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Adaptation of communities to environmental fluctuations can emerge from different facets of biodiversity, which may impact ecosystem functioning differently. Previous work in the field of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (BEF) examined how ecosystem functions can be influenced by two sources of adaptive potential: sorting – i.e. changes in community composition due to fitness differences – can occur when multiple species or groups are present (richness), and trait adaptability – i.e. trait adjustments within species or functional groups – can emerge from genetic or phenotypic diversity. However, their effect is typically studied separately, and often in the context of only one trophic level. Therefore, we used a trait‐based, multispecies predator–prey model to investigate how sorting and trait adaptability, at one or two trophic levels, separately or jointly shape ecosystem functions and properties, such as total biomass, production, biomass‐weighted mean trait, relative top–down control and synchrony. We found that the adaptive potential emerging from any facet of diversity induced changes in trophic interactions, in turn affecting biomass distributions within and across trophic levels, dynamical behaviour, and synchrony of biomass dynamics within a trophic level. Particularly, sorting and trait adaptability could contribute to a similar degree and at a similar time to temporal changes in ecosystem functions, but their respective contribution depended on the speed of trait adaptation, the trait range between similar functional groups and trophic interactions. We thus suggest to consider multiple facets of diversity and their corresponding sources of adaptive potential to deepen our mechanistic understanding of BEF relationships, especially in the context of rapid biodiversity change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant–plant interactions regulate plant community structure and function. Shifts in these interactions due to global climate change, mediated through disproportional increases of certain species or functional groups, may strongly affect plant community properties. Still, we lack knowledge of community‐level effects of climate‐driven changes in biotic interactions. We examined plant community interactions by experimentally removing a dominant functional group, graminoids, in semi‐natural grasslands in Southern Norway. To test whether the effect of graminoid removal varied with climate, the experiment was replicated across broad‐scale temperature and precipitation gradients. To quantify community‐level interactions across sites, we tested for changes in the remaining vascular community (i.e. forbs) cover, richness, evenness, and functional traits reflecting leaf‐economic investment and plant size over five years. The effect of graminoid removal on forb community structure and functioning varied over time, and along the climate gradients. Forb cover increased in response to graminoid removal, especially at warmer sites. Species richness increased following removal irrespective of climate, whilst evenness increased under warmer and wetter conditions irrespective of removal. No climate or removal effect was found for species turnover. Functional trait responses varied along the precipitation gradient – compared to controls, forb mean SLA decreased in drier conditions after graminoid removal. Leaf thickness increased under cooler and drier conditions irrespective of removal. These community structure alterations demonstrate stronger competitive interactions between forbs and graminoids under warmer conditions, whilst functional trait responses indicate a facilitative effect of graminoids under drier conditions. This indicates that both competition and facilitation regulate plant communities, suggesting complexity when scaling from populations to communities. Finally, both temperature and precipitation determine the direction and intensity of biotic interactions, with ecosystem‐wide implications for forb persistence and ecosystem functioning under future climates. Further work is needed to generalise the role of changing interactions in mediating community responses to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, biochars with different structures were prepared through HNO3 oxidation and secondary pyrolysis to study the relationship between the structure of biochar and its selectivity for the adsorption of light and heavy aromatics in bio‐oil. The results showed that the adsorption rates of biochar with different structures ranged from 2.90 to 4.00 g bio‐oil per g biochar. The influence of pore structure was dominant, followed by the influence of O‐containing functional groups and the degree of graphitization. The higher the adsorption capacity of biochar for bio‐oil, the smaller the concentrations of the light aromatic model compounds in the absorbed bio‐oil (ABO). Among the five light aromatics, biochar has the best adsorption selectivity for dihydroxybiphenyl and the worst for eugenol and propyl phenol. This is attributed to the diphenyl ring structure of dihydroxybiphenyl, which makes it more susceptible to adsorption, and other light model compounds only have one benzene ring. In summary, biochar demonstrates better adsorption selectivity for heavy aromatics than light aromatics. The more developed the pore structure is, the more enriched O‐containing functional groups are, and the higher the graphitization degree of biochar is, the better the selective adsorption of aromatic compounds in bio‐oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen enrichment impacts ecosystems productivity by altering different hierarchical community processes, ranging from responses of individual species traits to species reordering and ultimately species turnover. Most previous studies have focussed on examining the responses of these processes separately, but little has been done to examine how hierarchical community responses are linked and contribute to the changes in productivity.To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a 4‐year nitrogen addition field experiment to investigate the hierarchical community responses of above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP) in an alpine meadow ecosystem.We found that the individual species response contributed more to ANPP changes under nitrogen addition, while species reordering and species turnover contributed little over the 4‐year experiment. In particular, plant height was a key trait to ultimately explain and bridge nitrogen addition effects on ANPP across different community levels. Nitrogen addition promoted plant height and growth of individual species, and reordered functional groups by increasing taller grasses and sedges and decreasing shorter forbs and legumes. Species turnover had a weak effect on ANPP changes due to low biomass of both lost and gained species. Finally, taller persistent plants promoted ANPP more with nitrogen addition.Synthesis. This study provides a new perspective on how ecosystem productivity responds to nitrogen enrichment in a hierarchical manner linked to plant height, which is helpful for elucidating complex community processes and establishing direct links between plant traits and ecosystem function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulva is an unutilized green seaweed that grows in the intertidal zone around the coast of Java Island, Indonesia. In this study, U. lactuca samples collected from three regions in south of Java Island (Cihara, Surade, and Tepus) were studied in terms of their chemical composition, physical properties and its bioactivity, to determine the best regions for establishing seaweed