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Poly-ε-caprolactone nanofibrous polymer has been used as an alternative to restricted access media for extraction of protein-containing biological samples and direct transfer in the chromatographic system. Three commercial cartridges differing in length and internal diameter have been manually packed with the composite material prepared from poly-ε-caprolactone nanofibers coated on poly-ε-caprolactone microfibrous scaffold and connected to the column-switching chromatographic system. Bovine milk and human serum (25 μL) spiked with a mixture of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butylparaben in a concentration range of 1-100 μg mL

The interaction of waves and ice is of significant relevance for engineers, oceanographers and climate scientists. In-situ measurements are costly and bear uncertainties due to unknown boundary conditions. Therefore, physical laboratory experiments in ice tanks are an important alternative to validate theories or investigate particular effects of interest. Ice tanks use model ice which has down-scaled sea ice properties. This model ice in ice tanks holds disadvantages due to its low stiffness and non-linear behavior which is not in scale to sea ice, but is of particular relevance in wave-ice interactions. With decreasing stiffness steeper waves are required to reach critical stresses for ice breaking, while the non-linear, respectively non-elastic, deformation behavior is associated with high wave damping. Both are scale effects and do not allow the direct transfer of model scale test results to scenarios with sea ice. Therefore, the alternative modeling approach of Model Ice of Virtual Equivalent Thickness (MIVET) is introduced. Its performance is tested in physical experiments and compared to conventional model ice. The results show that the excessive damping of conventional model ice can be reduced successfully, while the scaling of the wave induced ice break-up still requires research and testing. In conclusion, the results obtained are considered a proof of concept of MIVET for wave-ice interaction problems.

Background A direct admission to angiosuite (DAA) strategy in transfer patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) is considered to decrease stroke time metrics and benefit functional outcomes. However, feasibility and effectiveness of DAA have not been established in rural settings. Fast door‐to‐reperfusion times and high‐quality reperfusion are key predictors of outcome in patients with LVO. To reduce treatment times in transferred patients with suspected LVO, we initiated a DAA triage protocol in 2017. Methods We conducted a nested interventional cohort study of adult patients with anterior LVO from January 2015 to August 2019 transferred to our center from an outside hospital. Patients were divided into DAA for mechanical thrombectomy (MT) and patients directly admitted to the emergency department (DAED). DAED was subdivided into patients undergoing MT and patients who did not. Workflow times and clinical and radiographic outcomes were analyzed. Results Forty‐five DAA patients and 241 DAED patients (DAED patients undergoing MT=134 patients and DAED patients not undergoing MT=107 patients) were identified. DAA patients had significantly shorter median door‐to‐arterial‐puncture times (15 versus 71 minutes) and puncture‐to‐recanalization times (27 versus 42.5 minutes). At discharge, DAA patients had a significant decrease in median admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (ΔNIHSS score 10 versus 4; P =0.02), and higher rate of dramatic clinical improvement (ΔNIHSS score >10; 48.9% versus 23.5%; P P =0.52), and mortality at 90 days ( P =0.63). When mortality was excluded, DAA patients showed a significant proportion of excellent functional outcome (mRS 0–1; 50% versus 26%) before ( P =0.04) and after ( P =0.02) adjusting for confounders. Conclusions DAA is feasible and can safely reduce reperfusion times in transferred patients with LVO to MT centers in a rural setting. Reducing workflow times may impact the functional recovery of patients undergoing MT.

Neuronal communication is typically mediated via synapses and gap junctions. New forms of intercellular communication, including nanotubes (NTs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs), have been described for non‐neuronal cells, but their role in neuronal communication is not known. Recently, transfer of cytoplasmic material between donor and host neurons (“material transfer”) was shown to occur after photoreceptor transplantation. The cellular mechanism(s) underlying this surprising finding are unknown. Here, using transplantation, primary neuronal cultures and the generation of chimeric retinae, we show for the first time that mammalian photoreceptor neurons can form open‐end NT‐like processes. These processes permit the transfer of cytoplasmic and membrane‐bound molecules in culture and after transplantation and can mediate gain‐of‐function in the acceptor cells. Rarely, organelles were also observed to transfer. Strikingly, use of chimeric retinae revealed that material transfer can occur between photoreceptors in the intact adult retina. Conversely, while photoreceptors are capable of releasing EVs, at least in culture, these are taken up by glia and not by retinal neurons. Our findings provide the first evidence of functional NT‐like processes forming between sensory neurons in culture and in vivo., Mammalian photoreceptor neurons form open‐end nanotubes that mediate the exchange of cytoplasmic and membrane‐bound molecules, or material transfer, which can result in gain of function in the acceptor cells.

