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The financial socialization individuals receive is associated not only with their future financial wellbeing but also relational, mental, and physical wellbeing. This paper is a review of the literature on financial socialization, especially papers published between 2010 and 2019 in the Journal of Family and Economic Issues. We first review family financial socialization theory and then review empirical documentation for the theory, organized by (a) family socialization processes (e.g., parent financial modeling, parent-child financial discussion, and experiential learning as three primary methods of financial socialization) and (b) financial socialization outcomes (e.g., financial attitudes, financial knowledge, financial behaviors, and financial wellbeing). Finally, we discuss future directions for the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a review of papers published on Asian families and consumers in the Journal of Family and Economic Issues over the previous decade (2010–2019). A meta-analysis of the published papers reveals that there were 34 research papers published across 5 themes including consumer behavior, family relations, health and well-being, household finance, and other economic issues. Twenty-four of these papers were published during 2010–2014, and the remaining 10 were published during 2015–2019. Most papers were published on the theme of consumer behavior and most citations were also received on papers published on the consumer behavior theme. However, more recently published papers on Asian families and consumers during the second half of the previous decade (2015–2019) have focused on the themes of household finance, family relations, and health and well-being. As Asian societies continue to transform with rapid economic growth and development across Asia, future research directions on Asian families and consumers are proposed on the following three perspectives: 1) longitudinal studies to investigate various issues related to Asian families and consumers across time, 2) a greater focus on rural families and consumers across Asia, and 3) topics of income inequality and access to goods and services and its impacts on lower-income families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews articles published in the Journal of Family and Economic Issues (JFEI) from 2010 to 2019 and considers future research opportunities. The JFEI articles utilize theories and conceptual frameworks from several social science fields, to help readers understand the importance of including both the family and business in any discussion of family businesses. The literature review addresses four family business topical areas: (1) household and business economics, (2) business continuity and succession, (3) managerial and adoption strategies, and (4) values and goals. These JFEI articles have focused on differentiating family businesses from other types of businesses; explaining the unique interface between the family and the business; and identifying the characteristics (i.e., demographics, adjustment strategies, continuity, capitals, and values and goals) for family business survival and success. In the future, family business researchers have the opportunity to better understand the impact of community resources and climate; more carefully assess the challenges of women, minorities, and immigrants; understand the role of cultural capital; and explore the impact of innovation during rapidly changing times, such as those created by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review examines the papers published in the Journal of Family and Economic Issues focusing on financial and economic well-being over the last decade. The papers examining financial and economic well-being encompass a range of issues and areas such as social and mental health, labor issues, unique populations of study, and broader life satisfaction and wellness. The synopses of papers are grouped into two broad sections: financial and economic well-being throughout the life course and financial and economic well-being related to gender, family structure, and support systems. Finally, this paper discusses insights from the past decade and future directions for research and practitioners related to financial and economic well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to review a group of selected papers on the theme of education published in the Journal of Family and Economic Issues from the past 10 years to see what we have come to know regarding what impacted young generations' school/college education from the lens of family economics, as well as to share our thoughts on future directions to move the research inquiry forward. The paper first gives a brief description on all articles selected for this review. Followed by, a discussion of findings of these studies from the lens of macro-meso-micro analysis. Gaps in research ideas and methodology as well as future research directions are discussed in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Great Recession and the unfolding COVID-19 Pandemic Recession—two major disruptions to the economy that occurred just one decade apart—unequivocally confirm the importance of the economy and economic environments for understanding families' financial stress and well-being. However, recent published literature places too little emphasis on the economy and economic environments and instead focuses on explanations rooted within individuals and families. In this article, we review research on families' financial stress and well-being published in JFEI between 2010 and 2019, which analyzed data collected during the Great Recession and were subsequently published in the shadow of the economic downturn. We discuss the economy and economic environments as gaps in the literature and encourage future research to focus on these explanations of stress and well-being, especially in response to the pandemic recession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examineed how parental investment and parental psychological well-being mediate the effects of family income on the intellectual development of children from low-income families in Hong Kong. The study followed a sample of 139 children from their final year of kindergarten (K3) through to their second year of primary education (P2) between 2015 and 2017. Path analysis was conducted to examine how family income was associated with children's cognitive and English language ability (Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV) through the parental investment and parental stress pathways. The results supported the hypothesis that parental investment and parental stress mediate the income effects on children's learning outcome in the Asian context. The negative effects of low family income on children's cognitive and English language abilities were mediated by the level of parental stress and the extent to which parents were authoritative in their parenting. Parental stress was also found to increase the likelihood of their children having behavioral problems, and that in turn undermined the cognitive development of the children. The level of money that parents invest in their children also mediated the negative effects of low family income on the children's English language ability. The results suggested that interventions that target the variables that mediate the effects of income on child development are an effective alternative to a direct cash transfer for children in low-income families in Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exceptional precautionary measures have been adopted to stop the transmission and control of COVID-19 through the world and Pakistan is facing lockdown in this scenario. Public loyalty to precautionary measures is affected by their knowledge, attitude, risk factors and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19. The present study was conducted among the Pakistani residents to observe the knowledge, attitude, practices and risk factors towards COVID-19 outbreak in Pakistan. A questionnaire was designed, and a cross-sectional survey was conducted among participants of the study area. Participants were asked the questions regarding knowledge, attitude, practices and risk factors towards COVID-19. Data were analyzed by SPSS and t/F test and correlation was applied among the knowledge, attitude, risk factors and practices. A total of 1060 questionnaires were received. 