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The manipulation of the bidirectional power in a dual-active-bridge converter relies on the adjustment of several phase-shift angles. Improper implementation of those adjustments during the transient process of a step load change may induce transient DC bias current in the transformer and accompanied high peak current, which may result in excess loss and safety issues potentially. The paper proposes a load transient modulation to execute the adjustments of the two phase-shift angles for extended-phase-shift (EPS) control in a predictive manner. An unknown phase-shift is introduced to the gating signals of one bridge arm, and the gating signals of other bridge arms would be modified accordingly to realize the required adjustment of the two phase-shift angles together. With the proper selection of the introduced phase-shift, the power adjustment can be done in less than one high-frequency cycle without resulting in DC bias and overshoot current. Although there are four different operation modes existing in EPS, a universal solution of the unknown phase-shift can be obtained for all possible power transition cases between different modes. Validation of the proposed method is performed by means of both simulation and experimental tests.

This paper introduces a novel method called extended phase space topology (EPST) for machinery diagnostics and pattern recognition. In particular, the research focuses on fault detection and diagnostics of rolling element bearings. The proposed method is based on mapping the vibrational response onto the density space and approximating the density using orthogonal functions. The method has been applied to vibration data of a rotating machine where the data were measured by proximity probes. The method was applied to two operating conditions: constant operating speed and variable operating speed. As will be shown, the proposed feature extraction method has an outstanding capability in characterizing the system response and diagnosing the system. The method is evidently robust to noise, does not depend on expert knowledge about the system, requires no feature ranking or selection, and can easily be applied in an automated process. Finally, a comparison with utilization of statistical features is performed for each operating condition, which demonstrates that the proposed method performs better than the traditional statistical methods.

This paper proposes a modified control scheme based on the dual active bridge converter with a center-tapped transformer. The tripe phase shift and fixed frequency (TPSFF) control is adopted to make sure that the soft-switching current of the switch bridge which is hardest to achieve soft switching is the fixed value at the light load. With the extended phase shift and variable frequency (EPSVF) control at the heavy load, not only the soft-switching current of the hardest switch bridge is the fixed value, but also the reactive power is restricted. And then, a 1.1kW experimental prototype is established to verify the correctness of theoretical analyses.

Objectives For turbo spin echo (TSE) sequences to be useful at ultra-high field, they should ideally employ an RF pulse train compensated for the B1+ inhomogeneity. Previously, it was shown that a single kT-point pulse designed in the small tip-angle regime can replace all the pulses of the sequence (static kT-points). This work demonstrates that the B1+ dependence of T2-weighted imaging can be further mitigated by designing a specific kT-point pulse for each pulse of a 3D TSE sequence (dynamic kT-points) even on single-channel transmit systems Materials and methods By combining the spatially resolved extended phase graph formalism (which calculates the echo signals throughout the sequence) with a gradient descent algorithm, dynamic kT-points were optimized such that the difference between the simulated signal and a target was minimized at each echo. Dynamic kT-points were inserted into the TSE sequence to acquire in vivo images at 7T. Results The improvement provided by the dynamic kT-points over the static kT-point design and conventional hard pulses was demonstrated via simulations. Images acquired with dynamic kT-points showed systematic improvement of signal and contrast at 7T over regular TSE—especially in cerebellar and temporal lobe regions without the need of parallel transmission. Conclusion Designing dynamic kT-points for a 3D TSE sequence allows the acquisition of T2-weighted brain images on a single-transmit system at ultra-high field with reduced dropout and only mild residual effects due to the B1+ inhomogeneity.

Artefacts in pressure- and ECG-signals generally arise due to different causes. Therefore, the combined analysis of both signals can increase the effectiveness of heartbeat detection compared to analysis using solely ECG-signals. In this paper, we present an algorithm for heartbeat annotation by combining the analysis of both the pressure- and ECG-signals. The novelties of our algorithm are as follows: (1) development of a new approach for annotating heartbeats using pressure-signals, (2) development of a mechanism that identifies and corrects paced rhythms, and (3) development of a noise detection approach. Our algorithm is tested on the datasets from the extended phase of the Physionet CINC-2014 challenge and produces an overall score of 87.31%. Finally, we put forth several recommendations that could further improve our algorithm.

