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The increase in the use of plastics during the past few decades has caused environmental pollution due to the non-biodegradable and recalcitrance nature of the plastics. This has caused great problems for the solid waste management efforts. The development of biodegradable polymers from natural and renewable ingredients can address the challenges caused by plastic pollution. The present work deals with the optimization of the preparation process of sago starch-based biodegradable bioplastic films. The sago starch, glycerol-sorbitol mixture, and chitosan were used as polysaccharides, plasticizers, and antimicrobial agents, respectively. The factors screening and design optimization were performed using response surface methodology and Box-Behnken Design to investigate the interactions between all components in the film preparation. Furthermore, the developed bioplastic films were characterized through field emission scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antimicrobial susceptibility assay showed the inhibition of the growth of Bacillus pumilus and Alcaligenes faecalis XF1 by incorporation of cinnamon essential oil into the film. Moreover, the developed films successfully reduced the proliferation of fungal growth on packaged bread samples. The microbial analysis found that the shelf life of the wheat bread was improved from 3 to 15 days. The sago starch bioplastic films developed in this study can potentially meet the requirements for food packaging films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of packaging in the food industry is essential to protect food and improve its shelf life. However, traditional packaging, based on petroleum derivatives, presents some problems because it is non-biodegradable and is obtained from nonrenewable sources. In contrast, protein-based smart packaging is presented as an environmentally friendly strategy that also permits obtaining packaging with excellent characteristics for the formation of smart films and coatings. This review aims to summarize recent developments in smart packaging, focusing on edible films/coatings materials, originating from animal and plant protein sources. Various characteristics like mechanical, barrier, functional, sensory, and sustainability of packaging systems are discussed, and the processes used for their development are also described. Moreover, relevant examples of the application of these smart packaging technologies in muscle foods and some innovations in this area are presented. Protein-based films and coatings from plant and animal origins have great potential to enhance food safety and quality, and reduce environmental issues (e.g., plastic pollution and food waste). Some characteristics of the packages can be improved by incorporating polysaccharides, lipids, and other components as antioxidants, antimicrobials, and nanoparticles in protein-based composites. Promising results have been shown in many muscle foods, such as meat, fish, and other seafood. These innovative smart packaging systems are characterized by their renewable and biodegradable nature, and sustainability, among other features that go beyond typical protection barriers (namely, active, functional, and intelligent features). Nonetheless, the utilization of protein-based responsive films and coatings at industrial level still need optimization to be technologically and economically valid and viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) belong to a group of biomolecules found in various life forms and form an important part of their defense mechanisms. They are effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other parasites and have been categorized into different classes based on their structure and mode of action. Given the current global threat of increasing microbial resistance towards the diverse range of antibiotics, these AMPs represent an alternative approach to treating various infectious diseases and other bodily disorders. Their host specificity and biocompatibility with negligible resistance to various pathogens make them a much-researched substance in modern medical sciences. From screening of various natural resources to in silico design of novel AMPs, numerous AMPs have been discovered, some of which are used for commercial applications. In addition, specialized databases have been established to maintain information on these AMPs, and their fusion with other innovations, such as nanotechnology, has been accomplished. AMPs are also used in the food industry for packaging, and their application in other areas can be further explored and optimized for therapeutic purposes. • Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of the innate immunity of an organism against the pathogens. • They exhibit efficacy against wide range of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, & parasites. • Owing to their diverse mode of action, resistance development against AMPs is negligible. • AMPs show potential medical applications in therapeutic & developing novel antimicrobial drugs. • They are also explored for other industrial applications in food, agriculture, animal husbandry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymer materials have attracted attention due to their richness, sustainability, environmental friendliness, and biodegradability properties. This review explores recent advances in biopolymer synthesis, properties, and their commercial applications. Biopolymers, derived from renewable sources, have garnered significant attention due to their environmental benefits and potential to replace conventional petrochemical-based plastics. The synthesis of biopolymer delves into innovative biopolymer production techniques, including microbial fermentation, chemical modifications, and novel biotechnological approaches. A detailed examination of the unique properties of biopolymers, including physical, thermal, mechanical, and optical characteristics of naturally generated biopolymers. It explores the diverse range of applications of biopolymers across industries, including packaging for the food industry, biomedical engineering, cosmetics, and different mechanical applications. The review further discusses the growing commercial applications of biopolymers across various industries, such as packaging, agriculture, medicine, and textiles. This review aims to provide an understanding of the current method of synthesis properties and future potential application of biopolymers in advancing sustainable materials science. [Display omitted] • The biopolymeric materials synthesis techniques are discussed. • Potential of biomass wastes towards the extraction of biopolymer is explored. • Biopolymeric material properties and applications are summarized. • Recent development of biopolymer for different application are discussed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overuse of traditional petroleum-based packaging materials is one of the major factors aggravating environmental pollution. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop green-replaceable and biodegradable packaging materials, which greatly promotes the development of the food packaging industry. Recently, the development of intelligent packaging and active packaging has become a research hotspot. Curcumin, having excellent functional properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and photosensitivity, has been used as an antimicrobial, an antioxidant, and a photosensitiser, as well as a pH indicator in the development of multifunctional films/coatings. However, it has not been widely used for its drawbacks such as poor water solubility and easy decomposition in the presence of light. It has been found that the limitations of its application can be improved by embedding measures such as nanoparticles, microcapsules, and nanofibres, or by encapsulating curcumin using substances with special structures. In addition, it can also be incorporated into membrane matrices in the form of encapsulation to prepare multifunctional packaging films. This paper reviews the current status of research on the embedding method and release effect of curcumin, its application in active and smart packaging, the development of photodynamic antimicrobial film based on it, and its joint use with metal antimicrobial agents in food packaging, which will provide a reference basis for the subsequent development of food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable food packaging materials have significant interest in addressing environmental issues by making renewable substitutes such as bioplastics based on pectin. Orange peel has a relatively high pectin content of 42.5%, which can be synthesized into bioplastics. Pectin-based bioplastics tend to have limitations in terms of mechanical and physical strength due to the hygroscopic nature of pectin. This study aims to determine the effect of adding glycerol and sago starch on the