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51. Interspecific variation in the relationship between clutch size, laying date and intensity of urbanization in four species of hole-nesting birds

Author: Tomasz D. Mazgajski, Shelley A. Hinsley, Piotr Tryjanowski, Paul Isenmann, Virginie Demeyrier, Xavier Morin, Jordi Camprodon, Toni Laaksonen, Martyn J. Stenning, Philipp Heeb, Francesco Cecere, Erkki Korpimäki, Jan-Åke Nilsson, Mariusz Cichoń, Clotilde Biard, Ana Cláudia Norte, Mikko Mönkkönen, Indrikis Krams, Jacques Blondel, Janne T. Seppänen, Wiesław Walankiewicz, Christopher M. Perrins, Bruno Massa, Marcel M. Lambrechts, Arnaud Grégoire, Rianne Pinxten, Jean-Charles Bouvier, Mikael von Numers, Lars Gustafsson, Bruno Faivre, Claire Doutrelant, Hugo Robles, Luís P. da Silva, Tapio Solonen, Santiago Merino, Anne Charmantier, Anna Dubiec, Anders Pape Møller, Dorota Czeszczewik, Markku Orell, Bernard Leclercq, Alexandr Artemyev, Motti Charter, Philippe Perret, Seppo Rytkönen, Olli J. Loukola, Mark C. Mainwaring, Juan Carlos Senar, Tore Slagsvold, Zihad Bouslama, Raivo Mänd, Aya Goldshtein, Heinz Richner, Staffan Jacob, Jerzy Bańbura, Alberto Sorace, Ian R. Hartley, Jukka T. Forsman, Marie Vaugoyeau, Camillo Cusimano, Emilio Barba, Ruedi G. Nager, Marcel Eens, Iga Harnist, Rimvydas Juškaitis, Peter N. Ferns, Frank Adriaensen, Esa Lehikoinen, Sven G. Nilsson, Blandine Doligez, Cezary Mitrus, Anne E. Goodenough, Eduardo Garcia-del-Rey, Arne Lundberg, Andrew G. Gosler, Tapio Eeva, Carla S. Pimentel, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp (UA), Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science (KarRC RAS ), Department of Experimental Zoology & Evolutionary Biology, Łódź University of Technology, Terrestrial Vertebrates Research Unit 'Cavanilles', University of Valencia-Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems [Annaba], Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Àrea de Biodiversitat - Grup de Biologia de la Conservació, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), University of Haifa [Haifa], Society for the Protection of Nature, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Institute of Environmental Sciences, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Department of Zoology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Biosciences [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Department of Ecology, University of Oulu, Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP] (ULL), Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Department of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology-Institute of Human Sciences, Department of Animal Ecology - Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institute of Ecology of Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Rzeszow University, Department of Biological and Environmental Science [Jyväskylä Univ] (JYU), University of Jyväskylä (JYU), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Animal Ecology, Lund University [Lund], Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra [Portugal] (UC)-Institute of Marine Research, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Technical University of Lisbon-Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Didactica Research Unit, Institute of Ecology & Evolution (IEE), University of Bern, Evolutionary Ecology Group (GIBE), University of A Coruña (UDC), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Luontotutkimus Solonen Oy, SROPU, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Academy University, Funding from University Paris-Sud, FUNDAME and Xunta de Galicia ('Ángeles Alvariño' and 'Plan I2C' postdoctoral programs), FWO-Flanders and the University of Antwerp, project CGL2013-48001-C2-1-P (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation), the OSUOREME, the French ANR, and the ERC (ERC-2013-StG-337365-SHE)., Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems, University Badji Mokhtar, Centre Tecnològico Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Jagiellonian University [Krakow] (UJ), Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, School of Bioscience, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Badji Mokhtar Annaba (UBMA), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales [Madrid] (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Technical University of Lisbon-Instituto Superior de Agronomia [Lisboa] (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA)-Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Vaugoyeau, Marie, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Vaugoyeau, M, Adriaensen, F, Artemyev, A, Bańbura, J, Barba, E, Biard, C, Blondel, J, Bouslama, Z, Bouvier. J-C, Camprodon, J, Cecere, F, Charmantier, A, Charter, M, Cichoń, M, Cusimano, C, Czeszczewik, D, Demeyrier, V, Doligez, B, Doutrelant, C, Dubiec, A, Eens, M, Eeva, T, Faivre, B, Ferns, PN, Forsman, JT, García-del-Rey, E, Goldshtein, A, Goodenough, AE, Gosler, AG, Grégoire, A, Gustafsson, L, Harnist, I, Hartley, IR, Heeb, P, Hinsley, SA, Isenmann, P, Jacob, S, Juśkaitis, R, Korpimäki, E, Krams, I, Laaksonen, T, Lambrechts, MM, Leclercq, B, Lehikoinen, E, Loukola, O, Lundberg, A, Mainwaring, MC, Mänd, R, Massa, B, Mazgajski, TD, Merino, S, Mitrus, C, Mönkkönen, M, Morin, X, Nager, RG, Nilsson, J-Å, Nilsson, SG, Norte, AC, Orell, M, Perret, P, Perrins, CM, Pimentel, CS, Pinxten, R, Richner, H, Robles, H, Rytkönen, S, Senar, JC, Seppänen, JT, Pascoal da Silva, L, Slagsvold, T, Solonen, T, Sorace, A, Stenning, MJ, Tryjanowski, P, von Numers, M, Walankiewicz, W, Møller, AP, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution ( ESE ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Antwerp ( UA ), Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science ( KarRC RAS ), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris ( IEES ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive ( CEFE ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] ( INRA Montpellier ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 ( UM3 ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles ( PSH ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Centre Tecnològico Forestal de Catalunya ( CTFC ), University of Lausanne, Jagiellonian University [Krakow] ( UJ ), Università degli studi di Palermo, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive ( LBBE ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universidad de la Laguna, Evolution et Diversité Biologique ( EDB ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre for Ecology & Hydrology ( CEH ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ) -Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, University of Coimbra [Portugal] ( UC ) -Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Ecology & Evolution ( IEE ), Evolutionary Ecology Group ( GIBE ), University of A Coruña ( UDC ), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas ( CSIC ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Department of Biosciences, and University of Oslo ( UiO )
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Avian clutch size, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, urban heat island effect, 01 natural sciences, Ficedula hypoleuca, orthophotograph, Breeding phenology, orthophotograph, passerine birds, population dynamics, urban heat island effect, Parus major, 11. Sustainability, population dynamics, passerine birds, QL_671, Original Research, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, education.field_of_study, Ecology, Phenology, Cyanistes, breeding phenology, oiseau nicheur, Chemistry, dynamique des populations, Ficedula albicollis, education, Population, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Ecology and Environment, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, reproduction, Cyanistes caeruleus, oiseau, Nest box, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Breeding phenology, Ekologi, Parus, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, urbanisation, Environmental and Society, Ficedula, biology.organism_classification, populaatiodynamiikka, Settore AGR/11 - Entomologia Generale E Applicata, 13. Climate action, ta1181, Environnement et Société, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Zoology
Abstract: Marie Vaugoyeau [et al.], The increase in size of human populations in urban and agricultural areas has resulted in considerable habitat conversion globally. Such anthropogenic areas have specific environmental characteristics, which influence the physiology, life history, and population dynamics of plants and animals. For example, the date of bud burst is advanced in urban compared to nearby natural areas. In some birds, breeding success is determined by synchrony between timing of breeding and peak food abundance. Pertinently, caterpillars are an important food source for the nestlings of many bird species, and their abundance is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and date of bud burst. Higher temperatures and advanced date of bud burst in urban areas could advance peak caterpillar abundance and thus affect breeding phenology of birds. In order to test whether laying date advance and clutch sizes decrease with the intensity of urbanization, we analyzed the timing of breeding and clutch size in relation to intensity of urbanization as a measure of human impact in 199 nest box plots across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East (i.e., the Western Palearctic) for four species of hole-nesters: blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), great tits (Parus major), collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis), and pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). Meanwhile, we estimated the intensity of urbanization as the density of buildings surrounding study plots measured on orthophotographs. For the four study species, the intensity of urbanization was not correlated with laying date. Clutch size in blue and great tits does not seem affected by the intensity of urbanization, while in collared and pied flycatchers it decreased with increasing intensity of urbanization. This is the first large-scale study showing a species-specific major correlation between intensity of urbanization and the ecology of breeding. The underlying mechanisms for the relationships between life history and urbanization remain to be determined. We propose that effects of food abundance or quality, temperature, noise, pollution, or disturbance by humans may on their own or in combination affect laying date and/or clutch size., E. Barba acknowledges funding of project CGL2013-48001-C2-1-P (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation).
Published: 2016

52. Status, trends and drivers of kelp forests in Europe: an expert assessment

Author: Ignacio Bárbara, A. Le Gal, Rita Araújo, Laurent Lévêque, Stein Fredriksen, R. Aguillar, Hendrik Schubert, Inka Bartsch, François Gevaert, Hartvig Christie, José M. Rico, Myriam Valero, Araceli Puente, Elisabeth M. A. Strain, Dominique Davoult, Isabel Sousa-Pinto, Jorge Assis, Kjell Magnus Norderhaug, Eli Rinde, Consolación Fernández, Laura Airoldi, Paulo J. Oliveira, Frédérique Viard, Trine Bekkby, Hege Gundersen, S. Derrien-Courtel, Nova Mieszkowska, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research [Matosinhos, Portugal] (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigaçao Marinha e Ambiental (CIMAR), Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Centre of Marine Sciences [Faro] (CCMAR), University of Algarve [Portugal], OCEANA, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and Dipartimento di Biologia (CIRSA), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali (BIGEA), Universidade da Coruña, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecogéochimie et Fonctionnement des Ecosystèmes Benthiques (EFEB), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie des organismes marins et écosystèmes (BOME), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station de Biologie Marine de Concarneau, Direction générale déléguée à la Recherche, à l’Expertise, à la Valorisation et à l’Enseignement-Formation (DGD.REVE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo], Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Université Lille Nord de France (COMUE), Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences [Oslo], Universidad de Cantabria [Santander], University of Oviedo, University of Rostock, University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science (USIMS), The University of Sydney, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae (EBEA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC)-Universidad Austral de Chile-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DIVersité et COnnectivité dans le paysage marin côtier (DIVCO), Dpt of Biology [Porto], Araújo, R.M, Assis, J., Aguillar, R., Airoldi, L., Bárbara, I., Bartsch, I., Bekkby, T., Christie, H., Davoult, D., Derrien-Courtel, S., Fernandez, C., Fredriksen, S., Gevaert, F., Gundersen, H., Le Gal, A., Lévêque, L., Mieszkowska, N., Norderhaug, K.M., Oliveira, P., Puente, A., Rico, J.M., Rinde, E., Schubert, H., Strain, E.M., Valero, M., Viard, F., Sousa-Pinto, I., Universidade do Porto, Université de Bologne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Escuela Politécnica de Mieres, Universidad de Oviedo, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Universidad Austral de Chile-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Range (biology), Evolution, Biodiversity, Kelp, Introduced species, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Behavior and Systematics, Abundance (ecology), Long-term changes Europe, 14. Life underwater, Kelp forests, Status and temporal trend, Long-term changes, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Status and temporal trends, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Expert consultation, biology, Ecology, Saccorhiza polyschides, Long-term change, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Kelp forest, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematic, Europe, Habitat, 13. Climate action, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: A comprehensive expert consultation was conducted in order to assess the status, trends and the most important drivers of change in the abundance and geographical distribution of kelp forests in European waters. This consultation included an on-line questionnaire, results from a workshop and data provided by a selected group of experts working on kelp forest mapping and eco-evolutionary research. Differences in status and trends according to geographical areas, species identity and small-scale variations within the same habitat where shown by assembling and mapping kelp distribution and trend data. Significant data gaps for some geographical regions, like the Mediterranean and the southern Iberian Peninsula, were also identified. The data used for this study confirmed a general trend with decreasing abundance of some native kelp species at their southern distributional range limits and increasing abundance in other parts of their distribution (Saccharina latissima and Saccorhiza polyschides). The expansion of the introduced species Undaria pinnatifida was also registered. Drivers of observed changes in kelp forests distribution and abundance were assessed using experts' opinions. Multiple possible drivers were identified, including global warming, sea urchin grazing, harvesting, pollution and fishing pressure, and their impact varied between geographical areas. Overall, the results highlight major threats for these ecosystems but also opportunities for conservation. Major requirements to ensure adequate protection of coastal kelp ecosystems along European coastlines are discussed, based on the local to regional gaps detected in the study. Project TETRIS (PRIN 2010-2011, MIUR)
Published: 2016

53. Full circumpolar migration ensures evolutionary unity in the Emperor penguin

Author: Daniel P. Zitterbart, André Ancel, Jason D. Whittington, Paul J. Ponganis, Céline Le Bohec, Yvon Le Maho, Andrea Benazzo, Phil Trathan, Enrico Zanetti, Giorgio Bertorelle, Emiliano Trucchi, Nils Christian Stenseth, Robin Cristofari, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Ferrara (UniFE), Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of California, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Biophysics Laboratory University of Vienna, IPEV (programme 137), FP7-PEOPLE-IEF-2008, FP7-PEOPLE-IEF-2010, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, and ANR-10-BLAN-1728,PICASO,Les manchots bio-indicateurs de la vulnérabilité de l'Océan austral(2010)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Environmental change, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Science, Climate Change, Population, Population Dynamics, Adaptation, Biological, extinction risk, General Physics and Astronomy, Antarctic Regions, Biology, Evolutionary ecology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, 14. Life underwater, education, Population Density, education.field_of_study, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Multidisciplinary, Extinction, Genome, demographic survey, evolutionary biology, extinction risk, Ecology, Population size, Aptenodytes, Reproduction, evolutionary biology, Ecological genetics, Ambientale, demographic survey, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Biological Evolution, Spheniscidae, 030104 developmental biology, Threatened species, Biological dispersal, Animal Migration, Female, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, Climate-change impacts
Abstract: Defining reliable demographic models is essential to understand the threats of ongoing environmental change. Yet, in the most remote and threatened areas, models are often based on the survey of a single population, assuming stationarity and independence in population responses. This is the case for the Emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri, a flagship Antarctic species that may be at high risk continent-wide before 2100. Here, using genome-wide data from the whole Antarctic continent, we reveal that this top-predator is organized as one single global population with a shared demography since the late Quaternary. We refute the view of the local population as a relevant demographic unit, and highlight that (i) robust extinction risk estimations are only possible by including dispersal rates and (ii) colony-scaled population size is rather indicative of local stochastic events, whereas the species' response to global environmental change is likely to follow a shared evolutionary trajectory., Delimiting populations is crucial for conserving threatened species. Using genome-wide data from the whole of Antarctica, Cristofari et al. show that Emperor penguins are organised into a single global population that have shared demography since the late Quarternary.
Published: 2016

54. The downward spiral: eco-evolutionary feedback loops lead to the emergence of ‘elastic’ ranges

Author: Alexander Kubisch, Emanuel A. Fronhofer, Anna-Marie Winter, Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, Universität Hohenheim, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), and Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Eco evolutionary, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, symbols.namesake, Growth rate, Statistical physics, Elasticity (economics), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Allee effect, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, Reproductive isolation, Extinction rate, 15. Life on land, 030104 developmental biology, Habitat, Local extinction, Plant species, symbols, Biological dispersal, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; In times of severe environmental changes and resulting shifts in the geographical distribution of animal and plant species it is crucial to unravel the mechanisms responsible for the dynamics of species’ ranges. Without such a mechanistic understanding, reliable projections of future species distributions are difficult to derive. Species’ ranges may be highly dynamic. One particularly interesting phenomenon is range contraction following a period of expansion, referred to as ‘elastic’ behaviour. It has been proposed that this phenomenon occurs in habitat gradients, which are characterized by a negative cline in selection for dispersal from the range core towards the margin, as one may find, for example, with increasing patch isolation. Using individual‐based simulations and numerical analyses we show that Allee effects are an important determinant of range border elasticity. If only intra‐specific processes are considered, Allee effects are even a necessary condition for ranges to exhibit elastic behavior. The eco‐evolutionary interplay between dispersal evolution, Allee effects and habitat isolation leads to lower colonization probability and higher local extinction risk after range expansions, which result in an increasing amount of marginal sink patches and consequently, range contraction. We also demonstrate that the nature of the gradient is crucial for range elasticity. Gradients which do not select for lower dispersal at the margin than in the core (especially gradients in patch size, demographic stochasticity and extinction rate) do not lead to elastic range behavior. Thus, we predict that range contractions are likely to occur after periods of expansion for species living in gradients of increasing patch isolation, which suffer from Allee effects.
Published: 2016

55. Long live the alien: is high genetic diversity a pivotal aspect of crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) long-lasting and successful invasion?

