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This paper presents a novel Fe 2 TiO 5 sensing material for ethanol and acetone detection. Pure Fe 2 TiO 5 nanomaterial was synthesized by a combined solvothermal and calcination method using ferrous sulfate as precursor and urea as a surfactant. The microstructure and surface morphology indicate that Fe 2 TiO 5 belongs to the orthorhombic crystal structure with a Bbmm space group and is composed of loose aggregates of irregular nanoparticles (20–30nm) and abundant pores. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicates that the Fe 2 TiO 5 aggregates contain mixed valence states of Fe2+ and Fe3+ and abundant oxygen vacancies. Examination of gas sensing properties suggests that Fe 2 TiO 5 is an excellent gas-sensitive material. Particularly, at a low optimum operating temperature (240 °C), the gas response of the Fe 2 TiO 5 aggregates to 100 ppm ethanol and acetone is as high as 84.1 and 220.9, respectively. The linear relationship between log(S-1) and logC indicates that Fe 2 TiO 5 can accurately detect ethanol and acetone over a wide concentration range. The gas-sensing performance of the novel Fe 2 TiO 5 nanomaterial can be explained based on the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancy defects and the characteristic surface morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ta 2 O 5 /Pd hybrid microspheres were readily synthesized via a one-step thermal solution process employing a template composed of glucose carbon spheres, yielding a structure characterized by a rough and porous surface. This morphology offers an expanded contact area and increased sites for ethanol reactions of Ta 2 O 5 /Pd hybrid microspheres. At room temperature (25 °C), the Ta 2 O 5 /Pd hybrid microspheres exhibited responsiveness to ethanol concentrations ranging from 50 to 700 ppm, displaying a linear response pattern to a narrow concentration gradient of 90–120 ppm. The hybrid exhibited notable sensitivity, manifesting a response value of 5.1–100 ppm ethanol. In addition, they displayed less responsiveness to other VOCs gases, were minimally affected by humidity, and maintained gas-sensitive stability for 30 days, demonstrating excellent selectivity and long-term stability. Based on the fitting curve analysis, the material theoretically demonstrated the ability to detect ethanol at concentrations as low as 101 ppb. Ta 2 O 5 /Pd hybrid microspheres modified by glucose carbon sphere templates and noble metal nanoparticles are promising candidates for ethanol room temperature sensing, providing new insights into the development of room temperature sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Porous PEDOT as the support of PdSn nanoalloy electrocatalyst. • Pd 4 Sn 6 /PEDOT is created and used for the oxidation of ethylene glycol and ethanol. • The interface electronic structure of Pd was modified by introducing Sn and PEDOT. • It shows outstanding electrocatalytic performance and poisoning-tolerance ability. Developing a novel catalyst with lower noble-metal loading and higher catalytic efficiency is significant for promoting the widespread application of direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs). In this work, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) supported the PdSn alloy (PdSn/PEDOT) were simply synthesized and their electrocatalytic performance toward the oxidation of ethylene glycol and ethanol (EGOR and EOR) were investigated in alkaline media, respectively. In comparison with other control catalysts, the optimized Pd 4 Sn 6 /PEDOT catalyst exhibits the highest mass activity (7125/4166 mA mg Pd −1) and specific activity (26/15 mA cm−2) towards EGOR/EOR. The mass activity of Pd 4 Sn 6 /PEDOT for EGOR and EOR are 11.9 and 10.9 times higher than commercial Pd/C, respectively. Moreover, chronoamperometry (CA) and successive cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests show that the CO resistance ability and durability of the Pd 4 Sn 6 /PEDOT catalyst were superior to Pd 4 Sn 6 , Pd/PEDOT and commercial Pd/C catalysts, which can be attributed to the d-band center of Pd can be effectively downshifted and the interface strain effect between electrons caused by the conjugated structure between PEDOT groups. This work provides an effective strategy for the development of highly efficient anode catalysts of DAFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of using ferric oxide nanoparticles (FO) and C2–C4 alcohols with diesel/biodiesel blend in a diesel engine. Optimum operating conditions were explored, and an engine speed of 1750 rpm was optimal. The concentration of FO was estimated to be 760 ppm, considering the best conditions for carbon nanotube (CNT) production. Ethanol was immiscible in diesel fuel; however, any biodiesel percentage in the blend made it miscible. The used engine was too small to run with a blend containing more than 3 % ethanol. Propanol and butanol were blended at the same ethanol concentration for comparative purposes. A blend with 30 % biodiesel (B30) was found to be the best diesel/biodiesel blend. This was detected by the best coefficient of variation (COV) with reasonable performance and emissions. Ferric oxide nanoparticles reduced COV and improved engine performance. The COV increased for tested alcohols. However, blending B30 with alcohols, especially butanol, improved thermal efficiency. FO and alcohol increased NOx emissions and decreased both CO and smoke opacity. They increased the peak pressure and the heat release rate while reducing the combustion duration. Nonetheless, no CNT traces were detected in the present study under any conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A choice of the catalyst depends on its performance which is primarily defined by the yield of the desired product which is a function of the catalyst selectivity. Selectivity for the heterogeneous catalytic process could be a complicated function of the experimental data for a complex reaction network. Selectivity is of particular interest for hydrogen production by biomass steam reforming or, particularly, by bioethanol steam reforming (ESR). For ESR, we propose an approach according to which the hydrogen yield is a function of selectivity to the carbon-containing reaction products. The approach allows one to analyze the experimental data in a very sophisticated way. We show the usefulness of our approach for the critical analysis of results presented in the literature, particularly for verifying the reliability of the hydrogen yield reported for ESR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pretreatment is a major step in bioethanol production as it breaks the structure of lignocellulosic biomasses, improving the enzymatic digestibility and ethanol yield during fermentation. The present study proposes pretreatments of maize cob based on glycerol and persulfate, as well as their combinations. The greatest delignification, hemicellulose removal, and cellulose enrichment were obtained in combined pretreatments. The addition of persulfate in acidified glycerol solution matches the performance of the separate strategies, presenting similar chemical composition and sugar release in enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis lignins (EHL) were easily obtained by simple filtration after saccharification, and they provided high adsorption capacity of methylene blue dye. The persulfate in the pretreatments affects the EHL increasing adsorption capacity. The unusual methodology described in this study provided a successful combination in enzymatic digestibility, and as a trigger of chemical modifications of EHL, due to the synergistic action of glycerol, water, sulfuric acid, and persulfate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work involves an improved, pseudo-three-component synthetic approach for the synthesis of dimeric indoles using 4 mol% [BCMIM][Cl] ionic liquid via metal-free synthesis in aqueous ethanol under reflux conditions. A series of 35 derivatives were furnished in up to 95% yields in 0.5 h to 1.5 h. These derivatives were then analyzed using various spectroscopic techniques. The salient features of this methodology are mild reaction conditions, metal-free synthesis, simple work-up procedure, short reaction time, reusability for up to 4 cycles, good to excellent yields and low catalyst loading. The UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques were used to investigate the photophysical characteristics of selected derivatives. The absorption and emission spectra reveal a peak wavelength (λmax) in the ranges of 216–228 nm (π–π*), 262–294 nm (n–π*), and 389–407 nm, respectively. A similar trend to the experimental data can be observed in density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The binding affinities of the synthesised derivatives with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were computed using AutoDock Vina. Furthermore, 7af, 7ai, 7aj and 7gk were investigated for BSA and DNA binding studies. The ligands exhibited a binding strength of 105 and 103 M−1 with BSA and DNA, respectively. The ethidium bromide (EtBr) displacement assay discloses intercalation as the mode of binding with Ksv values in the order of 102–103 M−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New asymmetrical pyridyl-BODIPY dyes with a meso-CF3-group were synthesized by condensation of trifluoro-1-(5-phenylpyrrol-2-yl)ethanol with 2-(2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl)pyrroles, followed by the oxidation and formation of a complex with BF3 etherate. The molecular and crystal structures of these compounds were studied by DFT calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The absorption and fluorescence properties of the synthesized dyes in polar and nonpolar media were quantitatively characterized. In this work, the efficiency of dye adsorption on CdSe colloidal quantum dots was studied, and the influence of the nitrogen atom position in the pyridyl group on the stability of the resulting associates was shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic alcohol users often exhibit an increased minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane, yet the specific mechanism remains unclear. It has been reported that ethanol exposure can upregulate the protein expression and enzyme activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). CYP2E1 is a key enzyme that converts 2–5% of sevoflurane into equimolar amounts of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and F−. This study aims to explore whether ethanol exposure could alter sevoflurane metabolism through CYP2E1 modulation, potentially explaining the increased MAC observed in alcohol users. Methods: Eighty adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into two groups and received either 50% ethanol (dose: 3 g/kg) or 0.9% saline twice daily by gavage. After 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of gavage, ten rats were randomly selected from each group to undergo 1-hour anesthesia with 2.3% sevoflurane. Blood samples were collected after anesthesia to measure the concentration of free HFIP using gas chromatography. Additionally, the left lobe tissue of the liver was collected for the analysis of CYP2E1 protein expression by Western blot and CYP2E1 enzyme activity by colorimetric assay. Correlations between these parameters were analyzed using Pearson's correlation. Results: In the ethanol group, CYP2E1 expression, activity, and the concentration of free HFIP were significantly higher at all time points compared to the control group (P < 0.05), except for protein expression in the first week (P > 0.05). Within-group comparisons indicated no significant changes in any of the parameters for the control group (P > 0.05). In the ethanol group, there was no difference in free HFIP concentration between the first and second weeks (P > 0.05), but a significant increase was observed in the third and fourth weeks (P < 0.01); protein expression and enzyme activity significantly varied over time, especially showing a notable increase from the first to the third and fourth weeks (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between free HFIP concentration and CYP2E1 activity (r = 0.7898), free HFIP concentration and CYP2E1 expression (r = 0.8418), and CYP2E1 activity and expression (r = 0.8740), all with P < 0.001. Conclusions: Ethanol exposure increased both the expression and enzymatic activity of CYP2E1, consequently enhancing the metabolism of sevoflurane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alcohols methanol, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol share many characteristics. The most important is that the compounds themselves are relatively nontoxic but are metabolized, initially by alcohol dehydrogenase, to various toxic intermediates. These compounds are readily available worldwide in commercial products as well as in homemade alcoholic beverages, both of which lead to most of the poisonings, from either unintentional or intentional ingestion. Although relatively infrequent, toxic alcohol poisonings do unfortunately occur in outbreaks and can result in severe morbidity and mortality. These poisonings have traditionally been treated with ethanol since it competes for the active site of alcohol dehydrogenase and decreases the formation of toxic metabolites. Although ethanol can be an effective antidote, there are substantial practical problems with its use. Therefore fomepizole, a potent competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, was developed for a hopefully better treatment for metabolically toxic alcohol poisonings. Fomepizole has few side effects and is easy to use in practice and it may obviate the need for haemodialysis in some, but not all, patients. Hence, fomepizole has largely replaced ethanol as the toxic alcohol antidote in many countries. Nevertheless, ethanol remains an important alternative because access to fomepizole can be limited, the cost may appear excessive or the physician may prefer ethanol due to experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This study investigated the impact of varying ethanol concentrations on the functionality and structure of conjugates of gallic acid (GA) and whey protein isolate (WPI). The solubility, total phenolic content, and sulfhydryl group content of the conjugates significantly decreased with increasing ethanol concentration. The structure of the conjugates was altered as indicated by changes in their infrared and fluorescence spectra. By measuring the emulsification and foaming properties, we found that ethanol improved the functional properties of the conjugates. The study examined the influence of ethanol on the conjugates of polyphenolic compounds with whey protein, broadening the scope of research on protein modification. Furthermore, it provided a scientific basis for the future development of novel functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can reduce our need for experimental tests and provide detailed insight into the chemical reactions and binding kinetics. There are two challenges while dealing with MD simulations: one is the time and length scale limitations, and the latter is efficiently processing the massive amount of data resulting from the MD simulations and generating the proper reaction rates. In this work, we evaluated the use of regression machine learning (ML) methods to solve these two challenges by developing a framework for ethanol adsorption on an Aluminium (Al) slab. This framework comprises three main stages: first, an all-atom molecular dynamics model; second, ML regression models; and third, validation and testing. In stage one, the adsorption of ethanol molecules on the Al surface for various temperatures, velocities and concentrations is simulated using the large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS) and ReaxFF. The outcome of stage one is utilised for training, testing, and validating the predictive models in stages two and three. We developed and evaluated 28 different ML models for predicting the number of adsorbed molecules over time, including linear regression, support vector machine (SVM), decision trees, ensemble, Gaussian process regression (GPR), neural network (NN) and Bayesian hyper-parameter optimisation models. Based on the results, the Bayesian-based GPR showed the highest accuracy and the lowest training time. The developed model can predict the number of adsorbed molecules for new cases within seconds, while MD simulations take a few weeks. This adsorption rate can then be used in macroscale simulations to tackle the time and length scale limitations. The proposed numerical framework has the potential to be generalised and, therefore, contribute to future low-cost binding reaction estimations, providing a valuable tool for industry and experimentalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the association between alcohol consumption and the onset of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese individuals. Participants were aged 40 and above from Panasonic Corporation, Osaka, Japan's medical health checkup program from 2008 to 2021. Alcohol consumption was calculated by converting the quantity consumed into daily ethanol consumption. We assessed the association between alcohol consumption and the onset of type 2 diabetes using Cox regression analysis. The total and median follow-up duration was 13 years and 7 (3–13) years (748,090 person-years). Among 102,802 participants, 7,510 participants (7.3%) developed type 2 diabetes during the study period. Alcohol consumption at the level of 0 < to < 22 g/day and 22 to < 39 g/day were negatively associated with developing type 2 diabetes compared to complete alcohol abstainers. Alcohol consumption at levels of 39 to < 66 g/day and at levels of ≥ 66 g/day were positively associated with developing type 2 diabetes in participants with BMI < 25 kg/m2. All levels of alcohol consumption were negatively associated with developing type 2 diabetes in participants with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Moderate-to-heavy alcohol consumption were positively associated with developing type 2 diabetes for participants with BMI < 25 kg/m2, whereas alcohol intake was negatively associated with developing type 2 diabetes among participants with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient electrocatalysts are critical in the advancement of fuel cell technologies and should have superior activity for alcohol oxidation reactions (AORs). Herein, we report a facile one-pot method to synthesize platinum-bismuth nanoalloy (Pt–Bi) on reduced graphene oxide (RGO), enacting the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in an acidic solution. The reduction of the Pt and Bi precursors is co-mediated via l -ascorbic acid and ethylene glycol (EG) to afford Pt–Bi nanoparticles with an average size of 5.6 nm highly dispersed on the surface of RGO. Pt–Bi nanoparticle decoration is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show the existence of the Pt–Bi metallic phase with minimal oxide. Electrochemical experiments using cyclic voltammetry (CV) reveal that the Pt–Bi/RGO catalyst is considerably more active than commercial Pt/C for AORs. Notably, the mass activity (J mass) of MOR is