Bonding position accuracy of InP/Si direct transfer bonding for heterogeneous integration were investigated. It was revealed that large difference of coordinate misalignment between X and Y directions exists and this may be strongly related to the tension of adhesive sheet.

Existing preclinical methods for acquiring dissemination kinetics of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) en route to forming metastases have not been capable of providing a direct measure of CTC intravasation rate and subsequent half-life in the circulation. Here, we demonstrate an approach for measuring endogenous CTC kinetics by continuously exchanging CTC-containing blood over several hours between un-anesthetized, tumor-bearing mice and healthy, tumor-free counterparts. By tracking CTC transfer rates, we extrapolated half-life times in the circulation of between 40 and 260 s and intravasation rates between 60 and 107,000 CTCs/hour in mouse models of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Additionally, direct transfer of only 1−2% of daily-shed CTCs using our blood-exchange technique from late-stage, SCLC-bearing mice generated macrometastases in healthy recipient mice. We envision that our technique will help further elucidate the role of CTCs and the rate-limiting steps in metastasis., Current methods for acquiring dissemination kinetics of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that form metastases have several limitations. Here, the authors show an approach for measuring endogenous CTC kinetics by continuously exchanging CTC-containing blood between un-anesthetized, tumor-bearing mice and healthy, tumor-free counterparts.

Hybrid vesicles (HVs) that consist of mixtures of block copolymers and lipids are robust biomimetics of liposomes, providing a valuable building block in bionanotechnology, catalysis and synthetic biology. However, functionalisation of HVs remains laborious and expensive, creating a significant current challenge in the field. Here, using a new approach of extraction with styrene-maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs), we show that a membrane protein (cytochrome bo3) directly transfers into HVs with an efficiency of 73.9 ± 13.5% and without the requirement of any detergent, long incubation times or mechanical disruption. Interestingly, direct transfer of membrane proteins using this approach was not possible into liposomes. This suggests that the HVs are more amenable than liposomes to membrane protein incorporation from a SMALP system. Finally, we show that this transfer method is not limited to cytochrome bo3 and can also be performed with complex membrane protein mixtures.

A common problem recently encountered with the increase in the rate of input feed at Enrichment Plant 2 of the Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex is the loss of value to the tails, translating to lower recoveries. The feasibility of the direct transfer of part of the high-grade concentrate from rougher stages to an appropriate position along the circuit was studied, and two positions were proposed for direct transfer of the concentrate. One position was the feed flow into cleaner cells, and the other was the feed flow into the recleaner cell. The results indicated that transferring the concentrate from the first unit of the rougher stage to the feed flow into the cleaner cells was feasible, with no limitations, while the second position required the installation of a set of hydrocyclones. It was found that the transfer of concentrate to the proposed positions not only addressed the problem of limited cell capacity, resulting in debottlenecking of the circuit, but also improved metallurgical separation efficiency up to 1.4%.

The formation and evolution of building units for zeolites play an important role during crystallization. Interzeolite transformation offers a better platform for investigating the conversion behaviors of such building units and the specific crystallization mechanism of zeolites. Herein, we show the different evolution of double six-membered rings (D6R) during the interzeolite transformation from FAU, MFI and *BEA into AEI zeolites based on UV Raman spectroscopy in combination with X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and DFT calculations. It is found that a direct transfer of D6R occurs from the FAU into AEI zeolite since they share the same structural units (D6R), while towards the newly expanded synthetic strategy from pentasil-type zeolites MFI and *BEA into AEI zeolites, the formation of D6R units in the AEI framework results from the reassembly of single four-membered rings (S4R) and single six-membered rings (S6R) generated by breaking a large number of single five-membered rings (S5R) that are very fragile and easy to decompose under hydrothermal transformation conditions. Such results provide a clear and direct spectroscopic characterization at the molecular level, which will be of great significance in accomplishing a deep understanding of the interzeolite transformation mechanism.

Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky fluorocyclopropanation of double activated alkenes utilizing S-monofluoromethyl-S-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethylphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate is an efficient approach to obtain a range of monofluorocyclopropane derivatives. So far, fluoromethylsulfonium salts have displayed the broadest scope for direct fluoromethylene transfer. In contrast to more commonly used fluorohalomethanes or freon derivatives, diarylfluoromethylsulfonium salts are bench stable, easy-to use reagents useful for the direct transfer of a fluoromethylene group to alkenes giving access to the challenging products - fluorocyclopropane derivatives. Interplay between the reactivity of the starting materials and stability of the fluorocyclopropanes formed determines the outcome of the process.