Purpose To study the effects of refocusing angle modulation with 3D turbo spin echo (TSE) on signal and sharpness of small oblique nerves embedded in muscle and suppressed fat in the lumbar plexus. Materials and Methods Flip angle trains were generated with extended phase graphs (EPG) for a sequence parameter subspace. Signal loss and width broadening were simulated for a single-pixel nerve embedded in muscle and suppressed fat to prescribe a flip angle modulation that gives the best compromise between signal and sharpness of small nerves. Two flip angle trains were defined based on the simulations of small embedded nerves: design denoted A, predicting maximum global signal, and design denoted B, predicting maximum signal for minimum width broadening. In vivo data of the lumbar plexus in 10 healthy volunteers was acquired at 3.0T with 3D TSE employing flip angle trains A and B. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the acquired data were made to assess changes in width and signal intensity. Results Changing flip angle modulation from A to B resulted in: 1) average signal losses of 23% in (larger) L5 nerves and 9% in (smaller) L3 nerves; 2) average width reductions of 4% in L5 nerves and of 16% in L3 nerves; and 3) statistically significant sharpness improvement (P = 0.005) in L3 nerves. Conclusion An optimized flip angle train in 3D TSE imaging of the lumbar plexus considering geometry-specific blurring effects from both the nerve and the surrounding tissue can improve the delineation of small nerves. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015.

In this paper, we study Joule-Thomson expansion for Kerr-AdS black holes in the extended phase space. Joule-Thomson expansion formula of Kerr-AdS black holes is derived. We investigate both isenthalpic and numerical inversion curves in the T-P plane and demonstrate the cooling-heating regions for Kerr-AdS black holes. We also calculate the ratio between minimum inversion and critical temperatures for Kerr-AdS black holes., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures. Minor revisions

Thermodynamical properties of charged AdS black holes with a global monopole still remain obscure. In this paper, we investigate the thermodynamics and phase transition of the black holes in the extended phase space. It is shown that thermodynamical quantities of the black holes exhibit an interesting dependence on the internal global monopole, and they perfectly satisfy both the first law of thermodynamics and Smarr relation. Furthermore, analysis of the local and the global thermodynamical stability manifests that the charged AdS black hole undergoes an elegant phase transition at critical point. Of special interest, critical behaviors of the black holes resemble a Van der Waals liquid-gas system. Our results not only reveal the effect of a global monopole on thermodynamics of AdS black holes, but also further support that Van der Waals-like behavior of the black holes is a universal phenomenon., 13 pages, 9 figures, comments welcome

Dissipation can be represented in Hamiltonian mechanics in an extended phase space as a symplectic process. The method uses an auxiliary variable which represents the excitation of unresolved dynamics and a Hamiltonian for the interaction between the resolved dynamics and the auxiliary variable. This method is applied to viscous dissipation (including hyper-viscosity) in a two-dimensional fluid, for which the dynamics is non-canonical. We derive a metriplectic representation and suggest a measure for the entropy of the system.

This work summarizes the doctoral thesis with the same title. Concretely, the following topics are treated: 1) the application of a microscopic Jones matrix model to predict the spectral and colorimetric modulation in TN-LCD spatial light modulators, 2) the extended phase depth modulation phenomenon in such devices, 3) the study of the complex modulation of modulators by means of Panchartnam's phase, and 4) some experimental set-ups developed during the thesis.

Purpose This study explores the possibility of using gradient echo-based sequences other than balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) in the magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) framework to quantify the relaxation parameters . Methods An MRF method based on a fast imaging with steady-state precession (FISP) sequence structure is presented. A dictionary containing possible signal evolutions with physiological range of T1 and T2 was created using the extended phase graph formalism according to the acquisition parameters. The proposed method was evaluated in a phantom and a human brain. T1, T2, and proton density were quantified directly from the undersampled data by the pattern recognition algorithm. Results T1 and T2 values from the phantom demonstrate that the results of MRF FISP are in good agreement with the traditional gold-standard methods. T1 and T2 values in brain are within the range of previously reported values. Conclusion MRF-FISP enables a fast and accurate quantification of the relaxation parameters. It is immune to the banding artifact of bSSFP due to B0 inhomogeneities, which could improve the ability to use MRF for applications beyond brain imaging. Magn Reson Med 74:1621–1631, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