characteristics of orange peel pectinbased bioplastics. The casting method was used in the bioplastic formulation using the variation of the pectin:starch ratio (75:25, 65:35, 55:45; and 50:50%) and glycerol composition (10, 20, 30, and 40%). Based on the results, the pectin obtained was categorized as low methoxyl pectin and ester pectin. The characterizations of bioplastics achieved the maximum value of the tensile strength of bioplastics was 4.22 MPa, obtained by adding pectin:starch (50:50%) and 10% glycerol. The maximum value of the elongation properties at the break of bioplastics is 24%, obtained by adding the composition of pectin:starch (75:25%) and 40% glycerol. The more additions of the pectin:starch and glycerol composition result in a higher water vapor evaporation rate. Hence, utilizing orange peel pectin-based bioplastics offers a sustainable solution by exploring repurposing waste to create bioplastics for food packaging, thereby contributing to environmental preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three studies examine the effectiveness of social norm messaging in a green consumption context. The overall goal is to identify theory-based ways to increase consumer choice of biodegradable take-out food packaging with an extra charge versus single-use plastic with no charge in the US and South Korea. Results indicate that descriptive norm messaging is superior to prescriptive norm messaging in both countries. Prescriptive norm messaging produced significantly higher reactance and more negative attitudes toward the packaging selection experience in the US, suggesting serious backfire effects in that country, but not in South Korea. Results advance theory regarding the use of social norm messaging to increase consumers' willingness to pay an additional charge for take-out food packaging that is biodegradable versus single-use plastic. Managerial and policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic food packaging causes massive pollution in the environment via resource extraction, gas emissions, and the enduring plastic waste accumulation. Hence, it is of crucial importance to discover sustainable alternatives in order to protect ecosystems and conserve precious resources. Recently, seaweed has been emerging as a promising sustainable solution to plastic pollution. Seaweed is a fast-growing marine plant that is abundant in tropical coastlines and requires minimal resources to cultivate. In addition, seaweed is rich in valuable polysaccharides such as alginate, fucoidan, carrageenan, agar, and ulva, which can be extracted and processed into biodegradable films, coatings, and wraps. This ability allows the creation of an alternative to plastic food packages that are completely biodegradable, made from renewable resources, and do not linger in landfills or oceans for centuries. In this context, this review discusses the main classification of seaweed, their production and abundance in the world, and provides a summary of seaweed-based materials developed in the last 2–5 years for potential usage in the food packaging sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migration of chemical compounds from packaging polymers to food presents a multifaceted challenge with implications for food safety and public health. This review explores the interaction between packaging materials and food products, focusing on permeation, migration, and sorption processes. The different migration mechanisms of contact migration, gas phase migration, penetration migration, set-off migration, and condensation/distillation migration have been discussed comprehensively. The major migrating compounds are plasticizers, nanoparticles, antioxidants, light stabilizers, thermal stabilizers, monomers, oligomers, printing inks, and adhesives, posing potential health risks due to their association with endocrine disruption and carcinogenic effects. Advanced analytical methods help in the monitoring of migrated compounds, facilitating compliance with regulatory standards. Regulatory agencies enforce guidelines to limit migration, prompting the development of barrier coatings and safer packaging alternatives. Furthermore, there is a need to decipher the migration mechanism for mitigating it along with advancements in analytical techniques for monitoring the migration of compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organic food market's rapid expansion necessitates an understanding of factors influencing consumer behavior. This paper investigates the impact of packaging colors on perceptions and willingness to pay (WTP) for organic foods, utilizing an experimental auction among university students. Drawing on previous research, we explore how colors influence perceived healthiness, premiumness, trust, and sustainability. The results indicate nuanced responses to different colors, emphasizing the need for businesses to adopt tailored packaging strategies. White and green dominate organic food packaging, aligning with associations of freshness and health. However, the study uncovers varied consumer responses, suggesting a more intricate relationship between color, trust, premiumness, and healthiness perceptions. Demographic factors such as age, gender, income, and residence areas influence WTP for organic foods with different colors, emphasizing the importance of diverse consumer segments in marketing strategies. Trust and perceived premiumness significantly influence WTP, highlighting their pivotal role in consumer valuation. The results highlight that green packaging builds trust among non-organic buyers, while organic buyers are influenced by a broader range of colors that emphasize premiumness and healthiness. The study concludes that businesses in the organic food market should carefully consider color choices in branding and packaging to effectively communicate product qualities and align with consumer values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time monitoring of changes in packaged food is crucial to ensure safety and alleviate environmental issues. Accordingly, the development of indicators and sensors for smart packaging has long been anticipated, especially for gases related to food deterioration and microbial growth. However, the characteristics of indicators and sensors used in food packaging cannot be adjusted according to the specific food type, making it essential to select and apply suitable indicators and sensors for each type of food. In this review, the principles and characteristics of gas indicators and sensors for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ammonia that are commercialized or in the development phase were summarized, and their application status and prospects were assessed. Indicators and sensors for smart packaging are applied in forms such as films, labels, sachets, and devices. Their detection methods include redox reactions, analyte binding, enzyme reactions, pH changes, electron transfer, conformational changes, and electrode reactions. In this work, 9 types of indicators and sensors for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ammonia were evaluated based on their detection and indication methods, materials, sensitivity, detection range, limit of detection, and advantages and disadvantages in food applications. We anticipate our review will propose criteria for selecting the optimal indicators and sensors for specific foods. Furthermore, this review examines the current application status and future prospects of these indicators and sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional passive packaging plays a crucial role in food manufacturing by protecting foods from various external influences. Most packaging materials are polymer-based plastics derived from fossil carbon sources, which are favored for their versatility, aesthetic appeal, and cost-effectiveness. However, the extensive use of these materials poses significant environmental challenges due to their fossil-based origins and persistence in the environment. Global plastic consumption for packaging is expected to nearly triple by 2060, exacerbating the ecological crisis. Moreover, globalization has increased access to a diverse range of foods from around the world, heightening the importance of packaging in providing healthier and safer foods with extended shelf life. In response to these challenges, there is a growing shift to eco-friendly active packaging that not only protects but also preserves the authentic qualities of food, surpassing the roles of conventional passive packaging. This article provides a comprehensive review on the viability, benefits, and challenges of implementing bio-based biodegradable polymers in active food packaging, with the dual goals of environmental sustainability and extending food shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A precautionary specific migration limit of 40 µg/kg for styrene from food contact materials is currently under evaluation in Europe. In