Author: Benoit Facon, Emiliano Trucchi, Emiliano Mori, Sissel Jentoft, Paolo Gratton, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna [Vienna], Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Department of Primatology [Leipzig], Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Université de Vienne, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology [Leipzig], Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), University of Agder (UIA), This study was supported by Marie Curie Intra European Fellowships (FP7-PEOPLE-IEF-2010, European Commission, project no. 252252 to E.T.) and by the Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway., European Project: 252252,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IEF,REHYSTRIX(2011), and Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 01 natural sciences, Invasive species, gene surfing, Gene flow, invasive species, South Africa, Africa, Northern, population dynamics, Northern, 0303 health sciences, biology, Ecology, Phylogeography, Italy, Inbreeding, Genetic Markers, Settore BIO/05, Evolution, Population, inbreeding, Alien, RAD sequencing, 010603 evolutionary biology, Hystrix cristata, Animals, Porcupines, Genetic Variation, Genetics, Population, Introduced Species, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Genetics, 03 medical and health sciences, Behavior and Systematics, biology.animal, Evolutionary dynamics, 030304 developmental biology, Ecological niche, Genetic diversity, Ambientale, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Africa, Porcupine, human activities
Abstract: Studying the evolutionary dynamics of an alien species surviving and continuing to expand after several generations can provide fundamental information on the relevant features of clearly successful invasions. Here, we tackle this task by investigating the dynamics of the genetic diversity in invasive crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) populations, introduced to Italy about 1500 years ago, which are still growing in size, distribution range and ecological niche. Using genome-wide RAD markers, we describe the structure of the genetic diversity and the demographic dynamics of theH. cristatainvasive populations and compare their genetic diversity with that of native African populations of bothH. cristataand its sister species,H. africaeaustralis. First, we demonstrate that genetic diversity is lower in both the invasive Italian and the North Africa source range relative to other native populations from Sub-Saharan and South Africa. Second, we find evidence of multiple introduction events in the invasive range followed by very limited gene flow. Through coalescence-based demographic reconstructions, we also show that the bottleneck at introduction was mild and did not affect the introduced genetic diversity. Finally, we reveal that the current spatial expansion at the northern boundary of the range is following a leading-edge model characterized by a general reduction of genetic diversity towards the edge of the expanding range. We conclude that the level of genome-wide diversity ofH. cristatainvasive populations is less important in explaining its successful invasion than species-specific life-history traits or the phylogeographic history in the native source range.
Published: 2016

56. Sperm performance in conspecific and heterospecific female fluid

Author: Arild Johnsen, Tore Slagsvold, Lars Erik Johannessen, Terje Laskemoen, Jan T. Lifjeld, Gunnhild Marthinsen, Silje Hogner, Marie-Christine Eybert, Emily R. A. Cramer, Even Stensrud, Natural History Museum [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO), Biodiversité et gestion des territoires EA 7316, Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), and 213592, Norges Forskningsråd
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Cryptic female choice, Zoology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, sperm competition, 03 medical and health sciences, biology.animal, sexual selection, sperm motility, Sperm competition, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Sperm motility, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Original Research, Ecology, biology, Reproductive isolation, Sperm, Mating preferences, Passerine, postcopulatory prezygotic barriers, 030104 developmental biology, Female sperm storage, speciation, Sexual selection, sperm velocity
Abstract: International audience; Divergent sexual selection within allopatric populations may result in divergent sexual phenotypes, which can act as reproductive barriers between populations upon secondary contact. This hypothesis has been most tested on traits involved in precopulatory sexual selection, with less work focusing on traits that act after copulation and before fertilization (i.e., postcopulatory prezygotic traits), particularly in internally fertilizing vertebrates. However, postcopulatory sexual selection within species can also drive trait divergence, resulting in reduced performance of heterospecific sperm within the female reproductive tract. Such incompatibilities, arising as a by-product of divergent postcopulatory sexual selection in allopatry, can represent reproductive barriers, analogous to species-assortative mating preferences. Here, we tested for postcopulatory prezygotic reproductive barriers between three pairs of taxa with diverged sperm phenotypes and moderate-to-high opportunity for postcopulatory sexual selection (barn swallows Hirundo rustica versus sand martins Riparia riparia, two subspecies of bluethroats, Luscinia svecica svecica versus L. s. namnetum, and great tits Parus major versus blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus). We tested sperm swimming performance in fluid from the outer reproductive tract of females, because the greatest reduction in sperm number in birds occurs as sperm swim across the vagina. Contrary to our expectations, sperm swam equally well in fluid from conspecific and heterospecific females, suggesting that postcopulatory prezygotic barriers do not act between these taxon pairs, at this stage between copulation and fertilization. We therefore suggest that divergence in sperm phenotypes in allopatry is insufficient to cause widespread postcopulatory prezygotic barriers in the form of impaired sperm swimming performance in passerine birds.
Published: 2016

57. Pathogens trigger top-down climate forcing on ecosystem dynamics

Author: Andreas Groth, L. Asbjørn Vøllestad, Jan Ohlberger, Bernard Cazelles, Eric Edeline, Ian J. Winfield, Michael Ghil, David Claessen, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche sur l'Environnement et la Societé / Environmental Research and Teaching Institute (CERES-ERTI), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Los Angeles] (AOS), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics [Los Angeles] (IGPP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Unité de modélisation mathématique et informatique des systèmes complexes [Bondy] (UMMISCO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Yaoundé I-Institut de la francophonie pour l'informatique-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Université Gaston Bergé (Saint-Louis, Sénégal)-Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (IBENS), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lake Ecosystems Group, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University-Lancaster University, School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Natural Environment Research Council of the UK, Norwegian Research Council, French National Research Agency [ANR-10-CEPL-0010 PULSE, ANR-10-BLAN-1709 PHYTBACK], Groupement d'Interet Scientifique Reseau de Recherche sur le Developpement Soutenable of the Region Ile-de-France, EU [603378], US National Science Foundation [DMS-1049253, OCE-1243175], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), University of California-University of California, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Yaoundé I-Institut de la francophonie pour l'informatique-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Université Gaston Bergé (Saint-Louis, Sénégal)-Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), HAL-UPMC, Gestionnaire, Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (UMR 8197/1024) (IBENS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA)-Universtié Yaoundé 1 [Cameroun]-Université Gaston Bergé (Saint-Louis, Sénégal)-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut de la francophonie pour l'informatique-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Food Chain, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, Population Dynamics, Wavelet analysis, Population structure, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Food chain, Animals, Ecosystem, Regime shift, Parasites, 14. Life underwater, Trophic cascade, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Singular spectrum analysis, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Apex predator, Pike, computer.programming_language, Perch, biology, Ecology, Global change, Body size, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010601 ecology, 13. Climate action, Predatory Behavior, Esocidae, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, computer
Abstract: International audience; Evaluating the effects of climate variation on ecosystems is of paramount importance for our ability to forecast and mitigate the consequences of global change. However, the ways in which complex food webs respond to climate variations remain poorly understood. Here, we use long-term time series to investigate the effects of temperature variation on the intraguild-predation (IGP) system of Windermere (UK), a lake where pike (Esox lucius, top predator) feed on small-sized perch (Perca fluviatilis) but compete with large-sized perch for the same food sources. Spectral analyses of time series reveal that pike recruitment dynamics are temperature controlled. In 1976, expansion of a size-truncating perch pathogen into the lake severely impacted large perch and favoured pike as the IGP-dominant species. This pathogen-induced regime shift to a pike-dominated IGP apparently triggered a temperature-controlled trophic cascade passing through pike down to dissolved nutrients. In simple food chains, warming is predicted to strengthen top–down control by accelerating metabolic rates in ectothermic consumers, while pathogens of top consumers are predicted to dampen this top–down control. In contrast, the local IGP structure in Windermere made warming and pathogens synergistic in their top–down effects on ecosystem functioning. More generally, our results point to top predators as major mediators of community response to global change, and show that size-selective agents (e.g. pathogens, fishers or hunters) may change the topological architecture of food webs and alter whole ecosystem sensitivity to climate variation.
Published: 2016

58. The EASIN Editorial Board: quality assurance, exchange and sharing of alien species information in Europe

Author: Andreas Zikos, Gergely Király, Ioan Sîrbu, Noa Shenkar, Elena Tricarico, Michel Bariche, Ivan Deriu, Melih Ertan Çinar, Stelios Katsanevakis, Eugenio Gervasini, Argyro Zenetos, Stefano Piraino, Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad, Marco Faasse, Thierry Backeljau, Fabio Crocetta, Ana Cristina Cardoso, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Vadim E. Panov, Jean-Lou Justine, Fabio D’Amico, Konstantinos Tsiamis, Alain Roques, Giovanna Curto, Giuseppe Brundu, Assunta Bertaccini, Martina Carrete, Andrea Vannini, Martin R. Langer, Ioannis Bazos, Margarita Arianoutsou, Ya'Arit Levitt, Riccardo Scalera, European Commission, Department of Marine Sciences [Aegean], University of the Aegean, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), Department of Ecology and Systematics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), American University of Beirut [Beyrouth] (AUB), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Department of Agriculture, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University, Nematology Laboratory, USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, eCOAST Marine Research, Partenaires INRAE, Netherland Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, University of West Hungary [Sopron], Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Museum of Natural History, Regional Euro-Asian Biological Invasions Centre, Università del Salento, Environment Agency Austria, Unité de recherche Zoologie Forestière (URZF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Species Survival Commission, University of Sibiu, Universtiy of Florence, Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), European Commission's Directorate-General for Environment (DG ENV), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Umweltbundesamt GmbH = Environment Agency Austria, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Tsiamis, Konstantino, Gervasini, Eugenio, D’Amico, Fabio, Deriu, Ivan, Katsanevakis, Stelio, Crocetta, Fabio, Zenetos, Argyro, Arianoutsou, Margarita, Backeljau, Thierry, Bariche, Michel, Bazos, Ioanni, Bertaccini, Assunta, Brundu, Giuseppe, Carrete, Martina, Çinar, Melih, Curto, Giovanna, Faasse, Marco, Justine, Jean Lou, Király, Gergely, Langer, Martin, Levitt, Ya'Arit, Panov, Vadim, Piraino, Stefano, Rabitsch, Wolfgang, Roques, Alain, Scalera, Riccardo, Shenkar, Noa, Sîrbu, Ioan, Tricarico, Elena, Vannini, Andrea, Vøllestad, Leif Asbjørn, Zikos, Andrea, Cardoso, Ana Cristina, Tsiamis, K., Gervasini, E., D’Amico, F., Deriu, I., Katsanevakis, S., Crocetta, F., Zenetos, A., Arianoutsou, M., Backeljau, T., Bariche, M., Bazos, I., Bertaccini, A., Brundu, G., Carrete, M., Ertan Çinar, M., Curto, G., Faasse, M., Justine, J-L., Király, G., Langer, M.R., Levitt, Y., Panov, V.E., Piraino, S., Rabitsch, W., Roques, A., Scalera, R., Shenkar, N., Sîrbu, I., Tricarico, E., Vannini, A., Vøllestad, L.A., Zikos, A., Cardoso, A.C., Tsiamis, Konstantinos, and Ege Üniversitesi
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, invasive alien species, web platform, Knowledge management, Ecology, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Editorial board, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, data quality, database, information system, data quality, database, information system, invasive alien species, web platform, Data quality, Information system, business, Alien species, Biology, Quality assurance, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: WOS: 000422633100002, The European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN) aims to facilitate the exploration of alien species information in Europe, and is recognized as the information system supporting European Union Member States in the implementation of the recently published Invasive Alien Species Regulation. In this paper, we present the role and activities of the EASIN Editorial Board (EB), which is responsible for the quality assurance, safeguarding and constant improvement of EASIN. The EB is supported by a web platform that facilitates online discussions about alien species. This platform creates a virtual community by providing a forum-like interface that is moderated by the EB Members but is freely accessible to the scientific community and the general public. It allows all registered users to make comments, raise questions and share experience and expertise on alien species in Europe. Moreover, it provides a means for exchanging opinions and solving disputes in a transparent way. The overall EB activity is commonly agreed upon procedures and standards., European Commission's Directorate-General for Environment (DG ENV), The authors wish to thank the European Commission's Directorate-General for Environment (DG ENV) for their support. We thank also the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and corrections.
Published: 2016

59. King penguins adjust their diving behaviour with age

Author: Yvon Le Maho, Rory P. Wilson, Akiko Kato, Onésime Prud'homme, Maryline Le Vaillant, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Céline Le Bohec, Claire Saraux, Nicolas Hanuise, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biosciences, Swansea University, Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), LEA BioSensib, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, IPEV(Prog.137 ECOPHY), TAAF, Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship(FP7-PEOPLE-IEF-2008, European commission, and project n°235962)
Subjects: Male, diving, 0106 biological sciences, Aging, Drag coefficient, Physiology, 030310 physiology, Foraging, Motor Activity, PDBA, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, biology.animal, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Molecular Biology, Swimming, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0303 health sciences, Behavior, Animal, biology, Ecology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Body movement, acceleration, biology.organism_classification, Spheniscidae, Aptenodytes patagonicus, Biomechanical Phenomena, Fishery, age, Drag, Plumage, Insect Science, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, buoyancy, swim speed, Female, Animal Science and Zoology, Seabird, Descent (aeronautics), Energy Metabolism, human activities, seabirds
Abstract: SUMMARYIncreasing experience in long-lived species is fundamental to improving breeding success and ultimately individual fitness. Diving efficiency of marine animals is primarily determined by their physiological and mechanical characteristics. This efficiency may be apparent via examination of biomechanical performance (e.g. stroke frequency and amplitude, change in buoyancy or body angle, etc.), which itself may be modulated according to resource availability, particularly as a function of depth. We investigated how foraging and diving abilities vary with age in a long-lived seabird. During two breeding seasons, small accelerometers were deployed on young (5 year old) and older (8/9 year old) brooding king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) at the Crozet Archipelago, Indian Ocean. We used partial dynamic body acceleration (PDBA) to quantify body movement during dive and estimate diving cost. During the initial part of the descent, older birds exerted more effort for a given speed but younger penguins worked harder in relation to performance at greater depths. Younger birds also worked harder per unit speed for virtually the whole of the ascent. We interpret these differences using a model that takes into account the upthrust and drag to which the birds are subjected during the dive. From this, we suggest that older birds inhale more at the surface but that an increase in the drag coefficient is the factor leading to the increased effort to swim at a given speed by the younger birds at greater depths. We propose that this higher drag may be the result of young birds adopting less hydrodynamic postures or less direct trajectories when swimming or even having a plumage in poorer condition.
Published: 2012