1004 were included while 56 were excluded. The highest representation was from Punjab province (65.6%), female (63%) and age group of 21–30 years (62.1%). Most participants were single (85%), Muslim (99.4%), Urdu speaking (45.6%) and were graduates (51.5%). Most of the participants were students (52.9%) and were from economically middle-class families (40.8%). The knowledge was positively correlated with attitude and practices whereas negatively correlated with risk factors (P < 0.05). The attitude was negatively correlated with risk factor and positively correlated with practices. The risk factors and practices were positively correlated with each other. Health education program to improve the COVID-19 knowledge, attitude, practices and risk factors should be initiated to combat current health challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Present study aims to examine the socioeconomic and demographic factors that affect health care utilization, health care expenditure and financing strategies for delivery care in India. Methods: The study uses data from National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-2016. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate regression analysis were carried out to examine health care utilization, out of pocket expenditure and financing strategies for delivery care in India. We used hardship financing as when people resort to borrowings, or sale of property/jewelry to pay for healthcare expenditure Results: Overall, Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) could cover less than 40% of the delivery care expenditure across all states. One-third of the households borrowed money or sold property/jewelry for delivery care expenditure. Highest exposure to hardship financing was observed in utilisation of private healthcare facilities for delivery. Women from the higher income quintiles are less likely to experience hardship financing as compared to women from the poorest wealth quintile. Conclusions: The study results will be useful for government to ensure that financing policies for delivery such as JSY are effective to provide availability and affordability of delivery healthcare in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceived economic stress and lower subjective social status (SSS) have adverse effects on parents' and adolescents' emotional well-being, but less is known about associations with academic adjustment among preadolescent youth. This study examined associations between SSS, perceived economic stress about needs and wants, and academic adjustment among preadolescents and early adolescents (n = 136, ages 8 to 14 years, 44% girls, 61% White) and their parents (n = 164, majority middle- to higher SES). Overall, youth who worried more about their family's economic needs had lower academic achievement and youth who reported lower SSS had lower academic motivation. No significant differences were observed in the strength of associations between parent and youth perceptions and academic outcomes for early adolescents versus preadolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aim to assess the associations over time between poverty and child weight status, asthma, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS: We analyzed data for 3968 children from the Generation R Study, a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands. Net household income and the number of adults and children living from this income were measured at 4 time-points (during pregnancy and at ages 2, 3, and 6). Poverty was defined on the basis of the equivalized household income being,60% of the median national income. Child health outcomes were measured at age 6 years. The association was explored by using logistic and linear regression models. RESULTS: In this cohort, 9.8% of children were born into poverty and 6.0% had experienced 3 to 4 episodes of poverty. Independent of current poverty status, children born into poverty had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.68 for having overweight/obesity and a lower physical HRQoL (OR = 21.32) than those not born into poverty. Children having experienced 3 to 4 episodes of poverty had an OR of 1.94 for having asthma and a lower physical HRQoL (OR = 23.32) compared with children from never-poor families. Transition out of poverty before age 2 was associated with lower risk of asthma and a higher physical HRQoL compared with children who remained in poverty. CONCLUSIONS: Being born into poverty or experiencing multiple episodes of poverty is associated with negative child health outcomes, such as having overweight, asthma, or a lower HRQoL. Support for children and families with a low household income is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on young people's perceptions of economic disadvantage has not focused on specific groups, or adversity connected to demographic phenomena such as migration. The current study seeks to explore perceptions about receiving state economic support among young people in newly arrived families from Syria. Participants were young people in families who arrived in Sweden between 2014 and 2016 and were in receipt of social assistance. Analysing interview data using a thematic approach (Braun & Clarke, 2006, Qualitative Research in Psychology, vol. 3, pp. 77--101) and applying Kuczynski and De Mol's (2015) model of children's agency reveal how participants' experiences of social assistance in this study differ from those of young people in previous studies. Rather than connecting social assistance with hardship, limitations, stigma and shame, participants viewed social assistance as sufficient for current needs and providing opportunities to improve the family's situation. Reciprocity was also highlighted, with participants expressing the desire to contribute to a welfare system from which they currently benefitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, circumstances such as divorce, employment commuting, and military service have resulted in the geographic dispersion of family networks, and this reality holds both risks and opportunities for brands, products, and services embedded in family life. The authors leverage a longitudinal design including group interviews (initial/follow-up) and participant diaries to track how families’ consumption practices shift in response to