairy waste materials in various products can be proved beneficial in introducing various dairy-based healthy products, reduction of environmental pollution and economic growth of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic liquid dairy digestate is a by-product of dairy waste anaerobic digestion from dairy operations and is associated with environmental risks if not handled properly, particularly nutrient leaching losses, water contaminations, and greenhouse gas emissions. We tested the applications of anerobic digestate (AD) as a biofertilizer and water source in greenhouse vegetable production to integrate food production and industry waste management for sustainable environments. We used a deep water culture system to assess the effects of AD effluent alone, inorganic nutrient solution (NS), and a combination of AD and NS on the growth, yield, and phytonutrient profile and heavy metal contamination assessment of hydroponically produced lettuce. Lettuce produced in AD had a lower leaf area, total chlorophyll content, and fresh biomass; however, it displayed significantly higher chicoric acid (200%), chlorogenic acid (67%), luteolin (800%), quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide (378%), quercetin-3-glucoside (200%), quercetin-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-β-D-glucoside (1077%), folate (248%), pantothenic acid (200%), total phenolics (111%), total antioxidants (44%), and soluble sugars (253%) compared to control (inorganic feed). The AD-produced lettuce also showed significantly lower heavy metal bioaccumulation risks associated with the human consumption. Based on various results, we may conclude that AD utilization in hydroponics can offer a sustainable solution to harvest a better lettuce yield, higher phytonutrients, and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous use of synthetic fertilizer can lead to the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil. The use of organic amendment can reduce the solubility of heavy metals such as Pb and Cd in soil. The experiment was undertaken to determine the decline of soluble Pb and Cd in polluted soils treated with dairy cattle waste-based vermicompost. The study used two soil samples; Inceptisols collected from Air Duku Village and Entisol from Beringin Raya Village, Bengkulu, Indonesia. Entisols and Inceptisols contained 2.0 and 0.4 mg kg-1 soluble Pb and 0.7 and 0.8 mg kg-1soluble Cd, respectively. The samples were pretreated with either 100 ppm Pb or Cd. Vermicompost was applied at the rate of 0, 10, 20, and 30 Mg ha-1 on samples of Inceptisols and Entisol, arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The mixture was incubated for eight weeks. After the incubation ended, the soil sample was analyzed for soluble Pb and Cd using DTPA extraction before detection using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The study resulted that the soluble Pb and Cd significantly reduced with vermicompost treatment, being the lowest was at the rate of 30 Mg ha-1. Furthermore, the decreased soluble Pb and Cd was more substantial in Inceptisols than Entisols. Soluble Pb in both soils was lower than Cd, suggesting a higher retention affinity of the former. This study summarizes that vermicompost at the rate of 30 Mg ha-1 effectively immobilizes Pb and Cd in contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome-editing toolboxes are essential for the exploration and exploitation of nonconventional yeast species as cell factories, as they facilitate both genome studies and metabolic engineering. The nonconventional yeast Candida intermedia is a biotechnologically interesting species due to its capacity to convert a wide range of carbon sources, including xylose and lactose found in forestry and dairy industry waste and side-streams, into added-value products. However, possibilities of genetic manipulation have so far been limited due to lack of molecular tools for this species. We describe here the development of a genome editing method for C. intermedia, based on electroporation and gene deletion cassettes containing the Candida albicans NAT1 dominant selection marker flanked by 1000 base pair sequences homologous to the target loci. Linear deletion cassettes targeting the ADE2 gene originally resulted in <1% targeting efficiencies, suggesting that C. intermedia mainly uses nonhomologous end joining for integration of foreign DNA fragments. By developing a split-marker based deletion technique for C. intermedia, we successfully improved the homologous recombination rates, achieving targeting efficiencies up to 70%. For marker-less deletions, we also employed the split-marker cassette in combination with a recombinase system, which enabled the construction of double deletion mutants via marker recycling. Overall, the split-marker technique proved to be a quick and reliable method for generating gene deletions in C. intermedia, which opens the possibility to uncover and enhance its cell factory potential. This article describes the development of genome editing tools for the CTG clade yeast Candida intermedia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is to critically analyse and draw quantitative balance indicators of several projects concerning process optimization, resources, and energy recovery from dairies wastes. Analysed quantitative data were collected by auditing activities and design studies in Eastern