Search

In the 1970s and 1980s, lipidomics existed but under the guise of “metabolite profiling”, largely performed on gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instruments or using fast atom bombardment (FAB) ionisation on high-resolution magnetic sector MS instruments. Today, lipidomics has become a field of study in its own right with electrospray as the dominating ionisation mode, i.e. ESI-MS, often linked with online chromatographic separation and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In this chapter we will discuss some of the newer scan modes available on modern instruments made possible by fast scanning and high-resolution with accurate mass measurement.

A mid-IR source based on difference frequency generation is shown capable of performing a 100 nm wide scan centred at 2.9 Um in under 3 minutes. Its use for measuring the quality factors of photonic crystal cavities is demonstrated.

In this study, we developed and fabricated an ordered MIR bundle comprised of 7x7 silver halide fibers arranged in a square grid. These bundles may be useful in IR spectroscopy systems for fast scanning specimens.

Directed Infrared Counter Measure (DIRCM) system requires a very large field of regard (FOR) with fast scanning mechanism. There are several mechanisms available for achieving this large field of regard. Most of them use single mirror or two mirror scanning mechanisms Faria et al. (J Aerosp Technol Manag Sao Jose dos Campos 5(4):387–394, 2013 [1, 2]). This requires a larger dome size to accommodate these mirrors. This paper presents opto-mechanical design of an infrared imager with a spiral scanning mechanism to reduce the dome size.

Near real-time particle size distribution measurements with a scanning electrical mobility spectrometer (SEMS) requires a fast scan DMA operation. The classification characteristics of the DMA when operated with an up-scan voltage can be established from calculations of particle arrival-times at the sample port of the DMA. This approach, referred to as the arrival-time transfer function (ATF) calculation approach, has been shown to accurately calculate DMA mobility transfer functions under up-scan operation for a range of scan times. Fast SEMS operation, however, are further complicated by downstream effects of particle smearing, plumbing delays (offset time) and counting time interval of the particle counter. These effects have thus far been quantified empirically. In this paper, a theoretical framework is proposed to minimize empirical corrections. The effects of particle smearing, plumbing delays (offset time) and counting time interval are incorporated in determining SEMS transfer functions, which are then used to predict the signal response to a known upstream size distribution under different operating conditions. The predicted signals are then validated with experimental data with scan times as fast 5 s. Using the calculated SEMS transfer functions and a regularization-based inversion algorithm, we are able to accurately invert SEMS signals from a scan as fast as 5 s. Our proposed SEMS transfer function calculation approach, thus, suggests that near real-time, accurate size distributions may be possible with SEMS measurements.

This article describes the application of fast scan differential pulse voltammetry on a glassy carbon electrode as a working electrode in a wall-jet arrangement in combination with a high performance liquid chromatography. During the characterization of electrochemical detection, the separability, the repeatability, and the concentration characteristics for determination of common antioxidants in standard solutions were found. Finally, as an application of the technique, the optimized procedure has been used for the first time to determine antioxidants contained in tea samples by applying a simple extraction procedure.

Computed tomography (CT) with bolus contrast enhancement is the main method of objectifying pancreatic pathology in pancreatic necrosis. This is due to sufficiently high diagnostic accuracy, good accessibility of the method, fast scanning time, simple interpretation of the resulting images. At the present stage, perfusion CT of the pancreas, threedimensional modeling of digital images, determination of anisotropy of pancreatic tissue allow improving the diagnostic efficiency of CT in patients with acute pancreatitis.

Background: Blunt abdominal trauma is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among patients encountering traumatic injuries, especially motor vehicle accidents, which are the leading cause of injury worldwide. Focused abdominal sonogram for trauma, computed tomography with or without contrast, and laparotomy are the most common ways of diagnosis and treatment. With advancement of diagnostic medicine, the physicians are making use of non-operative methods to achieve quick results quicker and with fewer complications. Methodology: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 2001, through February 2017. The following search terms were used: blunt abdominal injury, FAST scan, US in abdominal trauma, CT for abdominal trauma, trauma management Aim: In this review, we aimed at evaluating the various methods of diagnosis using imaging for blunt abdominal trauma. Conclusion: The growing tendency of non-operative management necessitates early identification of the injury sites, which is aided by the increasing sophistication of the CT techniques. Additionally, CT also provides a very significant method for following up the patients and for detecting complications which were not diagnosed initially.