Modern QBF solvers typically use two different paradigms, conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) solving or expansion solving. Proof systems for quantified Boolean formulas (QBFs) provide a theoretical underpinning for the performance of these solvers, with Q-Resolution and its extensions relating to CDCL solving and ∀Exp+Res relating to expansion solving. This article defines two novel calculi, which are resolution-based and enable unification of some of the principal existing resolution-based QBF calculi, namely Q-resolution, long-distance Q-resolution and the expansion-based calculus ∀Exp+Res. However, the proof complexity of the QBF resolution proof systems is currently not well understood. In this article, we completely determine the relative power of the main QBF resolution systems, settling in particular the relationship between the two different types of resolution-based QBF calculi: proof systems for CDCL-based solvers (Q-resolution, universal, and long-distance Q-resolution) and proof systems for expansion-based solvers (∀Exp+Res and its generalizations IR-calc and IRM-calc defined here). The most challenging part of this comparison is to exhibit hard formulas that underlie the exponential separations of the aforementioned proof systems. To this end, we exhibit a new and elegant proof technique for showing lower bounds in QBF proof systems based on strategy extraction. This technique provides a direct transfer of circuit lower bounds to lengths-of-proofs lower bounds. We use our method to show the hardness of a natural class of parity formulas for Q-resolution and universal Q-resolution. Variants of the formulas are hard for even stronger systems such as long-distance Q-resolution and extensions. With a completely different and novel counting argument, we show the hardness of the prominent formulas of Kleine Büning et al. [51] for the strong expansion-based calculus IR-calc.

Conical intersections are ubiquitous in photochemical processes, where nonadiabatic transfer induces ultrafast nonradiative decay from an excited state. Although they eluded experimental detection until the 1990s, today three diagnostic attributes are generally associated with photochemical reactions through conical intersections: ultrafast electronic dynamics, negligible fluorescence, and coherent wavepacket transfer. Here, we use generalized quantum dynamics simulations to show that coherent nonadiabatic transfer of excited vibrational wavepackets can occur even without reaching the conical intersection region. Instead, the wavepacket remains distant from the conical intersection throughout. In some topographies, an energetically inaccessible conical intersection can be completely avoided, yet still induce substantial nonadiabatic transfer with ultrafast transfer efficiencies that are nearly identical to those of direct transfer through a conical intersection. These results reveal that the diagnostic properties of conical intersections are not actually specific to decay pathways traveling directly through the intersection funnel, as is the common interpretation, but can also arise from alternative pathways that do not reach the intersection. This suggests that the diagnostic features and experimental signals associated with conical intersections should be reassessed, and the concept of pathways through a conical intersection as the "paradigm of photochemistry" may need to be adjusted.

The main purpose of the impression is to record and transfer the relationship between implants and to reproduce this relationship as accurately as possible. But, Unplanned placement of the implants may result in close approximation of the implants, thereby posing tough challenge to the restorative dentist, to first accurately record the impression and later on fabricate the prosthesis with satisfactory esthetics and function. This article presents a modified direct impression coping procedure for precise making of impression of closely placed implants which otherwise may be difficult to replicate the exact position of the implants by conventional direct or indirect technique.

Background Knowledge and awareness of cerebro-vascular stroke (CVS) warning symptoms and risk factors is deficient in the general population in the developing countries. Objective To evaluate the knowledge and attitude about warning symptoms and risk factors of cerebro-vascular stroke among a sample of people living in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. Methods This study was conducted at two selected areas of Ismailia Governorate, an urban area and a rural area. Seven hundred and twenty participants were included in the study (360 form the urban area and 360 from the rural area). Face-to-face questionnaire-based interviews were administered to the participants. The survey tool is a 9-item questionnaire translated in Arabic, designed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude about warning symptoms and risk factors of cerebro-vascular stroke. Results According to the participants, the main source of knowledge about CVS was from seeing someone with stroke, the main risk factor of CVS was hypertension, the most frequent warning symptom of CVS was paralysis of one side, and the most frequent action to be taken with the onset of CVS was direct transfer to the hospital. Conclusion Hypertension was the mostly known risk factor. Only few participants were aware of diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for cerebro-vascular stroke. This information will be useful for planning CVS prevention campaigns.