separation, morphing across time and place to retain and strengthen family bonds. Their findings generate a framework that explains how and when colocated consumption practices reassemble through technologies across distances. The framework considers practice dimensions, separation type, motivation, potential/realized capacities, and mobilized technologies to forecast potential practice trajectories under conditions of extended separation. Five potential trajectories emerge: no trial, heroic quests, failed trial, easy translations, and sacred pieces. The authors’ discussion of managerial implications provides suggestions to enable companies to anticipate trajectories and take action to enhance brand use and loyalty to ensure that their brands survive reassembly within existing family practices or become integral to new family practices that feature the brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About half of kinship families live in poverty, and one third of them receive financial assistance such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and foster care payments. This study selected children who remained in kinship care (N = 267) for three waves from nationally representative data and examined the longitudinal associations among poverty, economic pressure, financial assistance, and children's behavioral health outcomes in kinship care. Results from multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear models indicated that having economic pressure and receiving TANF were associated with increases in kinship children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Receiving TANF exacerbated the effects of poverty on children's externalizing problems, while receiving TANF buffered the negative effects of economic pressure on children's internalizing problems. However, internalizing and externalizing problems were in the normal range, on average. The results imply that child welfare workers should assess kinship families' subjective economic pressure in addition to objective poverty. Furthermore, policy makers should reconsider who receives TANF, how TANF is distributed to kinship families, and whether TANF meets kinship families' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's struggle for equal legal rights, which is a critical component of their own economic growth, has always been a pressing social and human rights issue. While gains have been made for some women, important variability remains not only within nations but also across nations. How this accessibility manifests itself in social outcomes however, has received little attention. One important outcome that is of significant concern throughout the world is homicide. In this paper, we link women's rights to overall homicide rates. We use cross-national data for almost two hundred countries spanning the world's regions to investigate whether countries where women experience more gender discrimination in economic and family decisions have higher homicide rates. Using finite mixture modeling, we find significant variation in a discrimination index and that countries grouped by their level of discrimination experience significantly different overall homicide rates. In countries with the least discrimination, we found the lowest overall average homicide rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expansion of Medicaid and establishment of the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) represent a significant success story in the national effort to guarantee health insurance for children. That success is reflected in the high rates of coverage and health care access achieved for children, including those in low-income families. But significant coverage gaps remain--gaps that have been increasing since 2016 and are likely to accelerate with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the associated recession. Using National Health Interview Survey data, we found that the proportion of uninsured children was 5.5 percent in 2018. Children continue to face coverage interruptions, and Latino, adolescent, and noncitizen children continue to face elevated risks of being uninsured. Although we note the benefits of a universal, federally financed, single-payer approach to coverage, we also offer two possible reform pathways that can take place within the current multipayer system, aimed at ensuring coverage, access, continuity, and comprehensiveness to move the nation closer to the goal of providing the health care that children need to reach their full potential and to reduce racial and economic inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We present evidence for a possible role of Vitamin D (VitD) deficiency in unregulated cytokine production and inflammation leading to complications in COVID-19 patients. Design: The time-adjusted case mortality ratio (T-CMR) was estimated as the ratio of deceased patients on day N to the confirmed cases on day N-8. The adaptive average of T-CMR (A-CMR) was calculated as a metric of COVID-19 associated mortality. A model based on positivity change (PC) and an estimated prevalence of COVID-19 was used to determine countries with similar screening strategies. A possible association of A-CMR with the mean concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in elderly individuals in countries with similar screening strategy was investigated. We considered high C-reactive protein (CRP) in severe COVID-19 patients (CRP ≥ 1 mg/dL) as a surrogate of a cytokine storm. We considered high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) in healthy subjects as hs-CRP ≥ 0.2 mg/dL. Results: A link between 25(OH)D and A-CMR in countries with similar screening strategy is evidence for VitD's possible role in reducing unregulated cytokine production and inflammation among patients with severe COVID-19. We observed an odds ratio (OR) of 1.8 with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) (1.2 to 2.6) and an OR of 1.9 with 95% CI (1.4 to 2.7) for hs-CRP in VitD deficient elderly from low-income families and high-income families, respectively. COVID-19 patient-level data show an OR of 3.4 with 95% CI (2.15 to 5.4) for high CRP in severe COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: We conclude that future studies on VitD's role in reducing cytokine storm and COVID-19 mortality are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal, bidirectional relationship between language skills and behavior problems in a sample of 194 preschool children enrolled in Head Start programs. Children were individually assessed using the Preschool Language Scale-5, and teachers completed the Child Behavior Checklist-Teacher Report 1½–5. Cross-lagged path models using a structural equation modeling approach tested the reciprocal associations between language skills and behavior problems over the preschool year. Findings supported a bidirectional relationship between internalizing behavior problems and expressive language skills. However, findings supported a unidirectional association between early receptive language skills and later internalizing behavior problems. Gender moderated the relationship between receptive and expressive language skills and internalizing behavior problems in such a way that the association was only significant for girls. Implications for early intervention and prevention efforts targeting language development and behavior problems