60. Chick-provisioning strategies used by king penguins to adapt to a multiseasonal breeding cycle

Author: Yvon Le Maho, Céline Le Bohec, Claire Saraux, Benjamin Friess, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AgroParisTech, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Intra European Fellowship FP7-PEOPLE-IEF-2008, European Commission, and project No235962)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, altricial species, central-place forager, king penguin, seabird, parental investment, Foraging, Aptenodytes patagonicus, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Life history theory, biology.animal, foraging behaviour, Parental investment, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, breeding success, Reproductive success, Ecology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Fledge, biology.organism_classification, Altricial, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Animal Science and Zoology, Seabird, Demography
Abstract: International audience; Parental provisioning strategies are central to life history theory, as one of the main components that adults can adjust to maximize their fitness. In altricial species, newly born young rely entirely on parents for food. Provisioning strategies are thus crucial for offspring survival and growth, but they may also have major consequences for parental lifetime reproductive success, especially in long-lived species. We investigated provisioning strategies in an offshore seabird, the king penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus, through the number of times parents return to the colony to feed their chick, using a pluriannual database on more than 800 microtagged penguins. King penguin chick rearing can be divided into three periods: (1) from thermal emancipation to the onset of winter, (2) winter and (3) from the end of winter to fledging. Overall, we found that the number of feeding visits was larger for males, as well as for older and larger individuals. The timing of the winter low-provisioning period (15 Maye1 September; shorter than previously described) did not vary according to sex, age or breeding timing.We found four different parental strategies during the winter period, from complete absence to regular foraging trips, which led to different breeding success rates. These four strategies were observed in the 6 study years, and in both sexes, although in different proportions. They were not explained by individuals' age, and individuals were not consistent across years, the decision to follow a strategy probably reflecting the trade-off between the bird's current condition and its environment.
Published: 2012

61. Do penguins dare to walk at night? Visual cues influence king penguin colony arrivals and departures

Author: Anna P Nesterova, Céline Le Bohec, David Beaune, Francesco Bonadonna, Emeline Pettex, Yvon Le Maho, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Research funded by a grant from the French Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs—Lavoisier, I.P.E.V. grants (ETHOTAAF 354 and ECOPHY 137), and National Science Foundation International Research Fellowship (#0700939)., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Automatic Identification System, Visual landmarks, Zoology, Aptenodytes patagonicus, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Time of day, Short-range navigation, law, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, Sensory cue, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecology, Homing (biology), 05 social sciences, King penguins, biology.organism_classification, Seabirds, Animal ecology, Nocturnal movements, Animal Science and Zoology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Orientation based on visual cues can be extremely difficult in crowded bird colonies due to the presence of many individuals. We studied king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) that live in dense colonies and are constantly faced with such problems. Our aims were to describe adult penguin homing paths on land and to test whether visual cues are important for their orientation in the colony. We also tested the hypothesis that older penguins should be better able to cope with limited visual cues due to their greater experience. We collected and examined GPS paths of homing penguins. In addition, we analyzed 8 months of penguin arrivals to and departures from the colony using data from an automatic identification system. We found that birds rearing chicks did not minimize their traveling time on land and did not proceed to their young (located in creches) along straight paths. Moreover, breeding birds' arrivals and departures were affected by the time of day and luminosity levels. Our data suggest that king penguins prefer to move in and out of the colony when visual cues are available. Still, they are capable of navigating even in complete darkness, and this ability seems to develop over the years, with older breeding birds more likely to move through the colony at nighttime luminosity levels. This study is the first step in unveiling the mysteries of king penguin orientation on land.
Published: 2010

62. Behavioural and body mass changes before egg laying in the Barn Owl: cues for clutch size determination?

Author: Joël M. Durant, Jean-Paul Gendner, Yves Handrich, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Avian clutch size, Foraging, body reserve, Zoology, Female body mass, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Egg laying, 010605 ornithology, Predation, brood size, Clutch, reproductive and urinary physiology, biology, Ecology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Barn-owl, telemetry, Tyto, biology.organism_classification, embryonic structures, behavior and behavior mechanisms, egg formation, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, psychological phenomena and processes
Abstract: International audience; To investigate laying decision and clutch size determination in indeterminate layers, we analysed in-nest activity (nest presence, and copulation, prey deliveries, and entrance frequencies) and female body mass change, as well as their relation to clutch size variation in five Barn Owl pairs (Tyto alba) nesting in eastern France. Body mass of the female and behaviour [copulation frequency, entrance frequency, and prey delivery to the nest by the male (in number and mass)] were monitored using an automated weighing system and a video camera. There was a consistent change of behaviour and foraging activity among pairs ca. 18 days before laying indicating that the females may be tied to the nest at this time. Barn Owls being indeterminate layers have their clutch size determined at the oviposition of the first egg of the clutch. Window correlation analyses between the clutch size and the female body mass gain indicate that the clutch size might be determined no later than a few days before the laying of the first egg. Our results suggest that female Barn Owls may use the pre-laying period to determine the clutch size using cues such as the male food deliveries (a proxy for male quality).
Published: 2009

63. Paralytic shellfish toxin synthesis is related to genomic sxtA4 copy number in Alexandrium minutum strains

Author: Anke eStüken, Pilar eRiobó, José eFranco, Kjetill Sigurd Jakobsen, Laure eGuillou, Rosa Isabel Figueroa, Department of Molecular Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], Diversité et Interactions au sein du Plancton Océanique (DIPO), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Lund University [Lund]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Microbiology (medical), Alexandrium minutum, lcsh:QR1-502, Alexandrium, gene dosage, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Gene dosage, Genome, lcsh:Microbiology, Microbiology, Genome syze, 03 medical and health sciences, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, medicine, Protein biosynthesis, Copy-number variation, Medio Marino, Genome size, Gene, Original Research, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 0303 health sciences, research, Dinoflagellate, biology, Toxin, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, microbiology, copy number variation, Copy Number Variations (CNV), food and beverages, saxitoxin (STX), biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, paralytic shellfish toxin (PST), sxtA, genome size, dinoflagellates, stxA, [MATH.MATH-NA]Mathematics [math]/Numerical Analysis [math.NA]
Abstract: 10 páginas, 2 figuras, 3 tablas.-- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).-- This Document is Protected by copyright and was first published by Frontiers. All rights reserved. It is reproduced with permission, Dinoflagellates are microscopic aquatic eukaryotes with huge genomes and an unusual cell regulation. For example, most genes are present in numerous copies and all copies seem to be obligatorily transcribed. The consequence of the gene copy number (CPN) for final protein synthesis is, however, not clear. One such gene is sxtA, the starting gene of paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) synthesis. PSTs are small neurotoxic compounds that can accumulate in the food chain and cause serious poisoning incidences when ingested. They are produced by dinoflagellates of the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodium, and Pyrodinium. Here we investigated if the genomic CPN of sxtA4 is related to PST content in Alexandrium minutum cells. SxtA4 is the 4th domain of the sxtA gene and its presence is essential for PST synthesis in dinoflagellates. We used PST and genome size measurements as well as quantitative PCR to analyze sxtA4 CPN and toxin content in 15 A. minutum strains. Our results show a strong positive correlation between the sxtA4 CPN and the total amount of PST produced in actively growing A. minutum cells. This correlation was independent of the toxin profile produced, as long as the strain contained the genomic domains sxtA1 and sxtA4, The work was funded by a grant from Formas (Sweden) to RIF (Formas 215-2010-824) and the Norwegian Research Council grant 186292/V40 to KSJ. LG received funding through the PARALEX project by the French research agency’s (ANR) 2009 and GDR Phycotox (http://www.phycotox.fr)
Published: 2015

64. Using population genetics to assess tick dispersal, from the mainland to the landscape scale : a review of current knowledge and its utility to design tick-control methods

Author: Plantard, O., Quillery, E., Margherita Collini, Panziera, A., Trucchi, E., Annapaola Rizzoli, Heidi Christine Hauffe, Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI), Dipartimento di Biologia ed Evoluzione, Università degli Studi di Ferrara (UniFE), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), European Project: 261504,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2010-single-stage,EDENEXT(2011), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), and Università degli Studi di Ferrara = University of Ferrara (UniFE)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Settore VET/06 - PARASSITOLOGIA E MALATTIE PARASSITARIE DEGLI ANIMALI, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2015

65. Spatial heterogeneity as a genetic mixing mechanism in highly philopatric colonial seabirds

Author: Robin Cristofari, Emiliano Trucchi, Jason D Whittington, Stéphanie Vigetta, Hélène Gachot-Neveu, Nils Christian Stenseth, Yvon Le Maho, Céline Le Bohec, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Centre Scientifique de Monaco, and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), Spatial Analysis, Medicine (all), lcsh:R, Population, lcsh:Medicine, Ambientale, Genetic Variation, Animals, Breeding, Cluster Analysis, Ecosystem, Microsatellite Repeats, Spheniscidae, Genetics, Population, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all), Biochemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Genetics, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, Research Article
Abstract: International audience; How genetic diversity is maintained in philopatric colonial systems remains unclear, and understanding the dynamic balance of philopatry and dispersal at all spatial scales is essential to the study of the evolution of coloniality. In the King penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus, return rates of post-fledging chicks to their natal sub-colony are remarkably high. Empirical studies have shown that adults return year after year to their previous breeding territories within a radius of a few meters. Yet, little reliable data are available on intra-and inter-colonial dispersal in this species. Here, we present the first fine-scale study of the genetic structure in a king penguin colony in the Crozet Archipelago. Samples were collected from individual chicks and analysed at 8 microsatellite loci. Precise geolocation data of hatching sites and selective pressures associated with habitat features were recorded for all sampling locations. We found that despite strong natal and breeding site fidelity, king penguins retain a high degree of panmixia and genetic diversity. Yet, genetic structure appears markedly heterogeneous across the colony, with higher-than-expected inbreeding levels, and local inbreeding and relat-edness hotspots that overlap predicted higher-quality nesting locations. This points towards heterogeneous population structure at the sub-colony level, in which fine-scale environmental features drive local philopatric behaviour, while lower-quality patches may act as genetic mixing mechanisms at the colony level. These findings show how a lack of global genetic structur-ing can emerge from small-scale heterogeneity in ecological parameters, as opposed to the classical model of homogeneous dispersal. Our results also emphasize the importance of sampling design for estimation of population parameters in colonial seabirds, as at high spatial resolution, basic genetic features are shown to be location-dependent. Finally, this study stresses the importance of understanding intra-colonial dispersal and genetic mixing mechanisms in order to better estimate species-wide gene flows and population dynamics.
Published: 2015

66. Telomere length reflects individual quality in free-living adult king penguins

Author: Akiko Kato, Céline Le Bohec, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Yvon Le Maho, Claire Saraux, Maryline Le Vaillant, François Criscuolo, Vincent A. Viblanc, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm University, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Musee oceanographique de Monaco, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), IPEV (programme 137), Fondation Prince Albert II de Monaco, Fondation des Treilles, AXA Research Fund, ANR-10-BLAN-1728,PICASO,Les manchots bio-indicateurs de la vulnérabilité de l'Océan austral(2010), European Project: 235962,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-IEF-2008,EVOLBIRD(2010), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Genetics, Body condition, natural antibody level, Zoology, long-lived seabird, Biology, Positive correlation, biology.organism_classification, Aptenodytes patagonicus, Long-lived seabird, Telomere, Natural antibody level, Breeding performances, biology.animal, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Seabird, Life history, body condition, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Life stress, Natural antibody
Abstract: Growing evidence suggests that telomeres, non-coding DNA sequences that shorten with age and stress, are related in an undefined way to individual breeding performances and survival rates in several species. Short telomeres and elevated shortening rates are typically associated with life stress and low health. As such, telomeres could serve as an integrative proxy of individual quality, describing the overall biological state of an individual at a given age. Telomere length could be associated with the decline of an array of physiological traits in age-controlled individuals. Here, we investigated the links between individuals’ relative telomere length, breeding performance and various physiological (body condition, natural antibody levels) and life history (age, past breeding success) parameters in a long-lived seabird species, the king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus. While we observed no link between relative telomere length and age, we found that birds with longer telomeres arrived earlier for breeding at the colony, and had higher breeding performances (i.e. the amount of time adults managed to maintain their chicks alive, and ultimately breeding success) than individuals with shorter telomeres. Further, we observed a positive correlation between telomere length and natural antibody levels. Taken together, our results add to the growing evidence that telomere length is likely to reflect individual quality difference in wild animal.
Published: 2015

67. Fine-scale recognition and use of mesoscale fronts by foraging Cape gannets in the Benguela upwelling region

Author: Philippe S. Sabarros, Hervé Demarcq, Ralf H. E. Mullers, Christina Moseley, Eric Machu, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Lorien Pichegru, David Grémillet, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), UMR 212 EME 'écosystèmes marins exploités' (EME), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town-Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Flødevigen Research Station (IMR), Institute of Marine Research [Bergen] (IMR), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institute of Marine Research, Flodevigen Marine Research Station, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)
Subjects: Southern Benguela, Fishing, Foraging, Mesoscale meteorology, Fractal landscape, Oceanography, Environmental cue, South Africa, Feeding activity, biology.animal, Cape, Oceanographic fronts, 14. Life underwater, Behavioral shift, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, biology, Morus capensis, Oceanographic front s, Seabird, biology.organism_classification, Area-restricted search, Behavioral shif t, Seabir, Upwelling, Geology
Abstract: International audience; Oceanic structures such as mesoscale fronts may become hotspots of biological activity through concentration and enrichment processes. These fronts generally attract fish and may therefore be targeted by marine top-predators. In the southern Benguela upwelling system, such fronts might be used as environmental cues by foraging seabirds. In this study we analyzed high-frequency foraging tracks (GPS, 1 s sampling) of Cape gannets Morus capensis from two colonies located on the west and east coast of South Africa in relation to mesoscale fronts detected on daily high-resolution chlorophyll-a maps (MODIS, 1 km). We tested the association of (i) searching behavior and (ii) diving activity of foraging birds with mesoscale fronts. We found that Cape gannets shift from transiting to area-restricted search mode (ARS) at a distance from fronts ranging between 2 and 11 km (median is 6.7 km). This suggests that Cape gannets may be able to sense fronts (smell or vision) or other predators, and that such detection triggers an intensified investigation of their surroundings (i.e. ARS). Also we found that diving probability increases near fronts in 11 out of 20 tracks investigated (55%), suggesting that Cape gannets substantially use fronts for feeding; in the remaining cases (45%), birds may have used other cues for feeding including fishing vessels, particularly for gannets breeding on the west coast. We demonstrated in this study that oceanographic structures such as mesoscale fronts are important environmental cues used by a foraging seabird within the rich waters of an upwelling system. There is now need for further investigations on how Cape gannets actually detect these fronts.
Published: 2014