We previously reported that an adequate number of simple layered phase-correlated rescanning (PCR) irradiations improve dose conformation to a moving target. However, if PCR is not completed within a single gating window due to the particular irradiation specifications selected in advance and/or layer size, the iso-energy layer is completed using next gating window, and the effect of rescanning is effectively nullified. To solve this problem, we developed extended PCR irradiation. Extended PCR is conceptually based on simple PCR. It differs in that the dose rate is adjusted to irradiate the number of rescans within multiple gating windows when simple PCR is not finished within a single gating window. This process is repeated until the total prescribed dose is given. Here, 4DCT imaging was performed under free-breathing conditions in 10 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 4D dose distributions for a single field approach were performed with simple PCR and extended PCR using 4DCT. A total dose of 11.25 Gy(RBE) was administered to the field-specific target volume. The number of rescans was changed from 1 to 10. Respiratory gating of a 30% duty cycle around exhalation was applied. Dose assessment metrics (CTV-D95, CTV-Dmin, CTV-Dmax) with PCR improved with an increasing number of rescans, and largely plateaued at five or more rescans. Minimum D95 and Dmin values, and maximum Dmax and HI values fluctuated at odd and even numbers of rescans. Extended PCR improved all dose assessment metrics whereas PCR did not. Values with extended PCR were mostly constant with three or more rescans, or in other words independent of the number of rescans. Extended PCR improved dose conformation to a moving target with greater efficacy than simple PCR when more than two gating windows were necessary. Extended PCR can be applied to irradiation machines having a low maximum dose rate.

2021 Background: Proteasome inhibition sensitizes glioma cells to TMZ and RT, providing a novel therapeutic strategy for GBM. MRZ, an irreversible, brain-penetrant, pan-proteasome inhibitor with anti-glioma activity was combined with standard TMZ/RT → TMZ in newly diagnosed GBM (NCT02903069), to determine the recommended dose (RD). The primary endpoint of this expanded phase 1 trial was toxicity, with secondary endpoint of OS. Methods: Patients were enrolled in separate cohorts (TMZ/RT+MRZ→TMZ+MRZ, N=15; TMZ/RT→TMZ+MRZ, N=18) in dose-escalation (3+3 design), followed by dose-expansion (N=20) with TMZ/RT+MRZ at RD → TMZ+MRZ at RD. A separate cohort received TMZ/RT→TMZ+MRZ at RD with Tumor Treating Fields (Optune, N=13). MRZ was infused IV (10 min at 0.55, 0.7, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/m2) on Days 1, 8, 15, 29, 36 (42-day TMZ/RT+MRZ cycle) and Days 1, 8, 15 (28-day TMZ+MRZ cycle). Results: 66 patients treated; median age 58 years, 68% male, 50% receiving corticosteroid at baseline, 52% unmethylated MGMT. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) in dose-escalation cohorts: 1 (fatigue) at 0.7 mg/m2 MRZ, 5 (ataxia/diarrhea; ataxia/confusion; myocardial infarction, delirium/ataxia; ataxia/fatigue) in 1.0 mg/m2 cohorts. MRZ demonstrated a steep dose-response with treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)/DLTs predominately CNS AEs (Grade ≥3 TEAEs in 12 of 12 patients at 1.0 mg/m2 vs 22 of 41 patients at ≤0.8 mg/m2); the RD for MRZ was determined to be 0.8 mg/m2. Most common TEAEs (all grades): fatigue, nausea (both 70%), hallucination (54%), vomiting (53%), headache (47%), confusional state (33%), ataxia, constipation, muscular weakness (all 29%). Conclusions: CNS TEAEs were short-lasting, reversible and ameliorated by early dose reductions (29% patients dose-reduced), allowing patients to remain on treatment. For patients receiving MRZ with TMZ/RT→TMZ (N=35), the median OS was 14.8 months (17 deaths, median follow-up 14.3 months), and 7 patients remain active (Cycles 11-23). The MRZ RD + TMZ/Optune combination was tolerated, with 4 of 13 patients treated on this arm remaining active. An international Phase 3 trial (EORTC 1709-BTG/CCTG CE.8, NCT03345095) is ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT02903069.