This study briefly describes the recently used Hungarian registration system for geothermal energy and the currently used assessment system for proposed areas for geothermal concessions. With the help of a practical example, a presentation is given of the methodology needed to develop the compliance with an international geothermal evaluation system. For the prioritisation of prospective areas of geothermal research — alongside geological and hydrogeological circumstances — the exploitation feasibility and the socioeconomic viability of geothermal energy also need to be considered. Consequently, this becomes more complicated than a simple estimation of reserves based on geoscience. At present, geothermal assets and stock records have no officially accepted international standard; in fact, the “Australian/Canadian standard for research findings, and the reporting of the assets of geothermal stocks” is usually employed in place of an international standard. Even though the development of a Hungarian system similar to the “Australian/Canadian standard” could be aimed at, it would still not be possible to bring about the harmonization between the systems merely by carrying out a direct transfer of existing data. In the Hungarian practice, the terms of calculation and classification of geothermal assets are mixed together. To put it more precisely, it turned out that the current Hungarian classification system is not compatible with any international classification system. A volumetric method is usually used for the prognosis of a geothermal reserve, but the idea of exploitability is not included in the calculation. This study applies the ratio of thermal energy exploitable from hot water and the total heat content of volume in order to calculate exploitable reserves. Geothermal reserves can be established only where a geothermal protective area around the well has been designated and geothermal power generation has started. The inventory calculation data here is based on the data referring to the reserves of an accepted research final report. (This is due to the fact that no identified geothermal protective area is available.) Given that the size of the territory of the protected area is controlled by the desired production quantity, the level of geological knowledge may increase or decrease the calculated value of an area.

Direct transfer of Au films deposited on smooth SiO2film with RMS (root mean square) surface roughness of 0.24 nm was investigated with the aim of generating smooth Au surfaces. Deposited Au films with different thicknesses were transferred to rough Au surfaces on target substrates at room temperature with a contact pressure of 50 MPa. Observation of the growth behavior of the deposited films revealed that they formed a continuous structure when their nominal film thickness was around 15 nm or above. The transfer of continuous Au films with a thickness of 20, 51, or 102 nm reduced the RMS roughness of the rough Au surfaces from 1.6 nm to 0.4 nm. In contrast, the transfer of Au films with a thickness less than 5 nm increased their surface roughness. This direct transfer technique should thus be useful for low temperature bonding.

Knowing the volume of arriving passengers (APs) is fundamental for optimizing their paths through subway stations and evacuating them under emergency conditions. To predict AP volume online, we first analyze arrival and departure parameters and discuss the relationships among various parameters to determine the train a passenger will most likely take. Interconnecting stations and transfer paths among stations are considered direct connections and direct transfer connections, respectively, to define and construct traveling route sets. Then, travel time chains (TTCs) of transfer and nontransfer passengers are constructed to illustrate the possible routes and time costs between the origin and destination (O/D) stations of passengers. Furthermore, based on TTCs, train capacities and the inbound and outbound times of passengers accessed from an automated fare collection system, we predict the AP volumes at specified stations using a stage-by-stage reckoning algorithm in real time. Finally, to validate the model and the algorithm, we estimate the AP volume for the Beijing Subway network.

Specialty barley malts provide unique aroma characteristics to beer; however, the transfer of specialty malt odorants to beer has not yet been systematically studied. Therefore, three beers were brewed: (1) exclusively with kilned base barley malt, (2) with the addition of a caramel barley malt, and (3) with the addition of a roasted barley malt. Major odorants in the beers were identified by aroma extract dilution analysis followed by quantitation and calculation of odor activity values (OAVs). The caramel malt beer was characterized by outstandingly high OAVs for odorants such as (E)-β-damascenone, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, methionol, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one, whereas the highest OAV for 2-methoxyphenol was obtained in the roasted malt beer. Quantifying odorants in the malts revealed that the direct transfer from malt to beer played only a minor role in the amount of malt odorants in the beers, suggesting a substantial formation from precursors and/or a release of encapsulated odorants during brewing.

Village funds are sourced from the central government budget which is trasferred directly to the village government. This direct transfer takes place after Law No. 6/2014 or also known as The Village Law. This larger village fund can only be accessed by the village government if it follows the rules set by the central government so that the actor in the village will use their assets to accomodate their interests related to village fund management. This study aims to explain the contestation of actors in managing village funds in two villages. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach conducted in Suko Village, Probolinggo Regency and Sukadamai Village, Bogor Regency. The results of this study are the village head is the actor who plays the most role in managing village funds using symbolic asset which is the position of the village head. This asset is the strongest because it has legitimacy from the state to be able to make decisions related to the village fund management.

Due to the ambiguity and variability of vertebrae in X-ray images, accurate measurement of Cobb angles becomes challenging. Current studies are mainly focused on direct transfer learning from semantic segmentation models or keypoint estimators. We argue that such methods ignore relationships between local vertebrae shapes and the global spine structure. To address the above issue, we propose a multi-task method that ensures the consistency between semantic masks and keypoints and a keypoint Transformer to discover the spine structure. Extensive experiments on anterior-posterior (AP) X-ray images from AASCE MICCAI 2019 Challenge demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method compared to other state-of-the-art models.