were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of a preschooler's visual status is important as it forms part of the measure to assess the child's school readiness. However, not all children attending preschools have equal opportunity to undergo vision screening programmes. In this study, we measured presenting habitual near and distance visual acuity and stereoacuity in 6-year-old children (n=385). These parameters were measured in and compared between preschoolers attending urban, privately-run kindergartens and those attending KEMAS preschools, which were typically from suburban and rural areas with families of very low income. Seven percent of KEMAS preschoolers failed the distance visual acuity test while the failure rate for private preschoolers was 6.0%. For near visual acuity, a higher percentage of private preschoolers failed the test (8.7%) than KEMAS preschoolers (4.9%). A slightly higher percentage of private preschoolers had weak stereopsis (3.3%) compared to KEMAS preschoolers (2.5%). However, the differences found between the two preschooler groups were not statistically significant (all p>0.05). The proportion of children who failed each of the screening criteria for distance vision, near vision, and stereopsis was similar between KEMAS and private preschools. Therefore, an universally inclusive vision screening programme should be conducted for all preschool types to detect, diagnose, treat, and potentially prevent any visual impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population aging and issues surrounding family caregiver costs are worldwide trends and concerns. In this study, family caregivers' lost productivity cost due to elderly care over time was examined and factors affecting lost productivity were analyzed. Based on these findings, the welfare system as related to the elderly should be re-evaluated, and concrete and realistic countermeasures developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐income mothers in rural areas lack access to resources and may rely strongly on support from their children's grandparents. However, most current research on grandparent support focuses on coresidential or custodial grandparents. Very few recent studies focus on the types of support provided by nonresident grandparents, who may be a particularly critical source of support for mothers in rural areas. This qualitative study analyzed interview transcripts from 68 low‐income rural mothers to characterize the support they received from their children's grandparents. Two main themes emerged: multidimensionality and multivalence of support. In many families, resources were limited across generations. Results highlight the importance and complexity of multidimensional and multidirectional intergenerational relationships. Nonresident grandparent support appeared to play a key role in the financial and emotional functioning of these families, which may be overlooked in current research and practice with low‐resource rural families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The burden on family members of those who are dependent on illicit drugs is largely unidentified, despite the presence of significant negative financial, health and social impacts. This makes it difficult to provide appropriate services and support. This study aimed to assess the preferences for treatment attributes for heroin dependence among family members affected by the drug use of a relative and to obtain a measure of the intangible economic benefit. Design Discrete choice experiment. Data were analysed using mixed logit which accounted for repeated responses. Setting: Australia. Participants: Eligible participants were Australian residents aged 18+ years with a relative with problematic drug use. Complete data on 237 respondents were analysed; 21 invalid responses were deleted. Measurements Participant preference for likelihood of staying in treatment, family conflict, own health status, contact with police and monetary contribution to a charitable organization providing treatment. Findings All attributes were significant, and the results suggest that there was a preference for longer time in treatment, less family discord, better own health status, less likelihood of their relative encountering police and, while they were willing to contribute to a charity for treatment to be available, they prefer to pay less, not more. In order of relative importance, participants were willing to pay an additional A$4.46 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.33–5.60] for treatment which resulted in an additional 1% of heroin users staying in treatment for longer than 3 months, A$42.00 (95% CI = 28.30–55.69) to avoid 5 days per week of family discord, A$87.94 (95% CI = 64.41–111.48) for treatment options that led to an improvement in their own health status and A$129.66 (95% CI = 53.50–205.87) for each 1% decline in the chance of police contact. Conclusions: Drug treatment in Australia appears to have intangible benefits for affected family members. Families are willing to pay for treatment which reduces family discord, improves their own health, increases time in treatment and reduces contact with police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic hardship can affect children's development through child-caregiver interactions, which may mediate cascading effects of other family stress processes. This study examined, simultaneously, the relations of financial strain, caregiver general stress, and child-caregiver conflict-each measured at two time points-with child self-regulatory outcomes in a high-poverty sample (age 5-7 years; n = 343). Increase in child-caregiver conflict mediated negative relations between other processes and development of executive function. In contrast, only increase in financial strain had direct, negative association with development of delay of gratification and did not significantly mediate relations between any other process and children's outcomes. Results have implications for understanding effects of family stress on self-regulatory outcomes and for interventions with low-income families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A comparison of the performance between monetary and an asset-based socioeconomic position (SEP) index in predicting adolescents' health outcomes was conducted only in low-income countries. Our study aims to compare these two indices among adolescents from low-income families in a high-income country. Methods Data of adolescents aged 12–18 years was used from the Taiwan Database of Children and Youth in Poverty (n = 2529). The asset-based index was based on a set of weighted self-reported household conditions using principal components analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to examine the association between these two indices and the mental and physical health outcomes among adolescents. Results Health outcomes were significantly associated with the asset-based SEP index but not with the monetary index. An increased trend was shown in mental illness symptoms, infections, injuries, allergies and dental problems when the regression was performed in the asset-based SEP index (P < 0.05) but not in the monetary SEP index. Conclusions An asset-based SEP index serves as a better index associated with a social gradient in health inequality. To prioritize giving care to people in need, healthcare policymakers should consider including an