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Heat stress is one of the major abiotic stresses and affects plant productivity in a negative manner. Photosynthetic processes are largely influenced by heat stress. In spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves at 40°C the decrease in PSII activity was mainly due to the decreased efficiency to capture excitation energy, increased yield of regulatory energy dissipation mechanism Y(NPQ), and decreased quantum yield Y(II). According to the results below 45°C PSI is stable and protected while at a higher temperature stability of PSI was reduced and protection was not sufficient. Therefore, we conclude that cyclic electron flow plays an important role in protecting PSI from heat stress.

Mature cystic teratoma (dermoid) is a common ovarian neoplasm but less frequently occurs bilaterally specially with ectopic pregnancy. It poses challenge in management in a young woman with history of infertility where preservation of ovarian stroma takes the priority. Here presented case of 30-year-old para 0, gravida 1 women who was diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy with history of infertility of 4 years. She underwent laparotomy where salpingectomy was done owing to tubal rupture. Dermoid cyst was removed simultaneously. When both ovaries were palpated, three more dermoids were found and taken off as well. Earlier ovulation induction was given before adhesions take upper hand and patient was pregnant in first cycle.

The possibility of maximum transmittance at lower thickness of light transmitting ZnS layer and its optimization by air-annealing as an alternative to hazardous and expensive CdS is reported in this communication in order to achieve better buffer layer for solar cells. Thin films of ZnS were deposited using e-beam evaporation on glass and ITO substrates and subjected to air-annealing followed by characterizations for physical properties. XRD patterns revealed amorphous behavior which transformed into cubic (111) plane with change of substrate and annealing whereas surface topography reveals hill and deep valley like structures. Optimal transmittance of maximum 95% in visible region, direct band gap of 3.38 eV and maximum electrical conductivity were observed for 200 °C annealed films. The study refers that films annealed at 200 °C are claimed to be suitable for buffer layer applications.

The exceptional need of potential Cd-free buffer layer in thin film solar cell devices motivated us to study the role of post-deposition Hydrogen annealing for the optimization of physical properties of ZnS thin films. The deposited films of thickness 200 nm were hydrogenated within the flow rate range of 50.0–150.0 sccm at 200 °C. XRD analysis revealed transformation of amorphous into cubic phase with maximum crystallinity at 150.0 sccm for films deposited on glass substrate while into wurtzite structure for films on ITO substrate with enhanced crystallinity. A mixed phase (cubic and hexagonal) at 150.0 sccm also appeared. Electrical behaviour (I–V) exhibits ohmic nature with maximum carrier concentration at 100.0 sccm. The blue shift in absorption edge and maximum of 95% transmittance were recorded in the visible region with optical energy band gap of 3.41 eV at 150.0 sccm. The reduction in surface roughness is observed in surface topographical analysis while the photoluminescence (PL) study indicated a sharp peak at 2.95 eV with strongest emission for 150.0 sccm attributed to reduction of defects at interstitial sites and passivation of grain boundaries. These results are useful to understand the Hydrogen related impurities in ZnS films and the improvement caused by hydrogenation to physical properties suited for buffer layer in solar cells.

Skin pigmentation is one of the most strikingly variable phenotypes in humans, therefore making cutaneous pigmentation disorders frequent symptoms manifesting in a multitude of forms. The most common among them include lentigines, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, dark eye circles, and melasma. Variability of skin tones throughout the world is well-documented, some skin tones being reported as more susceptible to pigmentation disorders than others, especially in Asia and India. Furthermore, exposure to ultraviolet radiation is known to trigger or exacerbate pigmentation disorders. Preventive strategies for photoprotection and treatment modalities including topical and other medical approaches have been adopted by dermatologists to mitigate these disorders. This review article outlines the current knowledge on pigmentation disorders including pathophysiology, molecular profiling, and therapeutic options with a special focus on the Indian population.