industries. The chemical characteristics differed significantly among different regions, where the seaweed from Tepus, Surade and Cihara had the highest content of protein (22.93%), carbohydrate (61.58%), and mineral (28.72%), respectively. The amino acids were dominated with L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid. All U. lactuca samples contained abundant pigments, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, especially samples from Tepus. The highest content of crude ulvan was found in Surade seaweed (26.9%). Chemical and physical analyses showed the presence of S = O and C–O–S functional groups in ulvan, a sulfated polysaccharide unique to Ulva sp., with thermal degradation up to 220 °C. Crude ulvan from Surade and Tepus seaweed exhibited bioactivity to support proliferation of fibroblast cells at 100 and 1000 ppm, respectively. Based on the properties of U. lactuca, Tepus and Surade were identified as potential sites to establish aquaculture and/or processing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distinction of enantiomers based on residual anisotropic parameters obtained by alignment in chiral poly‐γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate (PBLG) is among the strongest in high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy. However, large variations in enantiodifferentiation among different solutes are frequently observed. One hypothesis is that the formation of hydrogen bonds between solute and PBLG is important for the distinction of enantiomers. With a small set of three almost spherical enantiomeric pairs, for which 1DCH residual dipolar couplings are measured, we address this issue in a systematic way: borneol contains a single functional group that can act as a hydrogen bond donor, camphor has a single group that may act as a hydrogen bond acceptor, and quinuclidinol can act as both hydrogen bond donor and acceptor. The results are unambiguous: although camphor shows low enantiodifferentiation with PBLG and alignment that can be predicted well by the purely steric TRAMITE approach, the distinction of enantiomers for the other enantiomeric pairs is significantly higher with alignment properties that must involve a specific interaction in addition to steric alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present review focuses on the most recent advances in liquid‐phase NMR of asphaltenes, leaving apart an overwhelming amount of publications dealing with solid‐state NMR investigations in this field. Owing to the complexity of the coal‐derived products, and in particular, asphaltenes, their 1H and 13C NMR spectra consist of a number of overlapping signals belonging to different hydrocarbon types. Comprehensive studies of asphaltenes by means of NMR reveal the characteristic functional groups of their fractions together with the spectral regions in which they resonate. NMR studies of asphaltenes provide a straightforward guideline for their chemical composition and that of the related coal‐derived products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove local existence of solutions of a functional renormalisation group equation for the effective action of an interacting quantum field theory, when a suitable local potential approximation is considered. To obtain this equation in a Lorentzian setting a quantum state for the theory is selected and a regulator consisting in a mass is added to the action. The flow equation for mass rescalings is then studied using the renown Nash–Moser theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plants express diverse nutrient use and acquisition traits, but it is unclear how trait combinations at the species level are constrained by phylogeny, trait coordination, or trade‐offs in resource investment. One trait – nitrogen (N) fixation – is assumed to correlate with other traits and used to define plant functional groups, despite potential confounding effects of phylogeny.We quantified growth, carbon metabolism, fixation rate, root phosphatase activity (RPA), mycorrhizal colonization, and leaf and root morphology/chemistry across 22 species of fixing and nonfixing tropical Fabaceae trees under common conditions.Belowground trait variation was high even among closely related species, and most traits displayed a phylogenetic signal, including N‐fixation rate and nodule biomass. Across species, we observed strong positive correlations between physiological traits such as RPA and root respiration. RPA increased ~ fourfold per unit increase in fixation, supporting the debated hypothesis that N‐fixers 'trade' N for phosphatases to enhance phosphorus acquisition. Specific root length and root N differed between functional groups, though for other traits, apparent differences became nonsignificant after accounting for phylogenetic nonindependence.We conclude that evolutionary history, trait coordination, and fixation ability contribute to nutrient trait expression at the species level, and recommend explicitly considering phylogeny in analyses of functional groupings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental evolution was carried out to investigate the adaptive responses of extremotolerant fungi to a stressful environment. For 12 cultivation cycles, the halotolerant black yeasts Aureobasidium pullulans and Aureobasidium subglaciale were grown at high NaCl or glycerol concentrations, and the halophilic basidiomycete Wallemia ichthyophaga was grown close to its lower NaCl growth limit. All evolved Aureobasidium spp. accelerated their growth at low water activity. Whole genomes of the evolved strains were sequenced. No aneuploidies were detected in any of the genomes, contrary to previous studies on experimental evolution at high salinity with other species. However, several hundred single‐nucleotide polymorphisms were identified compared with the genomes of the progenitor strains. Two functional groups of genes were overrepresented among the genes presumably affected by single‐nucleotide polymorphisms: voltage‐gated potassium channels in A. pullulans at high NaCl concentration, and hydrophobins in W. ichthyophaga at low NaCl concentration. Both groups of genes were previously associated with adaptation to high salinity. Finally, most evolved Aureobasidium spp. strains were found to have increased intracellular and decreased extracellular glycerol concentrations at high salinity, suggesting that the strains have optimised their management of glycerol, their most important compatible solute. Experimental evolution therefore not only confirmed the role of potassium transport, glycerol management, and cell wall in survival at low water activity, but also demonstrated that fungi from extreme environments can further improve their growth rates under constant extreme conditions in a relatively short time and without large scale genomic rearrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the correlation between both the chemical compositions and physicochemical properties of pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre and their enzymatic saccharification/total glucose yield (TGY). Twenty OPEFB samples, pretreated with various aqueous pretreatments, with diverse cellulose (25.63–44.23%), hemicellulose (0.01–42.49%), and lignin (3.7–47.1%) levels, were examined for their correlation with TGY (8.5–40%). The quadratic regression model was verified significant (p-value = 0.0006, R2 = 0.8006). It was found that the pre-refined OPEFB experienced greater cellulose loss (35%) compared to unrefined ones (9%), adversely affecting TGY. Among physicochemical properties analysed using SEM, FTIR, XRD, Py-GCMS, and XPS, only crystallinity index (CrI) was significantly correlated with TGY based on theoretical