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Even though the technology of adaptive optics (AO) is rapidly maturing, calibration of the resulting images remains a major challenge. The AO point-spread function (PSF) changes quickly both in time and position on the sky. In a typical observation the star used for guiding will be separated from the scientific target by 10" to 30". This is sufficient separation to render images of the guide star by themselves nearly useless in characterizing the PSF at the off-axis target position. A semi-empirical technique is described that improves the determination of the AO off-axis PSF. The method uses calibration images of dense star fields to determine the change in PSF with field position. It then uses this information to correct contemporaneous images of the guide star to produce a PSF that is more accurate for both the target position and the time of a scientific observation. We report on tests of the method using natural-guide-star AO systems on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope and Lick Observatory Shane Telescope, augmented by simple atmospheric computer simulations. At 25" off-axis, predicting the PSF full width at half maximum using only information about the guide star results in an error of 60%. Using an image of a dense star field lowers this error to 33%, and our method, which also folds in information about the on-axis PSF, further decreases the error to 19%., 29 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in the PASP

Adaptive optics performance using a sodium laser guide star at the Lick Observatory 3.0 m telescope is presented. In order to accomplish this the residual effects of natural guide star tip-tilt motion is removed. This is measured from 500 short exposure images (texp = 57ms). The data show instantaneous Strehl ratios ranging from ~ 0.10 to ~ 0.45 with a mean value of ~ 0.26. Centroid tracking of these data yield residual tip-tilt errors of ~ 21 mas, within specifications for the system. This resdual tip-tilt motion reduces the Strehl ratio of long exposure imaging by only ~ 7%.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

In 1999, we presented our plan to upgrade the adaptive optics (AO) system on the Lick Observatory Shane telescope (3m) from a prototype instrument pressed into field service to a facility instrument. This paper updates the progress of that plan and details several important improvements in the alignment and calibration of the AO bench. The paper also includes a discussion of the problems seen in the original design of the tip/tilt (t/t) sensor used in laser guide star mode, and how these problems were corrected with excellent results.

The Lick Observatory laser guide star adaptive optics system has been significantly upgraded over the past two years in order to establish it as a facility science instrument on the Shane 3 meter telescope. Natural Guide Star (NGS) mode has been in use in regular science observing programs for over a year. The Laser Guide Star (LGS) mode has been tested in engineering runs and is now starting to do science observing. In good seeing conditions, the system produces K-band Strehl ratios >0.7 (NGS) and >0.6 (LGS). In LGS mode tip/tilt guiding is achieved with a V~16 natural star anywhere inside a 1 arcminute radius field, which provides about 50% sky coverage. This enables diffraction-limited imaging of regions where few bright guidestars suitable for NGS mode are available. NGS mode requires at least a V~13 guidestar and has a sky coverage of

We present 30 optical spectra and 49 photometric epochs sampling the first 517 days after discovery of supernova (SN) 1999em, and derive its distance through the expanding photosphere method (EPM). SN 1999em is shown to be a Type II-plateau (II-P) event, with a photometric plateau lasting until about 100 days after explosion. We identify the dominant ions responsible for most of the absorption features seen in the optical portion of the spectrum during the plateau phase. We find the distance to SN 1999em to be D = 8.2 +/- 0.6 Mpc, with an explosion date of 5.3 +/- 1.4 days before discovery. We examine potential sources of systematic error in EPM-derived distances, and find the most significant to result from uncertainty in the theoretical modeling of the flux distribution emitted by the SN photosphere (i.e., the ``flux dilution factor''). We compare previously derived EPM distances to 5 SNe II in galaxies for which a recently revised Cepheid distance exists from the HST Key Project and find D(Cepheids) / D(EPM) = 0.96 +/- 0.09. Finally, we investigate the possible use of SNe II-P as standard candles and find that for 8 photometrically confirmed SNe II-P with previously derived EPM distances and SN 1999em, the mean plateau absolute brightness is M_V(plateau) = -16.4 +/- 0.6 mag, implying that distances good to ~30% (1-sigma) may be possible without the need for a complete EPM analysis. At M_V(plateau) = -15.9 +/- 0.2 mag, SN 1999em is somewhat fainter than the average SN II-P. The general consistency of absolute SNe II-P brightness during the plateau suggests that the standard candle assumption may allow SNe II-P to be viable cosmological beacons at z > 2., 79 pages, 26 figures, accepted for publication in the Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

