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The necessity to handle heat loads in the MW/m2 range has become increasingly prevalent in a number of industries. Termed high-heat flux cooling, some of the most challenging conditions in this field occur at the first wall and divertor regions of a fusion tokamak. Steady-state heat fluxes here may reach values in excess of 10 MW/m2 in some areas for a first stage DEMO. The situation is exasperated further by the environment within the machine, which severely alters material properties with time. Even coolant choice itself can have an impact beyond thermal considerations through tritium inventory and neutron activation. Successfully addressing these issues is of critical importance to the development of commercial fusion power. A number of heat sink modules utilising jet impingement in a flat plate geometry were manufactured using diffusion bonding. Each sample produced was subject to leak and hydrostatic pressure measurements, together with further non-destructive analyses. Thermo-fluid measurements were performed on the components in a purpose built facility employing water as the coolant at pressures of up to 200 bar. To replicate the thermal boundary conditions a resistive thin-film heater technique was utilised. This allowed heat fluxes in the MW/m2 range to be applied to the modules. The results indicate that the concept may be a viable alternative heat sink candidate for first wall or divertor applications in a DEMO, but that further research is required to optimise certain aspects of the design.

A multiscale investigation was pursued in order to obtain the strain distribution and evolution during tensile testing both at the macro- and micro-scale for a diffusion bonded 316L stainless steel. The samples were designed for the purpose to demonstrate that the bond line properties were equal or better than the parent material in a sample geometry that was extracted from a larger component. The macroscopic stress-strain curves were coupled to the strain distributions using a camera-based 2D – Digital Image Correlation system. Results showed significant amount of plastic deformation predominantly concentrated in shear bands which were extended over a large region, crossing through the joint area. Yet it was not possible to be certain whether the joint has shown significant plastic deformation. In order to obtain the joints’ mechanical response in more detail, in situ micromechanical testing was conducted in the SEM chamber that allowed areas of 1x1 mm2 and 50x50 mm2 to be investigated.\ud \ud The size of the welded region was rather small to be accurately captured from the camera based DIC system. Therefore a microscale investigation was pursued where the samples were tested within an SEM chamber. Low magnification SEM imaging was utilised in order to cover a viewing area of 1 mm×1 mm while high magnification SEM imaging was employed to provide evidence of the occurrence of plastic deformation within the joint, at an area of just 50 μm×50 μm. The strain evolution over the microstructural level, within the joint and at the base material was obtained. The local strains were highly non-homogeneous through the whole test. Final failure occurred approximately 0.2 mm away from the joint. Large local strains were measured within the joint region, while SEM imaging showed that plastic deformation occurs via the formation of strong slip bands, followed by the activation of additional slip systems upon further plastic deformation which end up in additional slip bands to form on the surface. Plastic deformation occurred by slip and twinning mechanisms. Upon necking, significant out of plane deformations and slip deformation mechanisms were observed which suggested that plastic deformation was also happening at the last stages of damage evolution for the specific alloy. This was also evident from the large difference between the 600 MPa UTS stress value and the low stress values before final failure (which in many cases was below 30 MPa).

The drive of low-energy nuclear astrophysics laboratories is to study the reactions of importance to stellar burning processes and elemental production through stellar nucleosynthesis, over the energy range of astrophysical interest. As laboratory measurements approach the stellar burning window, the rapid drop off of cross-sections is a significant barrier and drives the need to lower background interference. The natural background suppression of underground accelerator facilities enables the extension of current experimental data to lower energies. An example of such reactions of interest are those thought to be sources of neutrons for the s-process, the major production mechanism for elements above the iron peak. The reactions 13 C(α,n)16 O and 22 Ne(α,n)25 Mg are the proposed initial focus of the new nuclear astrophysics accelerator laboratory (CASPAR) currently under construction at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, South Dakota

Equilibrium charge state fractions have been measured for 3–7 MeV lithium, boron and carbon ions passing through thin foils of copper, silver, and gold. The current results are combined with other low-Z ion data from the literature to give the relative influence of different target materials on charge exchange processes. The mean charge of the projectile, the functional form of the charge state distribution, and the charge state distribution width are parameters used to examine the effects of the electronic structure on charge exchange for various target-projectile combinations. Projectile shell structure is found to have a large influence on the widths of the charge state.

