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Phosphaphenalenes, extended π conjugates with the incorporation of phosphorus, are attractive avenues towards molecular materials for the applications in organic electronics, but their electron accepting ability have not been investigated. Herein we present systematic studies on the reductive behavior of a representative phosphaphenalene and its oxide by chemical and electrochemical methods. The chemical reduction of the phosphaphenalene by alkali metals reveals the facile P−C bond cleavage to form phosphaphenalenide anion, which functions as a transfer block for structure modification on the phosphorus atom. In contrast, the pentavalent P‐oxide reacts with one or two equivalents of elemental sodium to form stable radical anion and dianion salts, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials can be transformed from one crystalline phase to another by using an electric field to control ion transfer, in a process that can be harnessed in applications such as batteries, smart windows and fuel cells. Increasing the number of transferrable ion species and of accessible crystalline phases could in principle greatly enrich material functionality. However, studies have so far focused mainly on the evolution and control of single ionic species (for example, oxygen, hydrogen or lithium ions). Here we describe the reversible and non-volatile electric-field control of dual-ion (oxygen and hydrogen) phase transformations, with associated electrochromic and magnetoelectric effects. We show that controlling the insertion and extraction of oxygen and hydrogen ions independently of each other can direct reversible phase transformations among three different material phases: the perovskite SrCoO3-δ (ref. 12), the brownmillerite SrCoO2.5 (ref. 13), and a hitherto-unexplored phase, HSrCoO2.5. By analysing the distinct optical absorption properties of these phases, we demonstrate selective manipulation of spectral transparency in the visible-light and infrared regions, revealing a dual-band electrochromic effect that could see application in smart windows. Moreover, the starkly different magnetic and electric properties of the three phases-HSrCoO2.5 is a weakly ferromagnetic insulator, SrCoO3-δ is a ferromagnetic metal, and SrCoO2.5 is an antiferromagnetic insulator-enable an unusual form of magnetoelectric coupling, allowing electric-field control of three different magnetic ground states. These findings open up opportunities for the electric-field control of multistate phase transformations with rich functionalities.

Objective To investigate the damage effect of fine particulate matter(PM2.5)exposure on mucociliary clearance, and analyze the effect of myrtol standardized on it. Methods Rats were divided into control group(group N),PM2.5 exposure group(group PM) and myrtol standardized group(group PM+CS).Rats were respectively given inhalation to filtered clean air indoor, exposure to ambient air of Shijiazhuang city (the range of PM2.5 concentration from 29.90 mg/m3 to 99.65 mg/m3) and gavage of myrtol standardized suspension 300 mg/(kg·d).Eight rats in each group were sacrificed after 3 months and 6 months.The lung and tracheal tissues were stained with HE and AB-PAS.The ultrastructure of cilia was observed by scanning electron microscope.The number of total cells,neutrophil count and classification in the BALF were detected by microscopy.The gene expression level of MUC5AC and AQP5 in pulmonary tissue were measured by real-time PCR. The protein expressional level of MUC5AC in lung tissue was respectively measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results In the PM groups, inflammatory injury and myxocyte metaplasia of lung and tracheal tissues were obvious, and tracheal cilia were adhesive, lodging and absent, sparse and disordered.The total number of white blood cells and percentage of neutrophils in BALF were significantly higher than those in N groups(P＜0.05).The expression of MUC5AC mRNA and MUC5AC protein in PM groups was higher than that in N groups(P＜0.05),but the relative expression of AQP5 mRNA in PM groups was significantly lower than that in N groups(P＜0.05).Compared with PM group, myrtol standardized can reduce the above damage effect(P＜0.05). Conclusions Myrtol standardized can protect the mucociliary clearance system in rats by reducing the damage of cilia structure, hypersecretion of mucus and inflammatory damage caused by PM2.5.

Current computational modeling methods for simulating blast and ejecta in soils resulting from the detonation of buried explosives rely heavily on continuum approaches such as Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) and pure Eulerian shock-physics techniques. These methods approximate the soil as a Lagrangian solid continuum when deforming (but not flowing) or an Eulerian non-Newtonian fluid continuum when deforming and flowing at high strain rates. These two extremes do not properly account for the transition from solid to fluid-like behavior and vice versa in soil, nor properly address advection of internal state variables and fabric tensors in the Eulerian approaches. To address these deficiencies on the modeling side, we are developing a multiscale multiphase hybrid Lagrangian particle-continuum computational approach, in conjunction with coordinated laboratory experiments for parameter calibration and model validation. This paper provides an overview of the research approach and current progress for this Office of Naval Research (ONR) Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) project. © The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc. 2014.