Background: The study was aimed to understand the clinico-pathological characteristics of urinary tract infection along with the techniques used in diagnosis and treatment of the presenting infection. The study takes into consideration the various risk factors such as age, marital, socioeconomic status which influences the risk of having UTI. Methods: The study was conducted in Adesh Medical College, Mohri district. A questionnaire was prepared in accordance to evaluate risk factors of urinary tract infection. The patients under study were chosen according to specific inclusion criteria. The patients presenting with symptoms of UTI were subjected to examination and then urine culture and sensitivity test. The uropathogens were isolated with the help of biochemical testing. Results: Out of 500 women who atteneded gynae opd of Adesh Medical College, Mohri district were taken into study out of 500 patients 296 patients showed positive culture. UTI was found more in married females which were illiterate and belonged to low socioeconomic group. E.coli was the most common organism which was cultured. E.coli (55%) was found to be the most prevalent organism followed by Klebsiella . Conclusions: UTIs are some of the most common bacterial infections in women. Women with UTI need to be properly investigated by urinalysis and urine culture. Marital status, socioeconomic status has high impact on the lifetime risk for UTI. E.coli was found to be the most common cause of UTI in all the age groups.

The quick and non-invasive technique of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) fluorescence was used to investigate the primary site of damage in photosystem II in response to high temperature stress. Based on the changes observed in several parameters deduced from Chl-a fluorescence curves after giving heat treatment at 40 °C for 2–30 min it was observed that the sequence of events in PS II under heat stress was as follows: inhibition of OEC—decrease in electron donation capacity—increase in thermal dissipation—increase in number of inactive RC—dissociation of LHCII—decrease in the efficiency of primary charge separation, ultimately leading to inhibition of primary photochemistry. Further it was concluded that at 40 °C, the acceptor side of PSII [1–Vj and PHI(Eo)] showed insignificant changes, which indicated that acceptor side of PSII is not a major target site of heat stress.

Uncombable hair syndrome presents with dry, coarse, silvery hairs that stand straight from the scalp surface. Loose anagen syndrome is characterized by easy pluckability of the hair due to impaired adhesion between the cuticle of the inner root sheath and the cuticle of the hair shaft. We report the case of a 7-year-old female who presented with features of both these conditions. She had difficulty in combing hair for 4 years. Her hairs did not grow and were dry and frizzy. Hairs were easily pluckable, and microscopy showed predominantly dystrophic anagen hair, with the shaft having undulations and longitudinal groove.

The human inability to see clearly in dark/night times has been a research challenge for many decades. Night vision equipment have been extensively used in the defence sector for carrying out hassle-free operation in low visibility or dark operating conditions, but with a limitation that they are essentially monochrome (green/grey) in colour. The comprehension ability using such images is reduced and results in poor situation awareness (SA). Fusion of multispectral images has therefore been seen as a solution to the problem. Various researchers have come up with different ideologies/algorithms over the time. In this paper, the focus is to discuss about techniques developed in recent past with a vision to explore best upcoming multispectral image fusion solutions for combining visible and infrared images, which could lead to a better target detection/recognition and SA.

Objectives: The aim was to investigate the antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera, commonly known as drumstick tree. Materials and Methods: The study is a randomized controlled experimental study. The experiments were carried out dividing the animals in six groups, each containing six animals. Ethanolic extract of Moringa M. oleifera (EMO was administered at 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg doses orally to the respective four groups. Control was normal saline (orally at 2 ml/kg body weight). Antipyretic activity was done in albino rats using the Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia model, standard used was paracetamol (100 mg/kg). Anti-inflammatory action was screened using carrageenan induced paw edema model in albino rats. Analgesic actions was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing test and Eddy’s hot plate test for the peripheral and central analgesic actions respectively using albino mice. Results: The ethanolic leaf extract of M. oleifera showed significant (P Key words: Acetic acid induced writhing test, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, Brewer’s yeast, carrageenan, Eddy’s hot plate method, Moringa oleifera

In tropical countries, high temperature stress is the major abiotic stress, which controls the productivity and yield of crop plants. Two high yielding and low yielding genotypes of durum wheat were selected for detailed analysis of their photochemical efficiencies. In low yielding genotypes (Malvi local and Sawer local), the whole primary photochemical reactions are affected before and after heat stress. The results show that low yielding genotypes show less efficiency in the usage of the available excitation energy. This is a case study to establish use of chlorophyll a fluorescence measurement as an effective tool to screen plants for their stress tolerance. The study is important for stress physiology and may be useful for assessment of stress tolerant plants.

The polycrystalline thin films comprise grain boundaries which act as recombination centres that may be passivated by chloride treatment. The conventional CdS and CdCl2 are very famous as optical window and chloride treatment in solar cells respectively, while both are expensive and severely mutagenic. Therefore in this paper, we report MgCl2 treatment on ZnS films, which is a low-cost noncarcinogenic alternative. ZnS thin films were grown on glass and ITO substrates using e-beam evaporation method, treated with MgCl2 and further thermally annealed to optimize physical properties. Films are found amorphous in nature having transmittance of about 95% and band gap increased up to 3.95 eV with annealing. Surface roughness is increased and proper ohmic behaviour is found for 300 °C treated films and EDS pattern ensured the deposition of ZnS films. To minimize the environmental risk and to reduce cost, our results exhibit that CdS optical window may be easily substituted by MgCl2 treated ZnS buffer layer.