This paper presents a new type of series ac-processing pickup used in inductive-power-transfer applications. The proposed pickup uses an ac switch operating under zero-current-switching conditions in series with a resonant network to produce a controllable ac voltage source suitable for driving incandescent lights. When a rectifier is cascaded onto this pickup, it can also produce a precisely controlled dc voltage. This topology eliminates the need to use an extra buck converter after the traditional series pickup for controlling the output load voltage to a desired value, which may be different from the induced voltage of the pickup. Furthermore, this pickup has the ability to control the inductor current directly, and hence, eliminate the transient inrush current at startup for the series-tuned resonant tank. The circuit is analytically analyzed and the maximum efficiency for a 1.2-kW prototype is measured to be 93%.

We report on the growth of ultra-thin bismuth (Bi) films on the basal plane of highly ordered pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) substrates; we investigate the morphologies of films grown at room temperature and then annealed at high temperature, and the morphologies of Bi structures grown at high temperature. Films grown at room temperature nucleate flat islands on the HOPG terraces, and 1D nanorods from HOPG step edges, the islands and rods both have heights in the range 1–3 nm. During annealing, the flat islands break up into groups of aligned, ∼ 2.5 nm tall rods. For films grown at high temperature, terrace nucleation is almost nonexistent, and 1D structures grow from step edges, with heights up to 30 nm. Finally, we observe rods with distinctively different morphologies corresponding to (110) and (111) orientations, and infer a surface energy driven Bi(110) to Bi(111) orientation transition. We speculate that the dominant mechanism for the reorientation is coalescence.

Equilibrium charge state distributions of boron and carbon ions through carbon and aluminum targets were measured with an energy range of 3–6 MeV. Comparisons of the data with relevant semi-empirical models for the equilibrium mean charge states and for the charge state distribution widths could provide valuable insight on the underlying mechanisms for a fast ion to lose or capture electrons. In-depth examinations of the experimental results in combination with semi-empirical models suggest that equilibrium charge state distributions are well represented by Gaussian distributions.

Treatment delivery with active beam scanning in proton radiation therapy introduces the problem of interplay effects when pencil beam motion occurs on a similar time scale as intra-fractional tumor motion. In situations where fractionation may not provide enough repetition to blur the effects of interplay, repeated delivery or 'repainting' of each field several times within a fraction has been suggested. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effectiveness of different repainting strategies in proton beam scanning. To assess the dosimetric impact of interplay effects, we performed a series of simulations considering the following parameters: tumor motion amplitude, breathing period, asymmetry in the motion trajectory for the target and time required to change the beam energy for the delivery system. Several repainting strategies were compared in terms of potential vulnerability to a dose delivery error. Breathing motion perpendicular to the beam direction (representing superior-inferior type tumor motion in patients) was considered and modeled as an asymmetric sine function with a peak-to-peak amplitude of between 10 and 30 mm. The results show that motion effects cause a narrowing of the high-dose profile and widening of the penumbra. The 90% isodose area was reduced significantly when considering a large motion amplitude of 3 cm. The broadening of the penumbra appears to depend only on the amplitude of tumor motion (assuming harmonic motion). The delivered dose exhibits a shift of 10-15% of the tumor amplitude (or 1-5 mm) in the caudal direction due to breathing asymmetry observed for both sin(4)(x) and sin(6)(x) motion. Of the five repainting techniques studied, so-called 'breath sampling' turned out to be most effective in reducing dose errors with a minimal increase in treatment time. In this method, each energy level is repainted at several evenly spaced times within one breathing period. To keep dose delivery errors below 5% while minimizing treatment time, it is recommended that breath sampling repainting be employed using 5-10 paintings per field for an assumed tumor volume of 8.5 x 8.5 x 10 cm(3). For smaller tumor volumes more repaintings will be required, while for larger volumes five repaintings should be sufficient to achieve the required dose accuracy.