the ongoing discussion about applicable methods to demonstrate compliance, testing with food instead of simulants or total transfer calculations has been proposed. In this study, the residual styrene levels in high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) blended with general-purpose polystyrene (GPPS) were determined at several levels of the processing chain of yoghurt pots (from pellets to sheets, then to pots). The styrene migration from extruded sheets and thermoformed pots was analyzed in food simulants at 10 days/20 °C and 40 °C, as well as in yoghurt after storage at 8 °C after 50 days. The obtained results show that the residual styrene content in the PS materials correlates with migration. However, the migration of styrene was far below the total transfer assumption. Styrene migration from the sheets into food simulants and into yoghurt exceeded that migrating from the pots. Styrene migration into food simulants in 20% ethanol at 10 days/20 °C and 40 °C and, more clearly, in 50% ethanol at 10 days/40 °C, was higher than that into yoghurt tested on the best-before date. Styrene migration from PS pots into yoghurt after storage at 8 °C for 50 days reached up to 15 µg/kg (applying the EU cube model), which would be conservatively covered by testing the PS pots with 20% ethanol at 10 days/20 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent packaging has attracted research interest during the last decades. More specifically, food packaging is of great importance due to the utmost need to monitor and maintain food quality until consumption. Thus, there is a high demand for sensors capable of detecting gases such as CO2, emitted by packaged meat or chicken which serve as freshness indicators. In the present work, a sensor based on Cu2O nanocubes was fabricated and tested against CO2 at room temperature. Cu2O nanocubes were synthesized by solution‐based methods and deposited on commercial interdigitated electrodes. Specifically, the Cu2O‐based sensor successfully detected down to 5% CO2 (50,000 ppm) in the ambient atmosphere, at room temperature, with a response time of less than 90 s. This level of CO2 is in the range that indicates the unsuitability of packaged meat for consumption. Furthermore, the sensor was able to maintain its response to CO2 after being stored in the fridge for 20 days, showcasing its endurance under food maintenance conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-derived materials could play a major role in future supportable green and health technologies. Nontraditional materials such as proteins and biopolymers are observed for their probable use in the fabrication of bioplastics for packaging. In the present work, novel ternary composite films of chitosan (CS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), with different ratios of natural egg white (EW) and glycerol as a plasticizer, were fabricated by solution casting technique. The synthesized ternary composite films were characterized by UV–Vis absorption spectra, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The hydrophobicity of as-synthesized samples was confirmed by contact angle measurement. The microbiological screening analysis was established against bacteria viz. Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The attained results denoted that the film might be an appropriate applicant for food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing Italian consumers' choice of biodegradable and compostable packaging by using a hybrid framework that integrates the theory of planned behaviour with a discrete choice experiment. By analysing the interplay between internal and external factors and rational consumer evaluations, the research clarifies that consumers' choices can be explained by a combination of economic and psychological models, offering a more accurate representation of the driving forces behind consumer decisions. Applying latent class analysis, we identify consumer segments based on packaging preferences for packaged salad, knowledge of waste disposal rules and the psychological characteristics of a statistically representative sample of Italian consumers. The integration of a comprehensive behavioural model allows for the identification of psychological determinants that influence consumer behaviour, outlining detailed profiles of both early adopters and those most opposed to this technology. This research contributes to the literature on sustainable packaging and offers insights to marketers and policymakers for promoting the adoption of sustainable packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, most flexible food packaging is made of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) which cannot easily be recycled, nor will it degrade in a reasonable timescale. In this work, a biobased biodegradable polyester alternative was investigated as a possible replacement for LLDPE. High molecular weight poly (pentylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) with a 40/60 adipic acid/terephthalic acid mole ratio was synthesized using direct esterification and polycondensation. Glycerol and hexane‐1,2,5,6‐tetrol were added as branching agents to better match the structure of the LLDPE which in turn might help the ability of these materials in film‐blowing. Thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of the copolyesters were thoroughly investigated. All copolyesters had a weight‐average molecular weight of over 140,000 g/mol, which is necessary for proper rheology, and were thermally stable up to 350°C. The addition of branching agents led to a slight decrease in crystallinity, d‐spacing, melting temperature, enthalpy of melting, stress at break, and elongation at break. However, an increase in Young's modulus and complex viscosity at high frequency were observed compared to PPeAT60 without branching agent added. Although the improved crystallinity and mechanical properties of the copolyesters made them viable for film‐blowing, the slow crystallization rate creates a major challenge. Highlights: Linear and branched poly(pentylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PPeAT) synthesized.Properties compared to commercial poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT).Glass and melting temperatures comparable to commercial PBAT.Extensional and shear viscosity comparable to commercial PBAT.PPeAT stiffness is factor of 2 higher than PBAT; ultimate properties similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory intermediaries—organizations that operate between regulators (public and private) and target groups—perform a range of important functions. While most previous research has focused on intermediaries that have been delegated official authority, in this paper we focus on unofficial and informal intermediary functions aiming to advance the governance of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) chemicals. Chemical pollution is a growing environmental and health concern, leading to both public and private regulatory initiatives. By studying a particular segment—paperboard food packaging in Sweden—the study generates insights into critical functions performed by unofficial intermediaries (Svenskt Vatten and ChemSec) in this regulatory regime, which extend and expand regulatory reach in various ways. The study also shows the importance of different types of intermediaries that interact in dynamic ways, and the role of material artifacts in processes of intermediation. These unofficial functions are arguably important for the functioning of complex, hybrid forms of governance, but they also prompt critical questions about the effectiveness, legitimacy, and role of intermediaries in generating needed transformative change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that fluoridated reagents for oil and water resistance are harmful to the human bodies and the environment. Consequently, the developments of nontoxic, environmentally friendly, fluorine‐free and degradable materials have received increasing attentions. Here, we introduce a novel method for fabricating a hydrophobic and oleophobic paper‐based packaging material through the application of chitosan/carnauba wax emulsions. These emulsions were prepared via high‐shear homogenization, blending melted carnauba wax with chitosan in acetic acid aqueous solutions. The stable chitosan/carnauba wax emulsion with particle size of 430 nm was prepared at the chitosan concentration of 1.5 wt%, the carnauba wax concentration of 8 wt% and temperature of 85 °C. After 10 g/m2 of chitosan/carnauba wax emulsion was applied to the paper surface, the oil and water resistance of the paper was significantly improved. The experimental results of kit rating value, oil contact angle, Cobb60 value and water contact angle were 9.5 ± 0.6, 86.6 ± 2.1°, 8.90 ± 1.62 g/m2 and 123.5 ± 2.6°, respectively. The application of chitosan/carnauba wax emulsion coating on papers provided a significantly lower water vapour