Europe and Asia, aimed at supporting the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) for better performances and reduction of global environmental impact of their customer Companies. Suggestions for the recovery of waste in the given sector are outlined discussing results from actual case-studies for recycling dairy waste and obtaining valuable products, seeking to contribute to increase income, as well as to minimize waste generation and GHGs emissions. Results evidencing the benefits of biomass valorisation to produce energy by-products can provide practical indications for dairy plant companies that are considering the issues of economic and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cheese whey management and disposal is a major issue for dairy industries due to its high level of chemical and biochemical oxygen demand. However, it can still represent a source of nutrients (i.e., sugars, proteins and lipids) that can be applied, among other options, as substrate for microbial growth. Yarrowia lipolytica can grow in different environments, consuming both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates, and tolerates high salt concentrations. In this work, the lipolytic and proteolytic profile of 20 strains of Y. lipolytica were tested on caseins and butter. Then, their growth potential was evaluated in four types of whey (caciotta, ricotta, squacquerone and their mix). Y. lipolytica showed a very strain-dependent behavior for both hydrolytic profiles and growth capabilities on the different substrates. The best growers for all the types of whey tested were PO1, PO2, and RO2, with the first one reaching up to 8.77 log cfu/mL in caciotta whey after 72 h. The volatile molecule profile of the samples incubated with the best growers were characterized by higher amounts of esters, acids, ketones and alcohols. In this way, cheese whey can become a source of microbial cultures exploitable in the dairy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to interactions with variety of environmental and physicochemical factors, the composition and diversity of bacteria and fungi in manure ectopic fermentation are constantly changing. The purpose of this study was to investigated bacterial and fungal changes in dairy manure ectopic fermentation, as well as the relationships between keystone species and physicochemical characteristics. Methods: Ectopic fermentation was carried out for 93 days using mattress materials, which was combined with rice husk and rice chaff (6:4, v/v), and dairy waste mixed with manure and sewage. Physicochemical characteristics (moisture content, pH, NH4+-N (NN), total organic carbon (TO), total nitrogen (TN) and the C/N ratio) of ectopic fermentation samples were measured, as well as enzymatic activity (cellulose, urease, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase). Furthermore, the bacterial and fungal communities were studied using 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequencing, as well as network properties and keystone species were analyzed. Results: During the ectopic fermentation, the main pathogenic bacteria reduced while fecal coliform increased. The C/N ratio gradually decreased, whereas cellulase and dehydrogenase remained at lower levels beyond day 65, indicating fermentation maturity and stability. During fermentation, the dominant phyla were Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria of bacteria, and Ascomycota of fungi, while bacterial and fungal community diversity changed dramatically and inversely. The association between physicochemical characteristics and community keystone taxon was examined, and C/N ratio was negative associated to keystone genus. Conclusion: These data indicated that microbial composition and diversity interacted with fermentation environment and parameters, while regulation of keystone species management of physicochemical factors might lead to improved maturation rate and quality during dairy manure ectopic fermentation. These findings provide a reference to enhance the quality and efficiency of waste management on dairy farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years new sustainable technology for wastewater treatment has emerged, and among them, forward osmosis (FO) has gained importance. FO utilizes osmotic pressure difference across the semipermeable membrane as the driving force to concentrate the wastewater. Further, the surface and physical properties of the semipermeable FO membrane play a crucial role during the FO process in reducing the internal concentration polarization. In general, FO membranes are prepared using cellulose acetate (CA) polymer due to their high hydrophilic nature. However, CA membranes are mechanically unstable for the FO process. Hence, to increase the mechanical strength and flexibility of CA, other polymers are blended along with it. In this present study, we have prepared a phase-inversion membrane using CA blended with polycaprolactone (PCL) polymers. Further, to increase the hydrophilicity of the membrane, a thin-film composite (TFC) layer of polyamide is coated using interfacial polymerization. To increase the antifouling properties of the membrane, graphene oxide (GO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) are incorporated inside the TFC matrix. The prepared NPs and membrane were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXD), and contact angle. Further, the