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Oral bioavailability of glibenclamide (Glb) was appreciably improved by the formation of an amorphous solid dispersion with Poloxamer‐188 (P‐188). Poloxamer‐188 substantially enhanced the solubility and thereby the dissolution rate of the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class II drug Glb and simultaneously exhibited a better stabilizing effect of the amorphous solid dispersion prepared by the solvent evaporation method. The physical state of the dispersed Glb in the polymeric matrix was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared studies. In vitro drug release in buffer (pH 7.2) revealed that the amorphous solid dispersion at a Glb–P‐188 ratio of 1:6 (SDE4) improved the dissolution of Glb by 90% within 3 h. A pharmacokinetic study of the solid dispersion formulation SDE4 in Wistar rats showed that the oral bioavailability of the drug was greatly increased as compared with the market tablet formulation, Daonil®. The formulation SDE4 resulted in an AUC0–24h ~2‐fold higher. The SDE4 formulation was found to be stable during the study period of 6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These days, natural fibers are used extensively as reinforcement in biocomposites because of their valuable characteristics, which include biodegradability, non-toxicity, and lightweight. Bagasse, halfa grass, and coir natural fibers are high-cellulose fibers that are cheap and abundant in India. The fibers from bagasse, halfa grass, and coir were extracted and treated with 5% NaOH. The properties of untreated and alkali treated fibers were investigated, and experimental determinations were made for their mechanical, thermal, chemical, and morphological properties, including tensile strength, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). A comparative study of untreated and treated fibers was carried out. It is interesting to note that coir fiber possesses significant high tensile of 183 MPa and thermal properties (31% of weight retention at 600 °C) than the others. FT-IR analyses were carried out to ascertain the chemical composition of three raw and alkali-treated fibers. The morphological examination of all three alkali-treated fibers using a SEM interpreted the removal of pollutants on the surface of the treated fibers. This study interprets that alkali-treated coir fiber possesses significantly better mechanical properties compared to other two fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Recently, there has been a significant transition in the dietary preferences of consumers toward foods containing health-promoting compounds. In addition, as people's environmental awareness increases, they are increasingly looking for sustainable solutions. Palm oil, an oil used extensively by the food industry, does not fit these criteria. This study investigated the development of a complex oil blend consisting of commonly used vegetable oils such as corn, rapeseed, sunflower, and palm oil. The aim was to find the optimal blended oil and compare this combination with palm oil in terms of its oxidative stability, antioxidant capacity, and the composition of bioactive compounds (i.e., fatty acids, tocopherols, and carotenoids). Palm oil was found to have greater oxidative stability as a result of its increased concentration of saturated fatty acids. The optimal blended oil, which consisted of corn and rapeseed oil at a ratio of 4:3 w/w, inhibited the superior antioxidant activity, showing a ~33% increase in DPPH• inhibition activity. ATR-FTIR spectra further verified the existence of a significant quantity of saturated fatty acids in palm oil and unsaturated fatty acids in the blended oil. Finally, several correlation analyses revealed interesting connections between oil samples and investigated parameters. This work has the potential to establish a basis for the mass production of oil blends that possess high concentrations of antioxidant compounds and reduce the use of palm oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia sinensis L. (Theaceae), is the most frequently consumed beverage worldwide, due to its human health benefits. The antioxidant compounds are known to act as a protective barrier of cell membranes against oxidative injury caused by various free radicals as well as by reactive oxygen species. Additionally, even phenolic compounds have pharmaceutical effects on oxidative injury from diverse causes. Therefore, the present study was conceived to establish the phytochemical screening, as well as the physicochemical profile of an ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Camelia sinensis L. acquired from a local authentic herbal distributor. In this respect, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were investigated, as well as the antioxidant capacity of the green tea ethanolic extract obtained. For the physicochemical profile, the organic functional groups present in the green tea extract, and their thermal behavior were identified. Moreover, a preliminary in vitro biological assay was performed, through the evaluation of the antitumor potential of the green tea ethanolic extract obtained on the colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29) compared to a healthy cell line, HaCaT (human immortalized keratinocytes). The results after the biological assessment suggest that the extract decreases the viability of HT-29 colon tumor cells (67% at a concentration of 100 µg/mL), showing a lesser effect on HaCaT cells; this being a first step in exploring the anticancer properties of the obtained extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the feasibility of deploying aloe vera, banana, and corn husk fibers that have been treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as reinforcements in composites. The application of NaOH treatment resulted in a substantial enhancement in the tensile strength of all fibers. Among them, banana fibers exhibited the greatest value, reaching 189.7 MPa. The fibers that were treated also showed elevated aspect ratios, especially in the case of banana fibers (178.57), indicating an increased potential for reinforcing. The use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the treatment resulted in a surface morphology that was roughened. The fibers that were treated showed enhanced thermal stability, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). FT-IR spectroscopy verified changes in the chemical composition of the fibers, while XRD examination revealed that both untreated and treated fibers had a structure that was both amorphous and polycrystalline. The results emphasize the potential of NaOH-treated natural fibers, particularly banana fibers due to their exceptional strength, as eco-friendly substitutes for synthetic reinforcements in composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the metallic alloy nanoparticles of silver and zinc oxide (Ag-ZnO) were biosynthesized by Capparis zeylanica aqueous extract. The characterization of biosynthesized Ag-ZnO NPs was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and revealed that they were with irregular shape, whereas the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the role of secondary metabolites as capping and stabilizing