Study objective To determine whether risk stratification in the out-of-hospital setting could identify patients with chest pain who are at low and high risk to avoid admission or aid direct transfer to cardiac centers. Methods Paramedics prospectively enrolled patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome without diagnostic ST-segment elevation on the ECG. The History, ECG, Age and Risk Factors (HEAR) score was recorded contemporaneously, and out-of-hospital samples were obtained to measure cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) level on a point-of-care device, to allow calculation of the History, ECG, Age, Risk Factors, and Troponin (HEART) score. HEAR and HEART scores less than or equal to 3 and greater than or equal to 7 were defined as low and high risk for major adverse cardiac events at 30 days. Results Of 1,054 patients (64 years [SD 15 years]; 42% women), 284 (27%) experienced a major adverse cardiac event at 30 days. The HEAR score was calculated in all patients, with point-of-care cTnI testing available in 357 (34%). A HEAR score less than or equal to 3 identified 32% of patients (334/1,054) as low risk, with a sensitivity of 84.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 80.7% to 89%), whereas a score greater than or equal to 7 identified just 3% of patients (30/1,054) as high risk, with a specificity of 98.7% (95% CI 97.9% to 99.5%). A point-of-care HEART score less than or equal to 3 identified a similar proportion as low risk (30%), with a sensitivity of 87.0% (95% CI 80.7% to 93.4%), whereas a score greater than or equal to 7 identified 14% as high risk, with a specificity of 94.8% (95% CI 92.0% to 97.5%). Conclusion Paramedics can use the HEAR score to discriminate risk, but even when used in combination with out-of-hospital point-of-care cTnI testing, the HEART score does not safely rule out major adverse cardiac events, and only a small proportion of patients are identified as high risk.

The scope of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) structures accessible through bottom-up approaches is defined by the intrinsic limitations of either all-on-surface or all-solution-based synthesis. Here, we report a hybrid bottom-up synthesis of GNRs based on a Matrix-Assisted Direct (MAD) transfer technique that successfully leverages technical advantages inherent to both solution-based and on-surface synthesis while sidestepping their drawbacks. Critical structural parameters tightly controlled in solution-based polymerization reactions can seamlessly be translated into the structure of the corresponding GNRs. The transformative potential of the synergetic bottom-up approaches facilitated by the MAD transfer techniques is highlighted by the synthesis of chevron-type GNRs (cGNRs) featuring narrow length distributions and a nitrogen core-doped armchair GNR (N4-7-ANGR) that remains inaccessible using either a solution-based or an on-surface bottom-up approach alone.

Background and purpose: Direct transfer to angiosuite (DTAS) has consistently shown to be effective and safe shortening in-hospital workflows and encouraging long-term outcome benefits. In order to generalize DTAS an organizational and manpower effort is necessary. We aim to perform a cost-effective analysis of the implementation of a new angiosuite primarily dedicated to DTAS of stroke patients that will allow generalization of this pathway Material and methods: Sixty-one patients who underwent endovascular treatment (EVT) following DTAS were matched for baseline variables to 117 patients who underwent conventional imaging protocol before EVT. An economic model based on actual data was developed to assess the short and long term clinical and economic implications. The DTAS development scenario estimates a gradual 20% increase of DTAS rate for 4 years followed by a stable 80% rate of DTAS. Initial investment and additional organizational costs were included: 4M є. A cost-effective study compared the DTAS development scenario (SC1) to a scenario with no organizational changes (SC2) over 10 years. Results: The 10 year model included 1775 EVT patients in each scenario: SC1 60% DTAS Vs SC2 0% DTAS. SC1 would be associated with better functional independence rates (mRS 0-2: 45.8% versus 40.2%; p=0.04) and a quality-adjusted life-years gain of 0.12 per patient. Despite the additional investment, SC1 development was associated with an estimated 15.1% reduction (26.25M є) of total costs (173.749M є). Cost savings was mainly due to long-term associated costs related with patient disability (є 26.4 million). Conclusions: Our economic model predicts that the development of a DTAS program is cost effective.

Time to reperfusion is one of the strongest predictors of functional outcome in acute stroke due to a large vessel occlusion (LVO). Direct transfer to angiography suite (DTAS) protocols have shown encouraging results in reducing in-hospital delays. DTAS allows bypassing of conventional imaging in the emergency room by ruling out an intracranial hemorrhage or a large established infarct with imaging performed before transfer to the thrombectomy-capable center in the angiography suite using flat-panel CT (FP-CT). The rate of patients with stroke code primarily admitted to a comprehensive stroke center with a large ischemic established lesion is