GO-CuO incorporated TFC coating has improved the hydrophilicity and antifouling properties of the membrane. It was observed that the water flux has increased up to 5 LMH, and reverse solute flux has reduced to 4 GMH. Further, the membrane was utilized to concentrate in situ prepared dairy waste. It was observed that after 60 min of the FO process, the concentration of dairy waste had increased to 23%, with a concentration factor of 0.903. Thus, a prepared TFC phase inversion membrane is potential for dairy wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline proteases are the most important group of industrial enzymes that hydrolyse the peptide bond of proteins into small peptides. The industrial demand of alkaline protease predominantly from the microbial origin has been recently increased and enhances the research for alkaline protease with high stability at extreme industrial conditions. Thus, this study is aimed to characterize the alkaline protease from bacterial isolate, Bacillus subtilis VBC7 screened from dairy waste dumped soil. Extracellular alkaline protease production was carried out in alkaline broth by submerged fermentation. The production medium with 10% ground nut extract at pH 10 and 40 °C enhanced the alkaline protease activity (712 U/mL) than other wastes such as coconut pulp extract and sesame seed extract. This optimized media increased the bacterial growth rate and activity of alkaline protease compared to the unsupplemented basal medium. Further, alkaline protease was partially purified and assessed their molecular weight (~30 k Da) in 12 % SDS -PAGE. The enzyme activity was observed at pH 10 and 40 °C and stable over a wide range of pH (5-12), and temperatures (10-70 °C). In addition, enzyme activity was stimulated in the presence of Mg2+, Ca2+ and Mn2+ and was unpretentious after treating with surfactants (SDS, Triton X-100, Tween 80), organic solvents (ethanol, methanol, chloroform, acetone and hexane) and protease inhibitors (EDTA and β-mercaptoethanol). These compatible features could lead the enzyme as a potential candidate among the industrial sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste-based biorefineries are considered an essential concept for the implementation of a sustainable circular economy. In this study, cheese whey powder (CWP), a dairy industry waste, was utilized to produce cyclosporin A (CsA). As it is difficult to valorize CWP because its components vary depending on the origin, a process for sugar conversion via acid hydrolysis was designed to obtain reproducible results using refined whey powder (WP) of a consistent quality. Acid hydrolysis was carried out using 2% (w/w) HCl and biomass loading of 50 g/L at 121 °C for 20 min. CWP hydrolysates were utilized to ferment Tolypocladium inflatum ATCC 34921. CsA production was found to be 51.3 mg/L at 12 days, a 1.4-fold increase compared to the control (commercial glucose, 36.3 mg/L). Our results showed that 100 g CWP can be converted to 81.8 mg of CsA. This finding demonstrated that CWP can be used as a sustainable feedstock for biorefineries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand of the world energy consumption has made it necessary to shift energy technologies toward renewable energy sources. The sustainability of feedstock can be maintained when utilizing feedstock from waste sources, such as dairy waste, food waste, and others. Dairy waste is one of the cheapest sources available. The compositions of dairy waste scum, including free fatty acids (8–10 %), triglycerides (more than 80 % in dry bases), and fats around 60 %, which have the potential to be used as the feedstock for biodiesel production in the presence of certain catalysts. To ensure more sustainability, the catalyst should be derived from waste (e.g., eggshells and cow bones) that consists of calcium oxide, which can then be used to catalyze the transesterification of dairy waste. This review emphasizes the current production of dairy waste globally and the potential of the waste and other types of organic waste as feedstock for biodiesel production, as well as determines the optimum reaction conditions for high‐quality biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased added sugar consumption is associated with type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Low and no-calorie alternative sweeteners have long been used as an aid in the reduction of added sugar. Unfortunately, these alternative sweeteners often have notable sensory deficits when compared to sucrose. Furthermore, many alternative sweeteners have synthetic origins, while consumers are increasingly turning to foods from natural origins, and from more sustainable sources. Such sweeteners include the rare sugar allulose, which can be manufactured from common agricultural waste and dairy co-product streams, and is reported to have a sensory profile similar to sucrose. This study aimed to determine the influence of the rare sugar allulose on consumer perception of sweetened vanilla yogurt. Participants were recruited to evaluate 4 vanilla yogurts sweetened with either sucrose, allulose, stevia or sucralose, and to rate their liking of the samples overall, and for flavor, texture, and their purchase intent. Statistical analysis of hedonic data from 100 consumers suggested that allulose performed similarly to sucrose in liking and purchase intent, and superior to other