We report on the first measurement of 39Ar in argon from underground natural gas reservoirs. The gas stored in the US National Helium Reserve was found to contain a low level of 39Ar. The ratio of 39Ar to stable argon was found to be, 6 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables

The purpose of this study was to develop a novel algorithm to create a robust internal respiratory signal (IRS) for retrospective sorting of four-dimensional (4D) computed tomography (CT) images.The proposed algorithm combines information from the Fourier transform of the CT images and from internal anatomical features to form the IRS. The algorithm first extracts potential respiratory signals from low-frequency components in the Fourier space and selected anatomical features in the image space. A clustering algorithm then constructs groups of potential respiratory signals with similar temporal oscillation patterns. The clustered group with the largest number of similar signals is chosen to form the final IRS. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, the IRS was computed and compared with the external respiratory signal from the real-time position management (RPM) system on 80 patients.In 72 (90%) of the 4D CT data sets tested, the IRS computed by the authors' proposed algorithm matched with the RPM signal based on their normalized cross correlation. For these data sets with matching respiratory signals, the average difference between the end inspiration times (Δtins) in the IRS and RPM signal was 0.11 s, and only 2.1% of Δtins were more than 0.5 s apart. In the eight (10%) 4D CT data sets in which the IRS and the RPM signal did not match, the average Δtins was 0.73 s in the nonmatching couch positions, and 35.4% of them had a Δtins greater than 0.5 s. At couch positions in which IRS did not match the RPM signal, a correlation-based metric indicated poorer matching of neighboring couch positions in the RPM-sorted images. This implied that, when IRS did not match the RPM signal, the images sorted using the IRS showed fewer artifacts than the clinical images sorted using the RPM signal.The authors' proposed algorithm can generate robust IRSs that can be used for retrospective sorting of 4D CT data. The algorithm is completely automatic and requires very little processing time. The algorithm is cost efficient and can be easily adopted for everyday clinical use.

Nitrosation of 2-chlorophenyl acetonitrile with t-butylnitrite under basic conditions (Meyer reaction) resulted in a high-yield preparation of the first substituted arylcyanoxime, 2-chlorophenyl(oximino)acetonitrile, H(2Cl–PhCO) (HL). The obtained cyanoxime is readily deprotonated in solution by metal hydroxides or carbonates with the formation of yellow sodium, tetrabutylammonium, thallium(I) and silver(I) derivatives. The crystal structure of the Tl(I) complex was determined. Thallium(I) salt (TlL) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 n with a = 3.8382(7), b = 11.0065(18), c = 20.901(4) A, and β = 92.447(3)°, V = 882.2(3) A3, Z = 4; T = 193 K (Mo Kα radiation). The structure was solved by direct methods to a final R of 0.0689 (wR2 = 0.1650) for I > 2σ(I). The crystal structure of the complex is a one-dimensional coordination polymer that consists of centrosymmetric [TlL]2 dimers in which Tl2O2 rhombohedra are connected to each other at 90.72°. The crystal structure of TlL is an interesting exa...

Background: Optical potentials are crucial ingredients for the prediction of nuclear reaction rates needed in simulations of the astrophysical $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ process. Associated uncertainties are particularly large for reactions involving $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles. This includes $(\ensuremath{\gamma},\ensuremath{\alpha})$ reactions which are of special importance in the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ process.Purpose: The measurement of $(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)$ reactions allows for an optimization of currently used $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-nucleus potentials. The reactions $^{165}\mathrm{Ho}$$(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)$ and $^{166}\mathrm{Er}$$(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)$ probe the optical model in a mass region where $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ process calculations exhibit an underproduction of $p$ nuclei which is not yet understood.Method: To investigate the energy-dependent cross sections of the reactions $^{165}\mathrm{Ho}$$(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)$ and $^{166}\mathrm{Er}$$(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)$ close to the reaction threshold, self-supporting metallic foils were irradiated with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles using the FN tandem Van de Graaff accelerator at the University of Notre Dame. The induced activity was determined afterwards by monitoring the specific $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay channels.Results: Hauser-Feshbach predictions with a widely used global $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ potential describe the data well at energies where the cross sections are almost exclusively sensitive to the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ widths. Increasing discrepancies appear towards the reaction threshold at lower energy.Conclusions: The tested global $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ potential is suitable at energies above 14 MeV, while a modification seems necessary close to the reaction threshold. Since the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and neutron widths show non-negligible impact on the predictions, complementary data are required to judge whether or not the discrepancies found can be solely assigned to the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ width.