In this work, the Hamiltonian of the two body problem with varying mass was developed in the extended phase space taking into consideration the periastron effects. The short period solution was obtained through constructing a second order canonical transformation using “Hori’s” method developed by “Kamel”. The elements of the transformation as well as the inverse transformation were obtained too. The final solution of the problem was derived using “Delva-Hanslmeier” method.

Summary An optimal control problem for a mathematical model of tumour–immune dynamics under the influence of chemotherapy is considered. The toxicity effect of the chemotherapeutic agent on both tumour and immunocompetent cells is taken into account. A standard linear pharmacokinetic equation for the chemotherapeutic agent is added to the system. The aim is to find an optimal strategy of treatment to minimize the tumour volume while keeping the immune response not lower than a fixed permissible level as far as possible. Sufficient conditions for the existence of not more than one switching and not more than two switchings without singular regimes are obtained. The surfaces in the extended phase space, on which the last switching appears, are constructed analytically.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This paper looks at a Hamiltonian system which depends periodically on a parameter. For each value of the parameter the system is assumed to have a hyperbolic periodic solution. Using the methods in KAM-theory it is proved that if the Hamiltonian is perturbed so that the value of the parameter varies with constant small frequency, then the nonautonomous system will have hyperbolic 2-tori in the extended phase space. Bibliography: 12 titles.

We discuss the long time behavior of solutions for the non-autonomous three-component reversible Gray-Scott system with Dirichlet boundary condition on a bounded domain of space dimension n=

We investigate the quench dynamics of a one-dimensional incommensurate lattice described by the Aubry-Andr\'{e} model by a sudden change of the strength of incommensurate potential $\Delta$ and unveil that the dynamical signature of localization-delocalization transition can be characterized by the occurrence of zero points in the Loschmit echo. For the quench process with quenching taking place between two limits of $\Delta=0$ and $\Delta=\infty$, we give analytical expressions of the Loschmidt echo, which indicate the existence of a series of zero points in the Loschmidt echo. For a general quench process, we calculate the Loschmidt echo numerically and analyze its statistical behavior. Our results show that if both the initial and post-quench Hamiltonian are in extended phase or localized phase, Loschmidt echo will always be greater than a positive number; however if they locate in different phases, Loschmidt echo can reach nearby zero at some time intervals., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures

We analytically calculate the time series for the perturbations $\Delta\rho(t),~\Delta\dot\rho(t)$ induced by a general disturbing acceleration $\boldsymbol{A}$ on the mutual range $\rho$ and range-rate $\dot\rho$ of two test particles $\textrm{A},~\textrm{B}$ orbiting the same spinning body. We apply it to the general relativistic Lense-Thirring effect, due to the primary's spin $\boldsymbol{S}$, and the classical perturbation arising from its quadrupole mass moment $J_2$ for arbitrary orbital geometries and orientation of the source's symmetry axis $\boldsymbol{\hat{S}}$. The Earth-Mercury range and range-rate are nominally affected by the Sun's gravitomagnetic field to the $10~\textrm{m},~10^{-3}~\textrm{cm s}^{-1}$ level, respectively, during the extended phase (2026-2028) of the forthcoming BepiColombo mission to Mercury whose expected tracking accuracy is of the order of $\simeq 0.1~\textrm{m},~2\times 10^{-4}~\textrm{cm s}^{-1}$. The competing signatures due to the solar quadrupole $J_2^\odot$, if modelled at the $\sigma_{J_2^\odot}\simeq 10^{-9}$ level of the latest planetary ephemerides INPOP17a, are nearly 10 times smaller than the relativistic gravitomagnetic effects. The position and velocity vectors $\mathbf{r},~\mathbf{v}$ of Mercury and Earth are changed by the solar Lense-Thirring effect by about $10~\textrm{m},~1.5~\textrm{m}$ and $10^{-3}~\textrm{cm s}^{-1},~10^{-5}~\textrm{cm s}^{-1}$, respectively, over 2 yr; neglecting such shifts may have an impact on long-term integrations of the inner solar system dynamics over $\sim\textrm{Gyr}$ timescales., Comment: LaTex2e, 29 pages, 8 figures, no tables. Matching the version at press in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS)

We give a complete structural characterisation of the map implemented by the positive branch of a one-way pattern. Our approach is based on the phase map decomposition (de Beaudrap et al . 2006; de Beaudrap et al . 2008) and leads to some preliminary results on the connection between the column structure of a given unitary and the angles of measurements in a pattern that implements it. Our characterisation highlights the role of entanglement in the efficiency of the simulation of a one-way pattern, and it is a step forward towards a full characterisation of those unitaries that have an efficient one-way model implementation.

