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Food waste worldwide is beginning to become a "heavy" problem of one billion tons. It is almost unbelievable that in 2021, global food waste reached an extraordinary value of 931 million tons. Of these, over 60% is represented by food waste at the household level. In this context, the research analysed which countries have the highest level of food waste, presenting a double Top 10: the first - Top 10 of the countries with the highest food waste at national level and the second - Top 10 countries with the highest food waste per capita, based on data collected from external sources, data provided by organizations and institutions, as well as reference publications in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of supplementing chelated chromium (Cr) in transition cows has increased recently. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementation of chelated chromium (Cr) on plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and insulin during the transition period in dairy cows. A total of 322 transition dairy cows, belonged to seven studies from five papers, were used. The complete steps of meta-analysis were performed according to the standard pathway of PRISMA. For this reason, a comprehensive meta-analysis was used to accomplish this mission. The effect model and I2 statistic was used to estimate the degree of heterogeneity. Forest plot was used to present a graphic means and their confidence intervals, and a heterogeneous degree was explored with meta-regression, also Beggꞌs test was conducted to investigate the publication bias. Estimated the effect size of chelated Cr on glucose, NEFA, and insulin outcomes during the threetime points (i.e. before, at, after calving) was no significant (glucose ES=(0.049-0.078) 0.015, p-value=0.649; NEFA ES=(-0.719-0.45) -0.134, p-value=0.653; and insulin ES=(-0.090-0.154) 0.032, p-value=0.611. The heterogeneity was not significant for all variables (glucose I2=0, p-value=0.981; NEFA I2=0 p-value=1; and insulin I2=0, pvalue=0.980). Consequently, fixed-effects models were used for the analysis of such data. Furthermore, Beggꞌs test indicated no evidence of substantial publication bias for all parameters. The influence analysis showed that the removal of any study did not change the direction or significance of point estimates. The meta-analysis of our study indicated that chelated Cr supplementation of diets of dairy cows during the transition period provided a glucose tolerance effect by increasing the insulin response and decrease NEFA concentration, but not in a significant level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnosis and treatment of ocular fungal infection in equine seems very challenging for owners and clinicians. The present study aimed to identify and characterize fungal species isolated from the eyes of clinically healthy and diseased equines (N = 100) from Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. The work also involved morphological and molecular characterization of the major fungal species. In addition, correlations between the occurrence of isolated fungi and some of the potential risk factors were also investigated. Interestingly, the prevalence rate of ocular mycosis in all examined equines in the study was 28% and there were major clinical signs associated with ocular fungal infection. Moreover, the identified fungal species included Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., and Alternari spp. with a corresponding prevalence rate of 63.9%, 27.8%, 15.3%, 18.1%, 13.9%, and 4.2%, respectively, in healthy equine eyes, while their prevalence in diseased equine eyes was 57.1%, 32.1%, 21.4%, 7.1%, 3.6%, and 0%. Furthermore, a statistical significant association (p < 0.05) was found between the frequency of isolation of A. fumigatus and Penicillium and several risk factors (breed, sex, and ground type), while the remaining risk factors and occurrence of fungi were not statistically correlated. A subset of the Aspergillus species samples positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were sequenced and their phylogenetic analysis identified three species of Aspergillus. Taken together, our study provides novel data related to the occurrence of ocular mycosis in equine in Egypt. Given the zoonotic potential of some identified fungi, our data may be helpful for implementation of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for combating this sight-threatening infection in equine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tauopathy is a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases. It is characterized by abnormal aggregates of pathological phosphotau and somatodendritic redistribution. One suggested strategy for treating tauopathy is to stimulate autophagy, hence, getting rid of these pathological protein aggregates. One key controller of autophagy is mTOR. Since stimulation of mTOR leads to inhibition of autophagy, inhibitors of mTOR will