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eingereicht von Jasmin F. Hilge, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2022

Hintergrund. Die anwachsende Klimaproblematik erfordert nicht nur adäquate menschliche Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung dieser, sondern stellt, besonders für junge Menschen, eine immense Herausforderung und auch Belastung dar. Die Förderung des Klimaschutzes ist folglich ebenso von Wichtigkeit wie das Verständnis und die Unterstützung des Umgangs damit, auch besonders im individuellen Rahmen. Zur Exploration dessen wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit folgender Fragestellung nachgegangen: „Wie erleben junge Menschen die Klimakrise?“ Dabei erfolgte ein Fokus auf psychische Befindlichkeit, Bedrohungswahrnehmung, Bewältigungsstrategien, klimafreundlichem Verhalten und Wirksamkeitserleben. Die Stichprobe beinhaltet zehn Proband:innen, davon jeweils fünf männlich und fünf weiblich. Die Teilnehmenden befinden sich als junge Erwachsene in ihren Zwanziger Jahren, sind allesamt deutschsprachig, kommen aus und leben in Österreich oder Deutschland und sind zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung aktive Studierende. Methodik. Die Auswertung der Interviewdaten erfolgte nach der theoriegeleiteten Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Kuckartz (2018) mit anschließender Kleinstausführung einer Gruppeneinteilung. Ergebnisse. Besonders hervorgehoben werden konnte die Bedeutung von Verantwortungszuschreibungen, interpersonellen Faktoren und Verhaltensmaßnahmen im direkt-privaten Bereich. Insgesamt wurde deutlich, dass die Klimakrise eine enorme psychische Belastung für diese Bevölkerungsgruppe darstellt. Allerdings konnten auch Gefühle der Hoffnung ausgemacht werden. Zudem konnten die Befragten anhand ihrer ausschlaggebenden Grundhaltung hinsichtlich der erfolgreichen Bekämpfung beziehungsweise Eindämmung des Klimawandels in drei Gruppen aufgeteilt werden: die Optimistischen, die Besorgt-Pessimistischen und die Komplex Orientierungssuchend-Unsicheren. Mit starkem Fokus auf unabdingbare Klimabildungsmaßnahmen und Interventionen soll diese Arbeit Anhaltspunkte schaffen und weitere Untersuchungen anregen, besonders, Background. The increasing climate threat not only requires adequate human measures to mitigate it, but also constitutes an immense challenge and burden, especially for young people. The promotion of climate protection is therefore equally relevant as understanding and supporting the way of approaching it, especially within an individual framework. To investigate this issue, the following research question was pursued in the present study: “How do young people experience the climate crisis?” The focus was placed on psychological well-being, threat perception, coping strategies, climate-friendly behavior and efficacy perception. The sample consists of ten participants, including five males and five females. The participants as young adults being in their twenties are all German-speaking, coming from and living in Austria or Germany, and are active university students at the time of the interviews. Methodology. The interview data were analyzed following the theory-based Qualitative Analysis of Content according to Kuckartz (2018) with subsequent small-scale execution of a group classification. Results. The importance of attributions of responsibility, interpersonal factors, and behavioral measures within the direct-private sphere could be particularly emphasized. Overall, it became clear that the climate crisis represents an enormous psychological burden for this population group. However, feelings of hope could also be detected. Furthermore, the respondents were divided into three groups according to their basic attitude towards a successful mitigation of climate change: the optimists, the worried-pessimists and the complex orientation-seeking-uncertain. Especially with a focus on indispensable climate education programs and interventions, this work is intended to provide clues and stimulate further research, also especially regarding attribution of responsibility, efficacy experience and meaningful coping strategies, as well as the enhancement of these. Young people, Eileen Glonner, in englischer Sprache, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2022