In this work, we adapted a procedure for vapor pressures determination utilizing a fast scanning chip calorimeter to the case of a stagnant gas phase. The validity of the developed procedure was checked by comparing the vapor pressures determined in this work for several polyaromatic, heteroaromatic, and long-chain compounds with reliable vapor pressure data available in the literature. The results of the comparison show that the commercial Flash DSC 1 and the Flash DSC 2+ (Mettler Toledo, Switzerland) can be used for a reliable appraisal of the vapor pressures in a wide temperature range, which allows using these devices without additional technical changes as a source of comprehensive and internally consistent information about the energy of phase transitions.

The advent of optical coherence tomography (OCT) revolutionized both clinical assessment and research of vitreoretinal conditions. Since then, extraordinary advances have been made in this imaging technology, including the relatively recent development of swept-source OCT (SS-OCT). SS-OCT enables a fast scan rate and utilizes a tunable swept laser, thus enabling the incorporation of longer wavelengths than conventional spectral-domain devices. These features enable imaging of larger areas with reduced motion artifact, and a better visualization of the choroidal vasculature, respectively. Building on the principles of OCT, swept-source OCT has also been applied to OCT angiography (SS-OCTA), thus enabling a non-invasive in depth-resolved imaging of the retinal and choroidal microvasculature. Despite their advantages, the widespread use of SS-OCT and SS-OCTA remains relatively limited. In this review, we summarize the technical details, advantages and limitations of SS-OCT and SS-OCTA, with a particular emphasis on their relevance for the study of retinal conditions. Additionally, we comprehensively review relevant studies performed to date to the study of retinal health and disease, and highlight current gaps in knowledge and opportunities to take advantage of swept source technology to improve our current understanding of many medical and surgical chorioretinal conditions. We anticipate that SS-OCT and SS-OCTA will continue to evolve rapidly, contributing to a paradigm shift to more widespread adoption of new imaging technology to clinical practice.

Crystallization behaviors on two-step isothermal crystallization at T c 1 and T c 2 ( T c 1 ) were examined by fast scanning calorimetry for poly(butylene terephthalate) in order to identify the dominant process during the secondary stage of crystallization at T c 1 after the completion of spherulitic growth under isothermal condition. From the difference between the melting peaks obtained before and after the low-temperature crystallization step at T c 2 , the distinction of the following two processes became realizable: the growth of crystals formed at T c 2 and the stabilization of crystals formed at T c 1 . The dependences on T c 2 and the duration of times Δ t c 1 and Δ t c 2 revealed the following: The formation and growth of new crystals are controlled by thermodynamic driving force determined by supercooling, and hence are suppressed at T c 1 higher than T c 2 . The crystal stabilization is controlled by the mobility of polymer chains, and became more pronounced at T c 1 . Therefore, the dominant process of the secondary crystallization under isothermal condition at T c 1 should be the stabilization of crystals formed in the primary stage and the formation of new crystals will only have a secondary effect.

Fast scanning (or chip-) calorimetry has been applied to systematically investigate the nucleation kinetics of two near eutectic Au-Sn compositions. The determined nucleation rates show a maximum at finite undercooling. A comparison of the experimental data with model calculations indicates that the observed maxima of the nucleation rates are due to a transition of the nucleation mechanism in the deeply undercooled liquid.

At Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) in National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), more than 9000 patients have been successfully treated by carbon ion beams since 1994. The successful results of treatments have led us to construct a new treatment facility equipped with a three-dimensional pencil beam scanning irradiation system, which is one of sophisticated techniques for cancer therapy with high energetic ion beam. This new facility comprises two treatment rooms having fixed beam lines and one treatment room having rotating gantry line. The challenge of this project is to realize treatment of a moving target by scanning irradiation. Thus, to realize this, the development of the fast scanning system is one of the most important issues in this project. After intense commissioning and quality assurance tests, the treatment with scanned ion beam was started in May 2011. After treatment of static target starts, we have developed related technologies. As a result, we can start treatment of moving target and treatment without range shifter plates since 2015. In this paper, the developments of the scanning irradiation system are described.