Objective: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the major public health concern in both developed and developing countries regulated by the cultural pattern of gender expression in their society. Thus, it demanded a necessary action to review the changing pattern in (Gwalior, central India where health condition is not in a good fashion with poor socioeconomic status and awareness. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital based cross sectional questionnaire study with a sample size of 222 respondents attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic at JAH Gwalior from December 2011 to March 2012 using a random sampling method. Results: Most of the cases among females were in the age group of 20-40 years (152, 84.44%) and males were in 18-40 years age group (35, 83.33%). Out of 180, 22 (12.22%) females were having non-regular sexual partners. Out of 22 females frequency of consistent, non-consistent, and no condom use with non-regular sexual partners was three (13.63%), two (9.09%), and 17 (77.27%), respectively. Out of 42 males, 22 (52.38%) reported having sex with non-regular sexual partners. None of the 15 (100%) male subjects having friends or relatives as non-regular sexual partner were using condoms. Statistically significant differences were found as compared to a previous study from same STD clinic are discharge, lower abdominal pain, painful micturition, nodules in genitals as 106 (58.88%; P = 0.0001), 59 (32.77%; P = 0.0007), 25 (13.88%; P = 0.001), and one (0.5%; P = 0.005), respectively and in males with absence of abdominal pain and nodules in genitals as P = 0.016 and 0.03, respectively. Preferred place of treatment of STIs was government facility in both male and females with statistically significant 15.76% (P = 0.0001) of the population seeking no treatment. Discussions: Study suggests a changing trend of the STDs owing to the difference in the clinical presentation of the disease to a previous study from the same STD clinic few years back. A shift from adolescent towards adult age group have been reported, which could be the result of awareness generated from counseling patients during their visit to the STD clinic. The problem of low and infrequent condom use and improper binding to the treatment with multiple non-regular sex partners was seen in a fairly good proportion. Study also delineates the change in health-seeking behavior of the attendees. Deterrence towards public health facilities and an upsurge in self-medication as treatment-seeking behavior and approach towards the private health facilities have been reported. Conclusion: Study shows the very significant and much needed role of counseling center like STD clinic, in changing the due course and trend of STDs epidemiology.

Mortein, one of the top pest repellant brands in India, was facing a stagnant market share for the past three years. Although the brand in itself stood for “power”, consumers did not perceive the vaporizer to have the same power as competitors' products. Deepak Sinha, the brand manager for Mortein, had formulated a business strategy to capture share from competition through a brand relaunch with an improved and more effective product, Mortein PowerGard. Deepak had come up with the proposal for a 360-degree activation for Mortein. Deepak had to approve the advertising copy designed and developed by a management trainee. He wanted to be doubly-sure about the target audience for the communication campaign and the decision-making units for the purchase of a mosquito repellent. There was a debate on this at Reckitt-Benckiser (hereafter referred to as RB). He wanted to be scientific about decisions like target audience selection and the appropriateness of the message strategy which was also part of the copy strategy. Deepak and the trainee had to convince the top management at RB on certain decisions that were taken and some others that were being contemplated upon.

The reaction mechanism of the intermolecular oxidative formation of pyrazole 2 via a C–C/N–N bond-formation cascade of the enaminone 1 is investigated by means of ESI-MS. No direct reaction intermediates are observed; however, the formation of an unexpected imidazolid-3-one derivative X is observed that involves an oxidative dimerization of 1 in the presence of dioxygen. The derivative X is isolated and characterized by means of multidimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.

Classification is one of the critical task in datamining. Many classifiers exist for classification task and each have their own pros and cons. It is observed that due to imbalancing in datasets quality of classification accuracy is decreasing. Thus the increasing rate of data diversity and size decreases the performance and efficiency of classifiers. Thus it is very much important to get the maximum classification accuracy. Ensemble learning is a simple, useful and effective meta-classification methodology that combines the predictions from various classifiers. In this research an empirical study hasbeen done using voting based ensemble learning technique on varying imbalance data and varying organization for improving classification accuracy.