glucose concentration (TGC) (R2 = 0.77, 0.91). Other characteristics (morphology, functional groups, crystallite size, S/G ratio, and O/C ratio) exhibited no significant correlation to saccharification efficiency, exhibiting random trends (R2 < 0.5). OPEFB fibres with CrI of 30–40 could achieve 100% TGY based on TGC. In conclusion, regardless of pretreatments, chemical compositions predominantly affected TGY in the enzymatic saccharification of biomass. Among commonly used physicochemical analytical methods, CrI is most significant in this evaluation and OPEFB should be unrefined before treatment to avoid cellulose loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, KIT‐6@Schiff‐base@Ce nanocatalyst was synthesized by immobilizing the Ce complex on KIT‐6 mesoporous silica framework modified with 3‐iodopropyltrimethoxysilane group. The surface area, total volume, and average diameter of pores, physical properties, functional groups, organic content, and element combination of the obtained nanocatalyst were identified using different techniques including BET, FT‐IR, XRD, WDX, SEM, and EDX. The KIT‐6@Schiff‐base@Ce was investigated as a novel stable and reusable catalyst with excellent performance for the selective synthesizing of sulfoxide and tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans. The designed catalyst successfully oxidized a large number of sulfides using hydrogen peroxide under solvent‐free conditions or in ethanol as a safe, green, and available solvent with good efficiency within short reaction times. Also, KIT‐6@Schiff‐base@Ce catalyzed a number of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans using multicomponent condensation of dimedone, aldehydes, and malononitrile in water/ethanol (1:1) as ideal, safe, green and available solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical or chemical processes can enrich surface functional groups of activated carbon. EDTA grafting was applied to the carbon surface using a chemical treatment in this study. In this way, while there was no significant change in the surface area of the carbon, the Golden Yellow (GY) removal performance increased. The changes caused by EDTA grafting on the carbon surface have been revealed using various methods. Environmental conditions affecting the adsorption process were statistically investigated using Central Composite Design (CCD). Different equations were used to determine the stability, capacity, and mechanism of the GY removal with activated carbon and EDTA grafted carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers of tropical islands formed by volcanic eruptions experience unpredictable and heavy rainfall and are characterised by irregular topography. During the 2019 and 2020 low-water season, we investigated the responses of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages to variations in local environmental conditions in four rivers located in areas of different rainfall intensity. We found that changes in local environmental conditions associated with lower rainfall intensity reduced abundance and taxonomic richness and modified taxonomic composition but did not impact the balance of functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrate communities amongst streams, except for piercer herbivores. Heterotrophy associated with substrate instability and autotrophy with a more stable substrate co-occurred in semi-arid climate rivers. In contrast, a change from heterotrophy upstream to autotrophy and substrate stability downstream was apparent in the two humid rivers studied. Surrogates of stream ecosystem function revealed a very low ratio of coarse to fine particulate organic matter related to the quasi-absence of shredders in these streams and suggested a low allochthonous input contribution, which could be the result of the 5% decline in forest cover over the two past decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different measures of macroinvertebrate diversity (species diversity, functional diversity, phylogenetic diversity) and functional feeding groups (FFGs) are commonly used to assess the ecological status of large shallow lakes. In this study, biodiversity and FFGs in a large shallow lake, Lake Hongze, differed between littoral and pelagic habitats, with the spatial variability of littoral assemblages more correlated with nutrient concentrations, whilst pelagic assemblages were more associated with wave-induced disturbance (e.g., mean effective fetch). Species diversity was poorly correlated with measures of nutrient concentrations, whereas functional diversity, phylogenetic diversity, and functional feeding groups are promising indicators of nutrient concentrations. Lastly, our findings support the use of biodiversity and FFGs to disentangle the effects of nutrients and wave-induced disturbance on macroinvertebrate assemblages. Furthermore, monitoring both littoral and pelagic habitats in large shallow lakes is recommended to better understand and quantify ecosystem changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing attention on the modification of dietary fiber (DF), since its effective improvement on properties and functions of DF. Modification of DF can change their structure and functions to enhance their bioactivities, and endow them with huge application potential in the field of food and nutrition. Here, we classified and explained the different modification methods of DF, especially dietary polysaccharides. Different modification methods exert variable effects on the chemical structure of DF such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, functional groups, chain structure, and conformation. Moreover, we have discussed the change in physicochemical properties and biological activities of DF, resulting from alterations in the chemical structure of DF, along with a few applications of modified DF. Finally, we have summarized the modified effects of DF. This review will provide a foundation for further studies on DF modification and promote the future application of DF in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the engineering context of island blowing and reclamation, the modification effect of graphene oxide on the mechanical properties of calcareous sand cement mortar is analyzed, and the modification mechanism is elaborated from the microscopic perspective. The experimental results show that graphene oxide promotes the hydration reaction of calcareous sand-cement mortar, and the amount of graphene oxide doping significantly affects the modification effect. The modification effect gradually enhances when the graphene oxide doping amount increases from 0 to 0.06%, and the unconfined compressive strength of the specimens increases up to 36.96%. However, the modification effect decreases when the doping amount is 0.1% compared with that of 0.06%. The results of scanning electron micrographs and energy dispersive spectrometer tests indicate that the addition of graphene oxide accelerates the agglomeration of C-S-H gel produced by the reaction of calcareous sand cement mortar, forming a dense mesh-like structure, which enhances the unconfined compressive strength of the specimens. The oxygen-containing functional groups in graphene oxide are interlinked with the free Ca2+ in the hydration products, eventually producing crystals with the chemical formula (3CaO·Al2O3·CaSO4·12H2O). The generation of crystals leads to the reduction of pores inside the cement mortar and improves the specimen's compression strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Polyaniline (PANI) has been widely used as a cathode in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) because of its attractive conductivity and energy storage