68. Clutch-size variation in Western Palaearctic secondary hole-nesting passerine birds in relation to nest box design

Author: Anne E. Goodenough, Alexis S. Chaine, Martyn J. Stenning, Jacques Blondel, Shelley A. Hinsley, Philipp Heeb, Erkki Korpimäki, Olli J. Loukola, Anne Charmantier, Tore Slagsvold, Eduardo Garcia-del-Rey, Paul Isenmann, Carla S. Pimentel, Aya Goldshtein, Arne Lundberg, Jean Charles Bouvier, Andrew F. Russell, Zihad Bouslama, Ilze Priedniece, Jordi Camprodon, Janne T. Seppänen, Markku Orell, Alexandr Artemyev, Camillo Cusimano, Judith Morales-Fernaz, Peter N. Ferns, Vladimír Remeš, Juan Moreno, Frank Adriaensen, János Török, Xavier Morin, Ian R. Hartley, Ruedi G. Nager, Toni Laaksonen, Marcel M. Lambrechts, Christopher M. Perrins, Tapio Eeva, Rimvydas Juškaitis, Seppo Rytkönen, Luís P. da Silva, Arie J. van Noordwijk, Rianne Pinxten, Hugo Robles, Juan Carlos Senar, Bruno Faivre, Piotr Tryjanowski, Andrew G. Gosler, Tapio Solonen, Arnaud Grégoire, Jerzy Bańbura, Alberto Sorace, Staffan Jacob, Sven G. Nilsson, Heinz Richner, Motti Charter, Clotilde Biard, Blandine Doligez, Wiesaw Walankiewicz, Anders Pape Møller, Claire Doutrelant, Cezary Mitrus, Mikael von Numers, Raivo Mänd, Marcel Eens, Lars Gustafsson, Ana Cláudia Norte, Santiago Merino, Mariusz Cichoń, Mikko Mönkkönen, Esa Lehikoinen, Francesco Cecere, Dorota Czeszczewik, Bernard Leclercq, Antero Järvinen, Anna Dubiec, Wojciech Kania, Jan-Åke Nilsson, Indrikis Krams, Iga Góźdź, Philippe Perret, Marie Claude Quidoz, Mark C. Mainwaring, Jukka T. Forsman, Bruno Massa, Tomasz D. Mazgajski, Emilio Barba, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp (UA), Institute of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Department of Experimental Zoology & Evolutionary Biology, Łódź University of Technology, Terrestrial Vertebrates Research Unit 'Cavanilles', University of Valencia-Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Laboratoire Ecologie et évolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Research Laboratory 'Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems', University Badji Mokhtar, Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biodiversity Department, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis (SEEM), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Haifa [Haifa], Society for the Protection of Nature, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Institute of Environmental Sciences, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), Stazione Inanellamento c/o Dipartimento SEN-FIMIZO, Università di Palermo, Department of Zoology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Department of Biology (Ethology), Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Biosciences [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP] (ULL), Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Department of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology-Institute of Human Sciences, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, The Lodge, RSPB, Kilpisjarvi Biological Station, Institute of Ecology of Nature Research Centre, Ornithological Station, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN)-Museum and Institute of Zoology, Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Rzeszow University, Department of Biological and Environmental Science [Jyväskylä Univ] (JYU), University of Jyväskylä (JYU), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Animal Ecology, Lund University [Lund], Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra [Portugal] (UC), Centro de Estudos Florestais, Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA)-Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Latvian Fund for Nature, Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacky University Olomouc, Institute of Ecology & Evolution (IEE), University of Bern, Unidad Asociada CSIC de Ecología Evolutiva y de la Conducta, Nat-Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Luontotutkimus Solonen Oy, SROPU, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Behavioral Ecology Group, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology - NIOO-KNAW (NETHERLANDS), Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Academy University, Study supported by Academy of Finland (Project Number 265859), by the Spanish Research Council-CSIC, by the European Social Fund (programme 'Junta para la Ampliacion de Estudios'), by OTKA (Project Number 75618) and by Fundacion Alfonso Martin Escudero and Xunta de Galicia (Angeles Alvarino program and Plan I2C postdoctoral grant)., Ecologie Systématique et Evolution ( ESE ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Antwerp ( UA ), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] ( RAS ), Ecologie et évolution, École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive ( CEFE ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] ( INRA Montpellier ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 ( UM3 ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Unité Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles ( PSH ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Forest Technology Center of Catalonia, Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Lausanne, Jagiellonian University [Krakow] ( UJ ), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive ( LBBE ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Bioscience, Universidad de la Laguna, Evolution et Diversité Biologique ( EDB ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ) -Museum and Institute of Zoology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ) -Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, University of Coimbra [Portugal] ( UC ), Instituto Superior de Agronomia-University of Lisbon, Palacky University, Institute of Ecology & Evolution ( IEE ), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo ( UiO ), Eötvös Loránd University ( ELTE ), Animal Population Biology, Animal Ecology (AnE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Jagiellonian University [Krakow] (UJ), Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN)-Museum and Institute of Zoology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Møller, AP, Adriaensen, F, Artemyev, A, Bańbura, J, Barba, E, Biard, C, Blondel, J, Bouslama, Z, Bouvier, JC, Camprodon, J, Cecere, C, Chaine, A, Charmantier, A, Charter, M, Cichoń, M, Cusimano, C, Czeszczewik, D, Doligez, B, Doutrelant, C, Dubiec, A, Eens, M, Eeva, T, Faivre, B, Ferns, PN, Forsman, JT, García-del-Rey, E, Goldshtein, A, Goodenough, AE, Gosler, AG, Góźdź, I, Grégoire, A, Gustafsson, L, Hartley, IR, Heeb, P, Hinsley, SA, Isenmann, P, Jacob, S, Järvinen, A, Juškaitis, R, Kania, W, Korpimäki, E, Krams, I, Laaksonen, T, Leclercq, B, Lehikoinen, E, Loukola, O, Lundberg, A, Mainwaring, MC, Mänd, R, Massa, B, Mazgajski, TD, Merino, S, Mitrus, C, Mönkkönen, M, Morales-Fernaz, J, Moreno, J, Morin, X, Nager, RG, Nilsson, JA, Nilsson, SG, Norte, AC, Orell, M, Perret, P, Perrins, CM, Pimentel, CS, Pinxten, R, Priedniece, I, Quidoz, MC, Remeš, V, Richner, H, Robles, H, Russell, A, Rytkönen, S, Senar, JC, Seppänen, JT, Pascoal da Silva, L, Slagsvold, T, Solonen, T, Sorace, A, Stenning, MJ, Török, J, Tryjanowski, P, van Noordwijk, AJ, von Numers, M, Walankiewicz, W, Lambrechts, MM, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales [Madrid] (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA)-Instituto Superior de Agronomia [Lisboa] (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, European Commission, and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Avian clutch size, Nest box floor area, habitat, Nest boxmaterial, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 010605 ornithology, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Nest, biology.animal, nest box material, Nest box, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Geographic location, Parus, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Latitude, biology, Ecology, Ecological Modeling, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, longitude, Cyanistes, Ficedula, nest box floor area, latitude, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Bird nest, Passerine, Habitat, Chemistry, Settore AGR/11 - Entomologia Generale E Applicata, Longitude, geographic location, international, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Hole nesting, natural holes, nest boxes, reaction norm
Abstract: Møller, A.P. [et al.], Secondary hole-nesting birds that do not construct nest holes themselves and hence regularly breed in nest boxes constitute important model systems for field studies in many biological disciplines with hundreds of scientists and amateurs involved. Those research groups are spread over wide geographic areas that experience considerable variation in environmental conditions, and researchers provide nest boxes of varying designs that may inadvertently introduce spatial and temporal variation in reproductive parameters. We quantified the relationship between mean clutch size and nest box size and material after controlling for a range of environmental variables in four of the most widely used model species in the Western Palaearctic: great tit Parus major, blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus, pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca and collared flycatcher F. albicollis from 365 populations and 79 610 clutches. Nest floor area and nest box material varied non-randomly across latitudes and longitudes, showing that scientists did not adopt a random box design. Clutch size increased with nest floor area in great tits, but not in blue tits and flycatchers. Clutch size of blue tits was larger in wooden than in concrete nest boxes. These findings demonstrate that the size of nest boxes and material used to construct nest boxes can differentially affect clutch size in different species. The findings also suggest that the nest box design may affect not only focal species, but also indirectly other species through the effects of nest box design on productivity and therefore potentially population density and hence interspecific competition. © 2014 The Authors. Methods in Ecology and Evolution © 2014 British Ecological Society., J. Morales by the Spanish Research Council-CSIC and the European Social Fund (programme Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios).
Published: 2014

69. Patterns of Rare and Abundant Marine Microbial Eukaryotes

Author: David Bass, Jan Pawlowski, Fabrice Not, Angélique Gobet, John R. Dolan, Sarah Romac, Christophe Boutte, Patrick Wincker, Wiebe H. C. F. Kooistra, Richard Christen, Raffaele Siano, Bente Edvardsen, Ramiro Logares, Colomban de Vargas, Thorsten Stoeck, Thomas A. Richards, Jean-Michel Claverie, Massimo C. Pernice, Nathalie Simon, Stéphane Audic, Frédéric Mahé, Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi, Lucie Bittner, Adriana Zingone, Sébastien Santini, Micah Dunthorn, Hiroyuki Ogata, Ramon Massana, Johan Decelle, Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Evolution des Protistes et Ecosystèmes Pélagiques (EPEP), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of life sciences, The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), Department of ecology, Universität Kaiserslautern, Evolution Paris Seine, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Information génomique et structurale (IGS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plankton, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Diversité et Interactions au sein du Plancton Océanique (DIPO), Education academy of computational life sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Department of genetics and evolution, Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Génomique métabolique (UMR 8030), Genoscope - Centre national de séquençage [Evry] (GENOSCOPE), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Builing, University of Exeter, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Geneva [Switzerland], Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)
Subjects: Rare biosphere, Biogeography, Molecular Sequence Data, Rare species, Biodiversity, Marine Biology, microbial eukaryotes, Biology, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, abundance distribution, Abundance (ecology), [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], Mediterranean Sea, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S, Cluster Analysis, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Picoplankton, Atlantic Ocean, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, Population Density, 0303 health sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all), Base Sequence, Community, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all), 030306 microbiology, Ecology, Microbiota, Eukaryota, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, marine, 15. Life on land, Europe, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, 13. Climate action, next-generation sequencing, North Sea, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, community ecology
Abstract: Logares, Ramiro ... et. al.-- 9 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, Background. Biological communities are normally composed of a few abundant and many rare species. This pattern is particularly prominent in microbial communities, in which most constituent taxa are usually extremely rare. Although abundant and rare subcommunities may present intrinsic characteristics that could be crucial for understanding community dynamics and ecosystem functioning, microbiologists normally do not differentiate between them. Here, we investigate abundant and rare subcommunities of marine microbial eukaryotes, a crucial group of organisms that remains among the least-explored biodiversity components of the biosphere. We surveyed surface waters of six separate coastal locations in Europe, independently considering the picoplankton, nanoplankton, and microplankton/mesoplankton organismal size fractions. Results. Deep Illumina sequencing of the 18S rRNA indicated that the abundant regional community was mostly structured by organismal size fraction, whereas the rare regional community was mainly structured by geographic origin. However, some abundant and rare taxa presented similar biogeography, pointing to spatiotemporal structure in the rare microeukaryote biosphere. Abundant and rare subcommunities presented regular proportions across samples, indicating similar species-abundance distributions despite taxonomic compositional variation. Several taxa were abundant in one location and rare in other locations, suggesting large oscillations in abundance. The substantial amount of metabolically active lineages found in the rare biosphere suggests that this subcommunity constitutes a diversity reservoir that can respond rapidly to environmental change. Conclusions. We propose that marine planktonic microeukaryote assemblages incorporate dynamic and metabolically active abundant and rare subcommunities, with contrasting structuring patterns but fairly regular proportions, across space and time, We thank the Biodiversity of Marine euKaryotes (BioMarKs, http://www. biomarks.eu) consortium, which was funded by the European Union ERANet program BiodivERsA (2008-6530). Extra financial support was provided by the Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship (PIEF-GA-2009-235365) and Juan de la Cierva (JCI-2010-06594) programmes to R.L. and FLAME (CGL2010-16304, MICINN, Spain) to R.M. The Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) provided access to the MareNostrum supercomputer (grants BCV-2011-2-0003/3-0005 and 2012-1-0006/2-0002 to R.L. and R.M.)
Published: 2014

70. Wet climate and transportation routes accelerate spread of human plague

Author: Boris V. Schmid, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Kyrre Kausrud, Qiyong Liu, Tamara Ben Ari, Xiye Fang, Leif Chr. Stige, Lei Xu, Zhibin Zhang, Shuchun Wang, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Agronomie, AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDA05080701], National Natural Science Foundation [31370440], National Basic Research Program of Ministry of Science & Technology (MOST) [2007CB109101, 2012CB955504], Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) of the University of Oslo, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, China, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Climate, Climate Change, Climate change, Plague (disease), 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, law, spread velocity, Pandemic, Humans, spread route, Pandemics, Research Articles, 030304 developmental biology, General Environmental Science, transportation, 0303 health sciences, Plague, General Immunology and Microbiology, Flood myth, business.industry, Ecology, Environmental resource management, Nearest neighbour, General Medicine, Floods, 3. Good health, Droughts, third plague pandemic, Transmission (mechanics), Geography, 13. Climate action, movement ecology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, business
Abstract: Currently, large-scale transmissions of infectious diseases are becoming more closely associated with accelerated globalization and climate change, but quantitative analyses are still rare. By using an extensive dataset consisting of date and location of cases for the third plague pandemic from 1772 to 1964 in China and a novel method (nearest neighbour approach) which deals with both short- and long-distance transmissions, we found the presence of major roads, rivers and coastline accelerated the spread of plague and shaped the transmission patterns. We found that plague spread velocity was positively associated with wet conditions (measured by an index of drought and flood events) in China, probably due to flood-driven transmission by people or rodents. Our study provides new insights on transmission patterns and possible mechanisms behind variability in transmission speed, with implications for prevention and control measures. The methodology may also be applicable to studies of disease dynamics or species movement in other systems.
Published: 2014

