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O diagnóstico precoce de patologias no meio aquático constitui-se em uma necessidade vital para o sucesso dos cultivos. Considerados como parasitos oportunistas, surtos de infestação de monogenóides capsalídeos podem ocasionar mortalidades massivas gerando enormes prejuízos nos cultivos. Exemplares de garoupa-verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), com peso médio de 142,74 ± 38,65 g, apresentaram recusa da alimentação e sintomas como o escurecimento do corpo, natação errática, opacidade dos olhos, exoftalmia e hemorragias em diversas áreas do corpo. Alguns peixes apresentavam lesões no globo ocular e cegueira. Após análises dos peixes foi identificada a ocorrência do parasito Neobenedenia melleni. Este trabalho teve por objetivo testar o efeito de diferentes tratamentos por imersão em diferentes concentrações de formalina e água doce na erradicação de monogenoides capsalideos na garoupa-verdadeira. Foram testados três tratamentos em forma de banhos: T1 (água doce por 10 minutos); T2 (formalina: 1:2.000 por 10 minutos) e T3: (formalina: 1:4.000 por 10 minutos). Os tratamentos foram avaliados através de raspado de tecido epitelial, montados entre lâminas e lamínulas e observado ao microscópio de luz. Observou-se que nas condições testadas o T1 e o T2 foram eficientes na eliminação dos monogenóides capsalídeos na garoupa-verdadeira. The precocious diagnosis of pathologies in the aquatic way is constituted in a vital need for the success of the cultivations. Considered as parasites opportunists, infestations of monogeneans capsalides can cause missal mortalities resulting in enormous damages in the cultivations. Juveniles of dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), with medium weight of 142.74 ± 38.65 g, presented refusal of the feeding and symptoms as the darkening of the body, erratic swimming, opacity of the eyes and hemorrhages in several areas of the body. Some fishes presented lesions in the eyeball and blindness. After analyses of the fish the occurrence of the parasite Neobenedenia melleni was identified. This work objective was to test therapeutic treatments seeking the monogenean capsalid eradication in juveniles of dusky grouper. Three treatments were tested in form of baths: T1 (fresh water for 10 minutes); T2 (formalin: 1:2,000 for 10 minutes) and T3: (formalin: 1:4,000 for 10 minutes). The treatments were evalueted by scraping epithelium tissue, mounted in slide glass and cover slip and observed by light microscope. It was observed that in the tested conditions T1 and T2 were efficient in the elimination of the monogeneans capsalids without presenting lethality in the dusky grouper.

Common names: Black grouper, badejo-quadrado. Conservation status: High vulnerable by the IUCN Red List and in Brazil it was included in the “commercially extinct” list of marine resources in Sao Paulo State (Sao Paulo 2008). Identification: D XI + 15–17; A III +11–13; LL 78–83. The body has 7 or 8 columns of rectangular dark gray blotches. The outer third of the second dorsal, anal and caudal fins are black, edge of preopercle is smooth, without a pronounced lobe in the angle. The maximum length is 133 cm, with maximum body weight of 65 kg (Rocha and Costa 1999). Illustration from FAO species catalogue. Distribution: This species occurs in western Atlantic, from Bermuda and Massachusetts to southern Brazil, including the southern part of Gulf of Mexico, Florida Keys, Bahamas, Cuba and the Caribbean. Habitat and ecology: This species is found on rocky bottoms and coral reefs to depths of at least 75 m. Adults are most commonly found bellow 30 m while juveniles generally occur in shalow waters. Adults feed primarily on fishes and juveniles prey, mainly crustaceans. The black grouper is one of the most important species in Atlantic coast fisheries. In Northeast Brazil, between the States of Ceara and Alagoas, M. bonaci has been caught by artisanal fishery using hooks and lines or compressor-assisted spear fishing (Teixeira et al 2004). Reproduction: This specie is a protogynous hermaphrodite, with reproductive aggregations. Maturing females occur between 50 and 100 cm and mature males between 96 and 116 cm (Heemstra and Randall 1993). Threats: Overfishing. Conservation action: Since 2003, in Brazil a minimum capturing size of capture was established at 45 cm. Conservation recommendation: Environ Biol Fish DOI 10.1007/s10641-010-9634-9

Common names: Dusky grouper, garoupa-verdadeira.Conservation status: This species is listed as endan-gered in the Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN)(Marino et al. 2003; Cornish and Harmelin-Vivien2004). In Brazil, this species was included in the“over-exploitedorthreatenedwithoverexploitation”listof marine resources(Ministerio do Meio Ambiente IN52004) and in Sao Paulo State (Sao Paulo 2008).Identification:DXI+14–16; P 17–19; A III + 8; LL62–73. The pelvic fins are shorter than the pectoral finsand do not reaching the level of the anus. Themaximum length is 120 cm, with maximum bodyweight of 60 kg (Rocha and Costa 1999). Distribution:This species occurs on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean,from the British Isles to South Africa and southwestIndian Ocean in Southern Mozambique and Madagas-car (Heemstra and Randall 1993). Habitat and ecology:E. marginatus is a coastal, demersal species, commonlyfound over irregular rocky bottoms from shallow waterto 50 m deep (Heemstra and Randall 1993). E.marginatus plays an important role in maintaining theecological balance of hard-bottom ecosystems, with thefeeding based on fish and crustaceans (Barreiros andSantos 1998). Reproduction: This species is a protog-ynous hermaphrodite, with reproductive aggregationsand a complex social structure (Zabala et al 1997;Andrade et al. 2003). It becomes sexually mature whenreaching 45 cm and 2 kg, and maturing females occurbetween 3 and 9 kg. The sex inversion happens whenthey reach 9 to 10 years and 90 cm of length (Brusle1985;Marinoetal2001). Threats: Overfishing.Conservation action: Since 2003, in Brazil a minimumsize of capture was established at 47 cm. Conservationrecommendation: Time-area closures and the develop-ment of technologies for sexual inversion and spermcryopreservation (Sanches 2007; Cabrita et al 2009)are