cause stimulation of autophagy process. In this report, tauopathy was induced in mice using annonacin. Blocking of mTOR was achieved through stereotaxic injection of siRNA against mTOR. The behavioral and immunohistochemical evaluation revealed the development of tauopathy model as proven by deterioration of behavioral performance in open field test and significant tau aggregates in annonacin-treated mice. Blocking of mTOR revealed significant clearance of tau aggregates in the injected side; however, tau expression was not affected by mTOR blockage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocara vitulorum is an important intestinal nematode that causes great economic losses in farm animals worldwide. However, there is a paucity in the development of effective and safe anthelmintic drugs against this parasite in buffalo calves. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antitoxocariasis efficacy of moxidectin, ivermectin, and piperazine citrate in buffalo calves. To achieve this purpose, 130 buffalo calves were randomly selected from Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Egypt, and were examined for the presence of Toxocara vitulorum. Thirty calves were identified to be infected. Diseased calves were allocated randomly into 3 groups (10 each). The first group received moxidectin pour-on, the second group received ivermectin, and the third received piperazine citrate. Clinical, hematological, and parasitological responses of treated animals were assessed at 7, 14, 28, and 56 days after treatment. The fastest clinical recovery and complete elimination of parasite eggs from feces were exhibited in calves treated with moxidectin. Significant inhibition of eosinophil counts was observed in all treated calves at 1 week following treatment. From the obtained data, we conclude that moxidectin is an alternative effective and safe drug for treatment of buffalo calves infected with Toxocara vitulorum when administrated in the pouron route under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To determine the normal values and repeatability for Schirmer tear test ( STT) in clinically normal dromedary camels and to analyze the influence of the age and gender on these values. Animals studied Thirty clinically normal dromedary camels of different ages (calves, immature, and mature). Procedures Schirmer tear tests I and II were performed using commercial STT strips. Three measurements were obtained from each eye over three consecutive weeks, and the variance of these measurements was determined. Results Mean values and coefficient of variation of STT I and STT II for the right and left eyes varied significantly among camel groups ( P < 0.05). For STT I, the most frequently recorded values were >14-18, > 22-26, and >30-34 mm/min in calves, immature camels, and mature camels, respectively. For STT II, however, the most frequently recorded values were 7-14, >10-18, and >26-30 mm/min, respectively. The interassay coefficients of variation were 1.7-14.4% and were significantly lower in mature camels than in calves and immature camels ( P < 0.05). Age was positively correlated with STT I ( r = 0.81) and STT II values ( r = 0.88). No significant variations were found between genders. Conclusions This preliminary study reports STT I and II values and repeatability in normal dromedary camels. This information may assist veterinary practitioners in complete ophthalmic examinations and in accurate diagnosis of ocular surface diseases affecting the tear film in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relatedness between single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL8 and TLR4 genes and digital dermatitis resistance/susceptibility was investigated in seventy Holstein dairy cows. Animals were assigned into two groups, affected group (n = 35) and resistant group (n = 35) based on clinical signs and previous history of farm clinical records. Blood samples were collected for DNA extraction to ampliy fragments of 267-bp and 382-bp for IL8 and TLR4 genes, respectively. PCR-DNA sequencing revealed three SNPs in each of IL8 and TLR4 genes. The identified SNPs associated with digital dermatitis resistance were C94T, A220G, and T262A for IL8 and C118T for TLR4. However, the G349C and C355A SNPs in TLR4 gene were associated with digital dermatitis susceptibility. Chi-square analysis for comparison the distribution of all identified SNPs in both IL8 and TLR4 genes between resistant and affected animals showed no significant variation among the identified SNPs in IL8 gene. Meanwhile, there was a significant variation in case of TLR4 gene. As a pilot study, the present results revealed that identified SNPs in IL8 and TLR4 genes can be used as a genetic marker and predisposing factor for resistance/susceptibility to digital dermatitis in dairy cows. However, TLR4 gene may be a potential candidate for such disease. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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