An overview of FAST (focused assessment with sonography for trauma, triage and tracking) is provided, including imaging techniques for both abdominal and thoracic FAST (AFAST and TFAST). This article serves as a practical guide for general and emergency room veterinary surgeons wanting to incorporate the ultrasound FAST scan into everyday practice. Indications for FAST scan, methodology and common pitfalls are reviewed, with the aim of making this diagnostic technique accessible to every practice with ultrasound capabilities. Rapid early detection of pneumothorax, and of peritoneal, pericardial and pleural effusions, allows for further appropriate patient-directed diagnostic evaluation and therapy.

J–V hysteresis in perovskite solar cells is known to be strongly dependent on many factors ranging from the cell structure to the preparation methods. Here we uncover one likely reason for such sensitivity by linking the stoichiometry in pure CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite cells with the character of their hysteresis behavior through the influence of internal band offsets. We present evidence indicating that in some cells the ion accumulation occurring at large forward biases causes a temporary and localized increase in recombination at the MAPbI3/TiO2 interface, leading to inverted hysteresis at fast scan rates. Numerical semiconductor models including ion accumulation are used to propose and analyze two possible origins for these localized recombination losses: one based on band bending and the other on an accumulation of ionic charge in the perovskite bulk.

The increase in emergency and critical care (ECC) staff; the range of ECC qualifications available, and the increasing expectations of owners, has led to the increased use of ECC interventions. One such intervention is the FAST scan, which is used to identify signs of abdominal or thoracic injury in human ECC patients, and progressively, veterinary patients. Therefore there is a need for RVNs to understand the procedure.

The effect of molar mass on the reorganization behavior of α′-crystals of poly ( l -lactic acid) (PLLA) has been investigated by fast scanning chip calorimetry. The α′-crystals of PLLA were formed by isothermal crystallization of the relaxed melt at 90 °C or lower temperatures, and were then heated at different rates between 2 and 200 K s − 1 . Slow heating permits for all PLLA samples of different molar mass between 2 and 576 kDa reorganization of α′- into α-crystals. It was found that the α′/α-transition is suppressed if heating occurs faster than 10 K s − 1 in case of the sample with a molar mass of 576 kDa, while the critical heating rate to suppress the formation of α-crystals is increased to 30 and 100 K/s in PLLA with molar masses of around 100 kDa and 2 kDa, respectively. The faster kinetics of the α′/α-transition in case of shorter macromolecules may be explained by faster melting of smaller α′-crystals, faster growth of α-crystals from the non-isotropic melt containing remnants/self-seed from molten α′-crystals, and/or a higher number of such α′-crystal remnants/self-seed.

International audience; By providing fast scanning with low radiation doses, sparse-view (or sparse-projection) reconstruction has attracted much research attention in X-ray computerized tomography (CT) imaging. Recent contributions have demonstrated that the total variation (TV) constraint can lead to improved solution by regularizing the underdetermined ill-posed problem of sparse-view reconstruction. However, when the projection views are reduced below certain numbers, the performance of TV regularization tends to deteriorate with severe artifacts. In this paper, we explore the applicability of Gamma regularization for the sparse-view CT reconstruction. Experiments on simulated data and clinical data demonstrate that the Gamma regularization can lead to good performance in sparse-view reconstruction.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive, high-resolution imaging technique with a growing impact in dermatology. The principle of OCT is comparable to that of sonography, except that it uses infrared laser light instead of ultrasound waves. It has been clinically demonstrated that OCT is suitable for discriminating between different types of non-melanoma skin cancer at an early stage of disease. Optical coherence tomography generates two- or three-dimensional images of up to 2 mm penetration depth, a field of view of 6 mm × 6 mm, and an acquisition time of seconds. The resolution capability of OCT is more than 3 to 100 times higher than that of ultrasound imaging. It is of particular interest that the additional information on vasculature provided by OCT angiography enables the assessment and monitoring of inflammatory skin diseases. The use of OCT to locate exact blister levels was demonstrated for diagnosing autoimmune bullous diseases. It is anticipated that detection of subclinical lesions could indicate a relapse of the disease. In the future, this could enable intervention and early treatment. Furthermore, the development of high-speed OCT could allow fast scanning and bedside imaging of large body sites.