capability. However, the extensive application of PANI is limited by spontaneous deprotonation and slow diffusion kinetics. Herein, an 18-crown-6-functionalised PANI pseudorotaxane (18C6@PANI) cathode is successfully developed through a facile template-directed polymerisation reaction. The 18C6@PANI cathode exhibits a high specific capacity of 256 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A/g, excellent rate performance of 134 mAh g−1 at 6 A/g and outstanding cycle stability at a high current density of 3 A/g over 10,000 cycles. Experimental and theoretical analyses demonstrate the formation of the –N–Zn–O– structure. The abundant supramolecular channels in pseudorotaxane, induced by crown ether functional groups, are beneficial for achieving superior cyclability and rate capability. These encouraging results highlight the potential for designing more efficient PANI-based cathodes for high-performance AZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,2,2-trifluronate (TF) infiltrates into the solvated sheath of hydrated Zn2+ and adheres to the surface of Zn anode, guiding the homogeneous deposition of Zn2+ along the Zn(0 0 2) crystal surface, significantly inhibiting the formation of Zn dendrites and mitigrating side reactions. [Display omitted] Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have attracted significant attention owing to their inherent security, low cost, abundant zinc (Zn) resources and high energy density. Nevertheless, the growth of zinc dendrites and side reactions on the surface of Zn anodes during repeatedly plating/stripping shorten the cycle life of AZIBs. Herein, a simple organic molecule with abundant polar functional groups, 2,2,2-trifluoroether formate (TF), has been proposed as a high-efficient additive in the ZnSO 4 electrolyte to suppress the growth of Zn dendrites and side reaction during cycling. It is found that TF molecules can infiltrate the solvated sheath layer of the hydrated Zn2+ to reduce the number of highly chemically active H 2 O molecules owing to their strong binding energy with Zn2+. Simultaneously, TF molecules can preferentially adsorb onto the Zn surface, guiding the uniform deposition of Zn2+ along the crystalline surface of Zn(0 0 2). This dual action significantly inhibits the formation of Zn dendrites and side reactions, thus greatly extending the cycling life of the batteries. Accordingly, the Zn//Cu asymmetric cell with 2 % TF exhibits stable cycling for more than 3,800 cycles, achieving an excellent average Columbic efficiency (CE) of 99.81 % at 2 mA cm−2/1 mAh cm−2. Meanwhile, the Zn||Zn symmetric cell with 2 % TF demonstrates a superlong cycle life exceeding 3,800 h and 2,400 h at 2 mA cm−2/1 mAh cm−2 and 5 mA cm−2/2.5 mAh cm−2, respectively. Simultaneously, the Zn//VO 2 full cell with 2 % TF possesses high initial capacity (276.8 mAh/g) and capacity retention (72.5 %) at 5 A/g after 500 cycles. This investigation provides new insights into stabilizing Zn metal anodes for AZIBs through the co-regulation of Zn2+ solvated structure and surface crystallography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional analysis of variance (ANOVA) models are often used to compare groups of functional data. Similar to the traditional ANOVA model, a common follow‐up procedure to the rejection of the functional ANOVA null hypothesis is to perform functional linear contrast tests to identify which groups have different mean functions. Most existing functional contrast tests assume independent functional observations within each group. In this article, we introduce a new functional linear contrast test procedure that accounts for possible time dependency among functional group members. The test statistic and its normalized version, based on the Karhunen–Loève decomposition of the covariance function and a weak convergence result of the error processes, follow respectively a mixture chi‐squared and a chi‐squared distribution. An extensive simulation study is conducted to compare the empirical performance of the existing and new contrast tests. We also present two applications of these contrast tests to a weather study and a battery‐life study. We provide software implementation and example data in the Supplementary Material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn metal anodes are usually subject to grave dendrite growth during platting/stripping, which dramatically curtails the lifespan of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries and capacitors. To address above problems, in our work, a novel phosphorus‐functionalized multichannel carbon interlayer was designed and covered on Zn anodes. The results demonstrated that the multichannel structure combined with the three‐dimensional meshy skeleton can provide more sufficient space for Zn deposition, thereby effectively inhibiting the growth of zinc dendrites. Meanwhile, theoretical calculations also confirmed that the P–C and P=O functional groups from phosphorus‐functionalized multichannel carbon interlayer have the decisive influence in reducing the zinc nucleation potential and depositing uniformly zinc. Concretely, the symmetrical battery assembled with phosphorus‐functionalized multichannel carbon interlayer‐covered Zn anodes possessed a long lifetime of 3300 h at 2 mA cm−2 with 1 mAh cm−2. Furthermore, the full cell with activated carbon cathodes exhibited a high specific capacity of 80.5 mAh g−1 and outstanding cycling stability without capacity decay after 15 000 cycles at a high current density of 5 A g−1. The superior electrochemical performance exceeded that of most reported papers. Consequently, our synthesized zincophilic interlayer with the unique structure has superior prospects for application in stabilizing zinc anodes and prolonging the lifespan of batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, new chitosan Schiff base functionalized malic acid (CS-SB/MA) and its Fe2O3 (CS-SB/MA/Fe) composite were prepared through a simple route and characterized by different techniques including FT-IR, XRD, TGA, DSC, FESEM, and BET. The characterization results indicated that the desired compounds, CS-SB/MA and CS-SB/MA/Fe, were successfully prepared. In addition, the adsorption of Eosin Y (EY) from aqueous solution using the as-prepared compound, CS-SB/MA/Fe, was studied. The influence of important parameters such as pH solution and contact time were also studied and reported. EY adsorption by the as-prepared CS-SB/MA/Fe2O3 composite was found to be optimal at a pH solution of 5, a contact time of 90 min, and an adsorbent dosage of 0.02 g. The maximum removal percentage and adsorption capacity were calculated to be 93.56% and 65.52 mg/g, respectively. The EY adsorption followed by the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model as a chemisorption process including different interactions between anionic groups of EY and the functional groups of CS-SB/MA/Fe. Therefore, the prepared chitosan-base adsorbent, CS-SB/MA/Fe, has great potential application for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microhelices are important structures capable of overcoming low Reynolds number limitations and can be used in various applications. The fabrication of such microhelices is a challenge as existing fabrication techniques are restrictive in material choices and require sophisticated equipment. In this work, we demonstrate a simple top‐down approach to fabricate microhelical structures using surface modification of helical electrospun fibers to produce both hydrophilic, silica‐coated (Si‐HMPF), and hydrophobic, caramel sol‐based (Ca‐HMPF) magnetic microhelices post‐modification. The glassy coating obtained on the surface in both cases facilitated obtaining magnetic microhelices via mechanical fracture of the fibers by grinding at room temperature. SEM images of the samples confirm the successful fabrication of microhelical structures which resemble the popular microswimmer morphology. The FTIR and VSM characterization were performed to study the functional groups present and the magnetic nature of the fabricated microhelices. The thermal stability of the samples was investigated using DSC and TGA studies. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic magnetic microhelices were successfully fabricated through a simple sol‐based coating technique and confirmed by a wettability study. Highlights: Helical microstructures are an important classification of micro/nanomaterial synthesis.A simple method for the fabrication of magnetic polymeric microhelices is proposed and discussed in detail.The current challenges in fabricating such structures are discussed.The advantages of using a simple surface modification technique is summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel method is presented to enhance the antimicrobial properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) via plasma-induced grafting of quaternary ammonium (QA). The results show that the content of oxygen-containing functional groups on PVC surface is significantly increased after Ar-O2 plasma treatment, beneficially enhancing the thickness and adhesion of QA coating. Plasma treatment time critically affects the morphology of PVC surface, which is closely related to the number, depth and diameter of pit on the surface. With the increase of pits size, the PVC surface forms ridge-like protrusions. The coating formed by grafting QA maintains the morphology characteristics of plasma-treated PVC surface. Results of antibacterial test show that specimens have the best antibacterial activity when there are a high and sharp ridge-like structure of QA coating on the plasma-treated PVC surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present a novel approach to synthesizing amorphous carbon from agricultural waste, specifically pineapple peel, for electrochemical energy storage applications. The research emphasizes the critical role of calcination temperature and the subsequent interplay with different electrolytes (basic, neutral, and acidic) to tailor the material's properties for improved performance. A controlled calcination of the bio-waste was carried out at varying temperature of 400, 500, and 600 °C which yielded three separate samples. The sample calcinated at 500 °C is considered the best sample among the three, demonstrating the most favourable electrochemical properties. The calcination temperature was found to be pivotal in determining the material's structural and functional characteristics particularly for the said best sample, which exhibited an optimal balance of morphological structure and functional groups that facilitated enhanced charge storage and energy density, especially when interfaced with acidic electrolytes. Comprehensive characterization through XRD and FTIR affirmed the amorphous nature of the carbon and the presence of electrochemically active functional groups. Electrolyte selection proved to be a determining factor in the material's capacitive behaviour, with each electrolyte types bringing forth distinct capacitance and energy density profiles. The sample calcined at 500 °C consistently showed good performance in all the electrolyte system, and outperformed in acidic media due to the optimal interaction between the electrolyte ions and the tailored surface chemistry of the carbon. The insight from this research highlights the influence of calcination temperature in modifying the physical and chemical characteristics of carbon materials derived from biomass, without the need for additional porosity-enhancing treatments. The results contribute to a greener pathway for producing advanced materials for energy storage, reinforcing the potential of agricultural by-products in crafting next generation energy solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrated the production of activated carbon monoliths from biomass waste (Delonix regia pods) using a facile method. This was achieved using solvated polystyrene as the binder, which has never been achieved in the past, and KOH as the activating agent. The monolith's pore structures, functional group, morphology, and elemental composition were all investigated. According to the results, the monolith was found to have mesoporous properties, with a surface area of 314.9 m2/g and a pore size of 2.45 nm. Several functional groups, including nitro, carboxyl, and carbonyl groups, were identified, which confirms the potential applications of the monolith. Meanwhile, the KOH activator causes the production of particles with various clusters. The results demonstrated that solvated polystyrene has the ability to function as a binder in monolithic formation and are comparable to those of earlier investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Motivation Main Types of Variables Contained Spatial Location and Grain Time Period and Grain Major Taxa and Level of Measurement Software Format Terrestrial predators play key roles in cycling nutrients, as well as limiting prey populations, and shaping the behaviour of their prey. Prehistoric, historic and ongoing declines of the world's predators have reshaped terrestrial ecosystems and are a topic of conservation concern. However, the availability of ecologically relevant predator functional traits is limited, hampering efforts to understand macroecological changes in this ecologically important functional group. Here, we present CarniTraits, a comprehensive open‐access functional trait database of all late Quaternary (~130,000 ybp) terrestrial mammalian predators (149 species, ≥1 kg body mass, ≥50% vertebrate meat consumption).Mammalian terrestrial predator functional traits including body mass, diet, scavenging, locomotion, cooperative hunting, hunting habitat, hunting method, bone consumption, temporal activity patterns, brain mass and encephalisation quotient.Global.Late Quaternary (the last ~130,000 years).All late Quaternary terrestrial mammalian predators (149 species, ≥1 kg body mass, ≥50% vertebrate meat consumption).csv. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we report a protocol for the preparation of 1,4‐diketones from 1,2‐disubstituted cyclobutanols based on their ring‐opening oxidation with molecular oxygen. The reaction proceeds under manganese catalysis in the presence of 1,10‐phenanthroline ligand and leads to the target product along with minor 4‐hydroxyketone that can be oxidized with Dess‐Martin periodinane in the same reaction vessel. Substrates with alkyl and aryl substituents including those bearing functional groups were successfully engaged in the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how various functional groups affect the adsorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) in pillar[5]arenes (P[5]A) at the aim of enhancing CO2 capture in P[5]A for environmental applications. Density functional theory (DFT) and density‐functional‐based tight‐binding (DFTB) methods were employed to investigate the adsorption behavior of CO2 in pillar[5]arenes (P[5]A) with various functional groups including P[5]A with methyl (P[5]A‐OCH3), aldehyde (P[5]A‐OCOH) functional groups and pillar[5]quinone (P[5]Q). Self‐consistent charge DFTB calculations have been performed using the DFTB+ code, with dispersion corrections included for van der Waals interactions, to ensure accurate results at a lower computational cost. Bader charge analysis have been carried out with VASP code to understand the interaction mechanisms and charge transfer between P[5]A