Die Prävalenz zur Autismus-Spektrum-Störung (ASS) hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten stark zugenommen. Die ASS kann nicht geheilt, aber therapiert werden. Je früher mit der richtigen Therapie begonnen wird, desto grösser ist die Verbesserung der Lebensqualität des betroffenen Menschen. Eine mögliche Art der Behandlung ist die Gartentherapie. Dabei werden verschiedene Zielsetzungen und Programme individuell auf die zu behandelnde Person angepasst. Deshalb und wegen der fehlenden Evidenz gegenüber der Wirkung der Gartentherapie gibt es grosse Lücken in der Literatur. Ziel dieser Bachelorarbeit ist es, durch eine spezifische Literaturrecherche bestehende gartentherapeutische Programme zu finden. Sodann soll ein selbst entwickeltes Programm für zwei Bewohner mit der ASS des Götschihofs im Aeugstertal erstellt werden. Durch das Definieren von elf Schlüssel-wörtern, vier auf Deutsch und sieben auf Englisch, wurde die Literaturrecherche eingegrenzt. Für das Erstellens des Konzepts besuchte der Autor dieser Arbeit den Götschihof und das darin befindende Gartenatelier (GA). Durch ein Interview mit der Leiterin des GA soll mehr über sie, das GA und die zwei Bewohner in Erfahrung gebracht werden. Die Literaturrecherche ergab, dass keine gartentherapeutischen Programme für Menschen mit der ASS gefunden wurden. Es gibt jedoch Programme, die als standardisierte Planungsgrundlagen dienen können. Am Besuchstag konnte ein Einblick in die bestehenden Programme des GAs am Götschihof gewonnen werden. Zusätzlich wurde ersichtlich, dass das Programm zwar gut vorbereitet werden muss, kurzfristig Änderungen aber immer entstehen können. Ausserdem wurden die zwei Bewohner auf den Wohngruppen besucht. Mit dem Interview wurde klar, dass sich die Zusammenstellung der Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer im GA grundsätzlich nicht ändert und die gleichen Personen über eine längere Zeit teilnehmen. Ausserdem wurden die gartentherapeutischen Zielsetzungen für die beiden Bewohner erläutert. Das erstellte Prog, The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased significantly in recent decades. ASD cannot be cured, but it can be treated. The earlier the right therapy is started, the greater the improvement in the quality of life of the affected person. One possible type of treatment is Horticultural therapy. In the Horticultural therapy, different objectives and programs are individually adapted to the person to be treated. Because of this and the lack of evidence against the effect of Horticultural therapy, there are large gaps in the literature. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to find existing garden therapy programs through a specific literature search. Then a self-developed program for two residents with ASD of the Götschihof in Aeugstertal will be created. By defining eleven keywords, four in German and seven in English, the literature research was narrowed down. For the creation of the concept, the author of this work visited the Götschihof and the garden atelier (GA) located therein. Through an interview with the director of the GA, more will be learned about her, the GA and the two residents. The literature search revealed that no Horticultural therapy programs for people with ASD were found. However, there are programs that can serve as standardized planning principles. On the day of the visit, an insight into the existing programs of the GA at Götschihof could be gained. In addition, it became clear that the program must be well prepared, but that changes can always occur at short notice. Furthermore, the two residents were visited in the residential groups. With the interview it became clear that the composition of the participants in the GA basically does not change and that the same people participate over a longer period. In addition, the Horticultural therapy objectives for the two residents were explained. The program created was divided into the four seasons. For each season, ten program points were created with the objectives, target persons

eingereicht von Andrea Gföller, BSc BSc, in englischer Sprache, Universität Innsbruck, Masterarbeit, 2021, (VLID)5774055

Existing theories of aging suggest that there may be similarities and differences in how COVID-19 impacts older people's psychosocial adaptation compared to younger age groups, particularly middle-aged individuals. To assess the degree to which these impacts vary, we analyzed data from 3098 participants between the ages of 40 and 79 from an online survey in Germany. Data were collected at three measurement occasions between the start of the nationwide lockdown in mid-March 2020 and the end of the lockdown in early August 2020. The survey focused on everyday experiences during the COVID-19 crisis and collected various satisfaction ratings (e.g., general life satisfaction, satisfaction with family life, satisfaction with social contacts). At baseline, participants also provided retrospective ratings of satisfaction for the period before the COVID-19 crisis. In our analyses, we compared satisfaction ratings of middle-aged (40-64 years) and older individuals (65-79 years) and found that both middle-aged and older participants experienced the greatest decreases in satisfaction with social contacts, with more pronounced decreases seen in middle-aged participants. A similar pattern was observed for general life satisfaction, but the overall decreases were less pronounced in both groups compared to the decreases in satisfaction with social contacts. We also observed a partial recovery effect in all measures at the last measurement occasion, and this effect was more pronounced in older adults. Findings were also confirmed using age as a continuous variable and checking for linear and nonlinear effects of outcomes across the age range. Although ageism arose during the pandemic in the sense that older adults were labeled as a "risk group," particularly at the start of the outbreak, we found consistently with other studies that middle-aged adults' satisfaction decreased to a greater extent than that of older adults.

