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A dolf Grhnbaum's provocative book, The Foundations of Psychoanalysis,' was quickly accorded an impressive reception. His earlier critical pieces on the subject caused a stir among their audiences, audiences which included philosophers, psychoanalysts, and other interested persons. As was expected, some of the pieces were incorporated in the book; indeed, because of them, its appearance had been anticipated with feelings that ranged from glee to dismay. Neither of those extreme feelings, however, has obtruded on the respectful tone of most of the book's wide notice. There are several reasons for that tone. Among them is Grtinbaum's familiarity with important phases of Freud's work, especially those leading up to the public inception of psychoanalysis at the beginning of the century. Grunbaum's book also displays an acquaintance with a variety of Freud's later writings and with postFreudian psychoanalytic developments. In addition it furnishes a compendium of the criticisms Freud's thought has evoked. Also, for interesting but disproportionate measure, a third of the book indicts hermeneutic construals of Freud, notably those of Habermas and Ricoeur. Finally, but surely not least, Grunbaum brings to those topics and related ones a rare discursive and polemical tirelessness. The visible signs of the impact of Grunbaum's writings about psychoanalysis include the following. In 1984, when his book appeared, there also came out, as if to accompany it, a volume by a well-known psychiatrist (see note 16 below) which answers some of the charges against analytic therapy that Grunbaum stated in his earlier pieces and again in his book. In 1985 Grunbaum gave the Gifford Lectures; they were advertised as an outgrowth of The Foundations of Psychoanalysis. The June 1986 issue of The Behavioral

IN HIS piece, "Good Reasons," in Philosophical Studies, January 1953, Mr. Baier purports to show that certain facts are good reasons for, and certain others good reasons against, doing certain things, quite irrespective of the purposes, wishes, plans, desires, and passions of the person concerned. I think that Mr. Baier claims to show something much more important than what he does show; and that certain amendments and corrections should be made in his piece. Since the latter may serve to clarify both what he does show, and how he has come to make the exaggerated claim he does, I will begin with them. I will then indicate the respects in which his claim seems unwarranted. On Pain. Mr. Baier quotes Professor Ryle's remark, "It should be mentioned that 'pain,' in the sense in which I have pains in my stomach, is not 65

It is a classical result of mathematics that there is an intimate connection between linear algebra and projective or affine geometry. Thus, many algebraic results can be given a geometric interpretation, and geometric theorems can quite often be proved more easily by algebraic methods. In this paper we apply topological ideas to geometric lattices, structures which provide the framework for the study of abstract linear independence, and obtain affine geometry from the mappings that preserve the closure operator that is associated with these lattices. These mappings are closely connected with semi-linear transformations on a vector space, and thus linear algebra and affine geometry are derived from the study of a certain closure operator and mappings which preserve it, even if the “space” is finite.

It is shown that two triply connected graphs are isomorphic if their associated geometric lattices are isomorphic. The notion of vertex in a graph is described in terms of irreducible hyperplanes. Finally, necessary and sufficient conditions are given that a lattice be isomorphic to the geometric lattice associated with a graph.

Summary An epidemic of infectious hepatitis has been described, involving at least 222 individuals in a college, for a total attack rate of 8 per cent. Cases were distributed throughout the campus population with great uniformity, with two exceptions: disproportionately low attack rates (0.4%) were observed in students who lived off campus, and disproportionately high attack rates (17 to 50%) were observed in student workers in the common dining hall. Although every evidence pointed to a common source and mode of infection, these could not be determined with certainty. The outbreak is described as a “case report” of a large and interesting epidemic, the explanation for which remains frustratingly obscure. Further data are presented which show uniform attack rates among persons of all ages, among persons from large and from small families, among residents of urban areas and of rural areas, among veterans and nonveterans, and among persons claiming and not claiming previous infections with infectious hepatitis. Several possible explanations of these phenomena are discussed.