and CO2. The study demonstrates that changing the functional groups of P[5]A affects CO2 adsorption behavior. Specifically, CO2 adsorption is more favorable at the cavity site of P[5]A‐OCH3 compared to other functional groups, due to the combined effects of weak hydrogen bonds and π‐π interactions. The calculated results shows that the functionalization is one of the beneficial factors for CO2 capture in pillararenes, the adsorption energy and configuration of adsorbed CO2 at P[5]A are affected by both the polarization and geometry of the functional groups. Furthermore, the density of states (DOS) calculations confirm that CO2 is only physisorbed in P[5]A, ensuring the reusability of pillararenes after desorption. The findings of this study suggest that modifying the functional groups of pillararens is a promising strategy for developing high‐efficiency CO2 capture materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patterns and drivers of pollen transport on insect bodies can have important consequences for plant reproductive success and floral evolution; however, they remain little studied. Recently, pollinator bodies have been further described as pollen competitive arenas, where pollen grains can compete for space, with implications for the evolution of pollen dispersal strategies and plant community assembly. However, the identity, strength, and diversity of pollen competitive interactions and how they vary across pollinator functional groups is not known. Evaluating patterns and drivers of the pollen co‐transport landscape and how these vary across different pollinator groups is central to further our understanding of floral evolution and co‐flowering community assembly. Here, we integrate information on the number and identity of pollen grains on individual insect pollen loads with network analyses to uncover novel pollen co‐transport networks and how these vary across pollinator functional groups (bees and bee flies). We further evaluate differences in pollen load size, species composition, diversity and phylogenetic diversity among insect groups and how these relate to body size and gender. Pollen co‐transport networks were diverse and highly modular in bees, with groups of pollen species interacting more often with each other on insect bodies. However, the number, identity and frequency of competitors that pollen grains encounter on insect bodies vary between some pollinator functional groups. Other aspects of pollen loads such as their size, richness and phylogenetical diversity were shaped by bee size or gender, with females carrying larger but less phylogenetically diverse pollen loads than males. Synthesis. Our results show that the number, identity and phylogenetic relatedness of pollen competitors changes as pollen grains travel on the body of different pollinators. As a result, pollinator groups impose vastly different interaction landscapes during pollen transport, with so far unknown consequences for plant reproductive success, floral evolution and community assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfilimines and their derivatives have garnered considerable interest in both synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Photochemical nitrene transfer to sulfides is known as a conventional synthetic approach to sulfilimines. However, the existing methods have a limited substrate scope stemming from the incompatibility of singlet nitrene intermediates with nucleophilic functional groups. Herein, we report the synthesis of N‐sulfonyl sulfilimines via visible‐light‐mediated energy transfer to sulfonyl azides, uncovering the previously overlooked reactivity of triplet nitrenes with sulfides. This reaction features broad functional group tolerance, water compatibility, and amenability to the late‐stage functionalization of drugs. Thus, this work represents an important example of energy transfer chemistry that overcomes challenges in traditional synthetic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The electrical properties of acid‐treated CNT were investigated in terms of functional group and microstructure. A mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 was used to acid treatment of CNT, and acid‐treated CNTs were synthesized by the mixture for 0 to 5 h. In crystal structure analysis, as acid treatment time was increased, the intensity of graphite diffraction peak was decreased and shifted to lower angle. It indicates a decrease in the crystallinity of CNT surface and lattice contraction by loss of carbon atoms. The distribution of oxygen on CNT surface was observed by TEM analysis confirming that functional groups and structural defects were formed. ID/IG ratio and average distance between defects (LD) were calculated using Raman spectroscopy to analyze the structural characteristics of CNT, and the greatest decrease was identified from p‐CNT to 2h‐CNT, resulting in the formation of functional groups and the changes in structural defects on CNT surface by acid treatment in the initial stage. Bonding state on CNT surface was analyzed through XPS analysis, and functional groups such as CO and COH were confirmed in acid‐treated CNT. Sheet resistance was measured to analyze the electrical properties of CNT, and 3h‐CNT showed the lowest sheet resistance at 25.28 Ω. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing ultralong‐lived aqueous room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials has become an actively pursued but challenging research area. Herein, a coordination‐induced structural rigidity (CISR) strategy is proposed to achieve ultralong RTP lifetime in magnesium/pyromellitic acid phosphorescent materials (Mg/PMA‐PMs) with abundant Mg2+ ions sites and hydrophilic groups in aqueous solution. Compared to their dry state (448.77 ms), the lifetime of Mg/PMA‐PMs significantly increases to 1026.17 ms with the addition of a small amount of water (50 wt%). Even in a fully non‐deoxygenated aqueous environment (above 200 wt% water), where Mg/PMA‐PMs disintegrate to form a nanosuspension, they still exhibit an ultralong aqueous RTP lifetime of ≈800 ms. The water‐enhanced RTP properties are attributed to water molecules coordinating with Mg2+ ions and acting as bridging agents to bind with hydrophilic groups through hydrogen bonding. This interaction rigidifies functional groups and inhibits their motions, leading to a substantial reduction in nonradiative decay. Furthermore, the CISR mechanism effectively explains the RTP enhancement effect of water on inorganic salt phosphorescent systems. This work not only provides a new approach for constructing efficient aqueous RTP materials, but also develops a powerful tool for visual anion recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a straightforward, catalyst- and additive-free method for synthesizing keto γ-butyrolactones using readily available β-keto sulfoxonium ylides and acrylic acids. This robust approach demonstrates exceptional compatibility with various functional groups on β-keto sulfoxonium ylides and α-substituted acrylic acids, resulting in good to high yields of the anticipated products. Moreover, the practicality of this approach was validated through large-scale reactions and the successful conversion of some synthesized derivatives into bioactive natural products, including L-factor, muricatacin, and cytosporanone A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nitro moiety is an indispensable functional group in organic synthesis due to its facile introduction and reduction to the corresponding amines for a plethora of organic transformations. Owing to its distinct electronegative and conventional properties, it has been used for activated aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) reactions, Smiles