agents on biosynthesized nanoparticles. The antioxidant activity of Ag-ZnO NPs was evaluated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging test, hydroxyl radical scavenging test, and reducing power assays. A DPPH free radical scavenging activity value of 340 (IC50 µg/ml) was exhibited by Ag-ZnO NPs which is found to be higher than that of the ascorbic acid, i.e., 289.74 (IC50 µg/ml). The hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of Ag-ZnO NPs and ascorbic acid were 344.35 (IC50 µg/ml) and 316.10 (IC50 µg/ml), respectively. In the case of reducing power assay, unlike DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, Ag-ZnO NPs exhibited a slightly lower value (0.498) than that of the standard ascorbic acid (0.511). The reducing power assay displays a much less variation between Ag-ZnO NPs and standard (ascorbic acid), a dose-dependent effect was clearly observed in the reducing power for both sample and standard. The results obtained in the present study reveal that this biologically synthesized alloy nanoparticle, Ag-ZnO can be used as a potent antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we have successfully fabricated a calcium titanate perovskite compound. The resulting CaTiO3 compound was studied by preparing samples by compacting it in a powder state and using a Pousson device. The distance between the planes dhkl, Miller indices (hkl), degree of crystallinity and amorphism, structure and lattice parameters of the calcium titanate perovskite compound were determined using an X-ray diffractometer. Also, according to the results of FT-IR analysis, the formation of CaTiO3 perovskite is confirmed as a result of the study of molecular vibrations. The main broad peaks are observed in the range of 680÷400 cm-1, the absorption band at the wave number of 543,93 cm-1 corresponds to the specific stretching vibrations of Ti-O bonds and indicates the formation of the CaTiO3 perovskite type structure implies. Based on the results of these measurements, it will be possible to use semiconductor compounds in the future to create nanofilms by magnetron sputtering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the pretreatment and characterization of natural fibers from the bamboo shoot shell (BSS) of Phyllostachys heterocycla to determine their suitability as biorefining materials. The discarded bamboo shoot shell was used as a source of fibers, which were analyzed for their physical, chemical, and microstructure properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectra, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that a mixture of sodium hydroxide immersion plus high-pressure steam treatment allowed the cellulose structure to be disrupted, providing more adsorption sites for cellulases. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) also showed that the pretreatment exposed the internal structure of the fibers and that highmass silicon compounds were present in the eluted solution. After adding the cellulase produced by Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger, the reducing sugar yield was increased by 268% and 251%, compared to unpretreated BSS fibers. This strategy may apply to many industries, especially biorefining and lignocellulose biotransformation technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many optical applications, including free-space optical communications, lidar, and astronomical measurements, are impacted by the presence of light-scattering particles also known as obscurants. Scattering from particles consisting of sand, dust, dirt, and other substances can significantly degrade optical signals. For many obscurants, the index of refraction is dependent on the wavelength of light, and there exists a Christiansen wavelength (λc) at which scattering is at a minimum. At λc the index of refraction of the scattering particles (ns) matches that of the surrounding medium, in this case air (with refractive index na). This condition makes the scattering particulates almost invisible to the propagating light, minimizing scattering and increasing transmission at λc. Previously, the authors showed a technique for measuring the index of refraction n (λ) and the extinction coefficient k (λ) using spectroscopic ellipsometry for various sand samples. Spectroscopic measurements on static sand samples demonstrated good agreement with the predicted spectral properties and highlighted the presence of a Christiansen feature near 8 µm. However, in outdoor environments, the scattering particles are never stationary but in a constant state of motion. In this work, spectroscopic measurements on dynamic sand samples (sand that is falling through the optical beam path) show two Christiansen features seen previously in predicted and observed static sand measurements. Additionally, we characterize, for the first time, transmission around a Christiansen feature using a tunable laser and show results consistent with other spectroscopic measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A nondestructive and practical approach using vibrational spectroscopy and chemometrics was developed to determine ivory provenance. • Geochemical conditions, elephant physiology, and diet alter ivory composition. • Collagen, water, and hydroxyapatite content in ivory drives this classification. • Ivory from African elephants had desirable mechanical properties making it a preferred carving material. • Knowledge of ivory provenance establishes artistic context and facilitates prevention of illegal ivory trade. Ivory trafficking is a multifaceted problem that has long endangered the fate of African and Asian elephants. In field investigations, it is essential to conduct ivory inspections in a nondestructive manner to prevent the inclusion of noncompliant materials. In this research, a practical approach to identify Asian and African elephants' ivories was developed using an integrated methodology of art history, vibrational spectroscopy, and chemometrics. Spectra were acquired by an FT-IR spectrometer and a fiber optics reflectance spectrometer (FORS) in the Vis-NIR region. The discriminant methods were calibrated with spectra acquired from Asian and African elephant ivory tusks and applied to historic ivory objects (n = 78) of uncertain origin. Models based on the chemometric methods Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares -Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) were able to successfully classify ivory objects into Asian and African ivory, with an estimated true prediction rate (TPR) of 99 % both for African and Asian ivory samples. This study demonstrated the potential of FT-IR spectroscopy and FORS with chemometric methods as suitable tools for ivory investigations, aiding to the existing set of ivory trafficking prevention methods. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two chemists employed a three‐device rapid screening "toolkit" consisting of a handheld Raman spectrometer, transportable mass spectrometer, and portable Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectrometer at an international mail facility (IMF) satellite laboratory to examine unknown (unlabeled/mislabeled) products for the presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Phase I of this project previously demonstrated that this toolkit was the most effective collection of instruments for identifying APIs in product types collected at IMFs during a nationwide mail blitz and Phase II of this project previously demonstrated that results generated using the toolkit during a satellite laboratory pilot program were as reliable as those generated by a full‐service library when two or more of these instruments identify an API. This study (Phase III) described the results of the satellite laboratory toolkit during production mode and encompassed the period ranging from June 2021 through December 2022. During this study, a total of 858 products were examined on‐site at the IMF. The satellite laboratory yielded conclusive results for 726 (84.6%) products, which were used to support regulatory action, and identified 132 (15.4%) products that required additional full‐service laboratory analyses due to inconclusive results. The satellite and full‐service laboratory verified/confirmed at least one API/related substance in 617 (71.9%) products. A total of 709 APIs/related substances were found in the 617 products, and 202 of these 709 compounds were unique/different. Overall, during Phases I through III of this program, 350 different substances have been identified in products collected at IMFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium alginate and alginate silver nanoparticles were utilized as adsorbents to eliminate Fe (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Biosorption capacity was established through the use of serial bioadsorption experiments. The effect of different investigated factors in bioadsorption included contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, and various metal ion concentrations. Alginate silver nanoparticles were more effective than sodium alginate in removing Fe (II) from an aqueous solution. The removal efficiency of Fe (II) by nanoparticles was 80%, while by alginate was 54%. The optimal conditions for bioadsorption of Fe (II) were pH 4, contact time 150, and an adsorbent dose 0.01 g. Adsorption isotherm was fitted to Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.995) rather than Freundlich isotherm. Also, UV and FT-IR before and after Fe (II) adsorption were performed to confirm the bioadsorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean is scientifically known as Glycine max. It belongs to the Fabaceae family. It consists of a lot of bioactive phytochemicals like saponin, phenolic acid, flavonoid, sphingolipids and phytosterols. It also owns excellent immune‐active effects in the physiological system. Soy and its phytochemicals have been found to have pharmacological properties that include anticancer, antioxidant, anti‐hypercholesterolaemic, anti‐diabetic, oestrogenic, anti‐hyperlipidaemic, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐obesity, anti‐hypertensive, anti‐mutagenic, immunomodulatory, anti‐osteoporotic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, goitrogenic anti‐skin ageing, wound healing, neuroprotective and anti‐photoageing activities. Present study has been designed to set standard pharmacognostical extraction method, complexation of compounds, qualitative evaluation through phytochemical screening, identification by TLC, physicochemical properties, solubility profile, total phenolic, flavonoid content as well as analytical evaluation or characterisation like UV and FT‐IR of methanolic extract of G. max. The final observations like physicochemical properties such as total ash value, LOD and pH were recorded. Phytochemical screenings show the presence of flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, carbohydrate, tannins, protein, gums and mucilage, fixed oils and fats. The results were found significant. Further in silico studies proved creatinine and euparin to be potent wound healing agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinel Co3O4 nanoparticles smaller than 10 nm were effectively produced in this study using a Co-precipitation method under optimal conditions. The as-synthesized Co3O4 nanoparticles were found to have great purity and a cubic Co3O4 phase structure with good crystallinity and crystallite size of approximately 9.3 nm, as determined by X-ray diffraction investigation. The Transmission Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope definitively verified the spherical nanoparticle structure with high density and consistent orientations. The high-resolution-TEM investigation revealed that the produced spinel Co3O4 nanoparticles are single-crystalline and free from observable imperfections. The HR-TEM results indicated that Co3O4 nanoparticles exhibit distinct lattice fringes that correspond to the interplanar spacings identified in the XRD investigation. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy investigation definitively verified the high purity and stoichiometric production of the nanoparticles. The FT-IR spectra of Co3O4 nanoparticles showed absorption peaks at v1 = 540 cm−1 and v2 = 656 cm−1, confirming the spinel phase structure of the nanoparticles. UV–Vis spectroscopy was utilized to confirm the existence of two distinct band gaps in Co3O4 nanoparticles at energy levels of 3.4 eV and 4.21 eV. Obtaining Co3O4 nanoparticles smaller than 10 nm with specific properties allows for the development of innovative and effective optoelectronic devices with customized features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine with anti-allergy and anti-itching properties. The topical formulation of this medicine is used in androgenic alopecia treatment. Due to the hydrophilic nature of cetirizine, its skin absorption is negligible, so to increase its absorption, various enhancers were examined to see which can be used in the design of a topical formulation. Methods: First, the skin was exposed to enhancers, including eucalyptus, menthol, Tween 80, propylene glycol, and oleic acid, for 1 or 2 hours. Then, the permeability parameters of the cetirizine solution and the structural changes of the skin after exposure to enhancers were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Results: The obtained results show that all used enhancers increased the permeability of the drug cetirizine compared to water. Various mechanisms, such as liquefaction of lipids, destruction of lipid structure, and irreversible denaturation of intracellular keratin, are involved in the increase in drug penetration caused by eucalyptus, mint, Tween 80, propylene glycol, and oleic acid. Conclusions: The results showed that among the studied absorption enhancers, eucalyptus and Tween 80 had the strongest, and propylene glycol had the weakest absorption enhancement effect after 2- and 1-hour pre-contact, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS study aimed to get a simple and reliable method to enhance the shelf life of compost tea. Freshly prepared compost tea was dispensed into transparent 1.5 L plastic bottles, enabling visual monitoring, with each bottle containing 1.3 L of compost tea. The treatments included T1 (3 mM sodium nitrate), T2 (6 mM sodium nitrate), T3 (0.2 mM sodium molybdate), T4 (0.4 mM sodium molybdate), and T5 (control without additives). The experiment was conducted in triplicate, and the bottles were stored in darkness at