O presente estudo visou a construção e validação de um instrumento de avaliação da literacia em saúde oral para a população adulta portuguesa. A escala de Literacia em Saúde Oral (ELSO) é constituída por 107 itens, organizados em 3 subescalas de literacia em saúde oral: Funcional; Comunicacional; Crítica. 108 indivíduos, 73,1% do sexo feminino, com idades entre 18 e 72 anos (M=32.08; DP=12.33) responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico-clínico, à ELSO e à Dental Anxiety Inventory - DAI. O questionário apresenta boa sensibilidade, elevada fidelidade e uma validade aceitável, sendo que o estudo da sua estrutura deverá merecer aprofundamento., The present paper aims to present the construction and validation process of an oral health literacy assessment tool for the Portuguese adult population. The Oral Health Literacy (ELSO) scale consists of 107 items, organized into three subscales: Functional Oral Health Literacy; Communicational Oral Health Literacy; Critical Oral Health Literacy. A convenience group of 108 participants, 73.1% female, aged between 18 and 72 years (M=32.08; SD=12.33) answered to a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire, to ELSO and to Dental Anxiety Inventory (DAI). ELSO shows good sensitivity, high reliability and an acceptable validity, however its structure needs further study.

Practice engagement theory (PET) posits that individuals' literacy proficiencies develop as a by-product of their engagement in everyday reading and writing practices and, reciprocally, that literacy proficiencies affect levels of engagement in reading and writing practices. This suggests that literacy training which increases engagement in meaningful practices might generate proficiency growth. Research has shown that this approach does indeed seem to be effective in improving (adult) learners' literacy proficiency. A number of cross-sectional comparisons of participants' and non-participants' performance in various training activities, as well as quantitative modelling of adults' proficiency growth in longitudinal studies have confirmed the theoretical assumptions of PET. The authors of this article describe the first application of PET to literacy and numeracy development in a longitudinal study of a nationally representative adult population. Their investigation followed a sample of adults initially interviewed and assessed in the German component of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), adding longitudinal data from three additional waves of the national extension study (PIAAC-L), which included repeated assessments of literacy and numeracy proficiency over a period of three years. The authors’ quantitative modelling of the growth of literacy and numeracy proficiency over time provides strong support for PET. Their comparisons of how various practice engagement indexes predict growth of literacy and numeracy proficiencies indicate that reading engagement is the strongest predictor of literacy growth and maths engagement is the strongest predictor of numeracy growth. The authors conclude their article by considering their findings’ implications for sustainable development, lifelong learning policy and future research into the development of adult literacy and numeracy proficiency.

Productivity benefits of health technologies are ignored in typical economic evaluations from a health payer’s perspective, risking undervaluation. We conduct a productivity-based cost-benefit analysis from a societal perspective and estimate indirect costs of adult pneumococcal disease, vaccination benefits from the adult 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13 Adult), and rates of return to PCV13 Adult for a range of hypothetical vaccination costs. Our context is Turkey’s funding PCV13 for the elderly and for non-elderly adults with select comorbidities within the Ministry of Health’s National Immunization Program. We use a Markov model with one-year cycles. Indirect costs from death or disability equal the expected present discounted value of lifetime losses in the infected individual’s paid and unpaid work and in caregivers’ paid work. Vaccination benefits comprise averted indirect costs. Rates of return equal vaccination benefits divided by vaccination costs, minus one. Input parameters are from public data sources. We model comorbidities’ effects by scalar multiplication of the parameters of the general population. Indirect costs per treatment episode of inpatient community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), bacteremia, and meningitis - but not for outpatient CAP - approach or exceed Turkish per capita gross domestic product. Vaccination benefits equal $207.02 per vaccination in 2017 US dollars. The rate of return is positive for all hypothetical costs below this. Results are sensitive to herd effects from pediatric vaccination and vaccine efficacy rates. For a wide range of hypothetical vaccination costs, the rate of return compares favorably with those of other global development interventions with well-established strong investment cases.