Objectives To review the duration of pain relief after initial and repeated radiofrequency neurotomy (RFN) for cervical and lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Methods We searched PubMed to identify all articles that met review criteria for in-depth analysis, synthesis, and review. Results Data from 16 articles are reported in this review, including 8 cervical studies, 7 lumbar studies, and 1 study of both cervical and lumbar treatment. Overall, methodology and design quality of cervical studies exceeded that of lumbar studies. For initial cervical RFN, average range duration of >50% pain relief was 7.3-8.6 months. Repeated cervical RFN was successful 67%-95% of the time when the first RFN procedure was successful. When the first RFN procedure was unsuccessful, repeated RFN was successful 0%-67% of the time. The average range duration of pain relief after successful repeated RFN was 6.0-12.7 months. For initial lumbar RFN, the average duration of >50% pain relief was 9.0 months. Repeated lumbar RFN was successful 33%-85% of the time when the first RFN procedure was successful. The average duration of pain relief after successful repeated lumbar RFN was 11.6 months. Conclusions The results of this review indicate that pain relief after initial RFN generally ends after 7-9 months and that repeating RFN is likely to provide additional pain relief if initial RFN was successful. Results are similar between cervical and lumbar spine studies.

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is used for monitoring the progress of the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction between bromobenzene and arylboronic acids using a palladium dichloro-bis(aminophosphine) complex as a precatalyst. The ESI-MS studies demonstrate that initiation of the catalytic reaction requires the presence of a base and that the selectivity for cross-coupling is favorable at elevated temperatures. Interestingly, after completion of the coupling reaction, the palladium is present as a dinuclear Pd0/PdII cluster, which still acts as an active catalyst when a new aliquot of reactants is added to the reaction mixture.

Two allyl-palladium(II) complexes bearing the Trost standard ligand (1), i.e., [(C3H5)Pd(S,S-1)]+CF3SO3− and [(c-C6H9)Pd(S,S-1)]+BArF− (BArF− = [B((3,5-(CF3)2)C6H3)4]−), are investigated using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Both species form abundant quasi-molecular ions [(C3H5)Pd(S,S-1)]+ and [(c-C6H9)Pd(S,S-1)]+, respectively. At elevated concentrations of the solutions admitted to the ESI source, significant aggregation to binuclear species is observed, which agrees with recent results from solution chemistry. Consistent with solution-phase studies, the tendency of clustering is much less pronounced for the bulky BArF− counterion compared to the smaller triflate.

In this study, an EnKF-based assimilation algorithm was implemented to estimate root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) using the coupled LSP–DSSAT model during a growing season of corn. Experiments using both synthetic and field observations were conducted to understand effects of simultaneous state–parameter estimation, spatial and temporal update frequency, and forcing uncertainties on RZSM estimates. Estimating the state–parameters simultaneously with every 3-day assimilation of volumetric soil moisture (VSM) observations at 5 depths lowered the average standard deviation (ASD) and the root mean square error (RMSE) for RZSM by approximately 1.77% VSM (78%) and 2.18% VSM (93%), respectively, compared to the open-loop ASD where as estimating only states lowered the ASD by approximately 1.26% VSM (56%) and the RMSE by 1.66% VSM (71%). The synthetic case obtained RZSM estimates closer to the observations than the MicroWEX-2 case, particularly after precipitation/irrigation events. The differences in EnKF performance between MicroWEX-2 and synthetic observations may indicate other sources of errors in addition to those in parameters and forcings, such as errors in model biophysics.

In recent years, the RFM model has been broadly referred to analyze the behavior of customers based on recency, transaction frequency and monetary background. With this perspective, this study proposes a new RFM-based Ubiquitous methodology for customer segmentation based on the given transaction driven parameters and then the MCDM techniques can be used for proper ranking of customers. Then the bank can plan their marketing strategy and can not only attract but also make them satisfy by offering proper policies to them. The main of this paper is to use this scoring model and to propose the alternative strategies for efficient use of security resources so that security cost while maintaining the bank accounts can be reduced at a major extent. This study also gives a case study with real banking data so that a proper methodology and results can be represented.

Fusion of infrared and visible images has been studied for enhancing the situation awareness of user in the surveillance sector during low lighting conditions. The fusion of content helps to produce a more informative image. The use of multi resolution transform (MRT) for fusion will be more beneficial as its operation is similar to the working of human visual system. Wavelet transform is a MRT technique apt for the purpose. The use of biorthogonal wavelet approach scores over conventional wavelet approach because of its merits like: symmetry, linear phase, flexibility and compactness. This work reports the application of biorthogonal wavelet transforms for fusion of registered visible and infrared images of the same scene. A comparison of various biorthogonal wavelet functions has also been made to select appropriate biorthogonal wavelet family suitable for fusion of infrared and visible images for surveillance.