enhanced by 1.3-fold and EOR is enhanced by 2.3-fold, highlighting the influence of the Pt–Bi interfacial concept. Overall, the results suggest that Pt–Bi/RGO is a highly promising candidate for use in direct alcohol fuel cells. Schematic representation of the Pt–Bi/RGO electrocatalyst for methanol and ethanol direct oxidation reactions. [Display omitted] • Pt–Bi alloy on RGO synthesized successfully by a one-pot method. • Pt–Bi/RGO provides more active sites for methanol and ethanol electro-oxidation. • Bi enhances Pt–Bi nanoparticle CO tolerance for alcohol oxidation. • Pt–Bi/RGO shows mass activity of 0.458 and 0.384 mA μg⁻1-Pt for MOR and EOR. • Improved catalyst stability and activity due to Pt–Bi synergy on RGO support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu)-based catalysts show promise for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2RR) to multi-carbon alcohols, but thermodynamic constraints lead to competitive hydrocarbon (e.g., ethylene) production. Achieving selective ethanol production with high Faradaic efficiency (FE) and current density is still challenging. Here we show a multivalent Cu-based catalyst, Cu-2,3,7,8-tetraaminophenazine-1,4,6,9-tetraone (Cu-TAPT) with Cu2+ and Cu+ atomic ratio of about 1:2 for CO2RR. Cu-TAPT exhibits an ethanol FE of 54.3 ± 3% at an industrial-scale current density of 429 mA cm−2, with the ethanol-to-ethylene ratio reaching 3.14:1. Experimental and theoretical calculations collectively unveil that the catalyst is stable during CO2RR, resulting from suitable coordination of the Cu2+ and Cu+ with the functional groups in TAPT. Additionally, mechanism studies show that the increased ethanol selectivity originates from synergy of multivalent Cu sites, which can promote asymmetric C–C coupling and adjust the adsorption strength of different carbonaceous intermediates, favoring hydroxy-containing C2 intermediate (*HCCHOH) formation and formation of ethanol. This study proposes a multivalent Cu-based catalyst (Cu-TAPT) for electrocatalytic CO2RR, which promotes specific intermediate formation by the synergy of Cu2+ and Cu+ sites, thereby achieving a 54.3% Faradaic efficiency of ethanol at 429 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review examines the role of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in the biorefinery process. It covers the characteristics and classification of two‐component DESs, their preparation methods, and their physicochemical properties. The various applications of DES systems in biomass pretreatment, including lignin and hemicellulose removal, production of cellulose nanofibers, and the extraction of proteins, lipids, and phenolic compounds, among others, are explored. The synthesis of platform molecules using DES is also discussed. Finally, this review provides some tools that may be useful for researching the involvement of DES systems in high‐ or low‐biomass biorefineries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable synthetic effort has been devoted to acid‐ or base‐catalysed transesterification of alkyl salicylate with alcohol in order to synthesize salicylate esters efficiently. In this study, the transesterification of methyl salicylate with 12 different alcohols was carried out by the use of Zn dust as a catalyst. Depending on the alcohol used in the transesterification reaction, the completion of the reaction was within a range of 8–15 h at a temperature between 100 and 170°C. The use of Zn dust provided reusability and almost complete recovery with moderate to excellent yields (42%–97%). The structural elucidation of the products was performed using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and GC–MS data obtained from the Wiley GC/MS Library and the in‐house "Parkim Fragrance House GC/MS Library." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the spectral signal-to-noise ratio is crucial for obtaining high-quality Raman spectra of target substances. To achieve a higher instrument signal-to-noise ratio in the development of spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer, the effect of spatially compressed illumination on the spectral signal-to-noise ratio was theoretically analyzed. A spatial heterodyne Raman spectroscopic experimental setup with compressed illumination was constructed. The experimental results with ethanol validate the significant enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio achieved through compressed illumination. The ethanol spectra exhibited signal-to-noise ratio enhancements ranging from 1.38 to 7.98 times under various excitation powers and integration times. These findings provide valuable guidance for further improving the performance of spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cassia mimosoides L. (CM), a member of the family Leguminosae, represents an underexplored component within the Katakakhadiradi Kashayam, an Ayurvedic preparation primarily utilized for the management and treatment of diabetes mellitus. For the first time, the potential of CM to address diabetic complications was scientifically validated using in vitro methods. The significant alpha-glucosidase activity of ethanol-water extract (IC 50 of 1.02 ± 0.12 μg/mL) as against the standard acarbose (IC 50 19.28 ± 1.42 μg/mL) has prompted further column separation to identify the active components. Using bioassay-guided fractionation based on Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity, four compounds were isolated and identified through NMR and HRMS. All the four compounds, orientin, isoorientin, diosmetin and luteolin exhibited marked inhibition over the DPP-IV enzyme. Among them disometin showed significantly higher activity with an IC 50 of 2.80 ± 0.38 μM. At non-cytotoxic concentrations these compounds effectively stimulated 2-NBDG [2-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol- 4-yl) amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose] uptake in L6 myotubes. Notably, this investigation represents the first report elucidating the glucose uptake-enhancing potential of the flavonoid isoorientin in L6 myoblast cell lines. Moreover, isoorientin also exhibited significant antiglycation activity in assay using bovine serum albumin and methylglyoxal. IC 50 values for isoorientin and positive control aminoguanidine were found to be 51.45 ± 0.03 µg/mL and 45.18 ± 0.03 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, virtual docking studies of the four compounds against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and DPP-IV demonstrated strong affinity, thus providing further evidence to substantiate the observed activity. Consequently, this study revealed the hypoglycemic efficacy of the plant CM and proposed the exploration of its compounds in ameliorating type 2 diabetes mellitus. [Display omitted] • Cassia mimosoides L. (CM) exhibits promising multi-modal anti-diabetic efficacy. • The proanthocyanidin-rich fraction demonstrated superior inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. • Isoorientin exhibits enhanced glucose uptake potential for the first time in L6 cell lines. • All the compounds showed significant potential against DPP-IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy-associated side effects significantly contribute to the challenges of cancer treatment, impacting the well-being of patients and complicating existing conditions. Chemotherapy-induced oedema, characterized by abnormal fluid accumulation and swelling, worsens cancer-related issues, such as impaired wound healing. This oedema may result from drug-induced vascular changes and electrolyte imbalances. Addressing such side effects is crucial for improving prognostic outcomes of cancer patients. The rat paw oedema model is a valuable tool for studying inflammatory oedema, testing novel therapies, and understanding their mechanisms. Conventional treatments for cancer chemotherapy-induced oedema have limitations, highlighting the need for alternative or complementary approaches, such as exploring natural products like Syzygium aromaticum (clove), known for its anti-inflammatory properties and potential to alleviate edema. This study examined the effects of Syzygium aromaticum ethanol extract on inflammatory oedema in rats, identified the responsible active compound (s), and explored the possible mechanism involved through computational modeling. Ethanol extract of Syzygium aromaticum (SAEE) was prepared. In vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the extract were evaluated at a specific controlled timeframe in formalin-induced paw oedema in Wistar rats. The binding affinities and interactions of the initially identified chemical constituents of the extract were modeled, through Glide standard precision and quantum polarized ligand docking, against cyclooxygenase-2 for their potential for their possible inhibitory mechanism. SAEE displayed significant time- and dose-dependent amelioration of inflammatory oedema and dose-dependent inhibition of key proinflammatory cytokines in the rat models. In silico modeling of identified SAEE compounds revealed delphinidin, rhamnetin, and quercetin as responsible for the observed in vivo protective effects of SAEE in rat paw oedema models. This study found that Syzygium aromaticum ethanol extract effectively reduced inflammation-induced paw swelling and modulated key inflammatory markers in the rats, with the inhibitory activities of constituting delphinidin, quercetin, and rhamnetin against cyclooxygenase 2 being possibly responsible for the observed in vivo effects. Further experimental validation and dynamic simulations are needed to confirm their potential potency in more advanced preclinical and clinical models, as well as explore the mechanistic pathways involved. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sideroxylon inerme ethanolic extract showed an MIC of 125 µg/mL against Cutibacterium acnes. • Bulbine frutescens ethanolic extract increased tyrosinase activity by 31.44 ± 1.41% at 200 µg/mL. • B. frutescens ethanolic extract increased melanin production by 8.55 ± 1.66% (at 200 µg/mL). • S. inerme and B. frutescens ethanolic extracts showed IC 50 values >400 µg/mL against human keratinocytes (HaCat). • S. inerme and B. frutescens ethanolic extracts show potential use for the treatment of hypopigmentation. Progressive macular hypomelanosis (PMH) is a hypopigmented skin disorder, which is identified by the presence of hypopigmented macules on the trunk and upper extremities. It is caused by the bacteria, Cutibacterium acnes which decreases melanogenesis in the affected areas resulting in hypopigmented macules. Current treatments include a combination of ultra-violet radiation and antibiotics, however, these antibiotics cause side effects such as severe rashes, blistering and dryness. Conversely UV radiation leads to increased oxidative stress which can cause premature ageing and susceptibility to skin cancer development. Therefore, there are currently no consistently effective or adequate treatment options for PMH. Furthermore, there are only a few studies which have evaluated the potential of plant extracts or natural products as potential treatments for PMH. In this study, thirty-three extracts, prepared using ethanol, water and dichloromethane from the leaves and twigs of eleven South African medicinal plants, were investigated for their antibacterial activity as well as tyrosinase and melanin stimulatory activity as possible targets for the treatment of PMH. The Sideroxylon inerme L. ethanolic extract showed a noteworthy minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 µg/mL against C. acnes (ATCC 6919) and had an additive effect when combined with the positive control, tetracycline. The Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. ethanolic extract (at 200 µg/mL) increased the monophenolase activity of tyrosinase by 31.44 ± 1.41%. It was furthermore, able to increase melanin production by 8.55 ± 1.66% (at 200 µg/mL), which was compared to α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which showed a 13.39 ± 1.44% increase at 100 µM. Furthermore, B. frutescens and S. inerme ethanolic extracts showed fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC 50) values > 400 µg/mL against human melanoma (UCT-Mel-1) and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, indicating low toxicity against keratinocytes and melanocytes. Consequently, the ethanolic leaf and stem extract of B. frutescence and S. inerme should be considered for further evaluation as potential treatments of hypopigmentation due to their melanin production and antibacterial activity. Further investigation would include evaluating the irritancy potential of these extracts to determine cosmetic safety as topical treatments and to conduct in vivo hypopigmentation trials to determine their efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The present work aims to evaluate the dissociation of casein micelles in diluted skim milk (SM) systems after undergoing solvent- or emulsifying salt-based dissociation coupled with ultra-high-pressure homogenization (UHPH). Specifically, part I evaluated dilute SM solutions combined with varying ethanol concentrations (0%–60%) at varying temperatures (5–65°C) in combination with UHPH (100–300 MPa), and part II evaluated dilute SM solutions combined with varying concentrations (0–100 m M) of either sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) or sodium citrate (SC) in combination with UHPH (100–300 MPa). In part I, high concentrations of ethanol (40%–60% vol/vol) at elevated temperatures (45–65°C) achieved extensive dissociation of casein micelles, especially in combination with UHPH at ≥200 MPa, as shown by a reduction in sample absorbance and in casein particle size compared with the control (dilute SM, 65°C) under optimum conditions (dilute SM, 60% ethanol, 65°C, ≥200 MPa). In part II, the level of casein micelle dissociation using emulsifying salts (ES) was dependent on the ES type and concentration. Considerable casein micelle dissociation in dilute SM systems was achieved with SHMP concentrations ≥1 m M and SC concentrations ≥10 m M , resulting in decreased sample absorbance, bimodal casein size distributions, and increased hydrophobicity (∼2 - fold increase in intrinsic fluorescence) compared with the control (dilute SM). This dissociation was further enhanced with UHPH (≥200 MPa). These results indicate that both solvent- and ES-based casein dissociation techniques can be optimized when used in combination with UHPH. Together, these processing techniques can be used to extensively dissociate casein micelles with the potential to use these altered systems for value-added applications such as functional ingredients or encapsulation agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper sludge (PS) from paper mills has a significant potential for bioethanol production. In this study, waste-paper-containing PS is used as the raw material for bioethanol production because the annual waste paper utilization rate has increased globally. Although PS does not require delignification, the antiseptics and deinking agents in waste paper-containing PS inhibit enzymatic reactions such as saccharification and fermentation. Their removal is important, but it has not yet been reported. Using subcritical water pretreatment, the selective decomposition of enzyme inhibitors in PS is examined without the generation of other enzyme inhibitors. The optimum pretreatment conditions are identified as 240 °C, 3.3 MPa, 3 min, and pH 4.5. Glucose was obtained in 71% yield from pretreated 5 wt% PS using cellulase, which is 5.5 times higher than that from unpretreated PS. This is because the reactivity of the pretreated PS increases with increasing surface area of the cellulose fibers, and the cellulase inhibitors are decomposed by subcritical water. Next, semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation treatments are performed to produce bioethanol from waste-paper-containing PS. The bioethanol yield based on cellulose after 96 h is 68% for PS pretreated with subcritical water, whereas the bioethanol yield is 6% for unpretreated PS. Therefore, subcritical water pretreatment increases the bioethanol yield by 11 times. The proposed method may enable the use of large amounts of PS as ethanol feedstock in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water deficit resulting from climate variations limits the profitability and sustainability of sugarcane fields, making water supply through irrigation necessary to sustain the potential production of sugarcane. However, the water used for irrigation purposes must be properly managed, ensuring the conservation of water resources and the reduction of costs with the use of inputs and energy. Pulsed drip irrigation aims to support irrigation management, improving the efficient use of water and mitigating the deleterious effects of water deficit. This study aims to evaluate the growth, productivity, and industrial yield of sugarcane cultivated under continuous and pulsed drip irrigation. A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Sugarcane Station of Carpina, in Carpina in the State of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil, from December 2020 to December 2021. The experimental arrangement was randomized blocks in a 2 x 5 factorial design, with two types of irrigation application (pulsed and continuous) and five irrigation levels (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120% of crop evapotranspiration – ETc), with four replications. Pulsed drip irrigation increased the yield of stalks (9%) and sugar (21%) in the sugarcane crop and ethanol (17%) derived from sugar in the juice. Pulsed drip irrigation, when compared to continuous irrigation, improved the performance of sugarcane, providing a reduction in water consumption and increasing growth, stalk yield, sugar and predicted ethanol yield. Thus, based on this study, pulse irrigation is an efficient approach to irrigation management, contributing to the stability of sugarcane production while conserving water relative to continuous irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the impact of ethanol pretreatment and drying time on various aspects, including drying characteristics, modeling using thin-layer and artificial neural network (ANN) approaches, color changes during the drying process, shrinkage ratio, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (AA) analysis, as well as ATR-FTIR analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) of the potato slices. Ethanol concentration and pretreatment time had an incredible effect on drying rate and drying time. Higher ethanol concentration and longer pretreatments time provided shorter drying time and a more rapid drying rate. On the other hand, ANN modeling of the potato slices showed better prediction than thin-layer modeling. According to the total color difference (ΔE) values of the samples, ethanol pretreatments had a negative contribution to color properties. Furthermore, the shrinkage ratio of potato samples was affected by drying and ethanol pretreatment time. Diameter shrinkage increased with the increment in ethanol concentration and pretreatment time. TPC and AA of the potato slices showed to decreasing tendency during the drying process. The highest loss of TPC and AA