This paper takes an intersectional perspective to investigate the effect of socio-demographic variables that may constitute to digital divide. The concept of digital divide emerged from a perspective on unequal access to digital technology and relates nowadays primarily the differences in the competencies necessary to handle this technology. To investigate digital divide, the present paper uses the PIAAC framework of digital competencies which is called problem solving in technology-rich environments (PS-TRE). It introduces the approach of intersectionality that describes persons impaired by multiple inequalities. The paper analyzes the impact of these factors on PS-TRE for three subsamples of the German study: (1) employed people who use computers at work and at home, (2) employed people who use computers only at home, and (3) people that are out of the labor force. It analyzes furthermore contributions to digital divide by a comparison of these impacts with literacy and numeracy scores. While employed people with computer use at work and home only had generation as a factor for constituting digital divide, employed people with computer use only at home had migration background as a further factor. Education and cultural capital showed lower impacts on PS-TRE than on literacy and numeracy.

Recent literature shows that younger cohorts have lower levels of literacy ceteris paribus in Canada, the United States, Norway and other developed countries. Very few explanations are provided to justify the existence of this negative cohort effect. Yet this decline has serious implications for the economy, education system and society. In this paper, we focus on Canada and replicate the results published in the literature using the same methodology (synthetic cohorts). We use the same data from surveys of adult skills, namely the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS), the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey (ALL) and the Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). Second, we conduct further analyses to better understand the effect of time on adults’ literacy skills. We then show that age has a negative effect on the literacy score, but also that a significant “period” effect (or rather a “survey” effect) can only be explained by a change in the instrument used to measure literacy skills from one survey to another. This article reveals that the negative cohort effect mentioned in the literature may be fallacious as it is exacerbated when the control for measuring instrument distortions is omitted. This paper contributes to advancing knowledge about the effect that age and cohort has on adult literacy levels in Canada. The results weaken the idea of a clear negative cohort effect; much of this effect would in fact be caused by a non-comparable methodology that systematically assigned individuals lower scores in the most recent survey cycles. These findings are important because they highlight the limitations of analyses that can be done with the synthetic cohort method using cross-sectional surveys on adult literacy skills not only in Canada, but also in all other countries where these surveys have been conducted.

This article features supplementary data related to the article "How are adult skills configured?" (R. Scandurra, J. Calero, How are adult skills configured? Int. J. Educ. Res., 99, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.06.004.) The tables show the descriptive statistics of the variables included in the model together with the measurement model and the measure of overall model fit. Moreover, the data article describes the procedures used and can be beneficial for the research community for further research on adult skills. For further information please consult linked data.

Statistics on adult education and training (AET) are often considered as insufficient because they fail to deliver a comprehensive and consistent picture of this field of education. This study addresses a specific problem in AET statistics that is varying participation rates of adults in AET depending on underlying data sources. We elaborate potential causes for deviations in survey design and the measurement of participation in sample based AET statistics with reference to the Total Survey Error (TSE) approach. Our analysis compares AET participation rates and patterns from four representative German surveys and reveals substantial differences in participation rates and mixed results for patterns of participation in AET. We find similar relationships for the influence of employment and educational attainment. The relationship with region, gender, and age shows to some extent deviations that conclude in contradictory statements on probabilities of participation. The discussion addresses consequences for the interpretation of survey results on AET participations and draws conclusions for the further development of AET statistics.