assessment of household assets and resources, supplementary to the conventional monetary index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to alleviate child poverty, contemporary European welfare states have shifted their focus increasingly towards child-centred investment strategies. However, studies examining the generosity of welfare states to families with children focus mainly on cash benefit packages, or on government expenditure, while not taking into account the actual out-of-pocket costs families have to make to fulfil their needs. This article aims at contributing to existing studies by: (1) empirically assessing the needs and costs of children across welfare states by making use of cross-nationally comparable reference budgets, while taking into account publicly provided or subsidised services; (2) simulating the cash benefits and taxes that affect households with children through the tax–benefit system, by making use of the new Hypothetical Household Tool (HHoT) in EUROMOD; and (3) combining both types of information in order to compare the essential out-of-pocket costs for children between 6 and 18 years old with the simulated cash benefit packages. We propose a new indicator that can be used to assess welfare state generosity to families with children: the child cost compensation indicator. The use of the indicator is empirically illustrated by comparing six European welfare states: Belgium, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Italy and Spain. The article shows that, even though with important cross-national variation, cash transfers generally amount to less than 60 percent of the cost of children. Although in five out of six countries support for families is higher at the lower end of the income distribution, for households living on a low gross wage, the income of a family with children is less adequate compared to a similar childless family and is in many cases insufficient to participate adequately in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is limited evidence about the ways in which poverty affects the health and educational environment of schoolchildren. We investigated the impact of family income on the lifestyle and physique of children in Japan. Methods: We mailed a questionnaire to 1,000 fifth‐grade elementary school and 1,000 second‐grade junior high school students and their parents in Higashi‐Osaka City from August to September, 2017. Physique was evaluated based on standard body weight for height. Results: The questionnaire survey recovery rate was 31.3%. Overweight / obesity was confirmed in 8.1% of males and 3.7% of females. The prevalence of overweight / obesity was higher in children of families with incomes under the median than in families with incomes over the median only in females. The number of children with less than 1 h of studying time after school was significantly higher in children of families with incomes under the median, as well as in overweight / obese children. In children of families with incomes under the median, the rates of possessing books, exercise equipment, and their own room were lower than in children of families with incomes over the median, but there was no difference in the rates of possessing smartphones, or video games, based on income. Conclusions: Children of low‐income families have an educational handicap, which is one of the risk factors for the "chain of poverty." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an overview of the scientific literature on the causes of difficulties faced by families related to the upbringing of children, neglect, and lack of social skills, addictions, inability to manage the family budget, unemployment, poverty, violence and other problems. The aim of the research is to analyze the attitudes of families experiencing difficulties and social workers towards the provided social services. The results of the research revealed the most important reasons for the emergence of families experiencing difficulties and the importance of social assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting exclusive breastfeeding among urban employed mothers is a complex phenomenon. Understanding the multiple level factors related to this and how they influence employed mothers' regarding exclusive breastfeeding could help identify strategies to support mothers continuing exclusive breastfeeding. This study aimed to identify maternal, social, and workplace level factors and the interaction effects among those factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding for six months among urban employed mothers. This case-control study investigated among 57 cases (exclusive breastfeeding for six months) and 228 controls (non-exclusive breastfeeding for six months) in six purposively-selected hospital settings in Bangkok, Thailand between September 2015 and June 2016. Data were collected through six self-administered questionnaires; Demographic Questionnaire, Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale, Perceived Self-efficacy in Breastfeeding Questionnaire, Breastfeeding Knowledge Questionnaire, Perceived Breastfeeding Support Assessment Tool, and Infant Feeding Form, and were analyzed by descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The results revealed that maternal factors (family income, attitudes, intention, confidence, and knowledge) and workplace factors (maternity leave and working times) co-predicted exclusive breastfeeding six months. In the interaction effect model, the interaction effect between workplace policy on maternity leave and attitudes toward breastfeeding also exerted significant influence. The findings suggest that multiple level interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding in employed women are needed. In clinical practice, nurses and midwives should implement antepartum interventions including assessment of maternal attitudes and intentions to breastfeed, providing breastfeeding knowledge to increase mothers' confidence, and advice about planning to combine breastfeeding and employment. Of great concern was a finding that more than 75% of the non-EBF mothers reported not having sufficient breastfeeding facility support in the workplace. Workplace policies should be reviewed in terms of sufficient paid maternity leave, workplace breastfeeding support, and an appropriate number of working hours, and this has implications for governments and multiple workplaces across the country. Nurses have a significant role to play in advocating for and contributing to such policies to increase the numbers of women successfully breastfeeding longer whilst employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Being a family" is a vitally important collective enterprise central to many consumption experiences and replete with new challenges in contemporary society. We advance a framework to learn how families draw on communication forms and use marketplace resources to manage interplays among individual, relational (e.g., couple, sibling, parent-child), and collective identities. Our framework also outlines potential moderators of this identity-management process. To demonstrate the value of our framework for consumer researchers, we propose numerous research questions and offer applications in the areas of family decision making, consumer socialization, and person-object relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource theory and the