reactions, Henry reactions, acyl anion equivalents, etc. Recently, the excellent photochemical properties of nitroarenes have been rediscovered by several groups, and their untapped potential in organic synthesis under UV or visible light irradiation has been exploited. Photoexcited nitroarenes can undergo facile reduction to amines, azo-coupling, metal-free reductive C--N coupling with boronic acids via a 1,2-boronate shift, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), oxygen atom transfer for anaerobic oxidation of organic molecules, molecular editing via nitrene intermediates, denitrative coupling of β-nitrostyrene, radical α-alkylation of nitroalkanes, etc. They have also been used as a photolabile protecting group in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology applications. Here, we summarise the recent findings on visible-light-mediated transformations involving nitro-containing organic molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbodicarbenes are strong C‐donor ligands, which have found numerous applications in organometallic and main group element chemistry. Herein, we report a structurally distinct carbodicarbene ligand, which is formed by dinitrogenative coupling of a Fischer carbene complex with an N‐heterocyclic diazoolefin. The resulting carbonyl complex serves as a stable source for the mixed Arduengo‐Fischer carbodicarbene ligand. Facile ligand transfer reactions were demonstrated to occur with gold(I), copper(I), palladium(II), and rhodium(I) complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of chiral motifs containing nonadjacent stereocenters in an enantio‐ and diastereoselective manner has long been a challenging task in synthetic chemistry, especially with respect to their stereodivergent synthesis. Herein, we describe a protocol that enables the enantio‐ and diastereoselective construction of 1,5/1,7‐nonadjacent tetrasubstituted stereocenters through a Pd/Cu‐cocatalyzed Heck cascade reaction. Notably, a C=C bond relay strategy involving the shift of the π‐allyl palladium intermediate was successfully applied in the asymmetric construction of 1,7‐nonadjacent stereocenters. The current method allows for the efficient preparation of chiral molecules bearing two privileged scaffolds, oxindoles and non‐natural α‐amino acids, with good functional group tolerance. The full complement of the four stereoisomers of products bearing 1,5/1,7‐nonadjacent stereocenters could be readily accessed by a simple combination of two chiral metal catalysts with different enantiomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we demonstrated an effective protocol for the regioselective ring opening of epoxides with alcohols. By following this strategy, both α‐alkylated ketones and β‐alkylated secondary alcohols were selectively obtained by changing the reaction parameters. Compared to the previously reported protocols, this methodology was operated using considerably lower base at lower temperature. Notably, a wide array of substrates with tolerance of different functional groups was demonstrated. A series of control experiments and deuterium‐labelling experiments were performed to understand this catalytic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed Br/Cl perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) exhibit bright pure‐blue emission benefiting for fulfilling the Rec. 2100 standard. However, phase segregation remains a significant challenge that severely affects the stability and emission spectrum of perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs). Here, we demonstrate the optimization of the spacing between polydentate functional groups of polymer ligands to match the surface pattern of CsPbBr1.8Cl1.2 PeNCs, resulting in effective synergistic passivation effect and significant improvements in PeLED performances. The block and alternating copolymers with different inter‐functional group spacing are facilely synthesized as ligands for PeNCs. Surprisingly, block copolymers with a higher functional group density do not match PeNCs, while alternating copolymers enable efficient PeNCs with the high photoluminescence intensity, low non‐radiative recombination rate and high exciton binding energy. Density functional theory calculations clearly confirm the almost perfect match between alternating copolymers and PeNCs. Finally, pure‐blue PeLEDs are achieved with the emission at 467 nm and Commission Internationale de l′Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.131, 0.071), high external quantum efficiency (9.1 %) and record spectral and operational stabilities (~80 mins) in mixed‐halide PeLEDs. Overall, this study contributes to designing the polymer ligands and promoting the development of high‐performance and stable pure‐color PeLEDs towards display applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHigh level of aluminum content in Enteromorpha prolifera posed a growing threat to both its growth and human health. This study focused on exploring the factors, impacts, and process of removing aluminum from Enteromorpha prolifera using humic acid. The results showed that under experimental conditions of 0.0330 g·L−1 humic acid concentration, pH 3.80, 34 °C, and a duration of 40 min, the removal rate was up to 80.18%. The levels of major flavor components, proteins, and amino acids in Enteromorpha prolifera increased significantly after treatment, while polysaccharides and trace elements like calcium and magnesium decreased significantly. Infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that the main functional groups involved in binding with Al3+ during humic acid adsorption were hydroxyl, carboxyl, phenol, and other oxygen-containing groups. The adsorption process of Al3+ by humic acid was a spontaneous phenomenon divided into three key stages: fast adsorption, slow adsorption, and adsorption equilibrium, which resulted from both physical and chemical adsorption effects. This study provided a safe and efficient method in algae metal removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multigram synthesis of 3‐fluorinated cyclobutane building blocks has been disclosed. The proposed synthetic schemes were based on nucleophilic fluorination and eventually led to 3‐fluorocyclocutanecarboxylic acid as a key target compound and intermediate. Further functional group transformations provided monofluorinated cyclobutane‐derived alcohols, amines, bromides, thiols, sulfonyl chlorides, etc. Furthermore, the synthesis of diastereopure cis‐ and trans‐isomeric 2‐ and 3‐fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acids and amines was also performed. In both cases, diastereomer separation was used to obtain pure stereoisomers. The effect of the fluorine position and relative spatial orientation on the physicochemical properties of the corresponding monoflurinated derivatives was studied by measurements of pKa and logP values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an electrochemically promoted decarboxylation of readily available carboxylic acid and subsequent Mumm rearrangement to synthesize the corresponding imides. The reaction features external oxidant‐free, transition metal‐free mild conditions, and good functional group tolerance, affording various imides in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies reveal that the selective oxidation of aliphatic carboxylic acids appears to be the key step in this transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quaternary phosphonium salts (QPS) are significant structural motifs in drugs, materials, and catalysts. Here, a photoactivated approach for the selective late-stage synthesis of QPS utilizing organothianthrenium salts