A tension raised in recent scholarship is that between numeracy as a social practice and numeracy as a functional skill set. Such frameworks for conceptualizing numeracy pose a challenge to assessment because what individuals do with numeracy is not the same as what individuals can do (or express) in an assessment setting. This study builds on work related to numeracy assessment through a validity examination of a portion of a well-known assessment: the OECD's Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). In following a path set out by standards for assessment, I ask: What does the PIAAC numeracy assessment claim to measure? What are the intended uses of the assessment? How are we to interpret scores with those uses in mind? And to what degree do evidence and theory support interpretations for those uses? The main finding from this work is that while score interpretations from the PIAAC numeracy assessment may be valid for the use of describing proficiency distributions for specific groups, the construct of interest - numerate behavior - is not what is measured. Moreover, evidence distinguishing what is measured from other constructs, such as the OECD's conception of literacy, is largely absent. This study contributes to existing literature on numeracy assessment by providing sources of evidence to consider in making judgments about validity for an assessment. It also suggests that, as scholars, we carefully hedge the ways that we talk about large-scale assessments, and in relation, what individuals can or cannot do based on results from such assessments.

Objective: This study examined the relationship between loneliness in parents and in their adult children, and took into account the role of gender differences in the intergenerational transmission of loneliness. Background: Although it is well documented that loneliness has negative effects on a person’s physical and mental health, only a relatively small number of empirical studies have investigated the intergenerational transmission of loneliness between parents and their children, including the potential long-term effects of transmission processes. Moreover, the findings of the few existing studies have been inconsistent and contradictory, particularly with regard to gender differences. Method: The statistical analysis drew on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). Based on data from 2013 and 2017, stepwise multilevel linear regression models were estimated for 4,457 respondents between the ages of 18 and 40 and their parents. Results: Significant associations were found between loneliness in parents and in their adult children. The analysis also revealed that the relationship between loneliness in mothers and in their children did not depend on whether mothers and children were living in the same household. However, no significant differences were found between same-sex and opposite-sex parent-child dyads. Conclusion: This study provided moderate evidence for the intergenerational transmission of loneliness between parents and their adult children, as well as indirect evidence for the long-term effects of transmission processes between mothers and children., Fragestellung: Die vorliegende Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen der Einsamkeit von Eltern und der ihrer erwachsenen Kinder unter Berücksichtigung von geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschieden in Bezug auf die intergenerationale Transmission von Einsamkeit. Hintergrund: Obwohl bekannt ist, dass sich Einsamkeit negativ auf die physische und psychische Gesundheit einer Person auswirken kann, existieren bislang nur wenige empirische Untersuchungen, die die intergenerationale Transmission von Einsamkeit zwischen Eltern und Kindern sowie die möglichen Langzeitfolgen von Transmissionsprozessen erforscht haben. Hinzu kommt, dass die Ergebnisse der bisherigen Studien zum Teil inkonsistent und widersprüchlich waren, insbesondere mit Blick auf geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede. Methode: Die Grundlage für die statistischen Analysen bildet das Sozio-oekonomische Panel (SOEP). Basierend auf den Daten aus den Jahren 2013 und 2017 wurden Mehrebenenanalysen für 4.457 Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 40 Jahren und ihren Eltern durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse der Regressionsanalysen zeigen signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen der Einsamkeit von Eltern und der ihrer erwachsenen Kinder. Zudem belegen die Analysen, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen der Einsamkeit von Müttern und Kindern unabhängig davon ist, ob Mütter und Kinder in einem gemeinsamen Haushalt leben. Allerdings zeigen sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen gleichgeschlechtlichen und nichtgleichgeschlechtlichen Eltern-Kind-Dyaden. Diskussion: Die vorliegende Studie liefert moderate Hinweise auf die intergenerationale Transmission von Einsamkeit zwischen Eltern und ihren erwachsenen Kindern sowie indirekte Hinweise auf die langfristige Wirkung von Transmissionsprozessen zwischen Müttern und Kindern.