71. Effects of climate change on trait-based dynamics of a top predator in freshwater ecosystems

Author: L. Asbjørn Vøllestad, Jan Ohlberger, Ian J. Winfield, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Øystein Langangen, Yngvild Vindenes, Eric Edeline, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Climate Change, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Population Dynamics, Biology, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Freshwater ecosystem, Ecology and Environment, Effects of global warming, Models, Population growth, Body Size, Animals, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecosystem, Apex predator, education.field_of_study, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Global warming, Great Britain, temperature, Biological, United Kingdom, Lakes, Fertility, 13. Climate action, Ectotherm, Esocidae, Female, Vital rates
Abstract: Predicted universal responses of ectotherms to climate warming include increased maximum population growth rate and changes in body size through the temperature-size rule. However, the mechanisms that would underlie these predicted responses are not clear. Many studies have focused on proximate mechanisms of physiological processes affecting individual growth. One can also consider ultimate mechanisms involving adaptive explanations by evaluating temperature effects on different vital rates across the life history and using the information in a population dynamical model. Here, we combine long-term data for a top predator in freshwater ecosystems (pike; Esox lucius) with a stochastic integral projection model to analyze concurrent effects of temperature on vital rates, body size, and population dynamics. As predicted, the net effect of warming on population growth rate (fitness) is positive, but the thermal sensitivity of this rate is highly size- and vital rate–dependent. These results are not sensitive to increasing variability in temperature. Somatic growth follows the temperature-size rule, and our results support an adaptive explanation for this response. The stable length structure of the population shifts with warming toward an increased proportion of medium-sized but a reduced proportion of small and large individuals. This study highlights how demographic approaches can help reveal complex underlying mechanisms for population responses to warming. © 2014 University of Chicago Press
Published: 2014

72. Les soldats disparus de la bataille de Fromelles (1916) : fouilles et analyses

Author: Kate Brady, Louise Loe, Michel Signoli, Geoffroy, Gisèle, Andrieu Bernard, GIlles Boëtsch, Dominique Chevé, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé (ADES), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-EFS ALPES MEDITERRANEE-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Andrieu Bernard, GIlles Boëtsch, and Dominique Chevé
Subjects: History, Grande Guerre, 010401 analytical chemistry, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, analyses, General Medicine, fouilles, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, [SHS.HISPHILSO]Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences, Bataille de Fromelles, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SHS.HISPHILSO] Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, soldats disparus
Published: 2014

73. Inter-Annual Variability of Fledgling Sex Ratio in King Penguins

Author: Hélène Gachot-Neveu, Yvon Le Maho, Vincent A. Viblanc, Magali Beaugey, Céline Le Bohec, Claire Saraux, Célia Bordier, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 212 EME 'écosystèmes marins exploités' (EME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM), AgroParisTech, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: Environmental Impacts, Male, Animal sexual behaviour, Climate, Population, Foraging, lcsh:Medicine, Breeding, Behavioral Ecology, Global Change Ecology, biology.animal, Animals, Humans, 14. Life underwater, Sex Ratio, lcsh:Science, education, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, biology, Ecology, lcsh:R, Fledge, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Marine Ecology, Biology and Life Sciences, biology.organism_classification, Aptenodytes patagonicus, Spheniscidae, Sexual dimorphism, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, lcsh:Q, Female, Population Ecology, Seasons, Seabird, Sex ratio, Demography, Research Article
Abstract: International audience; As the number of breeding pairs depends on the adult sex ratio in a monogamousspecies with biparental care, investigating sex-ratio variability in natural populationsis essential to understand population dynamics. Using 10 years of data (2000–2009) in a seasonally monogamous seabird, the king penguin (Aptenodytespatagonicus), we investigated the annual sex ratio at fledging, and the potentialenvironmental causes for its variation. Over more than 4000 birds, the annual sexratio at fledging was highly variable (ranging from 44.4% to 58.3% of males), and onaverage slightly biased towards males (51.6%). Yearly variation in sex-ratio biaswas neither related to density within the colony, nor to global or local oceanographicconditions known to affect both the productivity and accessibility of penguinforaging areas. However, rising sea surface temperature coincided with an increasein fledging sex-ratio variability. Fledging sex ratio was also correlated withdifference in body condition between male and female fledglings. When moremales were produced in a given year, their body condition was higher (andreciprocally), suggesting that parents might adopt a sex-biased allocation strategydepending on yearly environmental conditions and/or that the effect ofenvironmental parameters on chick condition and survival may be sex-dependent.The initial bias in sex ratio observed at the juvenile stage tended to return to 1:1equilibrium upon first breeding attempts, as would be expected from Fisher’sclassic theory of offspring sex-ratio variation.
Published: 2014

74. King penguin demography since the last glaciation inferred from genome-wide data

Author: Nils Chr. Stenseth, Emiliano Trucchi, Jason D. Whittington, Paolo Gratton, Yvon Le Maho, Céline Le Bohec, Robin Cristofari, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergeta', Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Scientifique de Monaco, IPEV (programme 137), CNRS (Programme Zone Atelier de Recherches sur l'Environnement Antarctique et Subantarctique), Fondation de France/Fondation Ars Cuttoli, Marie Curie Intra European FellowshipsFP7-PEOPLE-IEF-2008, European Commission, project no. 235962 to C.L.B. and FP7-PEOPLE-IEF-2010, European Commission, project no. 252252 to E.T.), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), Settore BIO/05, coalescence, Pleistocene, Climate Change, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Molecular Sequence Data, Population Dynamics, Population, Antarctic Regions, antarctica, Biology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Avian Proteins, Mitochondrial Proteins, Ice core, Indian Ocean Islands, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Glacial period, education, Restriction siteassociated DNA sequencing, Research Articles, Holocene, General Environmental Science, education.field_of_study, Genome, General Immunology and Microbiology, restriction site-associated DNA sequencing, Ecology, Ambientale, Last Glacial Maximum, DNA, Sequence Analysis, DNA, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Spheniscidae, Aptenodytes patagonicus, Antarctica, Coalescence, Seabirds, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all), last glacial maximum, 13. Climate action, Interglacial, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Sequence Analysis, seabirds, Demography
Abstract: How natural climate cycles, such as past glacial/interglacial patterns, have shaped species distributions at the high-latitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere is still largely unclear. Here, we show how the post-glacial warming following the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca 18 000 years ago), allowed the (re)colonization of the fragmented sub-Antarctic habitat by an upper-level marine predator, the king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus . Using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing and standard mitochondrial data, we tested the behaviour of subsets of anonymous nuclear loci in inferring past demography through coalescent-based and allele frequency spectrum analyses. Our results show that the king penguin population breeding on Crozet archipelago steeply increased in size, closely following the Holocene warming recorded in the Epica Dome C ice core. The following population growth can be explained by a threshold model in which the ecological requirements of this species (year-round ice-free habitat for breeding and access to a major source of food such as the Antarctic Polar Front) were met on Crozet soon after the Pleistocene/Holocene climatic transition.
Published: 2014

75. Evolution of morphological allometry

Author: Pelabon, Christophe, Firmat, Cyril Joel Patrick, Bolstad, Geir Hysing, Voje, Kjetil L., Houle, David, Cassara, Jason, Le Rouzic, Arnaud, Hansen, Thomas F, Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Department of Biological Science, Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Spéciation, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: macroevolution, evolutionary constraint, microevolution, growth, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], scaling, allometry, allométrie, adaptation, shape, évolution, size, croissance
Abstract: Morphological allometry refers to patterns of covariance between body parts resulting from variation in body size. Whether measured during growth (ontogenetic allometry), among individuals at similar developmental stage (static allometry), or among populations or species (evolutionary allometry), allometric relationships are often tight and relatively invariant. Consequently, it has been suggested that allometries have low evolvability and could constrain phenotypic evolution by forcing evolving species along fixed trajectories. Alternatively, allometric relationships may result from natural selection for functional optimization. Despite nearly a century of active research, distinguishing between these alternatives remains difficult, partly due to wide differences in the meaning assigned to the term allometry. In particular, a broad use of the term, encompassing any monotonic relationship between body parts, has become common. This usage breaks the connection to the proportional growth regulation that motivated Huxley's original narrow-sense use of allometry to refer to power–law relationships between traits. Focusing on the narrow-sense definition of allometry, we review here evidence for and against the allometry-as-a-constraint hypothesis. Although the low evolvability and the evolutionary invariance of the static allometric slope observed in some studies suggest a possible constraining effect of this parameter on phenotypic evolution, the lack of knowledge about selection on allometry prevents firm conclusions. This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: [Evolution of morphological allometry], which has been published in final form at [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12470/abstract]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.
Published: 2014

76. Micro- meets macro-evolution in ecological communities: Phytophagous click-beetle species grow larger and predators smaller on phylogenetically isolated trees

Author: Molleman, Freerk, Depoilly, A., Vernon, Philippe, Müller, J., Bailey, Richard, Müller, A.J., Prinzing, Andreas, Briand, Valerie, Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)
Subjects: [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2014

77. Fitness consequences of environmental conditions at different life stages in a long-lived vertebrate

Author: Mathieu Douhard, Christophe Bonenfant, Patrick Duncan, Leif Egil Loe, Floriane Plard, François Klein, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Daniel Delorme, Gilles Capron, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Biodémographie évolutive, CNERA Cervidés Sanglier (ONCFS), Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physiologie & médecine expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles [U 1046] (PhyMedExp), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: long-term cohort effects, Adaptation, Biological, Genetic Fitness, adaptation, Environment, Biology, phenotypic plasticity, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, biology.animal, Predictive adaptive response, Animals, Juvenile, development, Research Articles, General Environmental Science, silver spoon effect, Phenotypic plasticity, General Immunology and Microbiology, Deer, Evolutionary medicine, General Medicine, Anticipation, 3. Good health, Roe deer, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Female, France, Seasons, Adaptation, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Demography
Abstract: International audience; The predictive adaptive response (PAR) hypothesis proposes that animals adjust their physiology and developmental trajectory during early life in anticipation of their future environments. Accordingly, when environmental conditions in early life match environmental conditions during adulthood, individual fitness should be greater. Here, we test this hypothesis in a long-lived mammal, the roe deer, using data from two contrasting populations, intensively monitored for more than 35 years. In the highly productive site, the fitness of female roe deer increased with the quality of environment during adulthood and, contrary to predictions of PAR, individuals born in good conditions always outperformed those born under poor conditions. In the resource-limited site, the fitness of female roe deer born in poor years was better than those born in good conditions in poor years when the animals were adult, but not in good years. Although consistent with predictions of PAR, we showed that this pattern is likely to be a consequence of increased viability selection during the juvenile stage for animals born in poor years. While PARs are often advanced in evolutionary medicine, our findings suggest that detailed biological processes should be investigated before drawing conclusions about the existence of this phenomenon.
Published: 2014

78. Basin-scale phenology and effects of climate variability on global timing of initial seaward migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Author: Gregg E. Horton, Hans Lundqvist, A. E. Veselov, Russell Poole, Nina Jonsson, Brian Dempson, Jo Vegar Arnekleiv, Malcolm Taberner, John D. Armstrong, Theodore Castro-Santos, Geir Storvik, Kjell Leonardsson, Harald Sægrov, Jean-Luc Baglinière, Mélanie Dionne, Eero Niemelä, Pablo Caballero, Ger Rogan, Bror Jonsson, Steve Groom, I. C. Russell, Nils Arne Hvidsten, Ingi Runar Jonsson, Anders Lamberg, Arne Jensen, Benjamin H. Letcher, Jan Henning L’Abée-Lund, Jaakko Erkinaro, Jaime Otero, Sigurdur Gudjonsson, Thorolfur Antonsson, Fridthjofur Arnason, Tor F. Næsje, Julian C. MacLean, Erkki Jokikokko, Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad, Øystein Skaala, Gordon W. Smith, John F. Kocik, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Richard Kennedy, Simon McKelvey, Mary Dillane, Atso Romakkaniemi, Benjamin H. Taylor, Paul A. Music, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Norwegian Water and Energy Directorate, Silvio O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Mathematics [Oslo], Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Direction de la Faune Aquatique, Ministère du Développement Durable, de l'Environnement, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Freshwater Laboratory Pitlochry, Marine Scotland, Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, University of Oulu, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Fisheries Ecosystem Advisory Services, Marine Institute, Marine Research Institute, Freshwater Laboratory Field Station, Bothnian Bay Fisheries Research Station, Section of Natural History, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Agri Food and Biosciences Institute, Sección de Biodiversidade, Servizo de Conservación da Natureza de Pontevedra, Consellería de Medio Rural-Xunta de Galicia, Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Institute of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Vilt og fiskeinfo AS, Remote Sensing Group, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Cromarty Firth Fisheries Trust, Institute of Marine Research, Radgivende Biologer AS, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, Norwegian Research Council [183989/S30], Norwegian Water and Energy Directorate (NVE), Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Flødevigen Research Station (IMR), Institute of Marine Research [Bergen] (IMR), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), and Norwegian Research Council
Subjects: Chlorophyll, Atlantic salmon, Time Factors, Climate Change, Oceans and Seas, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Salmo salar, Climate change, smolt emigration, phenology, Rivers, sea surface temperature, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Salmo, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Fish migration, Ecology, biology, freshwater conditions, Discharge, Phenology, Chlorophyll A, Temperature, North Atlantic, Seasonality, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Fishery, Sea surface temperature, Habitat, 13. Climate action, Animal Migration
Abstract: 15 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, Migrations between different habitats are key events in the lives of many organisms. Such movements involve annually recurring travel over long distances usually triggered by seasonal changes in the environment. Often, the migration is associated with travel to or from reproduction areas to regions of growth. Young anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) emigrate from freshwater nursery areas during spring and early summer to feed and grow in the North Atlantic Ocean. The transition from the freshwater ('parr') stage to the migratory stage where they descend streams and enter salt water ('smolt') is characterized by morphological, physiological and behavioural changes where the timing of this parr-smolt transition is cued by photoperiod and water temperature. Environmental conditions in the freshwater habitat control the downstream migration and contribute to within- and among-river variation in migratory timing. Moreover, the timing of the freshwater emigration has likely evolved to meet environmental conditions in the ocean as these affect growth and survival of the post-smolts. Using generalized additive mixed-effects modelling, we analysed spatio-temporal variations in the dates of downstream smolt migration in 67 rivers throughout the North Atlantic during the last five decades and found that migrations were earlier in populations in the east than the west. After accounting for this spatial effect, the initiation of the downstream migration among rivers was positively associated with freshwater temperatures, up to about 10 °C and levelling off at higher values, and with sea-surface temperatures. Earlier migration occurred when river discharge levels were low but increasing. On average, the initiation of the smolt seaward migration has occurred 2.5 days earlier per decade throughout the basin of the North Atlantic. This shift in phenology matches changes in air, river, and ocean temperatures, suggesting that Atlantic salmon emigration is responding to the current global climate changes., This study is part of the Norwegian Research Council project nº 183989/S30. J.O. acknowledges additional funding from Norwegian Water and Energy Directorate (NVE).
Published: 2014