Short-lived radionuclides (SLRs) with lifetimes τ < 100 Myr are known to have been extant when the Solar System formed over 4.5 billion years ago. Identifying the sources of SLRs is important for understanding the time scales of Solar System formation and processes that occurred early in its history. Extinct 36Cl (t1/2= 0.301 Myr) is thought to have been produced by interaction of solar energetic particles, emitted by the young Sun, with gas and dust in the nascent Solar System. However, models that calculate SLR production in the early Solar System lack experimental data for the 36Cl production reactions. We present here the first measurement of the cross section of one of the main 36Cl production reactions, 33S(α,p)36Cl, in the energy range 0.70–2.42 MeV/nucleon. The cross-section measurement was performed by bombarding a target and collecting the recoiled 36Cl atoms produced in the reaction, chemically processing the samples, and measuring the 36Cl/Cl ratio of the activated samples with accelerator mass spectrometry. The experimental results were found to be systematically higher than the cross sections used in previous local irradiation models and other Hauser-Feshbach calculated predictions. However, the effects of the experimentally measured cross sections on the modeled production of 36Cl in the early Solar System were found to be minimal. Reaction channels involving S targets dominate 36Cl production, but the astrophysical event parameters can dramatically change each reaction's relative contribution.

It is well known that the Chinese language does not have functional equivalents of the English definite and indefinite article. Correspondingly, there is plenty of observational evidence that Chinese learners have difficulty with the article system in English. In particular, these learners have a marked tendency to omit the article where native speakers of English would use one. In this article we report the results of an experimental investigation of the variable use of the definite and indefinite articles by 18 Chinese learners of English. A referential communication task was used to elicit samples of the speech of these learners which was rich in referring noun phrases. From the resulting corpus 1884 noun phrases were coded, using a taxonomy based on Hawkins' (1978) description of the definite and indefinite articles and demonstratives in English. The analysis shows an overall rate of 78% suppliance of articles in contexts where a native speaker would use the definite or indefinite article. Of the remaining 22% of contexts where articles are not used, we found that many of the instances of nonsuppliance of articles could be explained by three principles: 1) a syntactic principle of ‘determiner drop’, whereby an NP with definite or indefinite reference need not be overtly marked for [± definiteness] if it is included in the scope of the determiner of a preceding NP; 2) a ‘recoverability’ principle, whereby an NP need not be marked for [± definiteness] if the information encoded in this feature is recoverable from the context; and 3) a ‘lexical transfer principle’, whereby some of these learners are using demonstratives (particularly this) and the numeral one as markers of definiteness and indefiniteness respectively. However, these principles do not account for all the instances of non-native-like usage in the corpus. There remains a residue of 206 noun phrases without articles in contexts where native speakers would use an article.There are identical contexts, moreover, where these learners use the articles. We suggest that this evidence of unsystematic variation in the use of the articles by these learners lends support to the hypothesis that the optionality in the use of articles is due to difficulty acquiring the correct mapping from the surface features of definiteness and referentiality ( the, a, and the zero article Ø) onto the abstract features of the DP.

Cross section measurements of the reactions ${}^{90,92}$Zr($p$,$\ensuremath{\gamma}$)${}^{91,93}$Nb were performed using the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory Summing NaI(Tl) detector at the University of Notre Dame. These reactions are part of the nuclear reaction flow for the synthesis of the light $p$ nuclei. For the ${}^{90}$Zr($p$,$\ensuremath{\gamma}$)${}^{91}$Nb reaction the new measurement resolves the disagreement between previous results. For the ${}^{92}$Zr($p$,$\ensuremath{\gamma}$)${}^{93}$Nb reaction the present work reports the first measurement of this reaction cross section. Both reaction cross sections are compared to theoretical calculations and a very good agreement with the standard non-smoker model is observed.