Detailed routing has become more challenging in modern circuit designs due to the extreme scaling of chip size and the additional complicated design rules. In this paper, we present an effective detailed routing algorithm for advanced technology nodes with the aim to optimize the total routing wirelength. Under the constraints of blockages and pin information, we first present a shape-based connection candidates generation to generate crucial connection points, which significantly reduces searching connection points for the following detailed routing process. Then, a valid net's connection edges selection strategy is presented to choose routing direction edges, and a fast scanning line technique is applied to remove invalidate edges. Finally, considering the complex design rules in the advanced technology nodes, we introduce a Steiner minimal tree based algorithm to obtain an initial detailed routing result, and further propose a complexity-driven post-processing and refinement stage to strike out redundant points and merge adjacent edges. Experimental results on industry benchmarks show that, comparing with classical algorithms, our proposed algorithm not only achieves 100% routability on real industrial cases but also obtains shorter total wirelength.

In this work, a method is presented which allows the determination of calorimetric information, and thus, information about the precipitation and dissolution behavior of aluminum alloys during heating rates that could not be previously measured. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is an established method for in-situ recording of dissolution and precipitation reactions in various aluminum alloys. Diverse types of DSC devices are suitable for different ranges of scanning rates. A combination of the various available commercial devices enables heating and cooling rates from 10−4 to 5 Ks−1 to be covered. However, in some manufacturing steps of aluminum alloys, heating rates up to several 100 Ks−1 are important. Currently, conventional DSC cannot achieve these high heating rates and they are still too slow for the chip-sensor based fast scanning calorimetry. In order to fill the gap, an indirect measurement method has been developed, which allows the determination of qualitative information, regarding the precipitation state, at various points of any heat treatment. Different rapid heat treatments were carried out on samples of an alloy EN AW-6082 in a quenching dilatometer and terminated at defined temperatures. Subsequent reheating of the samples in the DSC enables analysis of the precipitation state of the heat-treated samples. This method allows for previously un-measurable heat treatments to get information about the occurring precipitation and dissolution reactions during short-term heat treatments.

Surface-facilitated, front-propagated softening of glassy materials is now a well-known phenomenon, which is common to stable vapor deposited glasses. As we demonstrate in our recent communication, this softening pathway is not unique to vapor-deposited vitreous phases and can be observed in ordinary melt-cooled glasses in the limit of high heating rates [Cubeta et al., J. Chem. Phys. 147(7), 071101 (2017)]. Expanding on this preliminary report, we use our thin-wire, quasi-adiabatic fast scanning calorimetry technique to investigate softening kinetics of micrometer scale, viscous liquid methylbenzene, and 2-propanol films, which are fully equilibrated at distinct temperatures near the compounds’ standard glass hardening transition ranges. Heating of each sample with rates in excess of 105 K·s−1 results in softening kinetics that are well approximated by an Arrhenius temperature function. Remarkably, the apparent activation energy barriers to non-equilibrium, front-propagated softening matches the barriers to near-equilibrium self-diffusivity at the samples’ initial temperatures. Furthermore, our analysis also shows an exceptionally strong correlation between the high temperature softening rate and the self-diffusion coefficients at low initial temperatures. Finally, our front softening velocities are also strongly dependent on the samples’ initial states, much more so than previously observed. Based on these results, we propose an extended Wilson-Frenkel model of non-equilibrium phase transformations as a general theoretical framework to describe front propagated softening in glassy materials.Surface-facilitated, front-propagated softening of glassy materials is now a well-known phenomenon, which is common to stable vapor deposited glasses. As we demonstrate in our recent communication, this softening pathway is not unique to vapor-deposited vitreous phases and can be observed in ordinary melt-cooled glasses in the limit of high heating rates [Cubeta et al., J. Chem. Phys. 147(7), 071101 (2017)]. Expanding on this preliminary report, we use our thin-wire, quasi-adiabatic fast scanning calorimetry technique to investigate softening kinetics of micrometer scale, viscous liquid methylbenzene, and 2-propanol films, which are fully equilibrated at distinct temperatures near the compounds’ standard glass hardening transition ranges. Heating of each sample with rates in excess of 105 K·s−1 results in softening kinetics that are well approximated by an Arrhenius temperature function. Remarkably, the apparent activation energy barriers to non-equilibrium, front-propagated softening matches the barriers...