Background: In Germany, three large-scale surveys - the Level One Study (LEO), the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), and the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) - provide complementary data on adults' literacy skills that can be harnessed to study adults with low literacy. To ensure that research on low-literate adults using these surveys arrives at valid and robust conclusions, it is imperative to ascertain the comparability of the three surveys' low-literacy samples. Towards that end, in the present study, we comprehensively assess the comparability of adults with low literacy across these surveys with regard to their sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Methods: We used data from LEO, PIAAC, and NEPS. We identified features of the sample representation and measurement of (low) literacy as potential causes for variations in the low-literacy samples across the surveys. We then compared the low-literacy samples with regard to their sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics and performed logistic regressions to compare the relative importance of these characteristics as correlates of low literacy. Results: The key insight our study provides is that - despite different sample representations and measurement approaches - the low-literacy samples in the three surveys are largely comparable in terms of their socioeconomic and sociodemographic characteristics. Although there were small differences between the surveys with regard to the distribution of gender, educational attainment, and the proportion of non-native speakers within the group of low-literate adults, results revealed that both the prevalence of low literacy and its correlates were largely robust across LEO, PIAAC, and NEPS. Across all three surveys, lower educational attainment emerged as the most significant correlate of low literacy, followed by a non-German language background, unemployment and low occupational status. Conclusions: Our st

Background: Inequalities in health across social class, gender and regional context in Spain are well-known; however, there is a lack of research examining how these dimensions of inequality interact. This study explores self-rated health (SRH) inequalities across intersectional positions of gender, social class and region, and the contribution of material and psychosocial factors to these inequalities. Methods: Participants were drawn from the cross-sectional 2015 National Living Conditions Survey of Spanish residents aged 19–88 years (N = 27,215; 77% response rate). Eight intersectional positions were formed by combining dichotomous variables of gender, social class and regional development. Poisson regression was used to estimate intersectional inequalities in SRH as prevalence ratios, and the contributions of material and psychosocial factors. Results: Results showed both cumulative and heterogeneous inequalities within and across intersectional positions. Inequalities in the intersection of social class and regional development were best explained by the joint contributions of material and psychosocial factors, while gender inequalities within non-manual social class were better explained by material factors alone. Conclusions: The results illustrate the complexity of interacting inequalities in health and their underpinnings in Spain. Local and national policies taking this complexity into account are needed to broadly improve equity in health in Spain.

Hintergrund: Der Zeitpunkt negativer Kindheitserfahrungen und deren Ausmaß haben einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die psychische und physische Gesundheit. Resilienz wird als ein dynamischer Prozess verstanden, der eine Antwort auf jedwede Form von Stressor ist, der zusätzlich sowohl kulturellen, individuellen, temporalen als auch kontextuellen Bedingungen unterliegt und dessen Ergebnis eine gelungene Anpassung des Menschen ist. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Auswirkungen von Zeitpunkt und Ausmaß negativer Kindheitserfahrungen auf die Symptomatik der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) im Erwachsenenalter. Zusätzlich wird ermittelt, ob die Resilienz einen Einfluss auf diese Auswirkungen hat. Methoden: Im Rahmen einer Querschnittstudie wurden Proband*innen in den Wartezimmern der Innsbrucker Tirol Kliniken rekrutiert. Die hier untersuchte Stichprobengröße umfasst N = 222 erwachsene Teilnehmer*innen (53,6% Frauen) im Alter von 18 bis 80 Jahren (M = 40; SD = 14.96). Die Proband*innen füllten eine Fragebogenbatterie aus. Dabei wurden soziodemographische Daten erhoben. Kindheitstraumata wurden mit der Skala „Belastende Kindheitserfahrungen“ (KERF) erfasst, die aktuelle PTBS Symptomatik mittels des Essener Trauma - Inventars (ETI). Der Fragebogen Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale - 10 Item Version (CD - Risc - 10) misst die Resilienz im Erwachsenenalter. Ergebnisse: Es zeigt sich ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen dem Ausmaß der negativen Kindheitserfahrungen und der PTBS Symptomatik im Erwachsenenalter (rs = .30***; p = .000). Zudem konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass unbelastete Proband*innen im Vergleich zu belasteten Proband*innen eine signifikant niedrigere PTBS Symptomatik hatten (d = -.54; p = .000). Zum Einfluss des Zeitpunktes der Traumatisierung auf die PTBS Symptomatik im Erwachsenenalter konnten keine signifikanten Ergebnisse berechnet werden. Zudem wurde kein moderierender Effekt der Resilienz nachgewiesen. Konklusion: Für die PTBS Symptomatik im Erwachsenenalte, Background: Load and timing of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) have an impact on psychological and physical health. Resilience is a dynamic process in the face of any cultural, individual, temporal or contextual stressor that results in the adaptation of humans. This study analyses the impact of time and ACE load on resilience in adulthood. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the waiting rooms of the Tirol Kliniken. The study sample consisted of N = 222 adult participants (53.6% female). Participants age ranges from 18 to 80 (M = 40; SD = 14.96). Several questionnaires were completed: The Scale “Belastende Kindheitserfahrungen” (KERF) measures adverse childhood experiences. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were calculated using the Essener Trauma - Inventar (ETI). Finally the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale - 10 Item Version (CD - risc - 10) was completed to measure Resilience in adulthood. Results: ACE load was significantly associated with PTSD symptoms (rs = .30***; p = .000). Participants with no ACE history showed significantly lower levels of PTSD symptoms than participants with ACE load (d = -.54; p = .000). There was no significant link between the timing of ACEs and PTSD. Resilience did not moderate any effects on PTSD. Conclusion: ACE load plays a decisive role for PTSD in adulthood. Higher levels of ACEs cause higher levels of PTSD symptoms. The timing of ACEs does not seem to have any impact on PTSD. There was no link between ACE timing and PTSD. Resilience also did not moderate any of the effects on PTSD. Thus, ACE load is in this study the main influence on PTSD. Psychological interventions include enhancing protective factors after ACE exposure., eingereicht von: Matthias Pömsl, in englischer Sprache, Universität Innsbruck, Masterarbeit, 2021, (VLID)5859185