Background and Objectives: Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide. In India, it is the second most common cancer in males as per the Indian Council of Medical Research and various state cancer registries. This study was designed to investigate the effect of dyslipidemia, elevated insulin levels, and insulin resistance on the risk of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: This case–control study was conducted on a total of 200 individuals. Cases were 100 males under the age of 80 (range, 50–80 years), newly diagnosed with histologically confirmed primary adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Controls were 100 age-matched disease-free males, without any complications. Mean ± standard deviation in case and control groups was compared using the unpaired Student's t-test. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine the association between variables of interest and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and body mass index (BMI) among prostate cancer patients. Unadjusted and adjusted odd ratios with 95% CI were calculated using logistic regression models for prostate cancer risk in relation to dyslipidemia and IR. Results: Data showed that serum PSA significantly positively associated with BMI, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin, HOMA-IR and significantly negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). HOMA-IR significantly positively associated with BMI, TGs, glucose, and insulin. The binary logistic regression analysis showed a significant adjusted* Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (P

Introduction: Congenital anomalies or malformations are anatomical. Structural or functional defects present at birth leads to physical and mental disabilities. With the advent of newer drugs, infectious diseases have taken the backseat and congenital defects have emerged as an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. In India, anomalies of musculoskeletal system have been most commonly reported. Aims and Objectives: With this in view, the present study was carried out to find the incidence and types of musculoskeletal defects in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Various maternal factors were also correlated and analyzed. The purpose of this communication is to report these defects so as to help doctors and parents to prevent unexpected fetal loss and better parental counseling. Materials and Methods: This study was done in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in association with Department of Paediatrics of a tertiary care hospital in Odisha from for a period of 1 year. The newborns were examined within 1st three days of delivery for congenital malformations. The study group included all live borns along with still borns after 28 weeks of gestation or those dead babies whose weight was about 1kg. A thorough physical examination from head to toe was done to look for musculoskeletal defects within 24hrs of delivery. Observation and Results: Out of total 7268 babies delivered, 116 babies were found to have anomalies. Thirty two of these had musculoskeletal defects. Talipes equinovarus was the commonest anomaly observed followed by polydactyly. The ratio of male babies with musculoskeletal defects to female babies was found to be 1.28:1.The malformed babies were mainly born to term mothers (77.6%), who were mostly unbooked (62.5%) and belonged to lower or middle class. But no significant relationship could be established between these factors and defects. Most mothers were in the age group of 20-35 years and there was no history of drug addiction, smoking, trauma or irradiation that could be related to the occurrence of congenital malformations. Conclusion: It is concluded that better maternal care and improved standards of living have very little effect on the overall frequency of congenital malformations. For the better future of neonates an early recognition of correctable lesions is essential, which calls for a systematic approach to the study of musculoskeletal defects.

Global warming has led to increased temperature of the earth which is a major abiotic stress posing a serious threat to the plants. Photosynthesis is amongst the plant cell functions that is highly sensitive to high temperature stress and is often inhibited before other cell functions are impaired. The primary sites of targets of high temperature stress are Photosystem II (PSII), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) while Cytochrome b559 (Cytb559) and plastoquinone (PQ) are also affected. As compared to PSII, PSI is stable at higher temperatures. ROS production, generation of heat shock proteins, production of secondary metabolites are some of the consequences of high temperature stress. In this review we have summarized the physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of high temperature stress on the process of photosynthesis, as well as the tolerance and adaptive mechanisms involved.