Background Traumatic pneumopericardium is rare and usually results from blunt injury. Diagnosis through clinical and chest X-ray is often difficult. Ultrasound findings of A-line artifacts in the cardiac window may suggest pneumopericardium. Case presentation A young man involved in a car accident and sustained blunt thoracic injuries, among others. As part of primary survey, FAST scan was performed. Subxiphoid view to look for evidence of pericardial effusion showed part of the cardiac image obscured by A-lines. Other cardiac windows showed only A-lines, as well. A suspicion of pneumopericardium was raised and CT scan confirmed the diagnosis. Conclusions Although FAST scan was originally used to look for presence of free fluid, with the knowledge of lung ultrasound for pneumothorax, our findings suggest that FAST scan can also be used to detect pneumopericardium.

Sweep source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCTA) is a tomography method in vivo, which is mainly used for retinal vascular imaging of the fundus, with high resolution and fast scanning speed. In this article, through the SS - OCTA imaging system on the galvanometer selection and debugging, to vascular imaging of C57 mice skin, make SS - OCTA system for skin tissue scanning depth to 1 mm or so, the skin blood vessels of graphic images, and can get skin vascular image and can get the X axis diameter 33.43 micron blood vessels, and the image noise is analyzed and discussed.

This article presents a large aperture micro scanning mirror (MSM) array especially developed for the panoramic 3D-ToF camera Fovea-3D. The Fovea-3D system uses a fiber amplified pulsed laser ToF technique at λ = 1550 nm \lambda =1550\hspace{0.1667em}\text{nm} with 1 MVoxel distance measuring rate. It targets for real time 3D imaging with a panoramic optical field of view (FOV) of 360 ° × 60 ° 360^\circ \times 60^\circ (horizontal × vertical) combined with a large distance measurement range of 100 m and a video-like frame rate of 10 Hz. For fast vertical scan axis a MEMS scanner module with large receiver aperture was especially developed. It increases the scanning rate to 3200 Hz which is four times faster in comparison to state-of-the-art fast macroscopic polygon scanning systems used for LIDAR systems. To guarantee at the same time a large reception aperture of D eff = 23 mm {D_{\mathit{eff}}}=23\hspace{0.1667em}\text{mm} , large FOV of 60 ° 60^\circ and high vertical scanning rate of 3200 Hz, a hybrid assembled MSM array was developed consisting of 22 reception mirrors and a separate emitting mirror for laser scanning of the target. For Fovea3D hybrid assembly of frequency selected scanner elements was chosen instead of a monolithic MEMS scanner array to guaranty a high yield of MEMS fabrication. All MSM are driven in parametric resonance to enable a fully synchronized operation of all individual MEMS scanner elements. Therefore, piezo-resistive position sensors are integrated on each MEMS chip for position feedback of driving control. The paper discusses details of the MEMS system integration including the synchronized operation of multiple MEMS scanning elements.

This study explores specific heat capacity (cp) measurements via fast scanning calorimetry, with a focus on correcting measured heat flow by accounting for temperature dependent heat losses. Using MultiSTAR-UFS1 sensors with the Mettler-Toledo Flash-DSC 2+, cp of Pb (99.998% purity) was measured in dependence of the sample mass and scanning rate. Masses from 0.3–5 μg were evaluated at rates of 100, 1000 and 2000 K s−1 in the temperature range −20 to 320 °C. Two correction methods are shown and compared to cp results without corrections. Heat loss corrections are mandatory when measuring cp, but are in particular important for low masses and rates. High consistency was found between the two proposed correction procedures giving good confidence in their viability. A slight but consistent overestimation of cp compared to literature casts uncertainty upon the determined sample mass. Whilst the systems under study in this work encompass only pure Pb, the arguments and procedures of the shown method of cp determination are applicable to any system in the absence of physical transformations.