We consider the interacting Aubry-Andr\'e model describing fermions on a one-dimensional lattice with an incommensurate potential and a short-range many-body interaction. The single-particle spectrum has infinitely many gaps in the extended phase and at zero temperature is an insulator for almost all the chemical potentials. The many-body interaction has the effect that the gaps are strongly decreased or increased depending on the attractive or repulsive nature of the interaction, but even the smallest gaps remain open. The system is a band insulator for generic chemical potentials even in the presence of interaction, and a quantum phase transition is excluded at weak coupling.

An extended phase field model of dislocations in Ni-base superalloys is presented. It incorporates the recently developed effective γ-surfaces for both matrix and precipitate phases, obtained from atomistic simulations. These novel γ-surfaces feature extrinsic stacking faults as additional local minima. Thus, they offer an increased number of available dislocation dissociation pathways within the phase field system. The new model has been used to simulate a variety of mechanisms for γ′ precipitate shearing proposed in literature. A critical assessment is made based on the modelling observations.

Canonical analysis of constraint structure of Einstein–Hilbert action in (1+1) dimensions possesses a mixed constrained model. By means of finite order BFT approach in the extended phase space, it converts to a fully gauge-invariant model. Embedded Hamiltonian in this extended phase space is independent of momenta similar to the classical Hamiltonian.

We report on a novel trigger for the liquid argon calorimeter which was installed in the H1 Experiment at HERA. This trigger, called the “Jet Trigger”, was running at level 1 and implemented a real-time cluster algorithm. Within only 800 ns, the Jet Trigger algorithm found local energy maxima in the calorimeter, summed their immediate neighbors, sorted the resulting jets by energy, and applied topological conditions for the final level 1 trigger decision. The Jet Trigger was in operation from the year 2006 until the end of the HERA running in the summer of 2007. With the Jet Trigger it was possible to substantially reduce the thresholds for triggering on electrons and jets, giving access to a largely extended phase space for physical observables which could not have been reached in H1 before. The concepts of the Jet Trigger may be an interesting upgrade option for the LHC experiments.

Last years a certain attention was attracted to the statement that Hamiltonian formulations of General Relativity, in which different parametrizations of gravitational variables were used, may not be related by a canonical transformation. The example was given by the Hamiltonian formulation of Dirac and that of Arnowitt - Deser - Misner. It might witness for non-equivalence of these formulations and the original (Lagrangian) formulation of General Relativity. The problem is believed to be of importance since many authors make use of various representations of gravitational field as a starting point in searching a way to reconcile the theory of gravity with quantum principles. It can be shown that the mentioned above conclusion about non-equivalence of different Hamiltonian formulations is based on the consideration of canonical transformations in phase space of physical degrees of freedom only, while the transformations also involve gauge degrees of freedom. We shall give a clear proof that Hamiltonian formulations corresponding to different parametrizations of gravitational variables are related by canonical transformations in extended phase space embracing gauge degrees of freedom on an equal footing with physical ones. It will be demonstrated for the full gravitational theory in a wide enough class of parametrizations and gauge conditions., Comment: 7 pages, talk presented at the International Conference "Modern problems of Gravitation, Cosmology and Relativistic Astrophysics", Moscow, 27 June - 3 July 2010