Background: Malaria remains a major health hazard in the modern world, particularly in developing countries. In Plasmodium falciparum malaria, there is a direct correlation between asexual erythrocytic stage parasite density and disease severity. Accordingly, the correlations between parasite density and various clinical presentations, severity, and outcome were examined in falciparum malaria in India. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary health-care center in North India. Of 100 cases of falciparum malaria, 65 patients were male and 35 were female. A total of 54 patients were in the uncomplicated group and 46 patients were in the complicated malaria group. Results: Fever, anemia, icterus, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and hepatosplenomegaly were common clinical findings. All clinical findings were significantly more common in the complicated malaria group and patients with a high parasite density than in the uncomplicated group and those with a low parasite density. All patients in the uncomplicated malaria group had a parasite density of 5%, and the difference between groups was statistically significant. The incidence of cerebral malaria was significantly higher in cases with a high parasite density; 58.33% mortality was observed in these cases. Cerebral malaria and hyperbilirubinemia was the most frequently encountered combination of complications. Conclusions: In P. falciparum malaria, parasite density was associated with complications and poor clinical outcomes. These results may inform treatment decisions and suggest that a threshold parasite density of 5% is informative.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by progressive loss of renal function. Although the burden of CKD in India cannot be assessed accurately, its approximate prevalence is believed to be 800 per million populations (pmp), and the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is 150–200 pmp. Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of ESRD worldwide. Another cause of ESRD is dyslipidemia, which is one of the most common quantitative lipid abnormalities in patients with CKD. In diabetes, the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels rise as the albumin excretion rate increases, leading to renal injury. Oxidative stress generated by hyperglycemia increases reactive oxygen species production, which causes cellular dysfunction and damage, and ultimately results in diabetic micro- and macro-vascular complications. Therefore, lipids may represent a useful clinical tool for not only identifying patients at a high risk of developing CVD but also assessing the development and progression of renal disease. In this review, we summarize the effects of lipid abnormalities and oxidative stress in patients with diabetes and nephropathy.

Gas-phase experiments are used to probe the intramolecular scrambling of aryl groups between palladium and phosphorus in organopalladium complexes, [ArPd(PPh(3))(2)](+), generated by means of electrospray ionization (ESI). To this aim, ESI mass spectrometry, including tandem mass spectrometric experiments, were carried out on deuterated, non-deuterated, and substituted [ArPd(PPh(3))(2)](+) complexes. The fragment ions obtained from the deuterated parent ions clearly show the occurrence of intramolecular scrambling between the aryl group bound to palladium and the phenyl groups of the phosphine in the gas phase. Fragmentation pathways, supported by a statistical model, are proposed to explain these migrations and the implications for the condensed-phase chemistry are probed experimentally by using ESI mass spectrometry.

Effects of change in pH have been investigated on spinach leaf discs by measuring fluorescence induction kinetics using plant efficiency analyzer (PEA). On the basis of computational analysis of the results, we have reported that acidic pH causes a significant inhibition of the donor and the acceptor side of PS II. Energy flux models have been presented using the software Biolyzer HP 3. Effects of pH were investigated on the antenna size heterogeneity of PS II and a relative change in the proportions of α, β, and γ centers was observed.

Small ring compounds represent a class of versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. Three- and four-membered ring carbo- and heterocycles are regarded as unique functional groups. Lewis acid-assisted cycloaddition of cyclopropanes, aziridines and azetidines substituted by vicinal electron-donor and electron-acceptor groups takes place in a regio- and stereocontrolled fashion. Trialkylsilylmethyl is an interesting donor substituent. In this feature article, we provide an overview of the cycloaddition of different dipolarophiles to silylmethyl-substituted small ring compounds and discuss their possible applications in synthesis.

Small ring compounds represent a class of versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. Three- and four-membered ring carbo- and heterocycles are regarded as unique functional groups. Lewis acid-assisted cycloaddition of cyclopropanes, aziridines and azetidines substituted by vicinal electron-donor and electron-acceptor groups takes place in a regio- and stereocontrolled fashion. Trialkylsilylmethyl is an interesting donor substituent. In this feature article, we provide an overview of the cycloaddition of different dipolarophiles to silylmethyl-substituted small ring compounds and discuss their possible applications in synthesis.

Total syntheses of (+)-7-epi-goniofufurone, (+)-goniopypyrone and (+)-goniofufurone have been achieved from an advanced common precursor formed from D-(+)-mannitol by changing the carbinol protection profile.

Introduction: The prevalence of hyperlipidemia is a most common problem in developed and developing society. Abnormal increase level of total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and LDL caused cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dyslipidemia is a known marker for CVD in the common population. Significant abnormal total cholesterol, LDL, TG, VLDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are present in CKD patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, we tried to find out the levels of lipid profile and antioxidant levels in CKD patients and its correlation with CVD. This study included 159 human subjects of age group between 40 and 65 years, out of which 78 patients were CKD and rest 81 patients are matched healthy subjects (control group). Results and Discussion: Our study showed a significant increase in Blood Pressure compared to control subjects. Lipid profile (total cholesterol, VLDL, TG, and LDL) was found significantly deranged (P < 0.001) and there was a decrease in the levels of HDL-cholesterol compared to control subjects. Conclusion: Enzyme level (superoxide dismutase) was significantly decreased, and malondialdehyde level was significantly increased compared to control subjects which show the effect of dyslipidemia and oxidative stress associated with the chronic kidney disorder.