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, inwieweit sich die öffentliche #metoo Debatte auf das heterosexuelle Flirtverhalten, konkret auf die Geschlechterrollen im sexuellen Annäherungsprozess, ausgewirkt hat. Dabei richtet sich das Interesse auf Hemmungen, Hinderung und Verunsicherung, aber auch auf mehr Egalität, Freiheit und Gelassenheit im heterosexuellen Flirten, Verführen oder Erobern. Um diese Fragen beantworten zu können, wurde methodisch mit einer Fokusgruppendiskussion und der Befragung von heterosexuellen Studierenden vorgegangen. Diese Methode eignet sich besonders gut, da sie das Potential hat, eine diskursive Qualität zu reaktualisieren, und damit Meinungsbildungsprozesse, Argumentationsfindung und Konfliktlösung zuzulassen und relevante Forschungsergebnisse zu generieren. Es wurde anhand von Skript- und Sozialisationstheorien aufgearbeitet, wie Heteronormativität entsteht und es wurde eine Verunsicherung im Geschlechtsrollenverhalten auf beiden Seiten erkennbar. Die Ergebnisse sind unterschiedlich und vielschichtig, jedoch steht fest, dass #metoo mehr Bewusstsein in den heterosexuellen Annäherungsprozess gebracht hat. Frauen wurden darin bestärkt, ihre Grenzen zu wahren und Männer machten die Erfahrung, dass sie für ihre Taten zur Verantwortung gezogen werden können und dadurch auch in die Verpflichtung kommen, ihre eigene gewaltvoll geprägte Männlichkeit zu reflektieren. Wir befinden uns in einem Paradigmenwechsel zwischen traditionellem patriarchalem und neuem gleichberechtigten Verhalten im sexuellen Annähern, welcher sich in der Praxis in dieser momentanen Übergangszeit noch nicht vollständig umsetzen konnte, aber dennoch schon klare Tendenzen in die neue Richtung spürbar sind. Diese Arbeit richtet sich nicht nur an Sozial- und ErziehungswissenschaftlerInnen, sie soll für die breite Masse zugänglich sein, denn sie soll als Teil davon anerkannt werden, den Paradigmenwechsel mit voranzutreiben., This master thesis deals with the question to what extent the public #metoo debate has affected heterosexual flirting behavior, specifically gender roles in the sexual approach process. In this context, the interest is directed towards inhibitions, hindrance and insecurity, but also towards more egalitarianism, freedom and serenity in heterosexual flirting, seducing or conquering. In order to answer these questions, a focus group discussion and survey of heterosexual students was methodologically used. This method is particularly well suited because it has the potential to reactualize a discursive quality, thus allowing for opinion formation processes, argumentation and conflict resolution, and generating relevant research findings. Script and socialization theories were used to work through how heteronormativity emerges, and uncertainty in gender role behavior on both sides became apparent. The results are varied and multi-faceted, but it is clear that #metoo has brought more awareness to the heterosexual approach process. Women have been empowered to maintain their boundaries and men have experienced that they can be held accountable for their actions and, as a result, have come under an obligation to reflect on their own violent masculinity. We are in a paradigm shift between traditional patriarchal and new equal behavior in sexual approach, which could not yet be fully realized in practice in this momentary transition period, but nevertheless clear tendencies in the new direction are already noticeable. This work is not only addressed to social and educational scientists, it should be accessible to the broad masses, because it should be recognized as part of pushing the paradigm shift forward., eingereicht von: Patricia Braun, in englischer Sprache, Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2021