Objective : This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of fixed dose combination (FDC) versus separate (separate formulation [SF]) antituberculosis (TB) formulations in patients with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB. Methods : Data were collected retrospectively from patient records, which included all newly diagnosed bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB patients treated with first category FDC or SF between January 2014 and January 2017 at the Dr. Esnawan Antariksa Hospital. The efficacy of the formulations was determined according to acid-fast bacilli (AFB) sputum smear conversion at the end of the intensive phase (month 2), after 6 months of therapy, and after the extended treatment phase (month 3). Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) during treatments were recorded as safety outcomes. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the differences between the groups. Results : On comparing patients treated with FDC (n=33) and SF (n=30), rates of sputum conversions did not differ significantly after 2 months (83.3% vs. 78.7%, p=0.693) and the intensive phase was extended by 1 month for patients with conversion failures at this time point. One of seven patients in the FDC group did not achieve sputum conversion during the extended phase and was recorded as a medication failure. At the end of continuation phase, all other subjects achieved sputum conversion. The overall frequencies of ADRs were not significantly higher in the FDC group than that in the SF group (36.4% vs. 23.3%, p=0.260). Conclusion : No differences in effectiveness and safety profiles were identified between first category FDC and separate anti TB formulations.

We theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a modulated weak measurement scheme that permits a precise estimation of the extended phase shift. By choosing the frequency and the total post-selected light intensity as the input and output meter variables, respectively, a linear weak measurement model is established that is especially applicable to precise phase estimation. By performing a time-delay-dependent modulation strategy based on the feedback modulation of the experimental outcome, both the high phase-sensitivity and measurement precision can be retained. We have achieved a precision at the order of ∼10−5 rad that can be effectively retained with an increase in the measured phase.

The system of two-dimensional damped harmonic oscillator is revisited in the extended phase space. It is an old problem already addressed by many authors that we present here in some fresh points of view and carry on smoothly a whole discussion. We show that the system is singular. The classical Hamiltonian is proportional to the first-class constraint. We pursue with the Dirac's canonical quantization procedure by fixing the gauge and provide a reduced phase space description of the system. As result the quantum system is simply modeled by the original quantum Hamiltonian., Comment: 12 pages, Open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0)

This short note is an attempt to bring out the geometric structures in the linking theory of shape dynamics. Symplectic induction is applied to give a natural construction of the extended phase space used in the linking theory as a trivial vector bundle over the original phase space for canonical gravity. The geometry of the gauge fixing for shape dynamics is analyzed with the assistance of the Lichnerowicz–York equation lifted to the extended phase space. An alternative description is provided to show how the same geometry simply derives from symplectic induction.

This article is devoted to some aspects of the development of an extensive approach towards qualitative and parametric identification of suggested investigation of non-linear mechanical systems. The method proposed by the authors reveals its practical applicability in identification of models of mechanical systems by mapping phase trajectories on the plane “acceleration–displacement”. The suggested method is about the same as the method of time process treatment according to the peaks, but in contrast to conventional methods of qualitative identification it is not so cumbersome in realization.

We discuss conditions, in terms of Lyapunov functions, under which a given set in the extended phase space of a nonautonomous differential inclusion becomes positively invariant, invariant, stably invariant, or asymptotically stably invariant. We also derive conditions under which the integral funnel of a differential inclusion is recurrent in time. A series of examples are considered.

The paper presents in all its nontrivial details the sp(3) BRST Hamiltonian formalism. It is based on structuring the extended phase space on many levels. In this picture, the standard BRST symmetry appears as being only the first approximation of a generalized symmetry, acting as a horizontal (same level) operator. The gauge-fixing problem is completely solved by formulating a theorem and a general rule which allow the choice of a simple gauge term. As an example, the Hamiltonian sp(3) quantization of the Yang–Mills model is exhaustively presented.

The extended phase matching properties of two kinds of periodically-poled ferroelectric crystals that are highly useful for the generation of polarization-entangled photon-pair in the near- and mid-infrared spectral regions are presented.

We demonstrate that phase-matching cutoff of high-order-harmonic generation can be extended by only modifying the geometric parameter and fundamental beam profile, resulting in a 400-times flux enhancement at 65eV in argon using truncated 0.8 μm pulses.

We make a gauge theory from the Openp-brane system and map it into the Open 2-Brane one. Due to the presence of second-class constraints in this model, we encounter some problems during the procedure of quantization. In this regard, considering boundary conditions as Dirac conditions, one can drive the constrained structure of the model at first. Then, with the help of BFT formalism of constraint systems, the Open 2-Brane model is embedded into an extended phase space. For this purpose, we introduce some tensor fields to convert ungauged theory into the gauged one. This is the novel part of our research, while mostly scalar and vector fields are used to convert second-class constraints into first ones.