Background and Objective: The incidence of prostate cancer is increasing day by day worldwide. Prostate cancer in India is the 10 th most common malignancy affecting men although its incidence is rising in India. This study is designed to the effect of dyslipidemia, altered serum glucose, insulin resistance, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) on the risk of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on a total of 150 patients, in which 75 patients were of prostate cancer considered as cases and 75 were healthy individuals as controls. About 8 ml of blood samples was drawn to determine fasting glucose, lipid profile, serum insulin, and serum PSA. Serum glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) were measured using enzymatic kits of auto analyzer. Very low-density lipoprotein-C (VLDL-C) and LDL-C were calculated by Friedwald's formula. Serum insulin and serum PSA were estimated by immunoenzymatic assay. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m 2 ). Insulin resistance was assessed by homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and calculated as follows: fasting glucose (mg/dL) × fasting insulin (mU/mL)/405. Blood pressure was measured in the sitting position after a 10 min resting period. Observation and Results: Clinical variables such as age, BMI, blood pressure, lipid profile, serum glucose, serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and serum PSA in case and control groups were compared using the unpaired Student's t -test. We found that BMI and the level of serum glucose, serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and serum PSA were significantly increased in prostate cancer patients as compared to control. In prostate cancer patients, HDL-C significantly decreased ( P P Conclusion: This study has shown significant association of high BMI, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and PSA with prostate cancer.

Objectives: Anxiety is a serious condition, leading to depression. The statistics of anxiety is alarming and needs an effective, low-cost remedy. Drumstick tree is known as Moringa oleifera belonging to the Moringaceae family. In previous studies, drumstick leaves revealed a storehouse of active ingredients possessing anxiolytic property. In this study, the anxiolytic effect of drumstick leaves was studied using elevated plus maze (EPM) and staircase models at four doses 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Materials and Methods: It is a randomized control study. Albino mice were used in this study, a total of 72, divided into six groups, each group consisting of 6 mice. Group I: Control (normal saline orally at 2 ml/kg body weight); Group II: Standard (diazepam 10 mg/kg orally); Group III, IV, V, and VI (ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera [EMO] 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively). EMO leaves were administered at 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg doses orally 1 h before the experiments and their effects observed. Results: In the EPM method, the time spent in open arm and closed arm before and after drug administration was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. In the staircase test, the comparison of steps climbed and rears before and after drug administration were done by nonparametric tests, Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney's test. In both models, the extract showed a significant response at 200 and 400 mg/kg. Conclusion: Thus, EMO leaves exhibited anxiolytic activity in both models at higher doses.

Metabolic syndrome is a common global problem. This condition is also multifaceted and potential precursor to significant disturbance of numerous physiologic processes. The interconnected complexities of this disorder may varies from, life threatening risk of cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension to many of other metabolic diseases like male or female infertility. This review article cogitate the literature regarding metabolic syndrome and male reproductive health. The association between abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, systemic hypertension, and dyslipidemia are each examined with regard to their interconnected deleterious effects on male fertility. At the conclusion of this manuscript, we propose a new metabolic syndrome with male infertility paradigm. Supplementary acquisition particularly addressing the components of metabolic syndrome and their impact on male reproduction will enhance our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. These studies may also help elucidate the role for therapeutic intervention.