A systematic study of the radiative proton capture reaction for all stable nickel isotopes is presented. The results were obtained using 2.0 - 6.0 MeV protons from the 11 MV tandem Van de Graaff accelerator at the University of Notre Dame. The \gamma-rays were detected by the NSCL SuN detector utilising the \gamma-summing technique. The results are compared to a compilation of earlier measurements and discrepancies between the previous data are resolved. The experimental results are also compared to the theoretical predictions obtained using the NON-SMOKER and SMARAGD codes. Based on these comparisons an improved set of astrophysical reaction rates is proposed for the (p,\gamma) reactions on the stable nickel isotopes as well as for the 56Ni(p,\gamma)57Cu reaction.

Neutrons produced by the carbon fusion reaction (12)C((12)C,n)(23)Mg play an important role in stellar nucleosynthesis. However, past studies have shown large discrepancies between experimental data and theory, leading to an uncertain cross section extrapolation at astrophysical energies. We present the first direct measurement that extends deep into the astrophysical energy range along with a new and improved extrapolation technique based on experimental data from the mirror reaction (12)C((12)C,p)(23)Na. The new reaction rate has been determined with a well-defined uncertainty that exceeds the precision required by astrophysics models. Using our constrained rate, we find that (12)C((12)C,n)(23)Mg is crucial to the production of Na and Al in pop-III pair instability supernovae. It also plays a nonnegligible role in the production of weak s-process elements, as well as in the production of the important galactic γ-ray emitter (60)Fe.

Experiments to measure Compton scattering from the proton are presently being pursued at a number of fa- cilities around the world, including MAMI (Mainz) and HIS at TUNL. Chiral effective field theory (�EFT) is one of the main theoretical techniques used to analyze p scattering data in the energy range !lab < 350 MeV. �EFT generates the most general Compton amplitude that is consistent with electromagnetic gauge invariance, the pattern of chiral-symmetry breaking in QCD, and Lorentz covariance, to any given order of the small pa- rameter P � {!,m�}/�, with ! the photon energy, m� the pion mass andthe breakdown scale of the theory. By now, �EFT calculations of the p amplitude ex- ist in several different variants of the theory. Two key choices must be made: whether to include the �(1232) resonance explicitly, and whether to maintain exact Lorentz covariance or not. The pioneering calculations of Compton scattering inEFT (2, 3) were performed in a theory with only nucleons and pions as explicit de- grees of freedom: the effects of thewere encoded in a string of contact operators. This reduces the break- down scalefrom its nominal value around the mass of themeson to the energy at which theis excited, i.e. MMN � 300 MeV. In addition this work employed the heavy-baryon (HB) expansion for the nucleon propa- gators, which amounts to making an expansion in 1/MN, alongside the EFT expansion in P. In these calculations the polarizabilities � (p)1 and � (p)1 are predicted at order P 3 , and these predictions are in remarkably good agree- ment with present extractions from data (4, 5). The cor- responding results for p observables agree moderately well with data for !, p |t| < 150 MeV (6-8). Beyond this domain the absence of thesignificantly affects the abil- ity of thisEFT variant to describe the physics, at least at this low order in the expansion.

A new rectifier with combined power flow control capability has been developed to simplify a series-tuned power receiver in inductive power transfer (IPT) applications. Since the traditional IPT receiver usually employs two separate stages (rectifier and power flow regulator) after the tuning circuit to obtain a required DC output voltage, the receiver circuit is often complicated and large. A big DC inductor often needs to be used in the power flow regulator, which further increases the size of the receiver circuit, especially for heavy current applications, because the DC inductor is often the largest component in such a circuit. The proposed rectifier using two MOSFETs and one blocking diode in a series-tuned IPT receiver eliminates the DC inductor, and a new control strategy with combined rectification and power flow control is developed to further reduce the complexity and size of the power receiver. The theoretical analysis of the proposed rectifier has been verified by simulation and experimental study, and a prototype series tuned power receiver has been built to receive about 50 watts of power when it is coupled to a push-pull resonant transmitter. The overall power efficiency of the full system has reached about 80%.

