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I. INTRODUCTION In most countries the prevailing rule of liability for medical injuries is some form of negligence rule (Schwartz, 1992). Many countries, including the UK, the US, and Canada, [...]

A review of previous analyses of labor supply effects of Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) concludes that estimates of labor supply effects and net social costs are upward biased because they ignore interactions between DI and other insurances. A model of optimal insurance, postinjury accommodations, and labor supply shows that reduction in labor supply and increase in consumption when disabled do not necessarily imply moral hazard. Optimal postinjury accommodations vary inversely with firm size. The Americans with Disabilities Act will reduce wages and labor supply of healthy workers, particularly in small firms. Effects on labor supply of the disabled are ambiguous.

Regression techniques are used to examine drug prices for selected countries, comparing them with the US.

Price differentials for pharmaceuticals between retail pharmacies and inpatient hospital sectors are present in the US and even across other countries. Managed care growth has been a major catalyst of differential pricing, which has been attacked by pharmacies in antitrust cases. Integration of research and development costs in price discrimination shows that welfare may be enhanced under Ramsey market conditions., 1. Introduction Price differentials for pharmaceuticals have a long tradition. Drug prices differ significantly between countries. Within many countries, including the US, price differentials between the retail pharmacy and inpatient [...]

This paper analyzes determinants of ex-manufacturer prices for originator and generic drugs across countries. We focus on drugs to treat HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria in middle and low-income countries (MLICs), with robustness checks to other therapeutic categories and the full income range of countries. We examine the effects of per capita income, income dispersion, competition from originator and generic substitutes, and whether the drugs are sold to retail pharmacies versus tendered procurement by non-government organizations. The cross-national income elasticity of prices is 0.27 across the full income range of countries but is 0.0-0.10 between MLICs, implying that drugs are least affordable relative to income in the lowest income countries. Within-country income inequality contributes to relatively high prices in MLICs. Although generics are priced roughly 30% lower than originators on average, the variance is large. Additional generic competitors only weakly affect prices, plausibly because generic quality uncertainty leads to competition on brand rather than price. Tendered procurement that imposes quality standards attracts multinational generic suppliers and significantly reduces prices of originator and generic drugs, compared with their respective prices to retail pharmacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]