room temperature. Samples were withdrawn from each bottle at intervals of 2, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 30 days for analysis. At the end of the storage period, compost tea preparations underwent FT-IR analysis, revealing critical molecular features. A controlled pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the stored compost tea by assessing its impact on the growth and developmental progress of Corchorus Olitorius plants. Additionally, the enumeration of distinct microbial communities within the rhizosphere of the growing plants was performed. After 30 days, the most effective treatments compared to the control (T5) were T2 with increased bacterial Colony Forming Unit (CFU) (7.21) and Total Fungal colony (4.23), while T1 and T2 showed higher Azotobacter counts (4.95 and 5.00) respectively. However, T5 consistently displayed the lowest counts for Spore Formers Bacterial Unit (3.84). After extended storage, a control treatment exhibited new peaks at 1792 cm^-1 and 1175 cm^-1 suggested chemical changes, potentially carbonyl-containing compounds. These findings may have significant implications for sustainable agricultural practices and the utilization of compost tea as an environmentally friendly soil amendment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on isolating, identifying, and evaluating the trypanocidal potential against the hemoflagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi of compounds from Parthenium incanum (Mariola), a plant used in traditional Mexican medicine to treat stomach and liver disorders. P. incanum has a wide distribution in Mexico. This study found that methanolic extracts of P. incanum, obtained by static maceration and successive reflux, had promising results. The fractions were compared using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and those that showed similarities were mixed. A bioguided assay was performed with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, using agar diffusion and bioautography techniques to determine the preliminary biological activity. The fractions with antimicrobial activity were purified using a preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC) plate, obtaining the bioactive bandages that were subjected to a trypanocidal evaluation against the Ninoa strain of T. cruzi in its epimastigote stage. This revealed an IC50 of up to 45 ± 2.5 µg/mL, in contrast to the values obtained from the crude extracts of less than 100 µg/mL. The TLC, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS) techniques were used to identify the compounds, demonstrating the presence of sesquiterpene lactones, parthenin, and coronopolin. We concluded that these compounds have the potential to inhibit T. cruzi growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This research represents a starting point for associating plants with lactogenic potential with various thermally treated vegetables to design and create ready-to-eat (RTE) products with numerous health benefits. This research aimed to evaluate the changes induced by two thermal treatments on red beetroot and red capsicum pepper, alongside the addition of anise or fennel aqueous extracts to boost lactation. The cooking loss and yield, phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, in vitro digestion, FT-IR investigations, and respective statistical analysis were performed for all the puree samples. Cooking loss and yield determined similar values for both vegetables used. Comparatively, between hot air and water vapor convection, the latter proved to be a milder method. By the statistical method, the samples mixed with herbal aqueous extracts presented significantly differences (p < 0.05) compared to the blank samples. Also, the samples mixed with herbal aqueous extracts were statistically significantly different from the control samples. Among the experimented samples, steamed red capsicum pepper puree enriched with aqueous anise extract (EAAA) showed the highest antioxidant activity (71.08 ± 1.9 µM Trolox/g DW). These results might mark the implementation of softer thermal methods for food preparation as well as new purposes for plants. FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of esters, glycosidic bands, pyranoid rings, and pectin, which are specific compounds for the evaluated matrices. The total phenolic content evolution was negatively affected only after the first hour of digestion. In conclusion, red beetroot and red capsicum pepper with anise or fennel aqueous extracts could contribute to improving breastfeeding. Even so, clinical tests and further analysis are necessary in order to confirm the efficacy of such products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel biologically active molecules have been isolated from the tunic biomass of marine ascidian fauna. In these findings, we evaluated the antimicrobial, antioxidant molecules of methanol and ethanol tissue extracts of tunic ascidians Phallusia nigra. In addition, these experiments along with FT-IR and 1H NMR analysis allowed us to identify the mainly composed active functional groups. The antimicrobial properties of crude extract of ascidians exhibited a zone of inhibition against all six pathogens. The best antimicrobial activity (29 ± 1.1 mm) was observed by the methanol extract of P. nigra toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Besides, the enriched antimicrobial potential was tested in 100 µl concentration of methanol and ethanol against all pathogens. In comparison to methanol extracts, ethanol extracts were more efficient in a higher antioxidant potential of 41.24 ± 2.16%. In the diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) system, the strongest radical scavenging activity of 58.62 ± 2.62% was exhibited by the standard ascorbic acid when compared to the tested extracts. FT-IR spectrum indicates the presence of alcohol, phenol, alkanes, and carboxylic acid in functional groups. The 1H NMR spectrum designates the presence of phenol and amide group of derivatives. The results were found to be responsible for such excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant molecules with unidentified potential compounds. The non-toxic ascidian extractions is an authentic source for pharmacological applications especially utilized for human clinical trials, but much more attention is needed for this unique fauna, particularly on the Indian coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectroscopic studies (FT-IR, Raman, 1H, and 13C NMR, UV-VIS) of caffeic acid (CFA) and its conjugates, i.e., caftaric acid (CTA), cichoric acid (CA), and cynarin (CY), were carried out. The antioxidant activity of these compounds was determined by a superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay and the hydroxyl radical (HO•) inhibition assay. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was performed on DLD-1 cell lines. The molecules were theoretically modeled using the B3LYP-6-311++G(d,p) method. Aromaticity indexes (HOMA, I6, BAC, Aj), HOMO and LUMO orbital energies and reactivity descriptors, NBO electron charge distribution, EPS electrostatic potential maps, and theoretical IR and NMR spectra were calculated for the optimized model systems. The structural features of these compounds were discussed in terms of their biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize (Zea mays) is one of the most cultivated plants in the world. Due to the large area, the scale of its production, and the demand to increase the yield, there is a need for new environmentally friendly fertilizers. One group of such candidates is bacteria-produced nodulation (or nod) factors. Limited research has explored the impact of nodulation, factors on maize within field conditions, with most studies restricted to greenhouse settings and early developmental stages. Additionally, there is a scarcity of investigations that elucidate the metabolic alterations in the maize stem due to nod-factor exposure. It was therefore the aim of this study. Maize stem's metabolites and fibers were analyzed with various imaging analytical techniques: matrix assisted laser desorption ionization–mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), Raman spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. Moreover, the biochemical analyses were used to evaluate the proteins and soluble carbohydrates concentration and total phenolic content. These techniques were used to evaluate the influence of nod factor-based biofertilizer on the growth of a non-symbiotic plant, maize. The biofertilizer increased the grain yield and the stem mass. Moreover, the spectroscopic and biochemical investigation proved the appreciable biochemical changes in the stems of the maize in biofertilizer-treated plants. Noticeable changes were found in the spatial distribution and the increase in the concentration of flavonoids such as maysin, quercetin, and rutin. Moreover, the concentration of cell wall components (fibers) increased. Furthermore, it was shown that the use of untargeted analyses (such as Raman and ATR FT-IR, spectroscopic imaging, and MALDI-MSI) is useful for the investigation of the biochemical changes in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a forensic context, actions such as arson, submersion of the body in water, or burial, conducted with the intention of concealing a crime, can lead to postmortem changes in bones. In this regard, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy can be considered as an effective tool for detailed examination for forensic purposes. The focus of this research is to investigate the distinguishability of postmortem changes in bones using Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)-FT-IR spectroscopy without preprocessing. Within the scope of the study, 14 different bone samples were subjected to various damages and examined in detail using ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy. The results indicated common absorbance bands in the FTIR spectra of damaged bones, excluding burned bones. Additionally, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), it was determined that the damage occurring in bones could be distinguished with a discernibility rate ranging from 93% to 100%. The findings of the research have been evaluated as guiding and supportive for further studies in the field of forensic sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decomposition products from direct disposal of manure and sewage sludge have negative impacts on water resources, soil and atmosphere. Here, biochar synthesized from cattle and poultry manure and sewage sludge generated in the Küçük Menderes Basin (>6 million tons dw/year) by pyrolysis and the properties of the biochars were examined. TGA-DTA results showed that, the maximum weight losses realized in the range of 200-500 °C. The loss of O-H stretching of hydroxyl groups and C-H stretching of aliphatic CHx observed in the analysis of FT-IR results indicated the successful pyrolysis. Biochars synthesized from cattle and poultry manure at 700oC resulted in the largest BET surface areas (47.59 m²/g and 11.31 m²/g, respectively). The largest BET surface area for sewage sludge biochar was obtained at 500 °C (41.76 m²/g). This different result was found to be related to the melting of the high inert content of sewage sludge containing treatment chemicals at >500 °C. SEM results supported the BET results and it was evaluated that the melted inert structure of the sludge partially trapped the biochar formed. It was concluded that, not only the volatile content of the wastes, but also the ratio and structure of their inert content are effective in biochar quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compound 4-cholorophenoxy acetonitrile (CPAN) was examined using Nonlinear optical properties in the current study. With the aid of normal coordinate analysis and the SQMFF methodology, vibrational analysis of FT-IR and FT-Raman has been conducted. Natural bond orbital analysis is used to analyze the electronic stability of the compound created by hyper conjugative contacts and charge delocalization, and the Frontier molecular orbital energy gap confirms the molecule's optical activity. ESP recognizes the nucleophilic and electrophilic areas of molecules, and the chemical implication of molecules was explained using ELF, LOL. Third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) investigations are carried out on a CPAN crystal using the Z-scan technique, and optical properties are established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hymenaea martiana Hayne's bark and resin are widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases, however the indiscriminate extractivism of its barks brings damage to its metabolism and development. In view this, the discovery of ways for a more rational use of the species becomes relevant. This study aims to evaluate possible similarities in chemical composition profile of different parts from H. martiana (barks, stalks and leaves) through the fingerprint by ¹H-NMR and FT-IR techniques. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed metabolic similarities between the barks and stalks in two spectroscopic techniques used. The similarity is explained by presence of sucrose and pinitol in both segments as main compounds of segments. The antioxidant activity profile, showed similarity corroborating thus, with observed in metabolic analysis, where IC 50 values showed no statistical difference between the barks (10.73 ± 0.12 µg.mL−1) and stalks (8.40 ± 0.58 µg.mL−1). In our results, the PCA showed a difference in the leaves fingerprint of one specimen collected. As pointed also by PCA analysis, this individual was over stress situation which promoted the biosynthesis of monoterpene linalool, a compound with defensor properties from plants. Furthermore, the similarities between the barks and stalks observed may be an indication of similar biological activity and may direct other studies in order to reduce the extraction of the barks and minimize the damage to the species. [Display omitted] • Hymenaea martiana Hayne's bark and resin are widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases. • Indiscriminate extractivism of its barks can bring damage to its metabolism and development. • The principal component analysis (PCA) showed metabolic similarities between barks and stems through FTIR and NMR experiments. • the chemical similarity found between bark and stems extends to the investigated antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthworms, by