79. Phenological Changes in the Southern Hemisphere

Author: Patrícia C. Morellato, Elvira S. Poloczanska, Valeria Ruoppolo, Eric J. Woehler, Linda J. Beaumont, Res Altwegg, Matthew Low, Marie R. Keatley, Lynda E. Chambers, Robert J. M. Crawford, Christophe Barbraud, Joël M. Durant, A. C. Wolfaardt, Lesley Hughes, Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels, Phoebe Barnard, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, South African National Biodiversity Institute, CEBC, CNRS - UPR 1934, Macquarie University, University of Oslo, University of Melbourne, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, International Fund for Animal Welfare, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), University of Tasmania, Joint Nature Conservation Committee of the UK, University of Cape Town, Animal Demography Unit (ADU), Faculty of Science, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Animal Demography Unit, Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town-Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Biological Sciences [North Ryde], Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Laboratorio de Fenologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho = São Paulo State University (UNESP), Climate Adaptation Flagship, Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, University of São Paulo (USP), Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Horbat] (IMAS), and University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Aquatic Organisms, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth, Planet, Climate, Science, Statistics as Topic, Ecological and Environmental Phenomena, Climate change, Animal migration, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Birds, Effects of global warming, Temperate climate, Animals, Taxonomic rank, Southern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Phenology, Northern Hemisphere, Tropics, 15. Life on land, Classification, 13. Climate action, Animal sexual behavior, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Medicine, Antarctica, Seasons, Research Article
Abstract: Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:30:49Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:38:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-84885053437.pdf: 221253 bytes, checksum: ff52650d1b86b7952e674de15c1d5af4 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:30:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-10-01 Macquarie University National Research Foundation Current evidence of phenological responses to recent climate change is substantially biased towards northern hemisphere temperate regions. Given regional differences in climate change, shifts in phenology will not be uniform across the globe, and conclusions drawn from temperate systems in the northern hemisphere might not be applicable to other regions on the planet. We conduct the largest meta-analysis to date of phenological drivers and trends among southern hemisphere species, assessing 1208 long-term datasets from 89 studies on 347 species. Data were mostly from Australasia (Australia and New Zealand), South America and the Antarctic/subantarctic, and focused primarily on plants and birds. This meta-analysis shows an advance in the timing of spring events (with a strong Australian data bias), although substantial differences in trends were apparent among taxonomic groups and regions. When only statistically significant trends were considered, 82% of terrestrial datasets and 42% of marine datasets demonstrated an advance in phenology. Temperature was most frequently identified as the primary driver of phenological changes; however, in many studies it was the only climate variable considered. When precipitation was examined, it often played a key role but, in contrast with temperature, the direction of phenological shifts in response to precipitation variation was difficult to predict a priori. We discuss how phenological information can inform the adaptive capacity of species, their resilience, and constraints on autonomous adaptation. We also highlight serious weaknesses in past and current data collection and analyses at large regional scales (with very few studies in the tropics or from Africa) and dramatic taxonomic biases. If accurate predictions regarding the general effects of climate change on the biology of organisms are to be made, data collection policies focussing on targeting data-deficient regions and taxa need to be financially and logistically supported. © 2013 Chambers et al. Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Melbourne, VIC Kirstenbosch Research Centre South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town CEBC, CNRS - UPR 1934, Villiers en Bois Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Cape Town Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis Department of Biosciences University of Oslo, Oslo Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala Laboratorio de Fenologia, Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo Climate Adaptation Flagship CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Brisbane, QLD International Fund for Animal Welfare, Yarmouth Port, MA Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology University of São Paulo, São Paulo Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS Joint Nature Conservation Committee of the UK, Stanley Animal Demography Unit University of Cape Town, Rondebosch Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology DST/NRF Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town, Rondebosch Laboratorio de Fenologia, Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo
Published: 2013

80. Les insectes herbivores devraient suivre les plantes hôtes ‘fuyant’ les plantes apparentées

Author: Yguel, Benjamin, Bailey, Richard I., Villemant, Claire, Brault, Amaury, Jactel, Hervé, Prinzing, Andreas, Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Origine, structure et évolution de la biodiversité (OSEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Briand, Valerie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2013

81. Extension of the match-mismatch hypothesis to predator-controlled systems

Author: Dag Ø. Hjermann, Tone Falkenhaug, Grégory Beaugrand, Dian J. Gifford, Joël M. Durant, Lars-Johan Naustvoll, Barbara K. Sullivan, Nils Christian Stenseth, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Population, Aquatic Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Match/mismatch, Climate effects, Predation, Marine ecosystem, education, Predator, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, VDP::Agriculture and fishery disciplines: 900::Fisheries science: 920::Aquaculture: 922, education.field_of_study, Ecology, ecosystem models, Phenology, rekruttering, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Generalized additive model, 15. Life on land, recruitment, 13. Climate action, behavior and behavior mechanisms, økosystemmodeller
Abstract: International audience; Differential change in the phenology of predators and prey is a potentially important climate-mediated mechanism influencing populations. The match-mismatch hypothesis describes the effect of predator-prey population synchrony on predator development and survival and is used to describe climate effects on ecological patterns and processes in prey-controlled terrestrial and marine ecosystems. We evaluated the hypothesis by considering the broader effects of predator-prey synchrony on prey standing stock and survival in addition to its well documented effects on the predator. Specifically, we suggest that an increase in asynchrony between predator and prey peak abundance can lead to increased survival and potentially increased recruitment of the prey in some systems. Using generalized additive models, we demonstrated that the matchmismatch hypothesis can be used not only for prey-controlled systems, but also for predatorcontrolled systems.
Published: 2013

82. How age and sex drive the foraging behaviour in the king penguin

Author: Onésime Prud'homme, Yvon Le Maho, Akiko Kato, Céline Le Bohec, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Maryline Le Vaillant, Barbara Wienecke, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, IPEV (program ECOPHY 137), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, education.field_of_study, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Foraging, Population, Aquatic Science, Biology, Age and sex, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Aptenodytes patagonicus, Predation, Life history theory, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Reproduction, education, human activities, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Demography, media_common
Abstract: International audience; As predicted by life history theory, once recruited into the breeding population and with increasing age, long-lived animals should be able to manage more efficiently the conflict between self-maintenance and reproduction. Consequently, breeding performances should improve with age before stabilizing at a certain level. Using temperature-depth recorders and isotopic analysis, we tested how age affects the foraging behaviour of king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus during one trip in the chick-rearing phase. Depending on sex and age, king penguins expressed two different foraging strategies. Older birds gained more daily mass per unit body mass than younger ones. Older females conducted shorter trips, dived deeper and performed more prey pursuits. They also had higher blood levels of d15N than younger individuals and males indicating sex- and age-specific dietary regimes. However, we found no differences in carbon isotopic signature, suggesting that individuals exploited the same foraging areas independently of sex and age. Our results suggest that king penguins are able to increase the quantity of energy extracted with increasing age and that such a strategy is sex-related. Our study is the first to reveal of an interaction between age and sex in determining foraging efficiency in king penguins.
Published: 2013

83. Seasonality, weather and climate affect home range size in roe deer across a wide latitudinal gradient within Europe

Author: Christophe Bonenfant, Atle Mysterud, Federico Ossi, Pavel Sustr, Sandro Nicoloso, Petter Kjellander, Nicolas Morellet, Luca Börger, Ferdinando Urbano, Marco Heurich, Francesca Cagnacci, John D. C. Linnell, Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INRA - CEBC, Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Department, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Departement of Research and Documentation, Bavarian Forest National Park, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), Division of Arctic Ecology (NINA), Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Research, Ecology and Environment Dimension ((D.R.E.Am. Italia)), Research, Ecology and Environment Dimension, Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Centre AS CR, Dipartimento delle Arti e del Disegno Industriale [Venice], IUAV University Venice, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)-Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Università Iuav di Venezia = Iuav University of Venice (IUAV), EURODEER collaborative project, Autonomous Province of Trento [3479], EU-programme INTERREG IV (EFRE Ziel 3), Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU), Bavarian Forest National Park Administration, Czech Ministry of Education [CZ. 1.05/1.1.00/02.0073], Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé [France] (USC 1339 INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, animal movements, Range (biology), Home range, Climate, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Capreolus, Homing Behavior, Abundance (ecology), biology.animal, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, spatio-temporal variation, medicine, Animals, Weather, Animal movement, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Herbivore, biology, Ranging behaviour, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Deer, Large herbivore, 15. Life on land, Seasonality, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, spatiotemporal variation, Roe deer, Europe, Geography, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Geographic Information Systems, Animal Science and Zoology, Female, Seasons, Day length
Abstract: International audience; 1. Because many large mammal species have wide geographical ranges, spatially distant populations may be confronted with different sets of environmental conditions. Investigating how home range (HR) size varies across environmental gradients should yield a better understanding of the factors affecting large mammal ecology. 2. We evaluated how HR size of a large herbivore, the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), varies in relation to seasonality, latitude (climate), weather, plant productivity and landscape features across its geographical range in Western Europe. As roe deer are income breeders, expected to adjust HR size continuously to temporal variation in food resources and energetic requirements, our baseline prediction was for HR size to decrease with proxies of resource availability. 3. We used GPS locations of roe deer collected from seven study sites (EURODEER collaborative project) to estimate fixed-kernel HR size at weekly and monthly temporal scales. We performed an unusually comprehensive analysis of variation in HR size among and within populations over time across the geographical range of a single species using generalized additive mixed models and linear mixed models, respectively. 4. Among populations, HR size decreased with increasing values for proxies of forage abundance, but increased with increases in seasonality, stochastic variation of temperature, latitude and snow cover. Within populations, roe deer HR size varied over time in relation to seasonality and proxies of forage abundance in a consistent way across the seven populations. Thus, our findings were broadly consistent across the distributional range of this species, demonstrating a strong and ubiquitous link between the amplitude and timing of environmental seasonality and HR size at the continental scale. 5. Overall, the variability in average HR size of roe deer across Europe reflects the interaction among local weather, climate and seasonality, providing valuable insight into the limiting factors affecting this large herbivore under contrasting conditions. The complexity of the relationships suggests that predicting ranging behaviour of large herbivores in relation to current and future climate change will require detailed knowledge not only about predicted increases in temperature, but also how this interacts with factors such as day length and climate predictability.
Published: 2013

84. 454 Pyrosequencing to Describe Microbial Eukaryotic Community Composition, Diversity and Relative Abundance: A Test for Marine Haptophytes

Author: Bente Edvardsen, Elianne Egge, Tom Andersen, Colomban de Vargas, Stéphane Audic, Lucie Bittner, Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolution des Protistes et Ecosystèmes Pélagiques (EPEP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Norwegian Research Council [190307 HAPTODIV], ASSEMBLE [227799], and EU
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, DNA, Complementary, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:Medicine, 01 natural sciences, DNA, Ribosomal, DNA sequencing, Deep sequencing, Haptophyte, 03 medical and health sciences, lcsh:Science, Ribosomal DNA, Relative species abundance, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:R, Species diversity, Haptophyta, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Biodiversity, biology.organism_classification, Metagenomics, Evolutionary biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Pyrosequencing, Metagenome, lcsh:Q, Research Article
Abstract: Next generation sequencing of ribosomal DNA is increasingly used to assess the diversity and structure of microbial communities. Here we test the ability of 454 pyrosequencing to detect the number of species present, and assess the relative abundance in terms of cell numbers and biomass of protists in the phylum Haptophyta. We used a mock community consisting of equal number of cells of 11 haptophyte species and compared targeting DNA and RNA/cDNA, and two different V4 SSU rDNA haptophyte-biased primer pairs. Further, we tested four different bioinformatic filtering methods to reduce errors in the resulting sequence dataset. With sequencing depth of 11000–20000 reads and targeting cDNA with Haptophyta specific primers Hap454 we detected all 11 species. A rarefaction analysis of expected number of species recovered as a function of sampling depth suggested that minimum 1400 reads were required here to recover all species in the mock community. Relative read abundance did not correlate to relative cell numbers. Although the species represented with the largest biomass was also proportionally most abundant among the reads, there was generally a weak correlation between proportional read abundance and proportional biomass of the different species, both with DNA and cDNA as template. The 454 sequencing generated considerable spurious diversity, and more with cDNA than DNA as template. With initial filtering based only on match with barcode and primer we observed 100-fold more operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 99% similarity than the number of species present in the mock community. Filtering based on quality scores, or denoising with PyroNoise resulted in ten times more OTU99% than the number of species. Denoising with AmpliconNoise reduced the number of OTU99% to match the number of species present in the mock community. Based on our analyses, we propose a strategy to more accurately depict haptophyte diversity using 454 pyrosequencing. © 2013 Egge et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Published: 2013

85. Towards an acoustic-based coupled observation and modelling system for monitoring and predicting ecosystem dynamics of the open ocean

Author: Patrick H. Ressler, Alex De Robertis, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Olivier Maury, Louis du Buisson, Nils Olav Handegard, Geir Huse, Olav Rune Godø, Patrice Brehmer, Rudy J. Kloser, Stewart J Chalmers, Gavin J. Macaulay, Institute of Marine Research [Bergen] (IMR), University of Bergen (UiB), Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, UMR 212 EME 'écosystèmes marins exploités' (EME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Department of Oceanography [Cape Town], Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Flødevigen Research Station (IMR), and University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, mid-trophic level, observatories, Ecosystem models, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, platforms of opportunity, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Apex predator, Trophic level, Ground truth, Biomass (ecology), business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Fisheries acoustics, Environmental resource management, micronekton, Sampling (statistics), 15. Life on land, Metadata, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, business, fisheries acoustics
Abstract: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2012.00480.x/abstract; International audience; Assessment of open-ocean ecosystems relies on understanding ecosystem dynamics, and development of end-to-end ecosystem models represents an approach that addresses these challenges. These models incorporate the population structure and dynamics of marine organisms at all trophic levels. Satellite remote sensing of ocean colour and direct at-sea measurements provide information on the lower trophic levels of the models, and fisheries studies provide information on top predator species. However, these models suffer from a lack of observations for the so-called mid-trophic levels, which are poorly sampled by conventional methods. This restricts further development, and we argue that acoustic observations from a range of platforms (e.g. buoys, moorings) can be linked to the ecosystem models to provide much-needed information on these trophic levels. To achieve this, the models need to be tailored to incorporate the available acoustic data, and the link from acoustic backscatter to biologically relevant variables (biomass, carbon, etc.) needs attention. Methods to progress this issue are proposed, including the development of observation models and focal areas for ground truthing. To ensure full use of the potential of acoustic techniques, we argue that a systematic and long-term strategy incorporating the following elements is required: development of metadata standards and automated data analysis, inclusion of acoustic sensors in large-scale observatory programmes, improvement of observation-model links, and efficient sampling strategies. Finally, these elements should be tied together in an observation-modelling framework, coordinated by international organizations, to improve our understanding and quantification of open-ocean ecosystem dynamics.
Published: 2012