human capital argument remain the dominant theoretical perspectives for understanding household choice. Yet households in which wives earn more than their husbands do not reflect either one, possibly due to the assumption in these perspectives that all resources are pooled. Two studies investigated household resource allocation. The first found that when the woman was the chief wage earner, joint pools of money were used to cover routine expenses but separate pools were also used for several reasons. The second study investigated the apparent differences in wife-as-chief-earner households and husband-as-chief-earner households and found support for the results of the first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport specialization was thought to affect a relatively small number of elite athletes, but it is now a common practice in youth sport culture. Recent research in the field of sport specialization has led to a better understanding of the influence this issue is having on youth (ie, younger than 19 years of age) today. This review focuses on sport specialization from a public health perspective to elucidate the effect that this practice is having within the United States. The specific goals of this review are to describe (1) the prevalence of sport specialization and the factors that may affect the decision to specialize, (2) the costs of youth sport-related injuries in the context of sport specialization, (3) the financial costs that sport specialization has for families, and (4) how sport specialization may be affecting physical literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple studies and guidelines emphasize the benefits associated with family meals. However, family meals are not well defined and little research has been conducted to determine whether mealtime characteristics are associated with the healthfulness of foods served. The objective of this study was to define and measure specific mealtime characteristics and examine whether these characteristics are associated with the healthfulness of meals served to young children from low-income families, as measured by the Healthy Meal Index (HMI). Study participants included 272 young children from low-income families residing in southeast Michigan during 2011 to 2013. For this cross-sectional study, parents videorecorded 757 mealtimes that were coded for four mealtime variables and meal healthfulness using the HMI. Mealtime characteristics included Eating at a Table (vs not), Served Family-Style (vs not), TV Off (vs not), and Parent Partakes (sits and eats or drinks with child) (vs not). A Family Meal was defined as a meal that had all four measured mealtime characteristics. All meals were scored using the HMI, which has two components: the HMI Adequacy score (based on the presence of foods that are recommended for a healthy diet) and the HMI Moderation score (based on the absence of foods recommended to be consumed in moderation). The scores are summed to obtain the HMI Total score. Generalized estimating equations tested the associations of mealtime characteristics with HMI scores, controlling for child sex and age, and parent education and race/ethnicity. In adjusted models, Family Meals were positively associated with HMI Adequacy (P =0.02) and Total (P =0.05) scores. Eating at a Table was positively associated with HMI Moderation (P =0.01) and HMI Total (P =0.01) scores. Served Family-Style was positively associated with HMI Adequacy scores (P =0.04). TV Off was associated with higher HMI Total scores (P =0.05). Parent Partakes was not associated with HMI scores. Family Meals were associated with greater healthfulness of the foods served. Characteristics of mealtime that are commonly utilized to define Family Meal were differentially associated with meal healthfulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine whether income‐pooling strategies differ between married and cohabiting individuals without children, only biological children, or any stepchildren. Background: Americans are forming families in new ways via cohabitation and stepfamilies, which may have implications for resource pooling. Although a majority of married and cohabiting couples pool their incomes, little is known about the role of children in couple's income‐pooling behaviors. Method: The authors use recently collected, nationally representative data from the Families and Relationships Study (n = 4,362). Controlling for sociodemographic, household, and relationship characteristics, the authors use logistic regression to predict the odds of income pooling among married and cohabiting individuals without children, only biological children, or any stepchildren. Results: The likelihood of income pooling remained similar among cohabitors regardless of the configuration of children in the household. Among married families, however, the likelihood of income pooling differed by the presence of resident stepchildren. Married families with resident stepchildren had a lower probability of pooling their income when compared with married families with only resident biological children. Conclusion: The ways economic resources are shared differs across family types. The findings from this study are consistent with an incomplete institutionalization perspective and demonstrate that individuals in cohabiting‐couple families and married‐couple families with resident stepchildren are less likely to pool their incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nurse‐Family Partnership® (NFP) is an evidence‐based home‐visiting program for low‐income, first‐time mothers. NFP® has demonstrated benefits for reducing child maltreatment and improving parenting, child development and families' economic self‐sufficiency. It is now implemented widely in the US where, despite the use of home visits, which generally reduce barriers to program participation, only 35% of clients nationwide complete the 2.5‐year program. This concurrent mixed‐methods study was conducted in 2013 in an urban northeastern US NFP site and included administrative program data, surveys (n = 56), in‐depth interviews (n = 14) with nurse home visitors, and focus groups with nurse supervisors (n = 13). We explored associations between nurses' attrition rates and their perspectives on client attrition and retention strategies. We further conducted an inductive thematic analysis of the qualitative data. Findings indicate that nurses' attrition rates were not significantly associated with their views and strategies to retain clients. Nurses and supervisors noted that clients' competing priorities and 'chaotic lives' primarily explained attrition. They thought that clients often left the program upon receiving enough information and skills or achieving key milestones, which may reflect reaching a saturation point, albeit prior to the full completion of the program. We offer recommendations to assess performance based on client accomplishments rather than whether they participated until the prescribed endpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a retrospective, nonexperimental study on the link between poverty and family financial challenges of caring for medically complex children. Highlights include the intensity of time and resources required to care for children with medical complexity, four measures of financial challenges analyzed in the study, and a diagram showing family adjustment and adaptation response model.