transmission rate (WVTR, 78.45 ± 18.92 g/m2·24 h) and oxygen transmission rate (OTR, 94.26 ± 20.21 g/m2·24 h) as compared to the original paper, which met the needs of strawberry packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles (NPs) in a variety of types are used in food packaging films. Ag NPs and Ag@TiO2 NPs were embedded in polyethylene (PE) and polylactic acid (PLA) based films in an effort to create unique films that would effectively extend the shelf life of beluga sturgeon fish. To achieve this, 22 films were formulated. Two of them were nominated based on an antibacterial evaluation. Pure PE and PLA were selected as control groups. TEM, SEM, FTIR, EDX, AFM, and tensile strength were employed to study the films chemically, physically, and mechanically. The films were used to package beluga sturgeon fish for 6 days, and then humidity, TVN, PV, and colony count were measured. According to the results, Ag@TiO2 NPs had higher antibacterial activity than AgNPs. Films with 3% of Ag@TiO2 NPs showed higher microorganism growth inhibition. The addition of Ag@TiO2 NPs increased the mechanical properties. Both selected films, controlled humidity (<70%), TVN (20 mg/100 g fish), and PV (<6 meq gr O2/kg fat) after 6 days. It was also confirmed that Ag@TiO2 NPs showed notable antibacterial activity after 6 days. The best results belonged to PE + 3% Ag@TiO2 film. To sum up, PE + 3% Ag@TiO2 film can be a good candidate for marine food packaging. Highlights: Ag and Ag@TiO2 nanoparticles were studied on polyethylene and polylactic acid.This packaging reveals the favorable effect of Ag@TiO2.This packaging prolongs fish's shelf life under refrigeration.Ag@TiO2 increased both mechanical strength and barrier properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoclays, a specific type of nanomaterial, have emerged as versatile and dynamic materials, with tremendous potential for advanced functional applications. Despite publishing a large number of research articles, there are relatively few review articles on this topic. This comprehensive review delves into the most widely used nanoclays and explores the diverse range of applications in different fields, such as aerospace, automobile, construction, biomedical, food packaging, and polymer composites. With their ability to enhance the performance of materials and products, nanoclays have become a highly desired material in various industries. The challenges associated with nanoclays like complex properties, difficulty in developing new synthesis methods, and challenges in investigating long‐term durability and stability have been summarized. The future research directions with the exciting possibilities to develop future innovative materials have been highlighted at the end of the article. Highlights: This review provides an extensive examination of the most widely used nanoclays, detailing their properties, types, and limitations.A summary of publication trends over the last 15 years, based on Scopus data up to 2024, indicates growing interest and research output in nanoclays.Applications of nanoclays span across aerospace, automobile, construction, biomedical, food packaging, and polymer composites, showcasing their versatility.Key challenges discussed include complex properties, difficulties in new synthesis methods, and issues in long‐term durability and stability.Future research directions highlight the potential for developing innovative materials using nanoclays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential for children in their early childhood to possess early literacy. Over the past decade, there has been relatively limited exploration of multisensory approaches to enhance literacy skills in early childhood. Consequently, this study aims to conduct a scoping review to identify and synthesize research supporting multisensory programs as an early literacy intervention for children. We conducted searches in seven databases that were published from 2012 to 2022, resulting in the inclusion of sixteen articles meeting the specified criteria. Our findings reveal several forms of multisensory programs that parents can carry out to improve early literacy skills: i) visual (e.g., drawing, interpreting the meaning of the words/sentences they read, playing with alphabet cards, reading words or sentences correctly, and reading labels on food and toy packaging); ii) auditory (e.g., singing, reading story books, mentioning letter sound symbols, spelling syllables, language activities, speeches, and storytelling); iii) kinesthetic (e.g., dividing words according to syllables in children using media strips, writing, clapping, marching, dancing, and drama); and iv) tactile (e.g., write the word with the index finger on the flannel/cloth). Most of the included studies employed experimental or quasi-experimental study designs. Thus, future studies are advised to incorporate randomized controlled trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polylactic acid (PLA) is the main candidate among the synthetic polymers for food packaging application. However, its poor processing and mechanical performance have limited its practical application. Here, we prepared a supertough thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) using PLA and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer with optimized EVA composition. The dynamic curing agent, dicumyl peroxide (DCP), was used as EVA-DCP masterbatch to improve its curing efficiency. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were further used as the biocompatible and renewable nanofiller, used in the form of PLA-CNC masterbatch, leading to improved mechanical strength and shape memory performance (SMP). Dynamically curing the thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) precursors diminished the temperature-dependency of elastic modulus ( E ′ ) prior to PLA's glass transition. Thus, improving the shape fixity (FR) of the TPVs compared to their TPEs as the TPVs showed F R > 98 % while the TPV60 (60% PLA) showed the highest FR of 100%. The TPVs showed higher recovery ratio (RR) with R R > 87.25 % with the TPV60 containing 1.5% CNC, which showed the highest RR of 94.1%. The mechanical performance analyses showed that the optimized TPV: CNC possesses a supertough nature, achieved by tuning the rheological behavior and morphology of the final TPVs. The results were quite promising for smart food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pet‐food industry growth and demand for specialized product offerings have generated new opportunities for companies to enhance their competitiveness and profitability through effective product differentiation. Recent rise in e‐commerce and technological advancements for capturing and analyzing online customer review data provide new opportunities for large‐scale assessment of customer perceptions of product attributes. This paper presents an integrated qualitative and quantitative approach for utilizing online customer review data to generate insights for informing pet‐food industry product and marketing decisions. The results from the analysis of 5632 online reviews of two pet‐food products highlight (i) product attributes that effectively differentiate (or put on par) two competing pet‐food products, (ii) identify product attributes that are most important for customer postpurchase experience, and (iii) estimate the effect of specific attributes on customers' positive (or negative) postpurchase experience. Specific pet‐food attributes examined include packaging, health/benefit, ingredient, taste, smell, appearance/form, natural/organic, processing, sourcing, small/large breed, price, and service. The advantages of this approach include its ability to leverage large amounts of easily accessible data and its generalizability to the analysis of other consumer goods that have significant online sales and customer review data [EconLit Citations: Q13, M31]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review covers the progress in recent years on pH-responsive polymers integrated with natural colorants. The classification of various natural colorants, including anthocyanin, curcumin, and alizarin, and the pigments' structural changes at different pH are introduced. Subsequently, the latest research in substrates for immobilizing natural colorants is discussed. Moreover, their applications on wound dressing for bacterial infections monitoring, smart package for food quality monitoring, and textile dyeing, are outlined. Finally, this study was summarized by emphasizing the current challenges and future opportunities in the field of pH-responsive polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aims of this scoping review were to examine the extent to which food packaging life cycle assessment studies included food waste specifically attributed to food packaging, overall and by food category; synthesise outcomes in terms of the ability of packaging solutions to minimise food