and tertiary phosphines is presented with high yields and broad functional group compatibility. Additionally, the synthetic utility of this protocol is demonstrated by in situ generation of QPS via C–H functionalization and its fluorescence confocal imaging of mitochondrial localization in cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material design based on the assembly of functional units has demonstrated tremendous technical and commercial potential. Among others, polymers are identified to be an ideal building block due to their abundant functional groups, high programmability, and great biocompatibility. In this review, introducing recently developed advanced materials enabled by rationally designed polymer self‐assembly are focussed. The working principle of typical intermolecular interactions to shape nano‐patterns and structural heterogeneity is first explained in detail. Following that, methods to prepare advanced materials and their characteristic properties are discussed. The superior performance of polymer assemblies renders numerous potential applications in ultra‐tough devices, soft robotics, electronics, sensors, and biomedicine. A brief account of representative examples is highlighted and a perspective on this field is provided at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exergames are a fun, viable, attractive, and safe way to engage in physical exercise for most patient populations, including older adults. Their use in the home environment enables an expanded understanding about its applicability and its impact on clinical outcomes that can contribute to improved functionality and quality of life in this population. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence on the usability of exergames as a tool for home-based balance training in older adults. Methods: The search was realized in 6 electronic databases and were included 1) randomized controlled trials with exergames home-based training as intervention, 2) studies involving older adults (aged 60 years or older) described as having impaired static or dynamic balance, 3) that compared the effects of exergames to usual care, health education or no intervention, and 4) reported usability and balance outcomes. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials version 2 and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation were used to evaluate the methodological quality of studies and levels of evidence for outcomes. Results: After screening 1107 records, we identified 4 trials were included. The usability score of exergames was classified as an acceptable, good, and feasible tool. The pooled effect indicated improvements in favor of the exergame group for functional balance by TUG test (MD = -5.90; 95%CI = -10.29 to -1.51) with low-certainty evidence and Tinetti scale (MD = 4.80; 95%CI = 3.36 to 6.24) with very low-certainty evidence. Analyzing the different immersion level, it was observed a significant difference in the experimental group for the immersive exergames (MD = -9.14; 95%CI = -15.51 to -2.77) with very low-certainty evidence. Conclusion: Exergames applied at home showed good usability and had significant effects on functional balance compared to usual care or no intervention, especially in the immersive modality. Trial registration: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022343290. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functionality of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) is often encoded by specific chemical moieties found within these architectures. As such, new techniques to install increasingly more complex functionalities in MOFs are regularly being reported in the literature. One such functional group is the disulfide bond. The redox behavior of this covalent linkage renders MOFs responsive to stimuli, often under reducing conditions. Here, we review examples in which disulfide‐containing MOFs are deployed in applications including drug delivery, therapeutic ferroptosis, exfoliation, energy storage, sensing, and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of laser technology, searching for new nonlinear optics (NLO) active units is necessary for designing NLO materials with excellent performance. In this study, an amino substitution strategy is proposed to explore new planar π‐conjugated groups as functional building units (FBUs) for NLO and birefringent materials. Accordingly, a new NLO‐active molecule melem C6N7(NH2)3 is identified, which is characterized by significant polarization anisotropies and large hyperpolarizabilities. Subsequently, C6N7(NH2)3·H3PO4 is screened out and successfully synthesized through a simple aqueous method. The compound exhibits a strong second harmonic generation (SHG) response of 8.9 times that of KDP and a large birefringence of 0.609 at 1064 nm. As far as is known, the calculated birefringence of C6N7(NH2)3·H3PO4 is the largest among the organic–inorganic hybrid crystals in which the birefringence originates from π‐conjugated groups. The theoretical computation supports that the amino (─NH2) substitution strategy is effective for designing and synthesis of materials with strong SHG response and large birefringence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient synthesis of spiro[2.3]hexane‐ and spiro[3.3]heptane‐derived α‐amino acids is reported. The used methods are divided on two different approaches. First of them involves modification of commercially available spirocyclic diesters via monohydrolysis, Curtius rearrangement and functional groups deprotection sequence. Alternative approach was based on Bucherer ‐ Bergs hydantoine synthesis with its subsequent cleavage to the target amino acid fragment. The proposed synthetic schemes offer the desired product in 31–52 % overall yield on up to 22.5 g scale. Acid‐base titration of the obtained spirocyclic amino acids revealed lowered pI values compared to the parent 1‐amino‐cyclohexane‐ and ‐cycloheptanecarboxylic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) based on proton exchange membrane (PEM) reactor represents a promising approach to industrial‐level H2O2 production, while it is hampered by the lack of high‐efficiency electrocatalysts in acidic medium. Herein, we present a strategy for the specific oxygen functional group (OFG) regulation to promote the H2O2 selectivity up to 92 % in acid on cobalt‐porphyrin molecular assembled with reduced graphene oxide. In situ X‐ray adsorption spectroscopy, in situ Raman spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy combined with theoretical calculation unravel that different OFGs exert distinctive regulation effects on the electronic structure of Co center through either remote (carboxyl and epoxy) or vicinal (hydroxyl) interaction manners, thus leading to the opposite influences on the promotion in 2e− ORR selectivity. As a consequence, the PEM electrolyzer integrated with the optimized catalyst can continuously and stably produce the high‐concentration of ca. 7 wt % pure H2O2 aqueous solution at 400 mA cm−2 over 200 h with a cell voltage as low as ca. 2.1 V, suggesting the application potential in industrial‐scale H2O2 electrosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a metal‐free photocatalytic approach for the synthesis of difluoroalkoxylatedketones. This strategy involves the generation of alkoxyl radicals from pyridinium salts upon the activity of a catalytic electron‐donor‐acceptor (EDA) complex. This mild process tolerates several functional groups and can be scaled up to gram scale. Diverse products manipulations accounts for the versatility of the obtained fluorinated products, highlighting the synthetic usefulness of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]