86. Biotic and abiotic effects on cohort size distributions in fish

Author: L. Asbjørn Vøllestad, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Jaime Otero, Ian J. Winfield, Jan Ohlberger, Eric Edeline, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Perch, biology, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Foraging, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Competition (biology), Intraspecific competition, Predation, Density dependence, Freshwater fish, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, media_common, Trophic level
Abstract: Intraspecific variation in body size is common in animals and plants. Body size affects trophic interactions like foraging ability and vulnerability to predation, which in turn affect individual fitness as well as population stability and extinction risk. Experimental and theoretical work has shown that the size distribution of individuals within cohorts is strongly influenced by intraspecific competition for resources, often leading to skewed frequency distributions. However, little is known about the effects of environmental factors such as climate and eutrophication on the cohort size-structure of natural populations. We use a long-term time series of scientific monitoring of a freshwater fish (European perch Perca fluviatilis) to investigate the effects of density dependence, predation, nutrient availability, climate and the timing of spawning on the cohort size distributions. We find that the mean length of the fish is best predicted by the extrinsic factors phosphorus concentration and summer temperature, and the densities of the different age-classes, whereas the skewness of the length distribution is best predicted by phosphorus concentration, summer temperature, abundance of small fish, and the timing of spawning. Higher nutrient levels, temperatures and densities of small fish increase food availability and thus reduce competition, which is reflected in increased mean length and decreased skewness. The timing of spawning affects skewness presumably through changes in the initial size variation of the cohort and the length of the first growth season. Our results indicate that higher temperatures increase the mean length and decrease skewness due to the concurrent eutrophication of the lake. The study thereby highlights the potential impact of human-induced environmental change on the size structure of fish populations. More studies are needed to understand better the complex mechanisms through which these factors alter the intensity of intraspecific competition in fish communities.
Published: 2012

87. Identification of Chinese plague foci from long-term epidemiological data

Author: Lei Xu, Simon Neerinckx, Xiye Fang, Shuchun Wang, Bernard Cazelles, Qiyong Liu, Lydiane Agier, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Tamara Ben-Ari, Zhibin Zhang, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Early Training Site Marie Curie, Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Ministry of Science & Technology (MOST) [2007CB109101], MOST [2012CB95500], and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Disease reservoir, China, Yersinia pestis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Plague (disease), History, 18th Century, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Ecological Niche Modeling, Epidemiology, medicine, Cluster Analysis, Humans, Epidemics, Ecosystem, 030304 developmental biology, Disease Reservoirs, Ecological niche, 0303 health sciences, Plague, Multidisciplinary, biology, wavelet analysis, History, 19th Century, Biological Sciences, History, 20th Century, plague dynamics, biology.organism_classification, Term (time), Geography, Identification (biology), Cartography
Abstract: Carrying out statistical analysis over an extensive dataset of human plague reports in Chinese villages from 1772 to 1964, we identified plague endemic territories in China (i.e., plague foci). Analyses rely on ( i ) a clustering method that groups time series based on their time-frequency resemblances and ( ii ) an ecological niche model that helps identify plague suitable territories characterized by value ranges for a set of predefined environmental variables. Results from both statistical tools indicate the existence of two disconnected plague territories corresponding to Northern and Southern China. Altogether, at least four well defined independent foci are identified. Their contours compare favorably with field observations. Potential and limitations of inferring plague foci and dynamics using epidemiological data is discussed.
Published: 2012

88. Stage-specific biomass overcompensation by juveniles in response to increased adult mortality in a wild fish population

Author: Jan Ohlberger, Nils Chr. Stenseth, David Claessen, Øystein Langangen, Eric Edeline, Ian J. Winfield, L. Asbjørn Vøllestad, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche sur l'Environnement et la Societé / Environmental Research and Teaching Institute (CERES-ERTI), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, life history, infectious disease, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Population, perch (Perca fluviatilis), Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, stage structure, reproduction, Fish Diseases, Animals, Juvenile, Biomass, 14. Life underwater, education, Population dynamics of fisheries, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biomass model, education.field_of_study, Perch, biology, Ecology, maturation, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Mortality rate, Outbreak, Fecundity, biology.organism_classification, compensatory response, mortality, United Kingdom, Population model, Perches, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, pathogen
Abstract: Recently developed theoretical models of stage-structured consumer-resource systems have shown that stage-specific biomass overcompensation can arise in response to increased mortality rates. We parameterized a stage-structured population model to simulate the effects of increased adult mortality caused by a pathogen outbreak in the perch (Perca fluviatilis) population of Windermere (UK) in 1976. The model predicts biomass overcompensation by juveniles in response to increased adult mortality due to a shift in food-dependent growth and reproduction rates. Considering cannibalism between life stages in the model reinforces this compensatory response due to the release from predation on juveniles at high mortality rates. These model predictions are matched by our analysis of a 60-year time series of scientific monitoring of Windermere perch, which shows that the pathogen outbreak induced a strong decrease in adult biomass and a corresponding increase in juvenile biomass. Age-specific adult fecundity and size at age were higher after than before the disease outbreak, suggesting that the pathogen-induced mortality released adult perch from competition, thereby increasing somatic and reproductive growth. Higher juvenile survival after the pathogen outbreak due to a release from cannibalism likely contributed to the observed biomass overcompensation. Our findings have general implications for predicting population- and community-level responses to increased size-selective mortality caused by exploitation or disease outbreaks.
Published: 2011

89. An ethical issue in biodiversity science: The monitoring of penguins with flipper bands

Author: Nigel G. Yoccoz, Joël M. Durant, Yvon Le Maho, Céline Le Bohec, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Claire Saraux, Michel Gauthier-Clerc, Vincent A. Viblanc, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), AgroParisTech, Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT), Flødevigen Research Station (IMR), Institute of Marine Research [Bergen] (IMR), and University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Aging, Population dynamics, Survival, Foraging, Biodiversity, Biology, Breeding, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Feeding behavior, Scientific bias, Animals, Wings, Animal, 14. Life underwater, Alternative methods, Observer Variation, Wing, General Immunology and Microbiology, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Uncertainty, Disturbance, General Medicine, Feeding Behavior, Spheniscidae, Fishery, Impact, Energy expenditure, Banding, Scientific Bias, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Wounds and Injuries, Flipper, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Energy Metabolism, Stress, Psychological, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: International audience; Individual marking is essential to study the life-history traits of animais and to tracl< them in ail kinds of ecological. behavioural or physiological studies. Unlike other birds, penguins cannot be banded on their legs due to their leg joint anatomy and a band is instead fixed around a flipper. However, there is now detailed evidence that flipperbanding has a detrimental impact on individuals. It can severely injure flipper tissues, and the drag effect of their flipper bands results in a higher energy expenditure when birds are moving through the water. It also results in lower efficiency in foraging, since they require longer foraging trips, as weil as in lower survival and lower breeding success. Moreover, due to the uncertainty of the rate of band 1055, flipper bands induce a scientific bias. These problems, which obviously have serious ethical implications, can be avoided with alternative methods such as radiofrequency identification technique.
Published: 2011

90. Six decades of pike and perch population dynamics in Windermere

Author: J. Ben James, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Ian J. Winfield, Eric Edeline, Jan Ohlberger, Janice M. Fletcher, L. Asbjørn Vøllestad, Øystein Langangen, Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Intraguild predation, Population dynamics, Age-structured population models, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Population, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Depensation, symbols.namesake, Abundance (ecology), 14. Life underwater, education, Esox, Fish stock assessment, Allee effect, Pike, computer.programming_language, education.field_of_study, Perch, biology, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, biology.organism_classification, Fishery, symbols, Vital rates, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Hyperdepletion, computer
Abstract: We use six decades of catch-at-age data for perch (Perca fluviatilis) and pike (Esox lucius) in Windermere (UK) to estimate age- and sex-specific population sizes, natural mortalities and catchabilities in both species. Population sizes are estimated by fitting age structured population models to the catch-at-age data using standard maximum likelihood methods. We validate our methods using data simulations, and use our estimates of vital rates (natural mortality, recruitment and catahability) to address important aspects of fisheries biology. Our model indicates that strong fishery selection against male perch apparently triggered a population collapse, highlighting that sex-selective fisheries can be harmful even at a reasonable exploitation rate (here ≤30%). Recruitment (R) increased with the abundance of spawners (S) in both species, but it also responded to both abiotic and other biotic factors. In particular, increased predator (pike) abundance induced a change from compensation to depensation in the prey (perch) SR relationship, thus favouring the occurrence of an Allee effect. Our study provides reference points for the effective exploitation of pike and perch populations, and underscores the need for ecosystem-based harvesting management.
Published: 2011

91. Pathogen-induced rapid evolution in a vertebrate life-history trait

Author: Øystein Langangen, Eric Edeline, Ian J. Winfield, Janice M. Fletcher, Esben Moland Olsen, J. Ben James, Jan Ohlberger, Nils Christian Stenseth, Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Time Factors, Evolutionary change, Zoology, Disease, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Life history theory, Fish Diseases, biology.animal, Animals, Body Size, Longitudinal Studies, Sexual Maturation, Pathogen, Research Articles, General Environmental Science, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, Host (biology), 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Vertebrate, Outbreak, General Medicine, Biological Evolution, Logistic Models, Phenotype, England, Mycoses, 13. Climate action, Perches, Trait, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract: Anthropogenic factors, including climate warming, are increasing the incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases worldwide. Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic parasites can have severe impacts on host survival, thereby altering the selection regime and inducing evolutionary responses in their hosts. Knowledge about such evolutionary consequences in natural populations is critical to mitigate potential ecological and economic effects. However, studies on pathogen-induced trait changes are scarce and the pace of evolutionary change is largely unknown, particularly in vertebrates. Here, we use a time series from long-term monitoring of perch to estimate temporal trends in the maturation schedule before and after a severe pathogen outbreak. We show that the disease induced a phenotypic change from a previously increasing to a decreasing size at maturation, the most important life-history transition in animals. Evolutionary rates imposed by the pathogen were high and comparable to those reported for populations exposed to intense human harvesting. Pathogens thus represent highly potent drivers of adaptive phenotypic evolution in vertebrates.
Published: 2011

92. Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China

Author: Qiyong Liu, Tamara Ben Ari, Lei Xu, Shuchun Wang, Xiye Fang, Leif Chr. Stige, Kung-Sik Chan, Zhibin Zhang, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), University of Iowa [Iowa City], Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) China [2007CB109101], Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDA05080701], MOST [2008ZX10004-010], Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis of the University of Oslo, and National Science Foundation [DMS-0934617]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, China, Yersinia pestis, Climate, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Plague (disease), History, 18th Century, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, generalized additive modeling, Pandemic, medicine, Animals, Humans, Precipitation, climate variations, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Plague, Multidisciplinary, Desert climate, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Models, Theoretical, Biological Sciences, Geography, Southern china, Nonlinear Dynamics, 13. Climate action, Dryness, Physical geography, medicine.symptom, Humid climate
Abstract: International audience; Over the years, plague has caused a large number of deaths worldwide and subsequently changed history, not the least during the period of the Black Death. Of the three plague pandemics, the third is believed to have originated in China. Using the spatial and temporal human plague records in China from 1850 to 1964, we investigated the association of human plague intensity (plague cases per year) with proxy data on climate condition (specifically an index for dryness/wetness). Our modeling analysis demonstrates that the responses of plague intensity to dry/wet conditions were different in northern and southern China. In northern China, plague intensity generally increased when wetness increased, for both the current and the previous year, except for low intensity during extremely wet conditions in the current year (reflecting a dome-shaped response to current-year dryness/wetness). In southern China, plague intensity generally decreased when wetness increased, except for high intensity during extremely wet conditions of the current year. These opposite effects are likely related to the different climates and rodent communities in the two parts of China: In northern China (arid climate), rodents are expected to respond positively to high precipitation, whereas in southern China (humid climate), high precipitation is likely to have a negative effect. Our results suggest that associations between human plague intensity and precipitation are nonlinear: positive in dry conditions, but negative in wet conditions.
Published: 2011

93. Phytophagy on phylogenetically isolated trees: why hosts should escape their relatives

Author: Yguel, Benjamin, Bailey, Richard I., Tosh, N. Denise, Vialatte, Aude, Vasseur, Chloé, Vitrac, Xavier, Jean, Frédéric, Prinzing, Andreas, Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Ministère de l'agriculture, INRA SAD Armor, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Polyphénols Biotech (EA 3675), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Conseil Régional de Bretagne ATIP CNRS, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), and École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]
Subjects: Lepidoptera, forest canopy, macroevolution, Quercus, intraspecific variation, education, insect herbivory, temperate forest, plant-insect interactions, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Community phylogeny
Abstract: International audience; Hosts belonging to the same species suffer dramatically different impacts from their natural enemies. This has been explained by host neighbourhood, that is, by surrounding host-species diversity or spatial separation between hosts. However, even spatially neighbouring hosts may be separated by many million years of evolutionary history, potentially reducing the establishment of natural enemies and their impact. We tested whether phylogenetic isolation of oak hosts from neighbouring trees within a forest canopy reduces phytophagy. We found that an increase in phylogenetic isolation by 100 million years corresponded to a 10-fold decline in phytophagy. This was not due to poorer living conditions for phytophages on phylogenetically isolated oaks. Neither species diversity of neighbouring trees nor spatial distance to the closest oak affected phytophagy. We suggest that reduced pressure by natural enemies is a major advantage for individuals within a host species that leave their ancestral niche and grow among distantly related species.
Published: 2011

94. Effects of individual pre-fledging traits and environmental conditions on return patterns in juvenile king penguins

Author: Yvon Le Maho, Vincent A. Viblanc, Claire Saraux, Céline Le Bohec, Nicolas Hanuise, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AgroParisTech, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], and University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Male, Animal sexual behaviour, Spheniscidae, Range (biology), Oceans and Seas, Science, Population, Foraging, Population Dynamics, Marine Biology, Biology, Environment, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Sex Factors, Global Change Ecology, Juvenile, Animals, education, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Population Biology, Behavior, Animal, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Fledge, Marine Ecology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Bioindicators, Biological dispersal, Medicine, Female, Population Ecology, Seasons, Demography, Research Article
Abstract: International audience; Despite the importance of early life stages in individuals' life history and population dynamics, very few studies have focused on the constraints to which these juvenile traits are subjected. Based on 10 years of automatic monitoring of over 2500 individuals, we present the first study on the effects of environmental conditions and individual pre-fledging traits on the post-fledging return of non-banded king penguins to their natal colony. Juvenile king penguins returned exclusively within one of the three austral summers following their departure. A key finding is that return rates (range 68-87%) were much higher than previously assumed for this species, importantly meaning that juvenile survival is very close to that of adults. Such high figures suggest little juvenile dispersal, and selection occurring mostly prior to fledging in king penguins. Pre-fledging conditions had a strong quadratic impact on juvenile return rates. As expected, cohorts reared under very unfavourable years (as inferred by the breeding success of the colony) exhibited low return rates but surprisingly, so did those fledged under very favourable conditions. Juvenile sojourns away from the colony were shorter under warm conditions and subsequent return rates higher, suggesting a positive effect of climate warming. The longer the post-fledging trip (1, 2 or 3 years), the earlier in the summer birds returned to their natal colony and the longer they stayed before leaving for the winter journey. The presence of juveniles in the colony was more than twice the duration required for moulting purposes, yet none attempted breeding in the year of their first return. Juvenile presence in the colony may be important for acquiring knowledge on the social and physical colonial environment and may play an important part in the learning process of mating behaviour. Further studies are required to investigate its potential implications on other life-history traits such as recruitment age.
Published: 2011

95. Interannual variability of human plague occurrence in the Western United States explained by tropical and North Pacific Ocean climate variability