waste; and identify areas of future research to provide a comprehensive understanding of where future packaging LCA efforts could be directed. Methods: This article presents a scoping review of 23 peer-reviewed papers on food packaging LCAs that explicitly accounted for packaging-related food waste. The articles were analysed by the major food product categories examined in the LCAs. The review examined the: (i) distribution of LCAs across food product categories, (ii) packaging materials/solutions assessed, (iii) food waste related packaging functions evaluated, and (iv) additional factors that influence packaging-related food waste (e.g., consumer behaviour). Results and discussion: Most of the reviewed LCAs focused on food categories associated with high environmental impacts such as animal-based products (meat and dairy) and highly perishable products (fresh fruits and vegetables). Plastic was the most frequently evaluated packaging material. Shelf-life extension was the most evaluated food waste related packaging attribute, and was found to play an important role in preventing food waste, especially within high impact food categories. Conclusions: The small number of studies identified in this review highlights a need for greater attention to food waste across more food categories in future food packaging LCAs. Similarly, there is considerable potential for greater consideration of packaging attributes relevant to different food product categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve starch straws with high strength and large toughness, the effects of annealing time on structural and functional performances of mung bean starch straws were studied. The results revealed that with increasing annealing time from 0to 60 min, the ratios of 1047 cm−1/1022 cm−1 in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy decreased from 1.37 to 1.20, and the relative crystallinities decreased from 12.09% to 11.01%. The relative crystallinity increased to 13.28% when annealing time increased to 120 min. The maximum bending force increased from 10.93 to 104.24 N, and modulus of elasticity enhanced from 0.93 to 62.68 N/mm when annealing time increased from 0 to 120 min. Starch straws annealed for 120 min had the lowest water absorption (94.61%), while starch straws annealed for 60 min had the highest water absorption (127.38%). This outcome not only lay a theoretical foundation for preparing biodegradable starch straws with excellent performance, but also apply for beverages, food container, food packaging films, and so on, strongly promoting starch industrial transformation and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since polymer nanocomposites provide a versatile method to improve safety and protection in various applications, they are essential in tackling the problem of microbial infections. These nanocomposites are designed to actively prevent the growth of bacteria by including antimicrobial agents such as functional groups or nanoparticles. In the present article, copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via the green method using the solution method. The grafting of N‐ethyl piperazine (NEP) to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer was carried out to obtain NEP–PVC polymer using solution polymerization technique and further reacted with CuO nanoparticles to obtain polymernanocomposite which was characterized using FTIR and 1H‐NMR, SEM, TEM, DLS, and XRD. The comparison in the antibacterial activity of nanocomposite and the synthesized polymer was carried out to determine its efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the spread plate method. Our findings indicate that NEP–PVC‐based nanocomposite after incorporating copper oxide nanoparticles has enhanced the antibacterial properties over NEP–PVC polymer, henceforth a promising candidate to be used in medical devices, food packaging, and surface coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pectin from Taiwan Citrus depressa Hayata's peels (CDH pectin) and sodium alginate (Na alginate) were mixed in neutral acidity to produce microhydrogel beads or microspheres. The potential use of the microspheres such as encapsulation materials for quercetin and nobiletin, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity, toxic elements absorption ability, and thermal characteristics were explored. Results: Different ratios of CDH pectin and Na alginate produced microspheres of varying sizes and shapes. The highest yield (47.59%) with the broadest diameter was obtained at a Na alginate—CDH pectin ratio of 2:1, while the smallest yield was obtained from Na alginate—CDH pectin ratio of 1:3 (24.13%). Increasing the amount of Na alginate resulted in more spherical microspheres, higher heavy metals (cobalt and nickel) removal rates, yet a lower swelling ratio. A high pectin concentration also increased the encapsulation efficiency of quercetin and nobiletin, reaching 91.5% and 86.74%, respectively. Quercetin and nobiletin release analysis (in vitro) showed a slow release of drugs from the microspheres. Less than 20% quercetin and nobiletin were released from the microspheres in SGF (simulated gastric fluid) pH 1.2 solution after 2 h and more than 40% of the encapsulated drug was released in SIF (simulated intestinal fluid) pH 6.8 after 4 h. The strong DPPH scavenging activity of quercetin (99%) was not hindered by encapsulation materials. ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry) analysis demonstrated that the biopolymer can absorb cobalt and nickel from water. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) result showed that the combination of CDH pectin and Na alginate produced a biopolymer that exhibited a weight loss of only 1.86–4.33% at 100 °C. Conclusions: These findings suggest that microspheres produced from CDH pectin cross-linked with sodium alginate had potential in nobiletin and quercetin encapsulation. Moreover, the polymer could absorb heavy metals and exhibit an important characteristic for hot food and beverage packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centella asiatica is a medicinal herb, well known for its phytochemical activities because of the presence of terpenoids and polyphenols, which contribute to the bioactivity of herb extract that can be effectively utilized in the packaging industry. Biopolymers infused with C. asiatica extract could be a promising solution in the food sector. The antibacterial and antioxidant qualities of C. asiatica can help preserve the quality and lengthen the freshness of food products, thereby preventing food loss. Selection of a suitable extraction method is essential to retain the yield and properties of the bioactive compounds of C. asiatica extract. Many research has been conducted on the separation of C. asiatica by using conventional and novel extraction techniques and its execution in packaging as a functional component. This review provides an overview of the extraction of phytochemicals from C. asiatica and its utilization in biopolymer film as an active component to modify the packaging film characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractChlorogenic acid (CGA) that exhibits various bioactivities holds promise as a natural and safe medicinal agent or food supplement for promoting human health. However, the direct formulation for treatment is severely limited by its low water solubility, poor bioavailability, low plasma stability, and side effects caused by high doses. Fortunately, nanotechnology is widely applied for drug delivery to overcome the partial disadvantages of traditional drug molecules or naturally active components. The properties of CGA containing multiple hydroxyl groups as a green reductant and stabilizer have made the development of CGA-loaded nanomaterials possible. In this review, recent advancements in the design of CGA-loaded nanomaterials based on organic or inorganic nanomaterials were discussed, and the positive effects of nanomaterials on the release properties of active molecules and their targeted distribution in biological systems were indicated. These nanomaterials enhance the physiological activity of CGA in the treatment of various diseases. Moreover, in the field of food, CGA-loaded nanocomposites have been found to optimize the mechanical properties of nano-food packaging, leading to an extended shelf life of food products. The findings of this review provide a valuable foundation and reference for the development of novel CGA-loaded nanomedicines and nano-food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last ten years, researchers' efforts have aimed to replace the classic linear economy model with the circular economy model, favoring green chemical and industrial processes. From this point of view, biologically active molecules, coming from plants, flowers and biomass, are gaining considerable value. In this study, firstly we focus on the development of a green protocol to obtain the purification of anthocyanins from the flower of Callistemon citrinus, based on simulation and on response surface optimization methodology. After that, we utilize them to manufacture and add new properties to bioplastics belonging to class 3, based on modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with increasing amounts from 0.10 to 1.00%. The new polymers are analyzed to monitor morphological changes, optical properties, mechanical properties and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the new materials show the characteristic bands of the PVA alone and a modification of the band at around 1138 cm−1 and 1083 cm−1, showing an influence of the anthocyanins' addition on the sequence with crystalline and amorphous structures of the starting materials, as also shown by the results of the mechanical tests. These last showed an increase in thickening (from 29.92 μm to approx. 