Hay suficientes razones para justificar plenamente que los estudios sobre el conocimiento son relevantes para interpretar las prácticas educativas, aunque ello no es reconocido en buena parte de la investigación educativa actual, en nuestro medio. A este respecto, en primer lugar, se formula la pregunta acerca del significado del enfoque de las competencias, argumentando que deja de lado, justamente, la reconstrucción de los objetos de conocimientos durante el aprendizaje escolar. Luego, se discute la fuerte orientación, en muchos trabajos contemporáneos sobre la enseñanza, hacia estudiar la relación entre docentes y alumnos con total ausencia de los saberes que se transmiten en el aula. En tercer lugar, y centralmente, se enfoca la transferencia directa de los resultados de la investigación en diversas disciplinas, en ocasiones con una impronta prescriptiva, sobre los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Se muestra que dicha transferencia es particularmente significativa en el caso de la psicología del desarrollo y las neurociencias. Además, se sostiene que dicho aplicacionismo ha sido responsable del desconocimiento de la problemática del conocimiento en la investigación educativa actual. Finalmente, se argumenta en defensa de la recuperación de la problemática de los conocimientos en las prácticas educativas, proponiendo una reconfiguración de las unidades de análisis., There are enough reasons to fully justify that studies about knowledge are relevant to interpret educational practice, though this argument is not recognized in great part of this educational research, in our midst. In this respect, first of all, this article poses the question about the meaning of the competence approach arguing that it leaves aside, precisely, the reconstruction of the objects of knowledge during the process of school learning. Secondly, this work argues about the strong trend – in many contemporary works about teaching - to study the relationship between teacher and student without considering the knowledge that is transmitted in the classroom. Thirdly, and most importantly, the article focuses on the direct transfer of the research results about the processes of teaching and learning carried out in different disciplines, sometimes with a prescriptive frame. The work shows that such transfer is particularly significant in the case of developmental psychology and neurosciences. Moreover, the article argues that this application has been responsible of the unawareness of the problems that knowledge poses in the present educational research. Finally, an emphasis in retrieving the knowledge issue in educational practices is presented, proposing, at the same time, a reshaping of the units of analysis., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is widely used in clinical microbiology laboratories because it is cost-effective, reliable, and fast. This study is aimed at comparing the identification performance of the recently developed Autof ms1000 (Autobio, China) with that of the Bruker Biotyper (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). From January to June 2020, 205 preserved strains and 302 clinical isolates were used for comparison. Bacteria were tested with duplicates of the direct transfer method, and formic acid extraction was performed if the results were not at the species level. Fungi were tested with formic acid extraction followed by ethanol extraction methods. 16S rRNA or ITS region sequence analysis was performed on isolates that could not be identified by any of the instruments and on isolates that showed inconsistent results. The time to result of each instrument was also compared. Among preserved strains, species-level identification results were obtained in 202 (98.5%) strains by the Autof ms1000 and 200 (97.6%) strains by the Bruker Biotyper. Correct identification at the species/complex level was obtained for 200 (97.6%) strains by the Autof ms1000 and for 199 (97.1%) strains by the Bruker Biotyper. Among clinical isolates, species-level identification results were obtained in 301 (99.7%) strains and 300 (99.3%) strains by the Autof ms1000 and Bruker Biotyper, respectively. Correct identification at the species/complex level was achieved for 299 (99.0%) strains by the Autof ms1000 and for 300 (99.3%) strains by the Bruker Biotyper. The time to analyze 96 spots was approximately 14 min for the Autof ms1000 and approximately 27 min for the Bruker Biotyper. The two instruments showed comparable performance for the routine identification of clinical microorganisms. In addition, the Autof ms1000 has a short test time, making it convenient for use in clinical microbiology laboratories.

The development of electrical equipment has resulted in an increase in the demand for electrical switches whose key element is contact. The orbital riveting technology has been successfully applied in assembling silver contacts. With the increase in production, attention has been paid to the possibility of obtaining significant savings by replacing part of the rivet with copper. As a result, bimetallic contacts have been created. It has also been proved that the direct transfer of orbital riveting technology from monometallic to bimetallic contacts narrows the technological window that the cost-effectiveness of the whole process is debatable. One of the factors behind the use of orbital forming is the decisive reduction in friction. A similar effect is given by ultrasonic assistance in microforming processes. Within this work, based on the laboratory experiment results, it was suggested to replace the orbital riveting with ultrasonic riveting in relation to the miniature bimetallic contacts.