We study the extended phase space thermodynamics for hairy AdS black hole solutions to Einstein-Maxwell-$\Lambda$ theory conformally coupled to a scalar field in five dimensions. We find these solutions to exhibit van der Waals behaviour in both the charged/uncharged cases, and reentrant phase transitions in the charged case. This is the first example of reentrant phase transitions in a five dimensional gravitational system which does not include higher curvature corrections., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, REVTeX 4-1

Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) assumes the presence of a single temporally coherent scatterer in a range-azimuth pixel. Multiple scatterers interfering in the same pixel, as for the case of a layover, are typically rejected. Conventional SAR tomography (3D SAR) is a means to separate the individual scatterers in layover. Advanced tomographic inversion approaches employing extended phase models additionally allow simultaneous retrieval of scatterer elevation and deformation parameters. In this way, SAR tomography can increase deformation sampling and thereby complement a PSI-based analysis. This paper investigates the use of tomography as an add-on to PSI for spatio-temporal inversion of single and double scatterers in urban areas. Results are provided on an interferometric stack of 50 stripmap TerraSAR-X images acquired over the city of Barcelona.

Employing the extended phase states, we show that six conditions analogous to Wigner’s original ones cannot lead uniquely to the number-phase Wigner function. To show this fact explicitly, we propose a new example of the Wigner function satisfying all these conditions. The nonuniqueness of the number-phase Wigner function results from the 2π-periodicity of the phase. It is also shown that the two number-phase Wigner functions obtained by several authors have an endpoint problem, which leads to an ambiguous result. Their correct integral forms are derived from those defined in the extended Fock space with negative number states.

The various phase spaces involved in the dynamics of parametrized nonrelativistic Hamiltonian systems are displayed by using Crnkovic and Witten's covariant canonical formalism. It is also pointed out that in Dirac's canonical formalism there exists a freedom in the choice of the symplectic structure on the extended phase space and in the choice of the equations that define the constraint surface with the only restriction that these two choices combine in such a way that any pair (of these two choices) generates the same gauge transformation. The consequence of this freedom on the algebra of observables is also discussed., Comment: 15 pages, latex file. corrected typos, minor changes done to match published version

We present narrow band photometry of 91 dwarf ellipticals in the Coma and Fornax clusters taken through the Stromgren (uvby) filter system. Dividing the sample by dwarf morphology into nucleated (dEN) and non-nucleated (dE) dwarfs reveals two distinct populations of early-type systems based on integrated colors. The class of dEN galaxies are redder in their continuum colors as compared to bright cluster ellipticals and dE type dwarfs, and their position in multi-color diagrams can only be explained by an older mean age for their underlying stellar populations. By comparison with the narrow band photometry of the M87 globular cluster system (Jordan et al. 2002), we find that dENs are a higher metallicity continuation of the old, metal-poor color sequence of galactic globulars and the blue population of M87 globulars. Bright ellipticals and dE dwarfs, on the other hand, follow the color sequence of the metal-rich, red population of M87 globulars. A comparison to SED models, convolved to a simple metallicity model, finds that dENs and blue globulars are 3 to 4 Gyrs older than cluster ellipticals and 5 Gyrs older than dE type galaxies. The implication is that globulars and dEN galaxies are primordial and have metallicities set by external constraints such as the enrichment of their formation clouds. Bright ellipticals and dE galaxies have metallicities and ages that suggest an extended phase of initial star formation to produce a younger mean age, even if their formation epoch is similar to that of dENs and blue globulars, and an internally driven chemical evolutionary history.

We establish the general structure of the BRST-invariant algebra of constraints in its commutator and antibracket forms via the formulation of algebra-generating equations in a supplementally extended phase space. New ghost-type variables behave as fields and antifields with respect to quantum antibrackets. The explicit form of the BRST-invariant gauge algebra is given in detail for rank-one theories with a Weyl- and a Wick-ordered ghost sector. We construct a fixed-gauge unitarizing Hamiltonian and show that the formalism is physically equivalent to the standard BRST–BFV approach.