We present extensive photometric and spectroscopic observations of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2000cx in the S0 galaxy NGC 524, which reveal it to be peculiar. Photometrically, SN 2000cx is different from all known SNe Ia, and its light curves cannot be fit well by the fitting techniques currently available. There is an apparent asymmetry in the $B$-band peak, in which the premaximum brightening is relatively fast (similar to that of the normal SN 1994D), but the postmaximum decline is relatively slow (similar to that of the overluminous SN 1991T). The color evolution of SN 2000cx is also peculiar: the $(B - V)_0$ color has a unique plateau phase and the $(V - R)_0$ and $(V - I)_0$ colors are very blue. Although the premaximum spectra of SN 2000cx are similar to those of SN 1991T-like objects (with weak Si II lines), its overall spectral evolution is quite different. The Si II lines that emerged near maximum $B$-band brightness stay strong in SN 2000cx until about three weeks past maximum. The change in the excitation stages of iron-peak elements is slow. Both the iron-peak and the intermediate-mass elements are found to be moving at very high expansion velocities in the ejecta of SN 2000cx. We discuss theoretical models for SN 2000cx. SN 2000cx may be an overluminous object like SN 1991T, but with a larger yield of $^{56}$Ni and a higher kinetic energy in the ejecta. We also briefly discuss the implications of our observations for the luminosity vs. light-curve width relation., Accepted to be published in the Oct issue of PASP

Results of experiments with the laser guide star adaptive optics system on the 3-meter Shane telescope at Lick Observatory have demonstrated a factor of 4 performance improvement over previous results. Stellar images recorded at a wavelength of 2 micrometers were corrected to over 40 percent of the theoretical diffraction-limited peak intensity. For the previous two years, this sodium-layer laser guide star system has corrected stellar images at this wavelength to approximately 10 percent of the theoretical peak intensity limit. After a campaign to improve the beam quality of the laser system, and to improve calibration accuracy and stability of the adaptive optics system using new techniques for phase retrieval and phase-shifting diffraction interferometry, the system performance has been substantially increased. The next step will be to use the Lick system for astronomical science observations, and to demonstrate this level of performance with the new system being installed on the 10-meter Keck II telescope.

We present the preliminary results of a laboratory experiment using phase diversity as a wavefront sensor. Computer simulations of this experiment were also performed. The phase diversity algorithm used the ordinary finite-difference method to solve the transport equation of intensity and phase. This method of phase diversity retrieves the phase directly and may prove to be useful for low light level applications and for extended objects. This entertains the possibility of using phase diversity as an on-line wavefront sensor for adaptive optics.

We present the results of some laboratory experiments of the use of electro-optical (EO) devices to control the optical path length (OPL) of an interferometric array. One of the most important problems in interferometric beam combination is the control of the path length; this is coupled with the need for partial wavefront compensation in order to increase the sensitivity of the interferometer. Traditional approaches to such problems are often very expensive and sometimes impractical. For this reason we started an effort, both theoretically and experimentally, in order to investigate if less costly and more effective techniques can be applied. In our experiments we used single-cell LCDs in order to eliminate piston terms in a two- aperture interferometer. We used phase diversity techniques for extracting the phase information. Although the experimental results are still partial we believe that there is enough evidence that such devices can be used for the OPL control and partial wavefront compensation. Further testing is needed in order to assess the real capabilities of commercially available LCDs and the need, if any, of customization.