37 μm) and hydrophobicity with the concomitant increase in the added anthocyanins (change in wettability with water from 14° to 31°), decreasing the poor water/moisture resistance of PVA that decreases its strength and limits its application in food packaging, which makes the new materials ideal candidates for biodegradable packaging to extend the shelf-life of food. The functionalization also determines an increase in the opacity, from 2.46 to 3.42 T%/mm, the acquisition of antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals and, in the ferric reducing power assay, the antimicrobial (bactericidal) activity against different Staphylococcus aureus strains at the maximum tested concentration (1.00% of anthocyanins). On the whole, functionalization with anthocyanins results in the acquisition of new properties, making it suitable for food packaging purposes, as highlighted by a food fresh-keeping test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, research on functional packaging films and their application to food preservation has been actively conducted. This review discusses recent advances and opportunities for using quercetin in developing bio-based packaging films for active food packaging. Quercetin is a plant-based yellow pigment flavonoid with many useful biological properties. Quercetin is also a GRAS food additive approved by the US FDA. Adding quercetin to the packaging system improves the physical performance as well as the functional properties of the film. Therefore, this review focused on quercetin's effect on the various packaging film properties, such as mechanical, barrier, thermal, optical, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and so on. The properties of films containing quercetin depend on the type of polymer and the interaction between the polymer and quercetin. Films functionalized with quercetin are useful in extending shelf life and maintaining the quality of fresh foods. Quercetin-added packaging systems can be very promising for sustainable active packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This article aimed at reviewing recent developments shaping the future of antimicrobial edible food packaging. The main issues discussed in the article are (i) factors (e.g. waste valorisation, sustainability, health and environmental concerns, religious concerns, etc.) causing emerging of alternative hydrocolloids extracted from farming/processing wastes of plants, animals, fungi, insects, snails, etc. as antimicrobial edible packaging material; (ii) emerging methods of manufacturing antimicrobial packaging (e.g. extruded and co‐extruded antimicrobial casings, antimicrobial electrospun mats, and electrosprayed films, coatings and particles); (iii) emerging concepts in using natural antimicrobials in edible packaging such as using narrow‐ or broad‐spectrum antimicrobials, synergetic mixtures, and controlled release strategies based on nanoencapsulation (e.g. Pickering emulsions, nanoemulsions, inclusion complexes, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers). This review helps discovering the future of active edible packaging that is expected to play a central role in improving food safety and quality, human health and environmentally friendly practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) of Xylan (Xyl) and Chitosan (Ch) were investigated as coating materials to enhance paper properties for food packaging applications. These complexes were blended with different contents of micro/nanofibrillated cellulose (M/NFC) (5–20 wt% of total dry coating weight) to explore potential synergistic effects. The rheological strength and gel properties of the resulting Xyl/Ch PEC-M/NFC formulations were assessed. Coated papers underwent comprehensive analyses, including examinations of morphology, oxygen and water vapor barrier properties, mechanical strength, and printing characteristics. The addition of M/NFC resulted in increased shear viscosity and yield stress of the coating formulations. Additionally, it enhanced the surface wettability of the coated papers, leading to higher contact angles when measured with water and castor oil. Xyl/Ch PEC coated paper exhibited a drastic reduction in Gurley air permeability and development of enhanced barrier properties compared to the base paper. On the other hand, the printing properties, including gamut area, gamut volume and optical density of the Xyl/Ch PEC coated papers, were superior to those of papers coated only with starch. These results demonstrate the promising potential of Xyl/Ch PEC-M/NFC coating formulations for enhancing paper properties and their suitability for food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food packaging materials are an important aspect of our day-to-day lives. The use of commercial food packaging materials such as polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polycarbonate, and polyvinylchloride was employed in the production of disposable plates, sheets, bowls, cups, spoons, tumblers, and films. These disposable plastic containers, discarded from takeaway orders, decompose after many years. To address these issues, the packaging industries focus on producing biodegradable packaging materials that are designed to reduce waste. Thus, in this work, healthy, environment-friendly, and organic packing materials based on banana leaves for food packing applications are developed by using the compression moulding method. Mechanical properties, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), morphology, and wettability analysis were carried out for processed banana leaves and fresh banana leaves. The tensile strength of 30-, 60-, 90-, and 120-day-old processed leaves was found to be 39%, 36%, 34%, and 30% higher when compared to fresh leaves, respectively. The crystalline index (CI) of fresh banana leaves and processed banana leaves was 40.19% and 51.61%, respectively. The TGA results revealed that the processed leaves were thermally stable up to 230 °C. A hydrophilic Wenzel state can be seen on the adaxial side of fresh banana leaves, while a strongly hydrophobic Cassie-Baxter state can be seen on the abaxial side. The processed banana leaves showed an enhanced shelf life of 150 days without the addition of any chemicals, resulting in a sustainable bio-based material substitute for both plastic and paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological conversion of methane into poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) presents a promising strategy for addressing greenhouse gas emissions and plastic pollution. This study presents a novel approach for the production of PHB from methane using Methylosinus trichosporium 11131. The integrated two-phase process involves the generation of high-density methanotrophic biomass in phase I, followed by the enrichment of PHB in phase II using nutritional modulation. Under optimal growth conditions, a biomass titer of 3.82 ± 0.01 g/L was achieved, and subsequent nitrate starvation led to the accumulation of PHB (41.24 ± 0.83 % w/w). Further optimization by exposing the cells to excess methane concentration (5% v/v) and nitrate starvation increased the PHB content to 52.42 ±1.03% w/w. The scalability of the process was demonstrated in a 5-L stirred tank bioreactor, yielding a PHB concentration of 2.02 ± 0.04 g/L. The suitability of the extracted PHB as a degradable food packaging material was evaluated by a comprehensive analysis of its thermal, structural, mechanical, physical, and molecular properties. Our results suggest that the PHB obtained from Methylosinus trichosporium 11131 can serve as a promising alternative to petroleum-based plastics due to its superior properties and biodegradability. Overall, this study presents an innovative biotechnological approach for the conversion of methane into a valuable biopolymer and highlights its potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the advancements in biodegradable food packaging materials derived from wheat. Wheat, a predominant global cereal crop, offers a sustainable alternative to conventional