The relatively short-lived radionuclide ${}^{44}$Ti is of considerable importance for the interpretation of nucleosynthesis in core-collapse supernova environments. Production is predominantly through the ${}^{40}$Ca($\ensuremath{\alpha}$,$\ensuremath{\gamma}$)${}^{44}$Ti reaction, which has been studied in this work over the energy range ${E}_{\mathrm{cm}}=2.73$--4.18 MeV, via direct $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ counting and the 4$\ensuremath{\pi}$-summing technique, utilizing a previously characterized 12 inch $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 12 inch single NaI crystal. The inferred reaction rate is compared here to both current experimental measurements and theoretical model calculations.

Traditional stage lighting systems inherently suffer significant cost in materials/installation and can be affected by audible noise when operating at mains frequency. A new circuit for stage lighting is introduced to mitigate these issues; it comprises a series tuned IPT pickup with a new AC control topology. This topology builds on previous work by improving the waveform across the load & pickup and by lowering the switch ratings. The circuit is analyzed, simulated and a working system is measured and presented herein, including the relationship between the switch and the reactive elements for the design. A 1.2 kW 240V Philips Broadway lamp is successfully powered by this controller. The waveforms across the load are sinusoidal which lower the peak values for a given RMS voltage or current level, reducing noise and simplifying the design. The output voltage is regulated to 1% by implementing closed loop control on the system.

This paper introduces a modified IPT pickup AC topology for stage lighting applications. The topology improves on previous work enabling lower switch ratings and improved waveform quality across the pick-up and at the light. Circuit analysis, simulations and measurements are presented that establish the relationship between the switch and the reactive elements for design. The circuit is shown to provide sinusoidal output waveforms across the load with lower peak values for a given RMS voltage or current level reducing noise and THD significantly while also improving efficiency. The new controller is implemented and used to power a 1.2kW 240V Philips Broadway lamp. Either feedback or feed-forward voltage control can used to control the output within 1% of that desired.

This paper presents a 1.2 kW Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) lighting system using the parallel AC processing pickup. The AC processing pickup has been shown as an efficient and economic approach for producing high frequency AC outputs. IPT technology provides electrical power in a contactless manner, allowing multiple 1.2kW stage lights to be configured anywhere along the IPT track. This significantly reduces the setup time and improves the flexibility of such a system. The first description of a feedback control system with the AC processing pickup is proposed to improve the performance. Experimental results are given for the 1.2kW lighting system.

In this paper, we present results from a study of characteristic prompt gamma rays produced in patients during proton beam radiotherapy. A Monte Carlo study was performed calculating both proton dose deposition and prompt gamma ray production within a patient during proton beam irradiation. Form these calculations, comparisons were made between dose deposition and prompt gamma ray production within the patient. Also, calculations were performed of the production of characteristic gamma rays emitted from excited oxygen nuclei as a function of oxygen concentration within irradiated tumor tissue. Results show that there is a strong correlation between dose deposition and prompt gamma ray production within the patient, and that the production of prompt characteristic oxygen gamma rays is directly proportional to the oxygen concentration within the irradiated tissue.

Equilibrium mean charge states have been measured for 3--7 MeV lithium, boron, and carbon ions passing through thin carbon foils. The data are compared to the predictions of several semiempirical models of charge equilibrium in the $\ensuremath{\le}1\text{ }\text{MeV}/\text{u}$ regime. The current work underscores the general problem of extrapolating models developed for high-$Z$ projectiles to ions of low $Z$. A compilation of experimental data for low-$Z$ ions in the low-energy regime has been used to reparametrize a few of the charge equilibrium models. Experimental techniques, comments and suggestions on the nature of the equilibrium charge states of low-$Z$ ions are presented.