Automatic detection of cancer metastasis from whole slide images (WSIs) is a crucial step for following patient staging and prognosis. Recent convolutional neural network based approaches are struggling with the trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency due to the difficulty in processing large-scale gigapixel WSIs. To meet this challenge, we propose a novel Pyramidal Feature Aggregation ScanNet (PFA-ScanNet) for robust and fast analysis of breast cancer metastasis. Our method mainly benefits from the aggregation of extracted local-to-global features with diverse receptive fields, as well as the proposed synergistic learning for training the main detector and extra decoder with semantic guidance. Furthermore, a high-efficiency inference mechanism is designed with dense pooling layers, which allows dense and fast scanning for gigapixel WSI analysis. As a result, the proposed PFA-ScanNet achieved the state-of-the-art FROC of 89.1% on the Camelyon16 dataset, as well as competitive kappa score of 0.905 on the Camelyon17 leaderboard without model ensemble. In addition, our method shows leading speed advantage over other methods, about 7.2 min per WSI with a single GPU, making automatic analysis of breast cancer metastasis more applicable in the clinical usage.

Remote sensing images are blurred due to large and wide imaging, long shooting distance, fast scanning speed, interference from external light, etc. At the same time, because of that remote sensing images have the characteristics of diverse and dense shooting objects, deblurring remote sensing images is a major problem in remote sensing research. Therefore, we propose a remote sensing image deblurring algorithm, which based on WGAN. The algorithm is different from the traditional method in estimating the blur kernel of image. What’s more our method does not require an explicit estimation of the blur kernel, and it implements an end-to-end image deblurring process. We use a WGAN-based deblurring model. First, the training images are processed in pairs. Then, in order to increase the generalization ability, a image of 256 * 256 that is a sub-region cropped at the random position in the original image is chosen as the input image. Finally, to achieve a better deblurring effect, a content loss function and a perceptual loss function are added to the loss function to achieve the specific implementation. The remote sensing image deblurring model trained by the proposed method has achieved better results on the remote sensing image dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm have better performance than the traditional method in filtering out the blur of remote sensing images, which could optimize the overall visual effect subjectively and improve the peak signal-to-noise ratio of the image objectively.

The XMaS bending magnet beamline at the ESRF has been in regular user operation since the autumn of 1998 and has employed a very simple optical system consisting of a Si monochromator and a toroidal mirror. The ESRF extremely brilliant source (EBS) upgrade program presents the bending magnet beamlines with a series of challenges and exciting new opportunities to extend the range of science performed, with emphasis on in-operando and in-situ studies. Geometrically, the new EBS lattice will move the source for bending magnet beamlines some 3 meters upstream and XMaS will use a newly designed 0.86 Tesla short bend, instead of the present 0.4 Tesla bending magnet. The higher field of the new source increases the available flux at high energies (>25 keV) by an order of magnitude and will result in a smaller brighter beam. To exploit the extended energy range, a dual toroidal mirror system, coated with chromium and platinum, will provide the focusing optics and enable continuous operations from 2.035 keV to 33 keV which will be coupled to a fast scanning LN2 cooled, constant offset monochromator. We report here on the opportunities presented by the new machine lattice and the solutions chosen to deliver a state of the art beamline that utilizes a very wide range of x-ray techniques including scattering and spectroscopy from a broad spectrum of materials characterization.

Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) of high performance have developed as materials with a wide application range in gas separation and other energy-related fields. Further optimization and long-term behavior of devices with PIMs require an understanding of the structure-property relationships including physical aging. In this context the glass transi-tion plays a central role, but with conventional thermal analysis a glass transition is usually not detectable for PIMs be-fore their thermal decomposition. Fast scanning calorimetry provides evidence of the glass transition for a series of PIMs, as the time scales responsible for thermal degradation and for the glass transition are decoupled by employing ultrafast heating rates of tens of thousands K s-1. The investigated PIMs were chosen considering the chain rigidity. The estimated glass transition temperatures follow the order of the rigidity of the backbone of the PIMs.

We construct a contact inspection system and realize low contact force and high precision measurements for aspheric optical components. The inspection and calibration principles, as well as the reliability of the system are thoroughly studied. Our investigations show that the system could provide low contact force measurement (low than 0.7 mN), fast scanning speed (2 mm/s), and high accuracy (as low as 0.5 μm), being a good option to the contact inspections of aspheric optical components.