This article investigates young people's weekly drinking patterns during late adolescence and young adulthood. The article builds a disaggregated and temporal framework to explain how young people drink on certain days. Using sequence analysis techniques on longitudinal data from a representative Danish survey, the article identifies four drinking patterns (the majority, the weekend drinkers, the weekend bingers and the heavy drinkers). Analyses of the transitions between the drinking patterns reveal non-linear developments where heavy drinking at an early age does not necessarily lead to heavy drinking later in life. Although parental income and education are important factors to explain whether young people begin to drink at an early age, high levels of alcohol consumption during youth is more associated with influenced from peers and partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to socio-economic changes and development in information technology, Indonesian families demand more dynamic and capability to manage their resources of time to achieve family goals. This study aims to elaborate the family time and routines, as well as family time management by family characteristics. This is a desk study using secondary data from several studies related to family time according to the diversity of family economic aspects (poor and non-poor), the type of wife's employment (formal/informal, stable/unstable, normal/longer working-hours) and geography (rural/urban, marginal regions), which was carried out between the years 2008-2014 in the Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Bogor Agricultural University. The results showed that the ability of the family to manage time was still low, especially in families with a wife who had informal and unstable work. The ability of the family in evaluating the use of time and the limited use of a household appliance that could accelerate domestic job was also low. Similarly, other findings indicated that family time and routines were relatively low, especially in poor families, rural families, and families with unstable work. Only about a third families could see the importance of self-care routines and family recreation. Based on the finding, the Indonesian family development stakeholders need to make efforts to increase the family's ability to manage their time, provide social support for families who need help, and develop family friendly jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transnational families occupy centre-stage in literatures on transformations in the social organisation and relations of care and welfare because they express how social bonds are sustained despite geographical separation. This paper examines some key themes arising from a research study into remittance-sending practices of UK-based Ghanaians and Nigerians in the light of research literatures on transnational family care and development finance. The data comprises qualitative interviews with 20 UK-based Ghanaian and Nigerian people who regularly send remittances to their families 'back home'. This paper discusses a social issue that arises from the transnationalisation of family structures and relations, when migrant family members are positioned within family networks as 'absent providers', and familial relations eventually become financialised. The findings show the complexities of transnational living, the hardships endured by remittance-senders and the particular strains of remittance-mediated family relationships. The financialisation of family relations affects the social subjectivity and positioning of remittance-senders within the family. Strain and privation are integral to participants' experiences of transnational family life, while themes of deception, betrayal, and expatriation also feature. The suppression of emotion is a feature of the significant labour inputs participants make in sustaining relationships within transnational families. The paper considers UK social policy implications of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared book reading can facilitate meaningful mathematical interactions. This study extends prior research by exploring the effect of book content and parent training in shared book reading. A comparison phase embedded within a multiple baseline design across participants was used with three Head Start parent–child dyads to examine the effect of book type (i.e., math or nonmath) on the frequency of parent and child mathematical utterances (i.e., math talk) and to evaluate whether there was a functional relation between training as well as provision of reader's guides and increased frequency and diversity of parent and child math talk. Overall and on average, dyads engaged in more math talk when provided with math books as compared with nonmath books. Results regarding training and provision of supplementary materials were less clear. Results are discussed with attention to multiple indicators of effectiveness and considerations for designing home mathematical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The current study examined how economic pressure impacts parental positivity and positive parenting separately for mothers and fathers, as well as how positivity and parenting impact child social competence. Methods: This study included 207 mothers, fathers, and their first-born child from toddlerhood through the preschool years. This study employed an Actor–Partner Interdependence Model which was developed to handle dyadic relationships to investigate the association between economic pressure, parental positivity, and positive parenting, separately for mother and father and the interdependent associations between them. Results: Results showed that economic pressure when the child was age 2 (Time 1) was negatively associated with maternal and paternal positivity and father positive parenting when the child was 3-4 years old (Time 2). Maternal positivity was associated with paternal positivity and mother positive parenting was associated with father positive parenting. In addition, maternal positivity was associated with mother positive parenting while paternal positivity was not significantly related to father positive parenting at Time 2. Parental positivity and positive parenting at Time 2 were both associated with child social competence at age 5 (Time 3), even after controlling for child social competence at age 2 (Time 1). Conclusions: The current results suggest that both maternal and paternal positivity and positive parenting are important protective factors for young children's social competence even under times of economic adversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult children's financial support for parents, which has been considered a primary representation of filial values in East Asian society, is not sufficient to understand contemporary familial reciprocation. To fully understand the detailed structure of intergenerational exchange in this region, this study proposes a new two-way typology to look at how parents both give and take with adult children. Using the 2006 East Asian Social Survey, the authors found a high frequency of financial exchange between generations, especially upward transfer, in South Korea, Taiwan, and China. Japan is a case more distant from the Confucian ideal type of family due to high prevalence of independence between parents and children regarding financial