Purpose of the ReviewThis article reviews prehospital organization in the treatment of acute stroke. Rapid access to an endovascular therapy (EVT) capable center and prehospital assessment of large vessel occlusion (LVO) are 2 important challenges in acute stroke therapy. This article emphasizes the use of transfer protocols to assure the prompt access of patients with an LVO to a comprehensive stroke center where EVT can be offered. Available prehospital clinical tools and novel technologies to identify LVO are also discussed. Moreover, different routing paradigms like first attention at a local stroke center (“drip and ship”), direct transfer of the patient to an endovascular center (“mothership”), transfer of the neurointerventional team to a local primary center (“drip and drive”), mobile stroke units, and prehospital management communication tools all aimed to improve connection and coordination between care levels are reviewed.Recent FindingsLocal observational data and mathematical models suggest that implementing triage tools and bypass protocols may be an efficient solution. Ongoing randomized clinical trials comparing drip and ship vs mothership will elucidate which is the more effective routing protocol.SummaryPrehospital organization is critical in realizing maximum benefit from available therapies in acute stroke. The optimal transfer protocols directed to accelerate EVT are under study, and more accurate prehospital triage tools are needed. To improve care in the prehospital setting, efficient tools based on patient factors, local geography, and hospital capability are needed. These tools would optimally lead to individualized real-time decision-making.

IntroductionMechanical thrombectomy (MT) increases functional independence in patients with acute ischaemic stroke with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO), and the probability to achieve functional independence decreases by 20% for each 1-hour delay to reperfusion. Therefore, we aim to investigate whether direct angiosuite transfer (DAT) is superior to standard imaging/emergency department-based management in achieving 90-day functional independence in patients presenting with an acute severe neurological deficit likely due to LVO and requiring emergent treatment with MT.Methods and analysisDIRECT ANGIO (Effect of DIRECT transfer to ANGIOsuite on functional outcome in patient with severe acute stroke treated with thrombectomy: the randomised DIRECT ANGIO Trial) trial is an investigator-initiated, multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint (PROBE) study. Eligibility requires a patient ≤75 years, pre-stroke modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0–2, presenting an acute severe neurological deficit and admitted within 5 hours of symptoms onset in an endovascular-capable centre. A total of 208 patients are randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to DAT or standard management. The primary outcome is the rate of patients achieving a functional independence, assessed as mRS 0–2 at 90 days. Secondary endpoints include patients presenting confirmed LVO, patients eligible to intravenous thrombolysis alone, patients with intracerebral haemorrhage and stroke-mimics, intrahospital time metrics, early neurological improvement (reduction in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale by ≥8 points or reaching 0–1 at 24 hours) and mRS overall distribution at 90 days and 12 months. Safety outcomes are death and intracerebral haemorrhage transformation. Medico-economics analyses include health-related quality of life and cost utility assessment.Ethics and disseminationThe DIRECT ANGIO trial was approved by the ethics committee of Ile de France 1. Study began in April 2020. Results will be published in an international peer-reviewed medical journal.Trial registration numberNCT03969511.

The rising popularity of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought considerable public interest as well faster and more direct transfer of research ideas into practice. One of the aspects of AI that still trails behind considerably is the role of machines in interpreting, enhancing, modeling, generating, and influencing social behavior. Such behavior is captured as social signals, usually by sensors recording multiple modalities, making it classic multimedia data. Such behavior can also be generated by an AI system when interacting with humans. Using AI techniques in combination with multimedia data can be used to pursue multiple goals, two of which are highlighted here. First, supporting people during social interactions and helping them to fulfil their social needs either actively or passively. Second, improving our understanding of how people collaborate, build relationships, and process self identity. Despite the rise of fields such as Social Signal Processing, a similar panel organised at ACM Multimedia 2014, and an area on social and emotional signals at the ACM MM since 2014, we argue that we have yet to truly fulfil the potential of the combining social signals and multimedia. This panel asks where we have come far enough and what remaining challenges there are in light of recent global events.

Phthalate and alternative plasticizers are semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and among the most abundant indoor pollutants. Although ingestion of dust is one of the major exposure pathways to them, migration knowledge from source products to indoor dust is still limited. Systematic chamber measurements were conducted to investigate the direct transfer of these SVOCs between source products and dust in contact with the source. Substantial direct source-to-dust transfer of SVOCs was observed for all tests. The concentration of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in dust was 12 times higher than the pre-experimental level after only two days of source-dust contact. A mechanistic model was developed to predict the direct transfer process, and a reasonable agreement between model predictions and measurements was achieved. The octanol/air partition coefficient (Koa) of SVOCs, the emission parameter of the source product (y0), and the characteristics of the dust layer (i.e., porosity and thickness) control the transfer, affecting the SVOC concentration in dust, the kinetics of direct transfer, or both. Dust mass loading has a significant influence on the transfer, while relative humidity only has a limited effect. The findings suggest that minimizing the use of SVOC-containing products and house vacuuming are effective intervention strategies to reduce young children's exposure to SVOCs.