single-use plastics through its starch, gluten, and fiber components. This study highlights the fabrication processes of wheat-based materials, including solvent casting and extrusion, and their applications in enhancing the shelf life and quality of packaged foods. Recent innovations demonstrate effectiveness in maintaining food quality, controlling moisture content, and providing microbiological protection. Despite the promising potential, challenges such as moisture content and interfacial adhesion in composites remain. This review concludes with an emphasis on the environmental benefits and future trends in wheat-based packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food packaging is a crucial domain of green design and serves as an important channel for conveying green concepts to consumers. Effective packaging design not only achieves environmental sustainability but also fosters green awareness among consumers, promoting sustainable development. Therefore, it is essential to explore the relationship between food packaging design and consumers' perception of green concepts. To enhance the influence of food packaging on consumers' green awareness and stimulate their environmentally conscious behaviors, this study employs a literature review and case analysis to extract the key elements of green design in food packaging and the common green concepts they convey. Using the conjoint analysis method (CAM), various combinations of representative elements were established and used to design sample packaging. Through questionnaire evaluation and user interviews, the study examined the differences in the strength of influence that various elements and their combinations have on consumers' perception of green concepts. The results reveal that, among all factors affecting consumers' perception of green concepts in food packaging, color is the most effective and direct way to communicate green information and evoke green awareness. This is followed by material, structure, text, and patterns. The combination of material and structure is the most effective way for users to perceive green concepts, while the combination of color and structure is the least effective. Consumers are most likely to associate biodegradable materials with green concepts. This study furtherly elucidates the relationship between green food packaging design and consumers' green awareness and offers practical design strategies for embedding green concepts in food packaging by focusing on the selection of color, material, and structure to express different types of green ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioplastics are biobased or biodegradable plastic synthesized from natural resources with similar features to conventional plastic and environmental sustainability. Seaweed species abundant in the coastal regions of Bangladesh are yet to be explored for developing biodegradable plastic to solve the plastic pollution problem. Semi‐refined kappa carrageenan was extracted from Gracilaria sp. with Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) and blended with sorbitol and polyethylene glycol 1540 in this study, respectively. The presence of carrageenan and other functional groups was confirmed with FTIR analysis. The bioplastic films showed over 90 % biodegradability after 16 days of soil burial test and 98 % water solubility after immersion for 16 days. Maximum 20 MPa tensile strength and 44 % elongation were observed from the bioplastic films. The polyethylene glycol 1540 blended films showed better physical and mechanical properties. SEM analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of tensile strength and elongation on the surface integrity of the bioplastic films. The findings indicate that Gracilaria sp. found in the coastal regions of Bangladesh, can be a potential candidate for developing bioplastics for food packaging and many other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on enhancing the antibacterial properties of packaging films derived from Pectin and Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) by incorporating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Pectin and CMC were sourced from grapefruit peels to utilize agricultural by‐products and introduce sustainable alternatives to petroleum‐based packaging films. A comprehensive characterization of the films was conducted to assess their morphology, functionality, and physical/mechanical attributes. The Pectin/CMC/AgNPs composite exhibits superior mechanical properties, achieving a peak tensile strength of 33.01 MPa and an elongation at a break of 22.93 %. The antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) strains of Pectin/CMC and Pectin/CMC/AgNPs films was examined. In addition, the preservation efficacy of green grapes using those films was evaluated over 10 days, focusing on maintaining grape weight, organic acid, and vitamin C content. Results demonstrate that all films possess notable mechanical durability, with the Pectin/CMC/AgNPs film demonstrating superior antibacterial activity. Green grapes preserved with the Pectin/CMC/AgNPs film exhibit the highest fruit weight retention, and the highest maintenance in acid, and vitamin C content, underscoring the remarkable enhancement achieved by incorporating AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing global palm oil production yields a valuable palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) – a rich vitamin E (Vit‐E) source and multifunctional ingredient in the food agro‐industry – that can be utilized to achieve sustainability. This article reviews trends in the use and role of PFAD and its Vit‐E in the food sector and proposes an integrated agro‐industrial concept toward sustainability. Vit‐E can be separated from PFAD with diverse and impactful pharmaceutical activities, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer and anti‐ultraviolet effects. Based on in vivo experimental tests, PFAD and Vit‐E supplementation can enhance the productivity and quality of livestock‐based food products. PFAD is a plasticizer and antistatic packaging material in food packaging systems, and its derivatives can be used as food additives. Meanwhile, the Vit‐E molecule in packaging can extend food shelf life by maintaining color stability, reducing lipid oxidation and rancidity, adding antimicrobial properties, and influencing changes in packaging properties such as water vapor, tensile strength, melting point and other physical properties. Toward sustainability, an integrated agro‐industrial design has been proposed to implement clean production, increase the added value of palm oil industry residues, minimize environmental risks and increase profits to achieve long‐term social welfare. In conclusion, PFAD residues and their Vit‐E content have shown broad benefits in the food sector and prospects toward sustainability. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Incorporating inorganic particles is a common approach to preparing polymeric materials with desirable physical properties and processability. However, this often results in increased brittleness, necessitating methods to improve melt strength and toughness. In this study, in situ polymerization was employed to functionalize silica nanoparticles with the silane coupling agent (3‐aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) as a core. A flexible chain segment, poly(butylene itaconate) (PBI), was then introduced as a “rubbery” intermediate layer, resulting in a core‐shell structure of poly(L‐lactic‐co‐butanediol itaconate) nano‐silica copolymer films (PLBISiO2) with both branched and “rubbery” structures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) confirmed the formation of macromolecular chains, with the molecular weight (Mn) of PLBI increasing from 59,638 to 74,306 g/mol. This significant increase supports the “rubbery” core‐shell structure. When 0.5% SiO2 was added, the T5% of the film increased by 40°C, significantly improving thermal stability. Additionally, the elongation at break increased to 265.7%, while retaining the original tensile strength. Dynamic rheology experiments further confirmed the generation of branched or “rubbery” core‐shell structures, and a doubling of gas barrier properties was observed with increased silica nanoparticles, suggesting potential applications in food packaging or biopharmaceuticals. Nanocomposites with core‐shell structure and improved mechanical properties. Dynamic rheology experiments confirmed the formation of the core‐shell structure. Significantly improved gas barrier properties due to core‐shell structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an innovative process for directly transforming poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), a polymer extensively used in food and beverage packaging, into trans‐isomer‐enriched 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM), a key ingredient in advanced specialty polymers. Our approach