exchange. Cross-country differences are much remarked. The limited effects produced by gender and sibling orders in financial transfer show the decreasing influence of patriarchalism in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Since inhibitory control has been implicated in children's ability to successfully navigate their social and academic environments, it is important to explore factors underlying its development. We examined whether attentional focusing (a temperamental factor) and socioeconomic status (a caregiving environmental factor) influenced children's inhibitory control.Methods: Inhibitory control was coded from an observed behavioral task (Dinky Toys) and children's temperament and socioeconomic status were indexed via parent report in 70 (36 girls; M age = 4.40 years) typically developing 4-year-old children.Results: We found that children low in attentional focusing were differentially sensitive to their caregiving environment in predicting inhibitory control (p= .001): children with low attentional focusing displayed the highest and lowest levels of inhibitory control when their familial socioeconomic status was high and low, respectively. Children with high attentional focusing exhibited an average amount of inhibitory control regardless of their familial socioeconomic status (p= .20).Conclusion: Findings provide support for a differential susceptibility hypothesis and suggest that plasticity in low attentional focusing may be beneficial to children in some caregiving environments. Findings also highlight the importance of considering factors internal and external to the child when exploring influences on inhibitory control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the determinants of per capita expenditures with disaggregate food away from home (FAFH) including variables such as family structure.Design/methodology/approach The authors estimated a system of expenditure equations (SUR method) with data from the latest Consumer Expenditure Survey of 2008–2009 – (or Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares – POF), considering the complex sample design in estimation procedures.Findings The authors found a positive relationship between woman's opportunity cost of time and FAFH spending only when the authors considered the effects of wife's education in higher income class. Hiring domestic help diminishes FAFH spending, mostly for lunch and dinner time meals. The presence of children in the household decreases the consumption of most FAFH categories.Social implications Even though, Brazilian FAFH consumption has been increasing, the presence of women in the labor market seems to play a small role in the determining this type of food consumption. Family structure plays an important role in determining FAFH.Originality/value The contribution of the paper is to estimate FAFH expenditures at the disaggregate level and by income class for Brazil. The authors also included alternative family structure specifications as determinants in the model. The authors considered the sample design characteristics in estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of dietary preferences of adolescents involves a complex interplay of individual behaviours and environmental factors. Interpersonal factors—such as peer influences and unpleasant school experiences—and institutional factors—such as school rules and policies—are closely associated with unhealthy eating of adolescents. Family support and guidance are also crucial in influencing adolescents' eating habits. However, the low social status, low educational levels, and low household incomes of disadvantaged parents can markedly prevent their children from establishing healthy eating habits. Therefore, adolescents from low‐income families are more likely to engage in unhealthy dietary behaviours and hence to be more susceptible to diet‐related health problems. However, few studies have addressed the difficulties associated with inculcating healthy eating habits among adolescents from low‐income families. Therefore, to investigate the barriers to adopting healthy eating habits, this study adopted a qualitative research approach and conducted five focus‐group semistructured interviews with 30 junior‐ and senior‐form students of a secondary school in Hong Kong, all of whom were from low‐income families. The results revealed skipping meals because of poverty, following irregular meal patterns on school holidays, receiving poor guidance from family and peers, perceiving healthy eating as expensive and unappealing, and geographical inaccessibility to healthy food all prevented these students from healthy eating. These mutually reinforcing factors were interlocking with the economic strain that was experienced by the participants and their families. In particular, the stereotype of "healthful food is expensive" was strong. Therefore, we suggest students from low‐income families should be enabled to understand that healthy eating is not necessarily expensive. The participants' stereotypes about healthy food was handed down by their parents. Such stereotypes, together with the low health literacy, influence the food preparation habits of the parents. Therefore, parents should be made to aware that healthful food can also be affordable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues surrounding migration are receiving unprecedented attention at the global, regional, as well as national levels. However, a review of the literature shows that there is more focus on international migration compared to internal migration. Further, there is more emphasis on issues related to the migration destination rather than those at the source of migration. Using the cultural preparation process model as a framework, this paper aims to understand the career and livelihood planning needs of those who are left behind. The left-behind families of pine resin tappers in the Changar region of the Indian Himalayas are presented as a case study to draw the attention of career guidance and counselling professionals to this unattended population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the factors associated with a gendered division of childcare among parents in Germany. While much is known on the gender division of housework in families and the economic and sociological factors that may be driving it, we still know relatively little about whether and how these factors may affect the division of unpaid childcare in families. We first assess the relevance of partner’s combined gender ideologies and relative resources on the division of unpaid childcare. Second, we assess whether the effect of economic resources may be contingent on the partners’ agreement or disagreement on gender ideologies concerning maternal employment. We address these questions using data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) and MLM Growth Curve Models. Our findings consistently show a significant positive effect of partners’ combined gender ideologies and her share of income on his share of childcare. These effects are strongest, and robust, among couples with matching ideologies supporting maternal employment, which we term ‘egalitarian island’ couples. Economically efficient divisions of childcare thus appear dependent upon the couples’ ideological pairing and on mothers’ ideologies towards maternal employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]