Depression is a mental and neurological disease that reduces the desire for exploration. Dysregulation of the information transmission between medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) is associated with depression. However, which direction of information transmission (mPFC-BLA or BLA-mPFC) related to the decline of exploratory interests in depression is unclear. Therefore, it is important to determine what specific changes occur in mPFC and BLA information transmission in depressed rats during exploratory behavior. In the present study, local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded via multi-electrodes implanted in the mPFC and BLA for the control and depression groups of rats when they were exploring in an open field. The theta band was determined to be the characteristic band of exploratory behavior. The direct transfer function (DTF) was used to calculate the mPFC and BLA bidirectional information flow (IF) to measure information transmission. Compared with the control group, the theta IF of mPFC-BLA in the depression group was significantly reduced, and there was no significant difference in theta IF of BLA-mPFC between the two groups. Our results indicated that the reduction of mPFC-BLA information transmission can inhibit the exploratory behavior of depressed rats.

Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are gaseous signaling molecules (gasotransmitters) that regulate both physiological and pathological processes and offer therapeutic potential for the treatment of many diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, bacterial and viral infections. However, the inherent labile nature of therapeutic gases results in difficulties in direct gases administration and their controlled delivery at clinically relevant ranges. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with highly porous, stable, and easy-to-tailor properties have shown promising therapeutic gas delivery potential. Herein, we highlight the recent advances of MOF-based platforms for therapeutic gas delivery, either by endogenous (i.e., direct transfer of gases to targets) or exogenous (i.e., stimulating triggered release of gases) means. Reports that involve in vitro and/or in vivo studies are highlighted due to their high potential for clinical translation. Current challenges for clinical requirements and possible future innovative designs to meet variable healthcare needs are discussed.

Objective Helicopter emergency medical services play an important role in the prehospital care of critically ill and injured patients, providing enhanced interventions and direct transfer to specialist centers. Essex & Herts Air Ambulance (EHAAT) delivers prehospital critical care to patients in Essex, Hertfordshire, and the surrounding areas. Historically, EHAAT's resources have not operated during the night. This study aimed to ascertain demand for prehospital critical care in Essex and Hertfordshire during night hours. Methods A prospective observational design was used. Data were collected by 11 critical care paramedics during night shifts on a critical care desk using an online survey. Details were recorded for incidents in Essex and Hertfordshire between 21:00 and 07:00 deemed appropriate for a prehospital critical care response. Results A total of 108 incidents were recorded across 52 nights, equating to an average of 2.08 incidents per night. For 52 incidents, there was no critical care resource available to attend. The majority of incidents fell in closer proximity to EHAAT's North Weald base than its Earls Colne base. Conclusion The findings suggest a potential need for prehospital critical care during night hours in Essex and Hertfordshire and support the operation of a resource from EHAAT's North Weald base.

The work/study programme for nurses and midwives at Aga Khan University School of Nursing and Midwifery (AKU-SONAM) is a unique concept in East Africa. This study explored whether nursing and midwifery students undergoing a work-study programme at AKU-SONAM felt their education was underpinned by an adult education philosophy. A semi-structured questionnaire designed specifically for this study based on the Knowles’ (1980) ‘Principles of Adult Education’ was administered to 96 students who completed their programmes in 2017 and 2018 respectively. Our paper reports on both the positive aspects of students’ experiences in this work-study programme, including the improvement of critical thinking skills and the direct transfer of classroom learning to clinical practice, along with negative impacts related to a poor work/life balance. Despite challenges related to quality and delivery highlighted in studies involving nursing and midwifery education in Africa, the findings of our study seem to show a positive experience in addressing the needs of the majority of the participants, as well as in meeting the objectives of the programme. We conclude that understanding the benefits and challenges faced by students will help to ensure the appropriate teaching and learning approaches. Keywords: Work/study programme, Uganda, Nurses and midwives evaluation, Upskilling, Nursing and midwifery education How to cite this article: Kyakuwaire, H., Kirikumwino, A., Nabossa, J. & Edwards, G.A. 2020. Evaluating a work/study programme for Nurses and Midwives at Aga Khan University, Uganda. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South. 4(2): 63-79. https://doi.org/10.36615/sotls.v4i2.129. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This exploratory study presents an approach to the phonetic models of Galician Spanish (GS) by means of a small sample of six female speakers with different linguistic profiles. We analyze the production of stressed vowels, final unstressed vowels, and some intonation contours. Unlike earlier descriptions, we do not find direct transfer from Galician to the GS phonetic system. Our results show: (1) The disappearance of the Galician seven vowel system and some examples of hybridization in wh-question intonation, both of which could be seen as signs of change in GS; and (2) The reduction of the final vowels and direct transfer from Galician to GS in yes-no questions, both of which could suggest preservation of the covert prestige of Galician.