leverages a dual‐catalyst system featuring palladium on reduced graphene oxide (Pd/r‐GO) and oxalate‐gel‐derived copper‐zinc oxide (og‐CuZn), utilizing hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis relay catalysis. This method efficiently transforms PET into polyethylene‐1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylate (PECHD), which is then converted into CHDM with an impressive overall yield of 95 % in a two‐stage process. Our process effectively handles various post‐consumer PET plastics, converting them into CHDM with yields between 78 % and 89 % across different substrates. Additionally, we demonstrate the applicability and scalability of this approach through a temperature‐programmed three‐stage relay process on a 10‐gram scale, which results in purified CHDM with an isolated yield of 87 % and a notably higher trans/cis ratio of up to 4.09/1, far exceeding that of commercially available CHDM. This research not only provides a viable route for repurposing PET waste but also enhances the control of selectivity patterns in multistage relay catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The white button mushroom is a significant vegan food with a limited shelf‐life. To prolong the shelf‐life of mushrooms, certain treatment must be implemented. The current investigation is involved in the development of biocomposite film (BCF) by employing cellulose nano crystal (CNC), dispersed in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. The CNC extracted from aloe vera rind exhibited a sharp crystalline peak and rod‐shaped structures with a particle size of ~322.7 nm. Among the various concentrations of the CNC, incorporated in the BCF, the 8% CNC (BCF‐8%)‐loaded film showed the highest mechanical strength of ~166.73 MPa and a best crystallinity pattern. The study examined the synergistic impact of BCF along with neroli and palmarosa essential oil vapours, which effectively preserved the overall physiochemical properties and sensory characteristics of white button mushrooms for up to 8 days of storage. Hence, these innovative packaging systems are suitable substitute for the commercial food grade packaging to maintain the quality of mushrooms during postharvest storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based materials and edible films have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional packaging materials, offering sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. This mini-review highlights the significance of plant-based materials derived from polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, showcasing their renewable and biodegradable nature. The properties of edible films, including mechanical strength, barrier properties, optical characteristics, thermal stability, and shelf-life extension, are explored, showcasing their suitability for food packaging and other applications. Moreover, the application of 3D printing technology allows for customized designs and complex geometries, paving the way for personalized nutrition. Functionalization strategies, such as active and intelligent packaging, incorporation of bioactive compounds, and antimicrobial properties, are also discussed, offering additional functionalities and benefits. Challenges and future directions are identified, emphasizing the importance of sustainability, scalability, regulation, and performance optimization. The potential impact of plant-based materials and edible films is highlighted, ranging from reducing reliance on fossil fuels to mitigating plastic waste and promoting a circular economy. In conclusion, plant-based materials and edible films hold great potential in revolutionizing the packaging industry, offering sustainable alternatives to conventional materials. Embracing these innovations will contribute to reducing plastic waste, promoting a circular economy, and creating a sustainable and resilient planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBisphenol A (BPA), a known endocrine disruptor, is commonly used in food containers and packaging. Recently, alternatives such as bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol B (BPB), and bisphenol E (BPE) have been introduced to replace BPA. However, these substitutes have been reported to exhibit toxicity levels similar to BPA. In this study, we developed and validated a method for the analysis of trace bisphenols (BPA, BPAF, BPB, and BPE) in food using immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up. The method demonstrated satisfactory accuracy and precision. We applied this validated method to analyze 56 carbonated beverage samples and 30 canned tuna samples. In the carbonated beverages, average concentrations of BPA and BPAF were 0.4 and 0.2 μg kg−1, respectively. In canned tuna, BPA and BPAF were found at average concentrations of 22.2 and 0.7 μg kg−1, respectively, while BPB and BPE were not detected in any samples. Estimated exposure levels ranged from 0.13 to 0.18 ng kg bw−1 day−1 in the general population and from 205.2 to 232.0 ng kg bw−1 day−1 among consumers. The commercial IAC-based analytical method used in this study can contribute to the safety management of BPA, BPAF, BPB, and BPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food labels serve as a critical tool for conveying essential information to consumers, particularly those with food allergies. The European Union has implemented stringent regulations mandating the clear identification of 14 priority allergens on food packaging, a crucial step in safeguarding consumer health. This paper reviews the latest regulations in Europe regarding allergen labelling, exploring the effectiveness of these regulations and their impact on consumer safety. While the regulations have led to improvements in the clarity of allergen information, challenges remain, particularly regarding the consistency and standardization of labelling practices across different brands and products. Additionally, the voluntary nature of Precautionary Allergen Labelling (PAL) has led to consumer mistrust and confusion, highlighting the need for more standardized and transparent labelling practices. The paper concludes by recommending further harmonization of allergen labelling regulations and the development of clearer guidelines to enhance consumer confidence and protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, biodegradable Chitosan–Nano-Cellulose–Nisin (CH-NC-N) film was synthesized and utilized for antibacterial application in medicine and food packaging. The antibacterial chitosan–nano-cellulose–nisin film was characterized using various techniques such as mechanical and physical properties analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The film ’ s ability to inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli XDR, Klebsiella pneumonia XDR, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus was examined. Furthermore, the film was used for meat packaging at a temperature of 4°C for a duration of 26 days. Data analysis revealed an improvement in the mechanical properties and water absorption of the film following the addition of nano-cellulose and nisin. The presence of nisin in the CH-CN film was confirmed through analysis of FTIR, XRD, and SEM data. Antimicrobial analysis of film determined the high potential of nisin as an antimicrobial agent in CH-CN-N film. Compared to the control, the CH-CN-N film successfully inhibited the growth of spoilage bacteria in meat for 26 days. Additionally, the sensory properties of meat packaged with this film were minimally affected. These results indicate that the chitosan-nano-cellulose-nisin film is suitable for utilization in food systems and medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymers‐based food packaging materials have drawn attention as potential candidates for substitution of petroleum‐based materials. In this study, composite alginate films were developed by incorporating Zn‐based antimicrobials to overcome the intrinsic disadvantages of alginates that hinder their wide applications. Antimicrobials with different morphologies (nanoplatelets, nanorods, and nanospheres) were employed to investigate the effects of antimicrobials' morphology on antibacterial, thermal, mechanical, and barrier performance of composite alginate films. Meanwhile, morphological and structural characterizations were carried out to explore the interactions between antimicrobials and alginate matrix. Results indicated that films with nanospheres exhibited superior antibacterial property, while those with one‐dimensional nanorods possessed better mechanical and barrier performance. Besides, preliminary test on fresh‐cut potatoes and chicken breasts indicated that the composite films showed potential in extending shelf life of foods. By incorporating antimicrobials with three different morphologies, this study provides particular insights into improving properties of composite packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]