We study the existence of periodic trajectories for nonautonomous differential equations and inclusions remaining in a prescribed compact subset of an extended phase space. These sets of constraints are nonconvex right-continuous tubes not satisfying the viability tangential condition on the whole boundary. We find sufficient conditions for existence of viable periodic trajectories studying properties of the exit subset of the tube. A new approximation approach for continuous multivalued maps is presented.

This paper estimates a non-linear model that allows for multiple equilibria using data on Korea during the currency crisis in 1997. Results suggest that Korea may have been vulnerable to self-fulfilling speculation as early as January 1997. An extended phase of multiple equilibria started in October 1997. The fundamentals for Korea remained in this crisis zone until March 1998. Korea briefly entered a multiple equilibria zone again in May and June 1998 before stabilizing in July 1998. Results are supportive of roles for weakness in fundamentals and for self-fulfilling beliefs in explaining currency crises.

The changes measured in intracellular fluorescein fluorescence polarization (IFFP) are used as a new tool for tracing cytoplasmic effects during contractile cycles of cardiac myocytes (1-2-day-old rat hearts), in addition to the established Ca(2+) monitoring and/or videometric methods of tracking cell-shortening. This novel method was found to be non-intrusive to the contraction cycles. The decay of the transient IFFP signal (from 0.220+/-0.01 to 0.170+/-0.013) seems to be closely related to the extended phase of contractile activation. This fact was further supported when Ca(2+) exchanger inhibitor was introduced and significantly decreased (90%) the rate of beats of contraction and IFFP, but not the Ca(2+) beat rate changes. This result suggests that the IFFP indicator is probably associated with the physiological activation, rather than with Ca(2+) alterations. The IFFP measure monitors the average of effective changes in the micro-viscosity of the cytoplasm protein matrix, associated with cellular activation.

An optimized fourth-order Forest–Ruth-like symplectic algorithm, which is based on a minimum of the norm of fifth-order truncation terms, was originally designed for separable Hamiltonian problems. With the aid of extended phase space methods, this algorithm is further reformulated to explicitly solve inseparable Hamiltonian systems. Although an extra permutation substep is included and destroys symplecticity in general, the method is symmetric and therefore resembles a symplectic integrator in conservation of the original Hamiltonian. In fact, our numerical tests show that the optimized algorithm combined with the midpoint permutations always enhances the quality of numerical integrations in comparison with the corresponding nonoptimized counterpart for inseparable Hamiltonian problems. As a result, the optimized algorithm is worth recommending in application.

This paper presents the application of Extended Phase Space Topology (EPST) and conventional statistical time domain features in the diagnostics of various bearing faults in rotating machinery systems. Bearings with various health statuses operating under multiple motor loads and speeds are analyzed. The results indicate remarkable performance in detecting anomalous behavior and in identifying faults with virtually perfect accuracy, recall and precision.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Background— Patients with a first episode of unprovoked venous thromboembolism have a high risk of recurrence after discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy. Extending anticoagulation reduces the risk of recurrence but is associated with increased bleeding. Sulodexide, a glycosaminoglycan, exerts antithrombotic and profibrinolytic actions with a low bleeding risk when administered orally, but its benefit for preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism is not well known. Methods and Results— In this multicenter, double-blind study, 615 patients with first-ever unprovoked venous thromboembolism who had completed 3 to 12 months of oral anticoagulant treatment were randomly assigned to sulodexide 500 lipasemic units twice daily or placebo for 2 years, in addition to elastic stockings. The primary efficacy outcome was recurrence of venous thromboembolism. Major or clinically relevant bleeding was the primary safety outcome. Venous thromboembolism recurred in 15 of the 307 patients who received sulodexide and in 30 of the 308 patients who received placebo (hazard ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27–0.92; P=0.02). The analysis in which lost to follow-up was assigned to failure yielded a risk ratio among treated versus control subjects of 0.54 (95% confidence interval, 0.35–0.85; P=0.009). No major bleeding episodes occurred; 2 patients in each treatment group had a clinically relevant bleeding episode. Adverse events were similar in the 2 groups. Conclusion— Sulodexide given after discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment reduced the risk of recurrence in patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism, with no apparent increase of bleeding risk. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/. Identifier: EudraCT number 2009-016923-77.