This study aims developing and evaluate a protocol of semen cryopreservation of the lane snapper Lutjanus synagris. Firstly, sperm motility rate, motility time, density and spermatocrit were appraised to characterize the sperm quality of the lane snapper. The effect of three extenders with distinct ionic compositions and pH values combined with seven concentrations of cryoprotector dimethylsulfoxide (0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; 10.0; 12.5 e 15.0%), five cooling rates (110, 90, 60, 45 e 30°C –min), nine equilibration time (1; 2,5; 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30 e 60 minutes) e five dilutions ratio (1:1; 1:3; 1:6; 1:10 e 1:20) on the sperm motility rate and motility time were analyzed. Fertilization test was accomplished to evaluate the viability of the cryopreserved sperm. The higher sperm motility rate and motility time (P60% validating the present protocol for lane snapper. The cryoconserved sperm of lane snapper is a viable alternative, being possible to maintain appropriate sperm viability.

Many aspects of sex change in reef fishes have been studied, including behavior and social organization. However, gonad histology remains the most robust way to identify sexual patterns in fishes. Some uncommon tissues remain poorly described, such as the accessory gonadal structures found in species from the Gobiidae family, which are rare in other bony fishes. This is the first report of the testicular gland in Gramma brasiliensis and for the Grammatidae family. Between April 2011 and February 2012 eighty specimens were collected during four dive campaigns on the Taipus de Fora reef (13°56’20”S 38°55’32”W), Bahia, Northeast Brazil, and their sex was determined. Thirteen per cent of the active-females and 90% of the active-males had testicular gland tissue in their ovotestis. This discovery led to additional research into the characteristics of the gland tissue and its relationship with gonadal maturation. Three patterns of testicular gland development were found in Brazilian basslet ovotestis. Both ova and sperm-producing gonad contained testicular gland tissue, and the appearance of this tissue seems to be the first modification of ovotestis tissue marking the beginning of the protogynous sex-change process in G. brasiliensis. Resumo Diversos aspectos da troca de sexo em peixes recifais vem sendo estudados, incluindo comportamentos e organização social. Entretanto, a histologia das gônadas continua sendo a maneira mais robusta para se identificar padrões sexuais em peixes. Alguns tecidos incomuns, tais como as estruturas anexas a gônada encontradas em espécies da família Gobiidae e raras em outras espécies são pouco estudados. Este trabalho é a primeira descrição da glândula testicular em Gramma brasiliensis e para a família Grammatidae. Entre abril de 2011 e fevereiro de 2012, oitenta espécimes foram coletados durante quatro amostragens no recife de Taipus de Fora (13°56’20”S 38°55’32”W), Bahia, Brasil, e tiveram seus sexos determinados. Treze por cento das fêmeas ativas e noventa por cento dos machos ativos apresentaram tecido da glândula testicular em suas gônadas. Esta descoberta levou ao estudo da características dessa estrutura e sua relação com a maturação gonadal. Foram identificados três padrões de desenvolvimento da glândula testicular nas gônadas do Gramma brasiliensis. Tanto as gônadas produtoras de espermatozoides quanto as de oócitos apresentaram tecido da glândula testicular, e o surgimento desse tecido parece ser a primeira modificação gonadal do início da troca de sexo protogínica em G. brasiliensis.

Neobenedenia melleni (MacCallum, 1927) (Monogenea) is a pathogen widely spread in marine teleost cultures around the world. The present paper recorded this parasite species in the Goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara for the first time Brazil. The use of freshwater bath for parasite control was successful for the Goliath grouper. Neobenedenia melleni (MacCallum, 1927) (Monogenea) é um patógeno largamente distribuído em culturas de teleósteos marinhos no mundo. No presente trabalho, esta espécie de parasito é registrada pela primeira vez no MeroEpinephelus itajara, no Brasil. A utilização de um banho de água doce foi eficiente para eliminar os parasitos no Mero.

(With 1 figure)The family Caligidae, mainly Caligus and Lepeophtheirus species are widespread sea lice copepods that parasitize body surface, cavity of the mouth, the gills, and the operculum of teleosts and elasmobranchs ( Ho et al., 2001 ). These parasites erode fishes epithelium leading secondary bacterial infections (Sanches et al., 2012). The sea lice of the family Caligidae are one of the most major health pathogens for farmed fish. In the Northern Hemisphere the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer, 1838) alone is responsible for commercial losses in excess of € 180 million in salmonid aquaculture ( Costello, 2009 ).The dusky grouper ( Epinephelus marginatus ) (Lowe, 1834) is a Serranidae protogynous hermaphrodite species with great ecological importance. It is being commercially cultured because the high market demand has led to indiscriminate fishing resulting in the depletion of the natural stocks to an alarming level ( Sanches et al., 2009 ). Despite the considerable progress in fish parasitology in recent decades, there are still major gaps in knowledge of taxonomy, biology, epizootiology and parasites control ( Roumbedakis et al., 2013 ). This study record the first occurrence of Lepeophtheirus curtus in dusky grouper farmed in Brazil.Specimens of copepods were collected from twelve farmed Ephinephelus marginatus (wet weight 6.2 ± 0.2 kg) that were kept in concrete tanks, capacity 80 m