was observed from the samples coded 60 °C + 100 ET 15 and 60 °C + 100 ET 30. Additionally, ATR-FTIR and PCA analysis well exhibited the effect of the ethanol pretreatment and drying process on the composition of the potato slices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1-Butanol, primarily sourced from petroleum, is currently being considered as a viable alternative to gasoline. Various pathways for synthesizing 1-butanol from renewable raw materials have been explored, with a particular focus on the Guerbet reactions. This study aimed to investigate the synthesis of 1-butanol from ethanol using Mg/Al mixed oxides derived from layered double hydroxides with Mg/Al molar ratios of 3:1, 5:1, 8:1, and 10:1. The catalysts were analyzed through X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, N2 adsorption, scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Catalytic reaction tests were performed according to a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) with three replicates at the central point (CP). Among the catalysts tested at CP, the mixed oxides with Mg/Al molar ratios of 3:1 and 5:1 exhibited the most promising results, displaying similar ethanol conversion, and 1-butanol selectivity. This similarity underscores their well-balanced combination of both acidic and basic sites. However, further assessment through a deactivation test revealed that the mixed oxides with Mg/Al molar ratio of 5:1 held the most potential for long-term 1-butanol synthesis from ethanol, thanks to its superior stability and sustained activity. Using this catalyst, other reaction tests were carried out following the CCRD, varying N2 feed flowrate, ethanol molar content in feed flowrate, and temperature. The results indicated that an increase in ethanol conversion directly correlated with higher temperatures, while the 1-butanol selectivity depended on both the N2 feed flowrate, ethanol molar content in feed flowrate, highlighting the importance of a well-balanced combination of both acidic and basic sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Wuliangye strong aroma baijiu (hereafter, Wuliangye baijiu) is a traditional Chinese grain liquor containing short‐chain fatty acids, ethyl caproate, ethyl lactate, other trace components, and a large proportion of ethanol. The effects of Wuliangye baijiu on intestinal stem cells and intestinal epithelial development have not been elucidated. Here, the role of Wuliangye baijiu in intestinal epithelial regeneration and gut microbiota modulation was investigated by administering a Lieber–DeCarli chronic ethanol liquid diet in a mouse model to mimic long‐term (8 weeks') light/moderate alcohol consumption (1.6 g kg−1 day−1) in healthy human adults. RESULTS: Wuliangye baijiu promoted colonic crypt proliferation in mice. According to immunofluorescence and reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses, compared with the ethanol‐only treatment, Wuliangye baijiu increased the number of intestinal stem cells and goblet cells and the expression of enteroendocrine cell differentiation markers in the mouse colon. Furthermore, gut microbiota analysis showed an increase in the relative abundance of microbiota related to intestinal homeostasis following Wuliangye baijiu administration. Notably, increased abundance of Bacteroidota, Faecalibaculum, Lachnospiraceae, and Blautia may play an essential role in promoting stem‐cell‐mediated intestinal epithelial development and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, these findings suggest that Wuliangye baijiu can be used to regulate intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation in mice and to alter gut microbiota distributions, thereby promoting intestinal homeostasis. This research elucidates the mechanism by which Wuliangye baijiu promotes intestinal health. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to alcohol during fetal development can lead to structural and functional abnormalities in the cerebellum, a brain region responsible for motor coordination, balance, and specific cognitive functions. In this systematic review, we comprehensively analyze a vast body of research conducted on vertebrate animals and humans over the past 13 years. We identified studies through PubMed and screened them following PRISMA guidelines. Data extraction and quality analysis were conducted using Covidence systematic review software. A total of 108 studies met our inclusion criteria, with the majority (79 studies) involving vertebrate animal models and 29 studies focusing on human subjects. Animal models included zebrafish, mice, rats, sheep, and non-human primates, investigating the impact of ethanol on cerebellar structure, gene/protein expression, physiology, and cerebellar-dependent behaviors. Additionally, some animal studies explored potential therapeutic interventions against ethanol-induced cerebellar damage. The human studies predominantly adopted cohort designs, exploring the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on cerebellar structure and function. Certain human studies delved into innovative cerebellar-based diagnostic approaches for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). The collective findings from these studies clearly indicate that the cerebellum is involved in various neurophysiological deficits associated with FASD, emphasizing the importance of evaluating both cerebellar structure and function in the diagnostic process for this condition. Moreover, this review sheds light into potential therapeutic strategies that can mitigate prenatal alcohol exposure-induced cerebellar damage. • The cerebellum is an important target of prenatal ethanol exposure. • We systematically analyzed animal and human research in this area. • PRISM guidelines for systematic review were followed. • A total of 79 animal studies and 29 human studies met inclusion criteria. • Cerebellar dysfunction contributes to many prenatal ethanol-induced neurophysiological deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas sensors with high sensitivity and high humidity resistance have broad application prospects in air monitoring and detection of exhaled biomarkers. Structural design and light-activated gas sensing technologies have been proposed as new strategies to improve the gas sensing performance of sensors. In this work, a series of Ca–Fe nanocomposite were prepared using a sol-gel method. The effects of annealing temperature on the phase structure and microstructure of the nanocomposites were systematically studied, and the sensing responses to ethanol vapour under different relative humidity (RH) and light conditions were compared. A novel CaFe 2 O 4 /Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5 (CF2/CF) nanocomposite with a p-p heterostructure was obtained by annealing at 700 °C. The microstructure of "nanorods + nanoparticles" indicated the formation of a composite phase structure. Notably, high ethanol sensing response of 3.95 was obtained for the CF2/CF-based sensor under 4 ppm ethanol at 69 % RH and moderate operating temperature of 160 °C, indicating high sensitivity and good humidity resistance. It was found that the ethanol sensing response of the CF2/CF-based sensor was significantly improved under light illumination. Compared to that in dark, the CF2/CF based sensor exhibited notably enhanced ethanol sensing responses of 20 %, 13.5 %, 8.5 %, and 7.9 % under 370 nm, 420 nm, and 470 nm light as well as natural light, respectively. The observed high sensitivity and high humidity resistance of the CF2/CF nanocomposites were attributed to the p-p heterojunction structure, light illumination and nature of both CF2 and CF materials. The p-p heterostructure CF2/CF nanocomposites contribute significantly to the development of gas sensors with high sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solubility of 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene (m-TBB) in five kinds of binary solvent mixtures (i.e., N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) + water, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) + water, 1,4-dioxane + water, DMF + ethanol, and DMA + ethanol) was measured by a gravimetric method. The determination was carried out at temperatures ranging from 288.15 K to 323.15 K under ambient pressure. The solubility data were positively correlated with the molar fraction of good solvent and temperature. The order of solubility is 1,4-dioxane + water > DMA + ethanol > DMF + ethanol > DMA + water > DMF + water. The solubility of m-TBB was negatively correlated with solvent polarity. Four thermodynamic models (including the Jouyban–Acree–Apelblat, the Sun model, the NRTL model, and the Wilson model) were selected to correlate the solubility data of m-TBB. The solubility data are of great significance for solvent selection and yield judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we report undoped SnO2 and PbO-doped SnO2 thick films to study their microstructural and sensing behaviours. Three samples have been fabricated using a screen-printing technique on an alumina substrate and these are S1 (undoped SnO2), S2 (1 wt% PbO-doped SnO2 firing at 800°C) and S3 (1 wt% PbO-doped SnO2 firing at 900°C). XRD and AFM techniques are used to observe the microstructural behaviours and it is found that the crystallite size decreases with PbO doping. The sensing properties, such as sensing response, selectivity and transient time of the deposited thick films, were studied at an operating temperature of 200°C for various test gases such as ethanol, LPG and acetone concentrations (0–5000 ppm level). Also, we found that the response of sensor S3 to the ethanol gas is ~3.38 times of LPG and ~1.95 times that of acetone gas. The response and recovery times of the ethanol gas for the S3 sensor are 41 and 125 s, respectively. Therefore, the PbO doping improves the response and recovery time for ethanol gas (5000 ppm) over LPG and acetone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circular economy is anticipated to bring a disruptive transformation in manufacturing technologies. Robust and industrial scalable microbial strains that can simultaneously assimilate and valorize multiple carbon substrates are highly desirable, as waste bioresources contain substantial amounts of renewable and fermentable carbon, which is diverse. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is identified as an inexhaustible and alternative resource to reduce global dependence on oil. Glucose, xylose, and arabinose are the major monomeric sugars in LCB. However, primary research has focused on the use of glucose. On the other hand, the valorization of pentose sugars, xylose, and arabinose, has been mainly overlooked, despite possible assimilation by vast microbial communities. The present review highlights the research efforts that have explicitly proven the suitability of arabinose as the starting feedstock for producing various chemical building blocks via biological routes. It begins by analyzing the availability of various arabinose-rich biorenewable sources that can serve as potential feedstocks for biorefineries. The subsequent section outlines the current understanding of arabinose metabolism, biochemical routes prevalent in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, and possible products that can be derived from this sugar. Further, currently, exemplar products from arabinose, including arabitol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,2,3-butanetriol, ethanol, lactic acid, and xylitol are discussed, which have been produced by native and non-native microbial strains using metabolic engineering and genome editing tools. The final section deals with the challenges and obstacles associated with arabinose-based production, followed by concluding remarks and prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethanol has emerged as a promising alternative to fossil fuels, but its use can lead to significant dilution in lubricants, particularly during cold start or heavy traffic. This dilution can affect the performance of additives, including friction modifiers like molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC), which are designed to reduce friction under extreme contact conditions. Prior research suggests that ethanol may impact the performance of MoDTC, prompting this study's goal to investigate the effects of ethanol on MoDTC tribofilms and their friction response under boundary lubrication conditions. Therefore, reciprocating tribological tests were performed with fully formulated lubricants containing MoDTC with varying ethanol concentrations. The results indicate that a critical ethanol dilution level inhibits friction reduction by MoDTC activation, resulting in friction coefficients (COFs) similar to the base oil. Surfaces tested with simple mixtures of polyalphaolefin (PAO) + MoDTC showed increased COFs with added ethanol. Analysis of tested surfaces using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy near the edge structure (XANES) revealed the presence of sulfates, MoO3, MoS2, and MoSxOy compounds in the tribofilms formed on the surfaces, with and without ethanol diluted in the lubricant. However, the addition of ethanol increased the sulfates and MoO3 content of the tribofilms at the expense of friction-reducing compounds such as MoS2 and MoSxOy. These findings suggest that ethanol dilution in lubricants containing MoDTC creates an oxygen-rich interfacial medium that favors the formation of compounds with insufficient friction-reducing capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the effects of Thunbergia laurifolia L. extract (TLE) on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a rat model. Methods: Thunbergia laurifolin L. leaves were subjected to ethanolic extraction. In vivo study, 50 pregnant rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (10 for each): non-GDM group, GDM induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg i.p.), metformin (MET) 100 mg/kg, TLE 50, and 500 mg/kg groups. Administration was performed on gestation day 7 until term (day 21). The effects of TLE on blood glucose, insulin levels, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and maternal performances were assessed. In in vitro study, the effect of TLE was examined using the organ bath for uterine force measurement. Results: In in vivo study, TLE significantly reduced blood glucose as compared to GDM (P<0.05) with gradually increased insulin level. This effect was consistent with islets of Langerhans restoration. Histologically, the uterine muscular layer displayed a marked increase in fiber area in response to both doses as compared to GDM (P<0.05). Additionally, TLE significantly reduced total cholesterol, triglyceride, and alanine transaminase levels (P<0.05). Intriguingly, TLE also led to a notable augmentation in gravid uterus size, live fetuses count, and implantation numbers, while significantly reducing the post-implantation loss rate associated with fetal classification (P<0.05). Thus, GDM improvements were close to those produced by MET. In in vitro study, TLE exerted a concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous uterine contractility (half-maximal inhibition concentration=1.2 mg/L). This inhibitory effect extended to potassium chloride depolarization and oxytocin-mediated contractions. When combined with its major constituent, rosmarinic acid, TLE produced an enhanced inhibitory effect (P<0.05). Conclusions: TLE ameliorated blood glucose levels, enhanced uterine muscular structure, and improved maternal and fetal performance in GDM. TLE also displayed tocolytic properties. These findings underscore the need for further exploration of TLE as a potential tocolytic agent to mitigate GDM-associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance water resistance of starch‐based foam, based on the porous and irregular surface feature of foam, fumigating hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and spraying nano‐SiO2/ethanol solution were utilized to enhance hydrophobic properties of the starch‐based foam. Homemade starch‐molded foams were used for hydrophobic modification studies, the results showed that fumigating HMDS can lead to the formation of "Si‐O‐C" bonds between HMDS and starch. Additionally, it can form more stable "Si‐O‐Si" bonds with nano‐SiO2 in the original composites, which can better adhere to the surface of the starch foam to effectively create a waterproof barrier layer. On the basis of HMDS fumigation modification, hydrophobicity was significantly enhanced by further spraying of nano‐SiO2/ethanol solution. When the mass ratio of nano‐SiO2 to ethanol was 6:100, the combination of HMDS and nano‐SiO2 was optimal, while making the roughness of the foam surface suitable, at which time, the contact angle reached 155°, the maximum value under this system, indicating that the hydrophobicity was optimal. The fumigation and spraying method can evenly and comprehensively act on the surface of the porous and irregular starch‐based foam, which facilitates the waterproof post‐treatment process of the industrial application process and has strong practical significance. Highlights: Fumigated with HMDS, the starch foam's exhibit some hydrophobic effect.Fumigation followed by spraying is effective in enhancing the hydrophobicity of starch foams.Both the fumigation method and the spray method are suitable for the post‐treatment of hydrophobic of starch foams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Journal of Social Work is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While the industry has produced sugar-derived ethanol from the conventional method of fermentation for hundreds of years, other effective routes involving the direct transformation of carbohydrates still remain extremely rare. Very recently, an innovative chemo-catalytic method driven by the aqueous-phase catalysis was created for the synthesis of cellulosic ethanol, making a great breakthrough in the common ways as it can theoretically utilize all of the carbon atoms in sugars with faster kinetics; up to now, results from the relevant studies have been accumulated to a certain extent, but the periodic conclusions in this field are unfortunately absent. For this reason, this work tries to offer an overview of the cellulosic ethanol produced by chemo-catalytic routes, highlighting the present knowledge in relation to the technical efficiency, catalytic mechanisms as well as practical applications. At first, the advanced progress on the increasing efficiency from a varied type of catalytic systems are extensively discussed, which involves the specific functions of hybrid components from different strategies; meanwhile, the general influences of processing conditions, such as the hydrothermal severity and aqueous environments, are also identified. Subsequently, possible mechanisms behind the chemo-catalytic processes are widely elaborated by analyzing a number of experimental cases associated with the reaction network and its kinetic models. After that, the actual effects of this technique on the real biomass are collected to identify the positive/negative interactions between multiple components, together with the potential solutions on the semi-continuous processes of pilot scale application. The techno-economic