Ziel: Diese Studie soll einen Fokus auf die subjektiven Erfahrungen von Emerging Adults in Bezug auf ihre Freundschaften während der COVID-19-Pandemie legen. Die qualitative, längsschnittliche Untersuchung mit Studierenden in Österreich hat zum Ziel während der Pandemie 1) Freundschaften als Ressource; 2) Herausforderungen für Freundschaften und 3) Veränderungen für Freundschaften zu beleuchten und Verknüpfungen zwischen diesen zu explorieren. Methodik: Fünf weibliche und drei männliche Studierende im Alter von 21 bis 25 Jahren nahmen an vier narrativen Erhebungen zwischen April und November 2020 sowie einem problemzentrierten Interview im Februar 2021 teil. Ergebnisse: Die Emerging Adults haben Veränderungen in ihrer Beurteilung der Freundschaft als Ressource sowie den Herausforderungen für ihre Freundschaften wahrgenommen. Freund*innen haben an Bedeutsamkeit gewonnen, gleichzeitig ist es schwierig auf die Ressource zurückgreifen zu können und sie auszuleben. Dies führt zu psychischen Belastungen während der krisenreichen Zeit. Die Veränderungen im sozialen Netzwerk tragen allerdings zur Identitätsentwicklung bei den Proband*innen bei. Fazit: Die Ressource Freundschaft sollte als Schutzfaktor für die psychische Gesundheit mehr gestärkt werden. Gleichzeitig sollten erhebliche Stressoren im Sozialleben der Emerging Adults während der COVID-19-Pandemie als Risikofaktoren anerkannt werden. Diesen sollte präventiv, z.B. durch veränderte sozialpolitische Maßnahmen und Stärkung des psychologischen Hilfesystems, entgegengewirkt werden., Purpose: This study will focus on the subjective experiences of emerging adults in relation to their friendships during the COVID-19 pandemic. The qualitative longitudinal study with students in Austria aims to highlight 1) friendships as a resource; 2) challenges to friendships; and 3) changes in friendships due to the pandemic and explores linkages between them. Methods: Five female and three male students aged 21 to 25 participated in four narrative surveys between April and November 2020 and one problem-centered interview in February 2021. Results: Emerging adults perceived changes in their assessment of friendship as a resource as well as challenges to their friendships. Friends have become more important, but at the same time it is difficult to access the resource and to live it out. This leads to psychological stress during the crisis-ridden period. The changes in the social network contribute to the development of identity in the participants. Conclusions: The resource friendship should be strengthened as a protective factor for mental health. At the same time, significant stressors in the social life of emerging adults during the COVID-19 pandemic should be recognized as risk factors. These should be counteracted preventively, e.g., by changing social policies and improving the psychological health care system., eingereicht von Ann-Malin Schneider, in englischer Sprache, Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2021