their soil-dwelling nature, feeding and burrowing activity in the soil, are known to increase soil fertility and are also referred as nature's plough by Charles Darwin. They ingest organic matter from the soil, are exposed to microbes and pollutants, and excrete casts in the soil adding to the soil fertility. Although earthworms are essential for soil mineralisation process, their metabolism and impact on environment are not well studied. In this study, we investigated the gut voided biochemical constituents of Lampito mauritii (L. mauritii) and analyzed by FT-IR and GC–MS studies. The results indicated significant findings, including identification of unique biochemical components with 16 major compounds in L. mauritii with a significant peak at retention time 4.09 and other peaks at 4.13, 4.27, 4.53, 4.88, 5.44, 7.21 and 16.49 revealed by GC–MS analysis Our study highlights the expression of unique compounds in the earthworm. It emphasises that metabolism may play a predominant role in altering ingested components of soil organic matter, and the earthworm casts may have a positive impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive oil is a very valuable product with its unique flavor, taste, aroma and bioactive components. It is an oil obtained by squeezing the olive with its pit and can be consumed in its natural form without any chemical treatment. It is well valuable thanks to its features such as helping healthy nutrition, contributing to economic and agricultural areas and being environmentally friendly. It is one of the most adulterated products today. So oil quality and content have to be determined properly. The aim of this study is to examine the machine learning of chemometrically fried oils in virgin olive oil and eight times used olive oil compared using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Deep-Frying Oils (DFO) was carried out 8 times for 20 minutes. Because of chemical quality of oils, Cis, Trans, Ester, Methyl, Carbonyl, peroxide, unsaturated peroxide and ether groups were used in These results were evaluated by classification and regression using machine learning methods. For these evaluations, firstly classification and regression were made using all properties of these index. In classification models, Linear Discriminant Analysis, Naïve Bayesian and Ensemble Tree were used. The evaluation was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, half of the dataset was used for training and the other half for testing. In the second stage, all data was used for training and testing using cross validation method. The success results obtained using the all data set was 100% with naïve Bayesian method. According to chemometric strategy, differences between virgin olive oils and DFO were found by high accuracy in this study. This phenomenon also could be possible for other oil types and degrees of purity. Results illustrated that the method is very suitable and exact for detection deteriotion of olive oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel made from renewable energy sources is gaining popularity due to its environmental and economic benefits. In this work, the effect of the most important reaction variables was investigated during the acid‐catalyzed of Spirulina sp. microalgae oil to biodiesel. Results showed that the biodiesel was obtained at 60°C for 8 h using 30 g of dry Spirulina sp. powder in 300 mL of n‐hexane. Physical characteristics of the biodiesel produced from Spirulina sp. were confirmed using, evaporation temperature, flash point, freeze point, and fire point. The presence of bonds of CH3, ROH, RC≡C‐H, ‐CH = CH‐CH2)n, R‐CH2‐X, and ArOH in the biodiesel 1H NMR spectrum. Further, the biodiesel produced from the Spirulina sp. subjected to FT‐IR and GC MS which revealed the aliphatic hydrocarbons and the list of compounds such as Oleic acid, 9‐octadecenal etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports on an inhibition and adsorption performance study of two quinazoline derivatives ((2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one) and (2-(2,4- dichlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one)) named ZB3 and ZB4, which were synthesized and examined using carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The assessment of the corrosion prevention of these two compounds for MS in 1.0 M HCl was performed employing potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and (EIS) electronic impedance spectroscopy. The experiments performed showed that both derivatives operate well to prevent corrosion and their efficiencies exceed 85% at a concentration of 10-3. Moreover, it is discovered that the three chemicals' adsorption on the m-steel surface complies with Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation. The m-steel surface submerged in the corrosive solution was characterized by scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), spectroscopy using atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-Ray diffraction, and FTIR analysis. The findings showed that the examined inhibitors are well adsorbed, generating a barrier layer for the msteel's surface. DFT calculations and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation were used to directly correlate the electronic and adsorption properties, respectively, with the experimental corrosion inhibition efficiencies obtained for quinazoline and its 2 investigated derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a detailed investigation of archaeological wood samples from the Luoyang Canal No. 1 site, focusing on wood species identification, physical properties, mechanical property analyses, and morphological examination. The identified wood species, belonging to the Ulmus genus, exhibited a 43% decline in compressive strength in waterlogged environments. Further, the wood exhibited increased moisture content, higher porosity, reduced basic density, and elevated shrinkage rates, indicating a mild level of degradation. X-ray diffraction was employed for the observation of cellulose structure, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) demonstrated significant removal of cellulose and hemicellulose components. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding wood degradation mechanisms to evaluate structural integrity and durability in guiding the development of effective preservation strategies for archaeological wood artifacts. Continued research and conservation are crucial to deepen our knowledge of wood deterioration processes and enhance the implementation of preservation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the interface of environmental sustainability and civil infrastructure development, this study introduces waste butter (WB), a byproduct of animal fat processing, as a novel bio-modifier in asphalt production. This approach not only recycles animal waste but also charts a course for sustainable infrastructural development, contributing to a reduced environmental impact and promoting circular economy practices. The experiments incorporated varying WB concentrations (e.g., 3%, 6%, and 9% by weight of binder) into standard AP-5 asphalt, employing advanced analytical tools for comprehensive characterization. These included thin-layer chromatography–flame ionization detection (TLC-FID), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The critical properties of the asphalt blends, such as penetration, softening point, viscosity, ductility, rutting factor (Dynamic Shear Rheometer), and thermal susceptibility (Penetration Index, Penetration–Viscosity Number), were assessed. FT-IR analysis indicated negligible chemical alteration with WB addition, suggesting predominantly physical interactions. TLC-FID showed a decrease in aromatic and asphaltene components but an increase in resin content, highlighting the influence of WB's fatty acids on the asphalt's chemical balance. The colloidal instability index (IC) confirmed enhanced stability due to WB's high resin concentration. Meanwhile, SEM analysis revealed microstructural improvements with WB, enhancing binder compatibility. TGA demonstrated that even a minimal 3 wt. % WB addition significantly improved thermal stability, while the DSC results pointed to improved low-temperature performance, reducing brittleness in cold conditions. Rheologically, WB incorporation resulted in increased penetration and ductility, balanced by decreased viscosity and softening point, thereby demonstrating its multi-faceted utility. Thermal susceptibility tests emphasized WB's effectiveness in cold environments, with further evaluation needed at higher temperatures. The DSR findings necessitate careful WB calibration to meet Superpave rutting standards. In conclusion, this research positions waste butter as a superior, environmentally aligned bio-additive for asphalt blends, contributing significantly to eco-friendly civil engineering practices by repurposing animal-derived waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a novel approach for enhancing methylene blue (MB) removal from water using a composite of endophytic Trichoderma mate and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). For the first time, a unique combination of simplex-lattice design and decision tree learning algorithm was employed to optimize MB removal. This innovative approach effectively identified the optimal composite ratio of hyphal mate (0.5354 g/L) and MWCNTs (0.4646 g/L) for maximizing MB removal, which achieved remarkable removal efficiency ranging from 63.50 to 95.78 % depending on the combination used. The DT model further demonstrated promising potential for predicting MB removal efficiency. SEM revealed a unique hybrid material formed by the intertwining or entrapment of MWCNTs within the hyphal network of Trichoderma mate. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of novel functional groups on the MWCNTs' surface at 2438.79 and 528.25 cm−1, likely due to interactions with the endophytic fungi's biomolecules. These functional groups presumably act as reducing and stabilizing agents, promoting efficient MB adsorption. This research paves the way for utilizing the combined biological and chemical approach (fungal biomass and MWCNTs) in bioremediation applications. The findings suggest significant potential for practical applications in wastewater treatment, providing an eco-friendly and cost-effective method for dye removal. Furthermore, the proposed method shows promise for scaling up to industrial wastewater treatment and applicability in resource-limited settings, offering a sustainable solution for global water pollution challenges. Further investigations with larger datasets incorporating additional influencing factors are necessary to refine the predictive power of the DT model for practical applications.

In the current investigation, pure polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and PVDF-MgO nanocomposite (NC) thin films are fabricated via solvent casting method using PVDF as a polymer matrix with different proportions of magnesium oxide (MgO) (0.5–2 wt%). The structural, morphological and optical properties of the prepared polymer NCs are studied by using XRD, FTIR, SEM, Raman and UV–Vis spectroscopy techniques. The α and β phases are detected in XRD measurements. MgO powder peaks are in good agreement with the reported literatures. The average crystallite size, lattice strain, and dislocation density of the prepared thin films are estimted by using Williamson-Hall (W-H) plot. SEM micrographs reveals the fluorine-containing carbon chain network that forms the spherulite and fiber-like structure in the PVDF/MgO NCs films. The Raman and FTIR spectra of PVDF/MgO and pure PVDF films are also evaluated. UV–Vis spectroscopy is used to examine the absorbance, transmittance, and reflectance spectra of pure PVDF and PVDF/MgO NCs thin films. The dipole polarization interaction causes the absorption coefficient, direct band gap, indirect band gap, optical activation energy, and skin depth of pure PVDF and PVDF/MgO thin films to decrease, whereas increasing the dielectric constant at high frequency value, refractive index, loss, optical conductivity, and dielectric constant per effective mass of NCs films. Optical dispersion parameters are estimated by the single oscillator model. The obtained results can be employed in the possible applications in supercapacitors. The method used for the preparation of thin films are inexpensive and eco-friendly.

Abstract Background and aims This study investigated the biochemical components present in the leaves of Cissus assamica. The primary aim was to analyze these components using advanced techniques and assess their potential therapeutic applications. Methodology Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS), and Mass Spectral analysis were employed to identify and characterize the compounds in Cissus assamica leaves. The mass spectra of each compound were compared with data from the Wiley and NIST libraries to determine their names, molecular masses, and chemical structures. FT‐IR analysis identified characteristic functional groups by their specific frequencies. Results and discussion FT‐IR spectroscopic analysis revealed significant molecular vibrations at frequencies of 3265.63, 2853.81, 1638.60, 1469.21, and 1384.95 cm⁻¹, indicating the presence of specific functional groups. The GC‐MS analysis identified distinct compounds, such as “aR‐Turmerone,” “Curlone,” “7,8‐Epoxylanostan‐11‐ol, 3‐acetoxy‐,” “13‐Docosenamide, (Z)‐,” “Phenol, 3,5‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐,” “9,19‐Cyclolanostan‐3‐ol, 24,24‐epoxymethano‐, acetate,” and “Quinoline‐5,8‐dione‐6‐ol, 7‐[[(4‐cyclohexylbutyl)amino]methyl]‐.” These compounds exhibited potential therapeutic applications. Their cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, anti‐hyperglycemic, and pain‐relieving properties were evaluated by comparing them with reference ligands targeting specific receptors, including dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), kappa opioid receptor (KOR), glucose transporter 3 (GLUT 3), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that Cissus assamica leaves contain bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic benefits for treating infections, diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and pain. However, further research is needed to conduct comprehensive phytochemical screening and establish the precise mechanisms of action for the crude extract or the plant‐derived compounds.