Author: Nils Chr. Stenseth, Kenneth L. Gage, Bernard Cazelles, Alexander Gershunov, Rouyer Tristan, Tamara Ben Ari, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Climate Research Division [San Diego] (CRD), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Laboratoire Ecologie et évolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Center of Control and Prevention, Flødevigen Research Station (IMR), Institute of Marine Research [Bergen] (IMR), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Marie Curie early training site (EST) program, University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Flea, POPULATION-DYNAMICS, Climate, Rain, Disease Vectors, 01 natural sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Animals, biology, Ecology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Oceanic climate, Vegetation, Articles, WAVELET ANALYSIS, MESH: Climate, TAILED PRAIRIE DOGS, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Geography, 030231 tropical medicine, TIME-SERIES, MESH: Disease Vectors, Plague (disease), 010603 evolutionary biology, MESH: Plague, SOUTH-AMERICA, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, EL-NINO, MESH: United States, Animals, Humans, Precipitation, MESH: Pacific Ocean, Plague, Pacific Ocean, HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME, MESH: Humans, RODENT OUTBREAKS, Snow, biology.organism_classification, United States, TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, Yersinia pestis, 13. Climate action, Parasitology, DELAYED DENSITY-DEPENDENCE, MESH: Rain, Pacific decadal oscillation
Abstract: International audience; Plague is a vector-borne, highly virulent zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It persists in nature through transmission between its hosts (wild rodents) and vectors (fleas). During epizootics, the disease expands and spills over to other host species such as humans living in or close to affected areas. Here, we investigate the effect of large-scale climate variability on the dynamics of human plague in the western United States using a 56-year time series of plague reports (1950-2005). We found that El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation in combination affect the dynamics of human plague over the western United States. The underlying mechanism could involve changes in precipitation and temperatures that impact both hosts and vectors. It is suggested that snow also may play a key role, possibly through its effects on summer soil moisture, which is known to be instrumental for flea survival and development and sustained growth of vegetation for rodents.
Published: 2010

96. Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change

Author: Nils Chr. Stenseth, Michel Gauthier-Clerc, Yvon Le Maho, Nigel G. Yoccoz, Vincent A. Viblanc, David Beaune, Joël M. Durant, Céline Le Bohec, Claire Saraux, Young-Hyang Park, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), AgroParisTech, Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT), Flødevigen Research Station (IMR), Institute of Marine Research [Bergen] (IMR), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Male, Time Factors, Climate Change, Oceans and Seas, Population, Foraging, Population Dynamics, Animal Identification Systems, Climate change, Antarctic Regions, Animal Welfare, survival, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Effects of global warming, Animals, Marine ecosystem, Seawater, 14. Life underwater, Longitudinal Studies, education, Ecosystem, Apex predator, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Reproduction, Global warming, Temperature, Spheniscidae, Survival Rate, penguins, Geography, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Female, Flipper, Artifacts, flipper-banded
Abstract: In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlighted an urgent need to assess the responses of marine ecosystems to climate change. Because they lie in a high-latitude region, the Southern Ocean ecosystems are expected to be strongly affected by global warming. Using top predators of this highly productive ocean (such as penguins) as integrative indicators may help us assess the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems. Yet most available information on penguin population dynamics is based on the controversial use of flipper banding. Although some reports have found the effects of flipper bands to be deleterious, some short-term (one-year) studies have concluded otherwise, resulting in the continuation of extensive banding schemes and the use of data sets thus collected to predict climate impact on natural populations. Here we show that banding of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) impairs both survival and reproduction, ultimately affecting population growth rate. Over the course of a 10-year longitudinal study, banded birds produced 41% [corrected] fewer chicks and had a survival rate 16 percentage points [corrected] lower than non-banded birds, demonstrating a massive long-term impact of banding and thus refuting the assumption that birds will ultimately adapt to being banded. Indeed, banded birds still arrived later for breeding at the study site and had longer foraging trips even after 10 years. One of our major findings is that responses of flipper-banded penguins to climate variability (that is, changes in sea surface temperature and in the Southern Oscillation index) differ from those of non-banded birds. We show that only long-term investigations may allow an evaluation of the impact of flipper bands and that every major life-history trait can be affected, calling into question the banding schemes still going on. In addition, our understanding of the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems based on flipper-band data should be reconsidered.
Published: 2010

97. Satellite telemetry reveals individual variation in juvenile Bonelli's eagle dispersal areas

Author: Vicente Urios, Luis Cadahía, Juan J. Negro, Pascual López-López, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Terrestrial Vertebrates Group, University of Valencia, Grupo de Zoología de Vertebrados, Universidad de Alicante, Evolutionary Ecology Department, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Zoología de Vertebrados, and Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Eagle, PTT, Conservation, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 010605 ornithology, Predation, Peninsula, biology.animal, Juvenile, Zoología, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Raptors, Ecology, Dispersal, 15. Life on land, Remote sensing, biology.organism_classification, Management, Aquila fasciata, Bonelli's eagle, Hieraaetus fasciatus, Period (geology), Biological dispersal
Abstract: Natal dispersal is the time elapsed between departing from the natal site and settling to attempt breeding for the first time. In long-lived species with deferred sexual maturity this period may last several years, making this process crucial for their survival and conser- vation. Here we present a large-scale outline of juvenile Bonelli’s eagle’s dispersal areas in the Iberian Peninsula. We describe the ranging and movement patterns of 14 juvenile Bonelli’s eagles during their dispersal period, studied by satellite telemetry. Three distinct phases during the juveniles’ first year of life were detected, namely, the dependence period, the departure from the parental territo- ry, and the settlement in dispersal areas. In general, between-sex differences in relation to ranging behavior were not significant. Interestingly, there seems not to be a few, clearly delimited, overlapping Bonelli’s eagle’s juve- nile dispersal areas within the Iberian Peninsula. A total of 17 dispersal areas were detected, with some animals using more than one. These areas were located in eight autonomous communities (Spanish administrative units), being the most important Castilla-La Mancha and Andalu- cía. Juveniles were more frequently located in cultivated man-managed areas, with non-irrigated herbaceous crops. This is probably due to higher prey availability and higher efficiency in prey capture in these open areas, as well as to the absence of breeding pairs. This has important manage- ment implications, suggesting that conservation efforts should focus on the whole landscape matrix of man- managed ecosystems rather than in a few clearly delimited geographic areas.
Published: 2010

98. Body downsizing caused by non-consumptive social stress severely depresses population growth rate

Author: L. Asbjørn Vøllestad, Ian J. Winfield, Finn-Arne Weltzien, Eric Edeline, Thrond O. Haugen, David Claessen, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Biologie des organismes marins et écosystèmes (BOME), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Molecular Biosciences [Oslo], Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche sur l'Environnement et la Societé / Environmental Research and Teaching Institute (CERES-ERTI), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, Hydrocortisone, Population, Leslie matrix, Biology, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Research articles, Animals, Body Size, Population growth, Population Growth, education, General Environmental Science, Pike, computer.programming_language, Social stress, education.field_of_study, General Immunology and Microbiology, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Body Weight, Organ Size, General Medicine, Fecundity, Dominance hierarchy, Thyroxine, Density dependence, Liver, Predatory Behavior, Esocidae, Linear Models, Triiodothyronine, Female, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, computer, Stress, Psychological
Abstract: Chronic social stress diverts energy away from growth, reproduction and immunity, and is thus a potential driver of population dynamics. However, the effects of social stress on demographic density dependence remain largely overlooked in ecological theory. Here we combine behavioural experiments, physiology and population modelling to show in a top predator (pike Esox lucius ) that social stress alone may be a primary driver of demographic density dependence. Doubling pike density in experimental ponds under controlled prey availability did not significantly change prey intake by pike (i.e. did not significantly change interference or exploitative competition), but induced a neuroendocrine stress response reflecting a size-dependent dominance hierarchy, depressed pike energetic status and lowered pike body growth rate by 23 per cent. Assuming fixed size-dependent survival and fecundity functions parameterized for the Windermere (UK) pike population, stress-induced smaller body size shifts age-specific survival rates and lowers age-specific fecundity, which in Leslie matrices projects into reduced population rate of increase ( λ ) by 37–56%. Our models also predict that social stress flattens elasticity profiles of λ to age-specific survival and fecundity, thus making population persistence more dependent on old individuals. Our results suggest that accounting for non-consumptive social stress from competitors and predators is necessary to accurately understand, predict and manage food-web dynamics.
Published: 2010

99. Seabirds, fisheries, and cameras

Author: Akiko Kato, Christina Moseley, Janet Coetzee, Lorien Pichegru, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Peter G. Ryan, David Grémillet, Carl D. van der Lingen, Philippe S. Sabarros, Ralf H. E. Mullers, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town-Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Department of Agriculture, Department of agriculture, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Fishery, Geography, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2010

100. The design of artificial nestboxes for the study of secondary hole-nesting birds: A review of methodological inconsistencies and potential biases

Author: Jean Charles Bouvier, Martyn J. Stenning, Caren B. Cooper, Chan Ryul Park, Christopher M. Perrins, Tapio Eeva, Marcel M. Lambrechts, Beat Naef-Daenzer, Emilio Barba, Bengt Silverin, Henrik G. Smith, Arie J. van Noordwijk, L. Scott Johnson, Jordi Camprodon, Anders Pape Møller, Charles F. Thompson, Paulo E. Llambías, Anne E. Goodenough, Oskars Keišs, Bruno Faivre, Jaime Potti, Jan Ke Nilsson, Francisco Atiénzar, Nadia Ziane, Jerzy Bańbura, Alberto Sorace, Tore Slagsvold, Daniel R. Ardia, Arnaud Grégoire, Simon C. Griffith, Lars Gustafsson, Frank Adriaensen, János Török, Marcel Eens, Markku Orell, Alexandr Artemyev, Heinz Richner, Jan Pinowski, Andrew G. Gosler, Ian R. K. Stewart, Vladimír Remeš, Juan Moreno, Jiri Porkert, Seppo Rytkönen, Tomasz D. Mazgajski, David W. Winkler, Bruno Massa, Russell D. Dawson, Ken A. Otter, Ming Tang Shiao, László Zsolt Garamszegi, Piotr Tryjanowski, Wojciech Kania, Mark C. Mainwaring, Raivo Mänd, Ana Cláudia Norte, Animal Ecology (AnE), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp (UA), Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Institute of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Terrestrial Vertebrates Research Unit 'Cavanilles', University of Valencia-Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Experimental Zoology & Evolutionary Biology, Łódź University of Technology, Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biodiversity Department, Forest Technology Center of Catalonia, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC), Department of Biology (Ethology), Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estacion Biologica de Donana, Department of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology-Institute of Human Sciences, Department of Brain, Behaviour and Evolution, Macquarie University, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Towson University [Towson, MD, United States], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Ornithological Station, Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN)-Museum and Institute of Zoology, Laboratory of Ornithology, University of Latvia (LU), Ecologia del Comportamiento Animal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, University of Tartu, Stazione Inanellamento c/o Dipartimento SEN-FIMIZO, Università di Palermo, Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Advanced Study, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Swiss Ornithological Institute, Animal Ecology, Lund University [Lund], Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra [Portugal] (UC), University of Oulu, Warm-temperate Forest Research Center, Korea Forest Research Institute, Center of Ecological Research, Palacky University, Institute of Ecology & Evolution (IEE), University of Bern, Wildlife laboratory, National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), University of Gothenburg (GU), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, University of Kentucky, Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Section, Illinois State University, Behavioural Ecology Group, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Laboratory of Ornithology and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie animale, Département de Biologie, Lambrechts, M M, Adriaensen, F, Ardia, D R, Artemyev, A V, Atiénzar, F, Bańbura, J, Barba, E, Bouvier, J-C, Camprodon, J, Cooper, C B, Dawson, R D, Eens, M, Eeva, T, Faivre, B, Garamszegi, L Z, Goodenough, A E, Gosler, A G, Grégoire, A, Griffith, S C, Gustafsson, L, Johnson, L S, Kania, W, Keišs, O, Llambias, P E, Mainwaring, M C, Mänd, R, Massa, B, Mazgajski, T D, Møller, A P, Moreno, J, Naef-Daenzer, B, Nilsson, J-C, Norte, A C, Orell, M, Otter, K A, Park, Ch R, Perrins, Ch M, Pinowski, J, Porkert, J, Potti, J, Remes, V, Richner, H, Rytkönen, S, Shiao, M-T, Silverin, B, Slagsvold, T, Smith, H G, Sorace, A, Stenning, M J, Stewart, I, Thompson, Ch F, Török, J, Tryjanowski, P, van Noordwijk, A J, Winkler, D W, Ziane, N, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Cornell University [New York], University of Northern British Columbia [Prince George] (UNBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN)-Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Palacky University Olomouc, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive ( CEFE ), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 ( UM3 ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] ( INRA Montpellier ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), University of Antwerp ( UA ), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] ( RAS ), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles ( PSH ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), University of Northern British Columbia ( UNBC ), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ) -Museum and Institute of Zoology, University of Latvia ( LU ), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas ( CONICET ), Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution ( ESE ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ) -Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, University of Coimbra [Portugal] ( UC ), Institute of Ecology & Evolution ( IEE ), National Taiwan University [Taiwan] ( NTU ), University of Gothenburg ( GU ), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo ( UiO ), Eötvös Loránd University ( ELTE ), and Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates
Subjects: PASSERINES, 0106 biological sciences, Nest-box, design, measures, PARUS, SECONDARY CAVITY-NESTING BIRDS, Otras Ciencias Biológicas, NEST SITES, FLYCATCHER, Ficedula, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 010605 ornithology, methods, field experiments, Ciencias Biológicas, nestboxes, tit, Cyanistes, Research based, Statistics, NESTBOXES, FIELD EXPERIMENTS, Nest box, Biological sciences, Biology, secondary cavity-nesting birds, FICEDULA, Parus, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, biology, Ecology, nest sites, passerines, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, TIT, Settore AGR/11 - Entomologia Generale E Applicata, CYANISTES, flycatcher, METHODS, Nesting (computing), Animal Science and Zoology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract: The widespread use of artificial nestboxes has led to significant advances in our knowledge of the ecology, behaviour and physiology of cavity nesting birds, especially small passerines. Nestboxes have made it easier to perform routine monitoring and experimental manipulation of eggs or nestlings, and also repeatedly to capture, identify and manipulate the parents. However, when comparing results across study sites the use of nestboxes may also introduce a potentially significant confounding variable in the form of differences in nestbox design amongst studies, such as their physical dimensions, placement height, and the way in which they are constructed and maintained. However, the use of nestboxes may also introduce an unconsidered and potentially significant confounding variable due to differences in nestbox design amongst studies, such as their physical dimensions, placement height, and the way in which they are constructed and maintained. Here we review to what extent the characteristics of artificial nestboxes (e.g. size, shape, construction material, colour) are documented in the 'methods' sections of publications involving hole-nesting passerine birds using natural or excavated cavities or artificial nestboxes for reproduction and roosting. Despite explicit previous recommendations that authors describe in detail the characteristics of the nestboxes used, we found that the description of nestbox characteristics in most recent publications remains poor and insufficient. We therefore list the types of descriptive data that should be included in the methods sections of relevant manuscripts and justify this by discussing how variation in nestbox characteristics can affect or confound conclusions from nestbox studies. We also propose several recommendations to improve the reliability and usefulness of research based on long-term studies of any secondary hole-nesting species using artificial nestboxes for breeding or roosting.
Published: 2010

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