The design of new types of metal-organic networks and the search for unusual crystal architecture represents an important task for modern inorganic and materials chemistry research. A group of new monosubstituted phenylcyanoximes, containing F, Cl, and Br atoms at the 2, 3, or 4 positions, were synthesized using the high yield nitrosation reaction with CH3-ONO and were spectroscopically (1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-visible, IR, mass spectrometry) and structurally characterized. Results of X-ray analysis revealed nonplanar trans-anti geometry for 2-chlorophenyl(oximino)acetonitrile, H(2Cl-PhCO); a nonplanar anti configuration for 4-chlorophenyl(oximino)acetonitrile, H(4Cl-PhCO); and planar cis-syn geometry for 3-fluorophenyl(oximino)acetonitrile, H(3F-PhCO). All arylcyanoximes undergo deprotonation in solutions with the formation of colored anions exhibiting pronounced negative solvatochromism in a series of polar protic and aprotic solvents. Nine thallium(I) cyanoximates were obtained using the reaction between hot (approximately 95 degrees C) aqueous solutions of Tl2CO3 and solid powdery monohalogenated arylcyanoximes HL. Crystal structures of two Tl(I) cyanoximates [Tl(2Cl-PhCO) and Tl(4Br-PhCO)] contained centrosymmetric dimeric units (TlL)2 that are connected to a coordination polymer by means of an oxygen atom of the oxime group of the neighboring molecule. Cyanoxime anions act as bridging ligands in both structures where the polymeric motif consists of double-stranded Tl-O chains interconnected with the formation of zigzagging Tl2O2 planar rhombes. Thallium atoms form infinite linear arrays with close intermetallic separations. The nearest Tl(I)...Tl(I) distances are 3.838 and 4.058 angstroms in the Tl(2Cl-PhCO) and Tl(4Br-PhCO) structures, respectively, close to that in metallic thallium (3.456 angstroms). Monosubstituted phenyl groups are well aligned in pi-stacking columns that are perpendicular to the array of Tl(I) atoms and stabilize formed structures. Coordination polyhedrons of thallium(I) in these complexes represent distorted trigonal pyramids with stereoactive lone pair.

The Data Quality Objective Procedure (DQOP) method aids implementing environmental polices, as engineering solutions. Pollution control issues identified and addressed through new environmental legislation need to be implemented. The metal matrix encapsulation (MME) treatment works as a toxicity reduction exercise that can legally control disposal of fly ashes from waste-to-energy plants. The MME process aids with the implementation of European Union (EU) legislation such as the Waste Incineration Directive by allowing fly ashes to be disposed of in landfill sites. By using the DQOP, as shown with the MME fly ash treatment, complex issues can be clearly identified and effectively controlled. The method considers various steps into which different activities can be addressed, agreed upon and allows engineering, financial and legal teams to cooperate. The EU is the world’s second largest economy with many waste management requirements. The DQOP can aid entry into this complex but rich economic opportunity.Copyright © 2005 by ASME

Mr Daniel Robertson Censaur Sea Consulting Services Ltd, 6th Floor, Ninnal House, 22 Sir William Newton St, Port Louis, Mauritius Dr Rod Barratt Department of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Technology, Open University Milton Keynes, United Kingdom The current situation for fly ash management and policy regulation in the United Kingdom / European Union, has developed the need for new toxicity reduction exercises. New EU wide policies are changing the type of treatment methods that can be legally used for the residues from waste-to-energy plants. In particular the disposal of flue gas treatment residues, which are classified as a hazardous waste, will not be acceptable to landfill according to the Waste Acceptance Criteria without a pre-treatment by 2007. This has raised a number of interesting engineering questions that need to be addressed. The novel TRE of metal matrix encapsulation has been designed based upon the principles of separation, isolation and treatment to meet these new criteria. Metal matrix encapsulation is a treatment program that employs existing industrial infrastructure to improve its usability and legal compliance.

All incineration and other thermal treatment technologies produce flue gas treatment residues (FGTR) that require specialised treatment and disposal. In the United Kingdom the FGTR arising from municipal solid waste incineration is classified as a hazardous (special) waste. This is primarily due to the irritant properties of chloride, but also due to the content of heavy metals. These wastes must be handled, transported & disposed of in accordance with the Special Waste Regulations 1996 and are disposed into highly engineered landfill sites, which isolate the material from the environment. The low levels of trace elements in the FGTR mean that the recycling of the metallic elements is not economic. Control through stabilisation and encapsulation in a crystalline matrix converts the FGTR primary form from a powder into solid block form. The use of a novel metal matrix encapsulation (MME) process allows low level engineering processes to be employed, increasing a range of reuse options combined with long-term improved storage.Copyright © 2003 by ASME