As hair dyeing gains popularity across all age groups, concerns about the potential damage caused by chemical treatments are also on the rise. Chemical dyes have a multifaceted impact on hair fibers, affecting their morphology, physical structure, and protein composition. In a comprehensive study, we investigated the alterations in morphological and mechanical properties, as well as the chemical composition of hair fibers following continuous dyeing. Our analysis employed various techniques, including atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and tensile strength measurements. To assess the cumulative damage resulting from repeated dyeing, we progressively increased the number of dyeing up to 10. Surprisingly, even a single dyeing session inflicted noticeable harm on the hair. However, the detrimental effects escalated significantly when hair underwent three or more consecutive dye treatments. While the mechanical properties and protein composition exhibited non-linear changes with increasing the number of dyeing, we observed that nanoscale damage to the cuticle surface intensified proportionally with the number of dyeing. These results highlight the critical need to consider the impacts of hair dyeing practices on both the health and the structural integrity of hair.

Marine vertebrates, particularly green sea turtles, are especially vulnerable to plastic pollution through ingestion or entanglement. This study investigated wild juvenile green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) from two Ecuadorian national parks (Galápagos and Machallilla) to assess the prevalence of plastic pollution in their feces and its potential impact on various health metrics. We analyzed fecal samples from 46 juvenile green sea turtles using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to quantify microplastics (MPs). A complementary methodology using pressurized liquid extraction with double-shot pyrolysis-mass spectrometry gas chromatography (Pyr-GC/MS) was also employed to quantify synthetic polymer mass concentrations. The results from these analyses were compared with blood analytes. FT-IR analysis revealed a mean of 4.4±5.2 MPs/g in fecal samples, with the highest quantities found in the Galápagos Marine Reserve (GMR). The most common MPs shape identified were fibers (x̄= 3.8±4.5 MPs/g), and the predominant synthetic polymers were polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and polyacrylates (PMMA). The daily intake of MPs by the sampled turtles ranged from a minimum of 312±409 MPs/day to a maximum of 430±563 MPs/day. Pyr-GC/MS analysis detected polyethylene (PE) with a mean of 367±1158 µg/g and polypropylene (PP) with a mean of 155±434 µg/g in fecal samples, with the highest pollution levels observed in the GMR. Both FT-IR and Pyr-GC/MS techniques detected plastic pollution in 98% of the sampled population. Although both FT-IR and Pyr-GC/MS are reliable methods, they produced slightly different results due to methodological variations. However, both supported the finding that turtles in the GMR were exposed to higher rates of plastic ingestion. Despite the turtles appearing clinically healthy based on blood analysis, significant differences in eleven health metrics were observed between turtles classified as less at risk and those most at risk for plastic pollution. Further research is necessary to understand the potential health implications of these findings.

The purpose of the study was to assess a phenolic compound that was extracted from the brown seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linn.), Nees (1820) for its antibacterial activities on different bacterial pathogens of fish illnesses. Hexane and methanol were utilized to extract bioactive compounds from the seaweed. Phytochemical analysis of the methnaolic extracts have revealed the presence of carbohydrates and glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, fixed oil and fat, phenol compounds, tannins, and steroids. The bacterial pathogens of fish, including Providencia vermicola, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio harveyi, and Aeromonas caviae, were targeted for antibacterial assessment. Among them, the methanolic crude extract and fraction-1 of E. intestinalis have shown maximum activity against A. hydrophila (22 ± 0.13 and 33 ± 0.56 µg/mL). Column chromatography was employed to isolate effective seaweed fraction, while FT-IR and HPLC were utilized for characterization. The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of various compounds in both extracts. The crude methanolic extract of E. intestinalis have demonstrated the maximum efficacy beside the tested bacterial pathogens. The FT-IR analysis revealed functional groups associated with polymeric structures in the seaweed extracts, including alcohols, phenols, aromatics, alkyl halides, aliphatic amines, alkynes, and alkenes. Overall, the methanolic extract of E. intestinalis exhibited significant antibacterial activity as a result of the phenolic chemicals that are present. The study provides valuable baseline data, emphasizing the need for further research towards developing antibacterial drug formulations.

Achillea genus is a flowering, aromatic and perennial herbs, and widespread all over the world. Plants phytochemical analysis has a capital role in pharmaceutical and medicine preliminary studies. Two medicinal Achillea species of A. aleppica DC and A. arabica Kotschy grown wild in the Middle-Southern regions of Syria were investigated for their phytochemical analysis using fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. FT-IR spectra highlighted 11 and 12 functional groups characteristics for A. aleppica and A. arabica species, respectively; of which 9 were common between the two studied species [Aromatics (1), Ethers (3), Carboxylic acids (2), Olefinic (alkene) (1), Alkanes (1) and Aliphatic primary amine (1) groups]. These constituents have been previously investigated for different biological activities. The current study could consider as the first report regarding FT-IR Achillea analysis.