analysis (TEA) is also calculated and compared with other similar methods, such as fermentation and gasification. Finally, several proposals aimed at upgrading the whole chain of chemo-catalytic processes are clearly provided, which may function as a guideline for future studies on the production of bio-ethanol from lignocellulosic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Prototype cosmetic formulations containing short-chain acids and alcohols intended to be applied in the proximity of the eyes are sometimes evaluated for ocular irritation potential using the validated Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Assay (OECD TG 437). We evaluated the eye irritation potential of nine experimental cosmetic formulations designed and prepared by Avon Global Reserach and Development to differ only in the concentrations of Ethanol, Glycolic Acid and Salicylic Acid. Methods: We analysed the data generated using the BCOP assay. The opacity and permeability values obtained following the exposure of bovine corneas to experimental cosmetic formulations were combined into a single In Vitro Irritancy Score used to rank eye irritation potential. Histopathological examination of treated corneas was used to provide additional information about the depth and degree of the injury and to support the prediction of eye irritation potential of each experimental cosmetic formulation. Results: The In Vitro Irritancy Scores and histopathological analysis showed that experimental formulations containing only Ethanol, Glycolic Acid, or Salicylic Acid alone had, at most, a mild ocular irritation potential. The experimental formulations containing both Ethanol and Glycolic Acid had a mild ocular irritation potential, while the experimental formulations containing both Ethanol and Salicylic Acid had a moderate ocular irritation potential. Severe ocular irritation potential was induced by an experimental formulation containing a combination of Glycolic Acid and Salicylic Acid and it was further accentuated by the addition of Ethanol to the formulation. Our data indicate a possible synergistic effect on eye irritation potential of Ethanol, Glycolic Acid and Salicylic Acid in at least some experimental cosmetic formulations. Further, our results provide insight on an apparent concentration-dependent ocular irritation potential effect of combinations of Glycolic Acid, Salicylic Acid and Ethanol in at least one experimental cosmetic formulation. Conclusions: The results presented herein emphasise the need to consider in vitro testing of prototype cosmetic formulations containing combinations of Ethanol, Glycolic Acid and Salicylic Acid rather than relying on any predicted additive effect on ocular irritation based solely on previously generated results of similar formulations containing Ethanol, Glycolic Acid or Salicylic Acid alone. Further work is required to understand the significance of these observations and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the apparent synergistic effects of Glycolic Acid, Salicylic Acid and Ethanol and eye irritation potential suggested by our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoped ZnO and Mg-doped ZnO (ZnO:Mg) nanoparticles (NPs), with Mg concentration ranging from x = 1 to 5 at%, were synthesized by the sol–gel method. The magnesium content effects on the different ZnO:Mg NPs properties have been investigated by a variety of techniques. X-ray results showed that the prepared samples were crystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite phase. The structural study revealed that samples are assembled in nanostructures with average crystallite sizes ranging from 37 to 41 nm. The elemental analysis confirms the incorporation of the Mg ions into the ZnO matrix. The TEM images show the hexagonal shape and the nanometric size of undoped ZnO and ZnO:Mg NPs. The estimated bandgap energies of the ZnO:Mg samples were 3.20 eV, 2.86 eV, 2.77 eV, and 2.99 eV for x = 0, 1, 3, and 5 at%, respectively. The ethanol-sensing properties of ZnO:Mg(3%) NPs, prepared in the form of film, were investigated in the temperature range of 300–400 °C at different ethanol concentrations. The linear responses from ZnO and ZnO:Mg NPs-based sensors were detected at the working temperature of 400°C in the 30–50 ppm level range. The obtained results outline an enhancement in sensing performances for a ZnO:Mg(3%)-based sensor towards ethanol gas compared to those of a pure ZnO-based sensor. The sensors exhibited short response and rapid recovery times, 4 and 23 s, respectively, to ethanol gas. The high, reversible, and fast response of the ZnO:Mg(3%)-based sensor indicates its potential application as a gas sensor to detect ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a comprehensive comparison of the poplar wood fermentation process and fermentation-coupled gasification process was carried out from energy, environmental, and economic perspectives. The process of fuel ethanol from poplar wood fermentation (Case 1) and fuel ethanol from poplar wood fermentation coupled with lignin gasification for jet fuel (Case 2) was simulated using aspen plus software. The exergy analysis showed that the exergy efficiency of Case 1 and Case 2 were 36% and 35.6%, respectively. The product separation process contributed the most to the exergy losses, and the Case 2 had a 4.5% increase in revenue exergy over Case 1. The life cycle assessment (LCA) results showed that biofuels had a lower environmental impact than conventional petrol, and Case 2 was lower than Case 1. The production stage contributed the most to the global warming potential (GWP) of Case 1 and Case 2 with 49.4% and 51.2%, respectively. The techno-economic analysis showed that the fixed investment in Case 2 had increased by $112.9 million, and the annual operating costs had increased by $27 million compared to Case 1. The costs of fuel production in Case 1 and Case 2 were $1079.3/ton and $1033.4/ton, respectively. Highlights: Fermentation to ethanol (Case 1) and its coupled pathway (Case 2) were simulated. The simulation results were analyzed in terms of energy, environment, and economy. Minimum selling price of biofuel was $0.054/MJ in Case 1 and $0.055/MJ in Case 2. Case 2 has less impact on the environment than Case 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) mandates rigorous screening of chemical weapons and their potential degradation/reaction products, which is essential to identify such products in suspected samples. The reaction between 2‐(N,N‐dialkylamino)ethylchlorides and 2‐(N,N‐dialkylamino)ethanols (precursors/degradation products of VX agents) produces a new class of reaction products that are not explored. Methods: The reaction products, bis(2‐N,N‐dialkylaminoethyl)ethers (1–10), were synthesized using established synthetic procedures, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (electron ionization [EI] and chemical ionization [CI]) methods were developed for their identification. The GC/MS experiments were performed on an Agilent GC/MSD system using an HP‐5MS capillary column. Methane gas was used as the CI reagent gas for GC/CIMS experiments. GC/retention index (RI) values of 1–10 were calculated using the retention times of the hydrocarbon mixture and the analytes. Results: The GC/EI spectra of 1–10 exhibited [M‐H]+ ions and distinctive fragments that provided valuable structural information. The selective fragmentation of the alkyl groups on nitrogen facilitated the discrimination of possible isomeric compounds. Interpretation of EI fragments in the high mass region is important for unambiguous identification of 1–10, because the major ions significantly match other CWC‐related compounds containing the 2‐(N,N‐dialkylaminoethyl) group. GC/CI (methane) spectra included M+., [M + H]+, [M‐H]+, reagent‐specific adduct ions, and a few structure‐indicative fragments. The spiking experiments in soil and water samples revealed that the target analytes were stable, easily extractable, and detectable using GC/MS. Conclusions: The reaction products, 1–10, could be successfully synthesized and characterized using GC/MS (EI and CI). The GC/MS and GC/RI data provide important insights into the unambiguous identification of the target molecules in challenging CWC verification and are helpful in participation in the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons proficiency tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Conventional petroleum‐based packaging films cause severe environmental problems. In the present study, bio‐edible film was introduced as being safe to replace petroleum‐based polymers. A food application for edible sachets and a composite edible film (EF) from marine algae, Gracilaria fisheri (GF) extract, were proposed. RESULTS: Carbohydrates were the most prevalent component in fresh GF fronds. Under neutral conditions comprising 90 °C for 40 min, the structure of the extract was determined by Fourier transform infrared to be a carrageenan‐like polysaccharide. Glycerol was the best plasticizer for EF formation because it had the highest tensile strength (TS). The integration of gelatin into the algal composite film with gelatin (CFG) was validated to be significant. The best casting temperatures for 2 h were 70 and 100 °C among the four tested temperatures (25, 60, 70 and 100 °C). Temperatures did not result in any significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences in any character (color values, TS, water vapor permeability, oxygen transmission, thickness and water activity), except elongation at break. Visually, the CFG had a slightly yellow appearance. The best‐to‐worst order of film stability in the three tested solvents was oil, distilled water (DW) and ethanol. Its stability in ethanol (0–100%), temperature of DW (30–100 °C) and pH (3–7 in DW) demonstrated inverse relationships with the concentration or different conditions, except for pH 8–10 in DW. All treatments were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different. CONCLUSION: The novel material made from polysaccharides from algae, G. fisheri, was used to improve EF. The edible sachet application is plausible from the EF. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A one‐pot, three‐component reaction of ethyl 5‐aminobenzofuran‐2‐carboxylate, arylglyoxals and cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of acetic acid as an organocatalyst in ethanol medium under reflux conditions provided a series of new 6H‐furo[3,2‐e]indole derivatives in good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript, we present a facile approach to synthesize a highly active catalyst for the electro-oxidation of ethanol using Pd nanoparticles supported on a Ag–Zn alloy on reduced graphene oxide. This nanocomposite material was fabricated via a two-step process of incineration followed by sol-gel synthesis. The physical properties of the catalyst were evaluated using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. To understand the catalyst's activity for ethanol oxidation, we performed a series of cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments in alkaline medium. The catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity with a current density of 13.01 mA cm−2, a value seven times higher than the commercial standard Pd/C catalyst and higher than any other previously reported Pd-based catalyst. The results were attributed synergistic effects between the Pd and alloy support along with the large electrochemically active surface area of the material. Taken together, these results suggest that ethanol electrocatalysts based on nanocomposites of Pd, Ag, and Zn is promising candidates for future ethanol fuel cells. • Facile strategy was used to prepare a support material and catalyst (Pd@Ag–Zn-rGO). • Synthesized Pd@Ag–Zn-rGO composite exhibited good catalytic activity towards ethanol electro-oxidation. • Pd@Ag–Zn-rGO catalyst exhibits lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) at the catalyst surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) offers a promising pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality. However, its efficiency is hindered by the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode, which consumes a significant portion of the energy input. Herein, we report an effective strategy to replace OER with energy efficient alcohol oxidation reactions to produce value-added products at both cathode and anode of the electrolyzer. In an integrated cell, CO 2 RR is carried out at cathode using tin oxide deposited on porous copper (SnO x @pCu@CF) as an electrocatalyst while alcohol oxidation reactions (methanol, ethanol, benzyl alcohol) are conducted on porous copper (pCu@CF) anode in alkaline electrolyte. Over 89% selectivity for the cathodic reduction of CO 2 into formate and almost 100% selectivity for anodic oxidation of methanol to formate, ethanol to acetate and benzyl alcohol to benzoate are achieved at high current densities within a wide potential range. The SnO x @pCu@CF//pCu@CF two-electrode arrangement required 100 mV less potential for the overall methanol-assisted CO 2 RR as compared to water oxidation assisted CO 2 RR with simultaneous production of valuable formate at both anode and cathode This study underscores the potential of coupling CO 2 RR with viable alternative oxidation reactions as a theoretically and technically feasible approach as well as holds significant promise for delivering substantial economic benefits. [Display omitted] • Value-added products are concurrently generated at both the anode and cathode. • Over 89% formate selectivity for cathodic CO 2 reduction is achieved. • 100% selectivity for anodic oxidation of methanol to formate, ethanol to acetate and benzyl alcohol to benzoate is achieved. • Lower potential is required for overall alcohol-oxidation assisted CO 2 RR as compared to the water oxidation assisted CO 2 RR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Diabetic individuals have a higher probability of suffering from illness and death due to small blood vessel-related problems such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and stroke than other complications. There are many synthetic anti-diabetic agents available, but these can be expensive and have undesirable pathological effects. The enzyme α-amylase (hydrolase), catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch to maltose and glucose via the cleavage of α-1,4-glucosidic linkages. Diabetes mellitus patients may benefit from a therapeutic strategy that involves slowing the hydrolysis of starch by inhibiting the activity of α-amylase. Thus, looking for cost-effective, natural, and safe antidiabetic agents is essential. This study aims to screen phytoconstituents and evaluate the in-vitro and in-silico α-amylase inhibitory activity of the ethanolic extract of Adhatoda vasica leaves. Methods: The extraction of Adhatoda vasica leaves was performed using ethanol via the Soxhlet extraction process. Different concentrations (100 μg/mL to 1000 μg/mL) of ethanolic extract, Acarbose, and Sitagliptin, were prepared and evaluated for α-amylase inhibitory activity using the spectrophotometric method. Molecular docking (AutodockVina 1.2.0) and toxicity profiling (SToPToX web server) studies were performed. Results: The ethanolic extract of Adhatoda vasica leaves showed the highest percentage inhibition against α-amylase (56.763 ± 0.0035) at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL. The in-silico study supported this inhibitory activity. Vasicoline (C5) and Quercetin (C9), the active constitute of Adhatoda vasica, showed the best binding energies of −8.3 and −8.0 Kcal/mol, respectively against α-amylase enzyme (PDBID: 4W93). A toxicity study revealed the safety profile of the plant extract. Conclusion: It was concluded that Adhatoda vasica leaves possess some bioactive compounds that are responsible for controlling blood glucose levels, and their identification, purification, and isolation may lead to the development of new therapeutic agents with fewer side effects than the available drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the relationship between stress exposure and subsequent ethanol use, focusing on individual differences among male rats. We combined operant self-administration with behavioral economics to assess how intermittent swim stress affects ethanol consumption. This approach allowed for a nuanced analysis of the transition from regular ethanol intake to stressinduced escalation in economic demand. Results showed a consistent rise in ethanol demand post-stress among subjects, irrespective of exposure to actual swim stress or a sham procedure. This increase may result from a two-week abstinence or an inherent rise in demand over time. Significantly, we identified a direct link between post-stress corticosterone levels and the demand for ethanol, considering baseline levels. This correlation was particularly pronounced when examining the shifts in both corticosterone levels and demand for ethanol poststress. However, neither post-stress corticosterone levels nor their change over time correlated significantly with changes in ethanol demand following a forced swim test that was administered 24 h after the intermittent swim stress test. This suggests potential context-specific or stressor-specific effects. Importantly, pre-stress ethanol demand did not significantly predict the corticosterone response to stress, indicating that high ethanol-demand rats do not inherently exhibit heightened stress sensitivity. Our research brings to light the complex interplay between stress and ethanol consumption, highlighting the critical role of individual differences in this relationship. This research introduces a nuanced perspective, underscoring the need for future studies in the realm of stress and substance use to give greater consideration to individual variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a desirable ethanol dehydrogenation process necessitates a highly efficient and selective catalyst with low cost. Herein, we show that the "complex active site" consisting of atomically dispersed Au atoms with the neighboring oxygen vacancies (Vo) and undercoordinated cation on oxide supports can be prepared and display unique catalytic properties for ethanol dehydrogenation. The "complex active site" Au−Vo−Zr3+ on Au1/ZrO2 exhibits the highest H2 production rate, with above 37,964 mol H2 per mol Au per hour (385 g H2 gAu-1 ${{\rm{g}}_{{\rm{Au}}}^{ - 1} }$ h−1) at 350 °C, which is 3.32, 2.94 and 15.0 times higher than Au1/CeO2, Au1/TiO2, and Au1/Al2O3, respectively. Combining experimental and theoretical studies, we demonstrate the structural sensitivity of these complex sites by assessing their selectivity and activity in ethanol dehydrogenation. Our study sheds new light on the design and development of cost‐effective and highly efficient catalysts for ethanol dehydrogenation. Fundamentally, atomic‐level catalyst design by colocalizing catalytically active metal atoms forming a structure‐sensitive "complex site", is a crucial way to advance from heterogeneous catalysis to molecular catalysis. Our study advanced the understanding of the structure sensitivity of the active site in atomically dispersed catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]