sweeteners tested in this study, with fewer off-flavors. Moreover, when consumers were queried on their purchase intent after learning details on the sweetener for each formulation, allulose scored significantly higher than all other formulations in purchase intent. This study highlights the potential of the rare sugar allulose as a low calorie, zero glycemic index, natural and better tasting sugar replacement in sweetened yogurt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biologically-derived polymers polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable and can be considered a valuable alternative to conventional fossil-based plastics. However, upstream and downstream processes for PHA production are characterized by high energy and chemical consumption and are not economically competitive with petroleum-based polymers. Aiming to improve both the environmental and economical sustainability of PHAs production, in this work, corn straw was used as raw material to obtain a mixture of fermentable sugars after microwave-assisted flash hydrolysis (2 min, 0.01 g/L, 50.7% yield). A mixed microbial culture enriched from dairy industry waste was used for fermentation in a shake flask, allowing us to achieve good poly(hydroxy-butyrate-co-hydroxy-valerate) yields (41.4%, after 72 h of fermentation). A scale-up in a stirred tank bioreactor (3 L) gave higher yields (76.3%, after 96 h), allowing in both cases to achieve a concentration of 0.42 g/L in the fermentation medium. The possibility of producing PHAs from agricultural waste using a mixed microbial culture from the food industry with enabling technologies could make the production of biopolymers more competitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development favours integration between different sectors to facilitate effective utilisation of natural resources. In this regard, the objective of this work was to investigate the use, in the building industry, of the following two components derived from cow milk that is unfit for human consumption: a biodegradable release agent composed of milk fat and used soybean oil; and cementitious mortar composed of a biodegradable admixture of protein complexes (whey and κ-casein). Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy analyses were performed to examine the morphology and chemical structure/curing process of the materials, respectively. Finally, the results were used to demonstrate that the products obtained from milk waste are viable for use in cementitious compounds. It was observed that the bio-release agent aided the demoulding process of the specimens in both moulds and did not decrease the compressive strength of the specimens. As regards the biopolymer, an increase in the compressive strength of the samples was observed at all ages, thus indicating a positive effect compared with that of commercial plasticisers in the 90-day samples.

Microalgae are known for producing various biotechnological products. Moreover, they absorb nutrients from dairy wastewater, grow well, and accumulate valuable compounds faster. In this study, photoautotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation with different initial lactose concentrations present in cheese whey (CW) were established to investigate their effect on cell concentration (Xm, mg L-1), cell productivity (Px, mg L-1day-1), and specific cell growth (µmax, day-1) of Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella tertiolecta, and Tetradesmus obliquus. The biomass production of C. vulgaris (Xm= 1,520 ± 30.3 mg L-1, Px = 147 ± 3.00 mg L-1, and µmax = 0.150 ± 0.00 mg L-1) in mixotrophic culture with 10.0 g L-1 of lactose, the main constituent of CW, was notably enhanced by 55% in comparison with their photoautotrophic cultures, whereas a lower effect of these lactose concentrations on cell growth was observed in T. obliquus and D. tertiolecta. Thus, mixotrophic cultivation of C. vulgaris using CW as a carbon and energy source could be considered a feasible alternative to obtain high value-added biomass.

The International Water Association’s (IWA) established Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) was created to serve as a backup for experimental findings regarding the actual anaerobic digestion process. The previous model idea was adjusted and used to simulate an anaerobic digestion process in this study. Testing procedures, such as benchmark tests and balance checks, were performed in order to verify the accuracy of the implementation. These measures worked in tandem to ensure that the model was implemented flawlessly and without inconsistencies. The primary objective of this article is to construct a method that is based on the ADM1 for evaluating co-digestion and predicting the performance of the digestion process or methane yield based on the analyzed substrates’ physicochemical properties. Additional equations and simulations have been added to the standard model to create tools for evaluating the feasibility of anaerobic co-digestion. The study’s two most intriguing aspects are the optimal mixture and parameter dependence. The adjusted ADM1 is accurate in predicting the measured values of effluent COD, pH, methane, and produced biogas flows with a reasonable degree of accuracy, according to the validation results. This research shows how to use ADM1 in a wastewater treatment plant and other settings where anaerobic digestion is of interest.