Objective: To study and describe the utilization pattern of various classes of drugs including antibiotics in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and Methods: A total of 185 CKD patients were finally recruited after strictly obeying the selection criteria in this cross-sectional, observational study that was conducted over a period of 6 months in Nephrology Department of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Relevant data were extracted by interviewing the patients and from prescriptions, case records, and investigational reports. Results: Mean age of CKD patients was 45.81 ± 11.16 with male predominance (58%). CKD Stage III comprised of the maximum number (28%) of patients. Polypharmacy was executed in 83% of these patients. Hypertension (95%), diabetes (87%), and anemia (86%) are the most common co-morbidities. The five most frequently prescribed drugs were diuretics (100%), anti-ulcer agents like proton pump inhibitors and H 2 blockers (98%), anti-hypertensives (95%), vitamins and minerals supplements including calcium (92%), and hematinics (85%). Infectious diseases like respiratory tract infection (37%) and urinary tract infection (34%) had shown to have a high prevalence in CKD patients. Cefoperazone, metronidazole, piperacillin + tazobactam were the most prescribed parenteral antibiotics. Azithromycin and levofloxacin were the extensively used oral antibiotics. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the variability of drug utilization in CKD patients. Drug utilization studies on a regular basis give a framework to pharmaceutical companies and healthcare providers and help to build management strategies. However, the right choice of drugs and inappropriate doses will reduce the incidence of nephrotoxicity and ultimately result better clinical outcomes. Managing infections and prescribing antibiotics in CKD are crucial and hence claim rationalization of the use of antibiotics to improve the quality of life of CKD patients.

Objective: To study and describe the antibiotic prescribing habits of physicians for 117 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Materials and Methods: A medicine consultant or a pulmonologist supervised and treated 45 (38%) patients. Out of 45 patients, 7 (16%) were given macrolide, 12 (26%) received beta-lactam antibiotics, 14 (31%) were given a combination of beta-lactam and macrolide, and 12 (26%) were given a combination of more than one antibiotics. Seventy-two (62%) patients were seen by other specialists, of whom 5 (6%) were given macrolide, 35 (48%) were given beta-lactam, 4 (6%) were administered a combination of beta-lactam and macrolide, 2 (3%) received quinolones, and 26 (36%) patients received various combinations. In 47 out of 117 patients, therapy was modified, which included 12 patients who underwent step-down switch. The duration of hospitalization was 26 days for those patients whose therapy was modified. Patients who underwent step-down switch had a hospital stay of 7 days, whereas those who did not have any modification in the treatment stayed for 10 days in the hospital. Results: Beta-lactam antibiotic was more commonly used, at least 3.8 times more than a macrolide. Other combinations of antibiotics were given in 28%, 68%, and 44% of patients treated by a medicine specialist, pulmonologist, and other specialties, respectively. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that in spite of the advances of knowledge in the management of CAP, there exists variability in the prescribing habits of the attending physician.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major chronic health problem globally, so the patterns of drug utilization study of oral anti-hyperglycemic drugs are of chief concern to promote rational drug use in diabetics and make available the valuable information for the healthcare providers. Objective: This study was performed to determine the drug utilization pattern of oral anti-hyperglycemic drugs in Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Eastern India. Materials and Methods: A prospective, observational, and noncomparative study was carried for 12 weeks in T2DM patients on oral anti-hyperglycemic drugs for at least 1 week. Results: Total 230 patients were enrolled with mean age of 54.66 ± 13.24 years and duration of diabetes was 8.71 ± 7.78 years. Among these, 78 (33.91%) were in the age group 51–60 years, 132 (57.39%) had a diabetic history of

Introduction Height is defined as distance between vertex of head and surface. Reconstruction of the stature from various parameters is quite valuable for identification & for establishing the individuality of a person. Aims and Objectives The present study was done to determine the stature from parameters of upper limb & lower limb of individuals having age group of 17-25. Materials and Methods Authors have studied 213 male and 87 female, healthy subjects in Department of Anatomy, IMS & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar. All individuals were measured for height and arm, forearm, hand & foot length. Observation and Results The data thus obtained has been tabulated & subjected to statistical computation to derive the regression equations. Conclusion The results concluded that height has a definite correlation with the parameters. This conclusion is of utmost importance to anthropologist and forensic experts for estimation of stature from mutilated, decomposed or fragmentary skeletal remains.

Microsphere-based immunoassays were devised for compounds of agricultural and biomedical interest (e.g., digoxin, theophylline, and zearalenone). Commercially available microspheres with surface functional groups for chemical derivatization were used as solid carriers. After immobilizing the target substances, the surface of the haptenized microspheres was blocked by a protein to reduce aspecific binding. Competitive immunoassays were performed using the functionalized microspheres and antibodies labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Immunofluorescence signal amplification was achieved by enzyme-catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD). An epifluorescence microscope, a CCD camera interfaced with a computer, and microscopy image analysis software were employed for quantitative detection of fluorescent light emitted from individual microspheres. Integration of several such immunoassays and application of an optical encoding method enabled multianalyte determination. These immunoassays can also be utilized in an immunosensor array format. This immunoarray format could facilitate miniaturization and automation of multianalyte immunoassays.