A patient who was critically ill was found on radiographie examination to have gas in the bowel wall and eleven hours later in the portal vein. At operation and at postmortem examination, the mesenteric vessels were open. The cause of the extent and severity of the ulcerations and bowel necrosis was obscure. The diagnosis was idiopathic hemorrhagic enterocolitis necroticans.

The design of an effective program to provide PC education is an exciting, challenging, complicated, rewarding activity. Such a program offers professional growth and development opportunities to university faculty, new corporate relationships for both the professors and the university, and the opportune moment for exciting explorations into the areas of curriculum development, evaluation methodology, and teaching styles. The design of an effective computer education program can be an important addition to a university's overall educational mandate.Key issues for any successful computer education include curriculum development, instructional design, course development, delivery of instruction, evaluation, and overall project management. This paper provides some guidelines for those who desire to design successful PC computer education.Under the author's direction, over 1,000 days of education have been provided to approximately 7,500 individuals during the past three years. The impact of such a program on the lives of the professors involved and the corporate clients receiving the education, has been enormous.

If stem cells fulfill their therapeutic promise, moving them from the laboratory into the clinic will raise several concerns about justice. One concern is that, for biological reasons alone, stem cell-based therapies might not be available for every patient who needs one. Worse, depending on how we address the problem of biological access, they might benefit primarily white Americans. We can avoid this outcome—although at a cost—by carefully selecting the stem cells we make available.

Finite difference calculations of the conductivity of an infinite medium containing a square array of perfectly conducting cylindrical inclusions are reported. For dense packing the results agree with and yield an estimate of the next term in an expansion derived by J. B. Keller. For sparse and intermediate packing the calculations are in excellent agreement with a formula derived by Rayleigh and improved by Runge.

In his discussion of the problem of imbedding a finite lattice into a finite partition lattice, Birkhoff [1 ] speculates that there are no nontrivial identities satisfied in every finite partition lattice. We give a simple proof of this conjecture based upon Whitman's Theorem [4]. Since a partition lattice P is a complete, meet-continuous lattice in which every element is a join of points [3], P is isomorphic to the lattice of ideals of its sublattice p' of finite-dimensional elements. We prove Birkhoff's conjecture by focusing attention on P' rather than on P directly. We denote the join and meet operations by + and *. A lattice polynomial form will be denoted byf(x1, * . . , x1, . . *, xn, * * *, Xn), where we repeat a variable m times if it appears m times in the form.

The Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic effects of meperidine and hydroxyzine individually and in combination were investigated. The preparation consisted of intact, unanesthetized dogs in which pulmonary artery, left atrial and aortic catheters and an electromagnetic flowmeter had been implanted at operation. Meperidine produced significantly increased computed pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance. Hydroxyzine produced significantly increased systemic vascular resistance, but had little significant effect on the pulmonary circulation. A combination of meperidine and hydroxyzine produced considerably fewer changes than meperidine alone. It was concluded that both agents individually and in combination produce hemodynamic changes which could alter the interpretation of a cardiac catheterization.

R ECENT writers on the Republic tend to refrain from detailed discussion of the argument about justice and happiness, the main argument of the work.1 In the last decades there have been few assessments of Plato's conclusions about the relationship of justice and happiness, namely that just men are happier than any men who are unjust, and that the more unjust a man is, the more wretched he will be. Equally rare have been attempts to examine critically the argument by which Plato reached those conclusions.2 In this paper I make such an attempt. My aim is to show that Plato's conclusions are irrelevant to what he sets out-and purports-to establish. The fallacy of irrelevance that, in my judgment, wrecks the Republic's main argument is due to the lack of connection between two conceptions of justice that Plato employs. I begin with an account of the two conceptions. While discussing them, I try to correct some errors and possible confusions about Plato's argument and his understanding of it. In particular, I try to show that Plato consistently viewed his defense of justice as one made solely in terms of justice's effects. I then examine the fallacy in detail. At the end, I briefly speculate about why Plato proceeded as he did.