Storage tank is an essential vessel in petrochemical industry, and the corrosion of tank is an important reason for the safety hazard. The corrosion of tank bottom plate is more serious than the tank wall, and it is not easy to check and repair, when damaged to a certain extent it will cause the leakage of the media, then lead to waste of energy, environmental pollution, at the same time it will cause a major accident. Magnetic flux leakage testing is widely used in the field of tank floor inspection with the advantages of fast scanning speed, accurate results and so on. In this paper, the finite element simulation and analysis of the corrosion defect leakage magnetic field is used to obtain the data, and the characteristic of the leakage magnetic field is extracted. The effect of defect depth and width and shape on the magnetic flux leakage field is studied, and the distribution curve of the magnetic flux leakage field is obtained.

Targeted proteomics technique has emerged as a powerful protein quantification tool in systems biology, biomedical research, and increasing for clinical applications. The most widely used targeted proteomics approach, selected reaction monitoring (SRM), also known as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), can be used for quantification of cellular signaling networks and preclinical verification of candidate protein biomarkers. As an extension to our previous review on advances in SRM sensitivity (Shi et al., Proteomics, 12, 1074-1092, 2012) herein we review recent advances in the method and technology for further enhancing SRM sensitivity (from 2012 to present), and highlighting its broad biomedical applications in human bodily fluids, tissue and cell lines. Furthermore, we also review two recently introduced targeted proteomics approaches, parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and data-independent acquisition (DIA) with targeted data extraction on fast scanning high-resolution accurate-mass (HR/AM) instruments. Such HR/AM targeted quantification with monitoring all target product ions addresses SRM limitations effectively in specificity and multiplexing; whereas when compared to SRM, PRM and DIA are still in the infancy with a limited number of applications. Thus, for HR/AM targeted quantification we focus our discussion on method development, data processing and analysis, and its advantages and limitations in targeted proteomics. Finally, general perspectives on the potential of achieving both high sensitivity and high sample throughput for large-scale quantification of hundreds of target proteins are discussed.

A fast MAP inference method for the general discrete labeling problems.A new graphical model that consists of four directed acyclic subgraphs (DAS).Message receiving inference based on four DAS structure.Four scanning method that utilizes message receiving inference.Extremely high speed and competitive accuracy compared to other MAP inference. We propose a message-receiving algorithm on a Directed Acyclic Subgraph (DAS) structure to approximate the solution of general labeling problems extremely quickly. The algorithm divides a graph into four subgraphs to get a joint distribution of all nodes, then passes messages in two fixed directions as inference on DASs. Message receiving is a modified version of message passing. When receiving messages on DAS structure, labeling results can be obtained after just four scans. The proposed algorithm was evaluated by using it to perform three labeling decision applications (binary segmentation, image denoising, and stereo matching). Compared to other highly-accurate iterative algorithms ( α -expansion, α - β swap, tree-reweighted message passing, sum-product belief propagation, max-product belief propagation, and FastPD), the proposed algorithm shows competitive accuracy but requires much less computational time. The proposed algorithm is appropriate for applications in which iterative schemes are undesirable, but which must get reliable labeling results within a limited time.

Using fast scanning calorimetry, we determined the crystallinity of thin films of poly(3-hexylthiophene) crystallized from the melt from measurements of the specific melting enthalpy. A broad range of film thicknesses from 10 µm down to 26 nm was covered. The sample mass was determined from measurements of the specific heat capacity in the molten state allowing a quantitative analysis of the heat flow data. Films with a thickness D≥ 400 nm slowly cooled from the melt showed the same crystallinity as bulk samples measured with conventional DSC. Below D≈ 350 nm the melting enthalpy decreased strongly. We assign this strongly reduced crystallinity to the restricted crystallization kinetics originating from hindered spherulitic growth under thin film confinement. A higher crystallinity could be partially regained by extended isothermal crystallization at elevated temperatures. Much faster cooling, with rates above about 100 Ks−1 led to a partial suppression of crystallization even for thick films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1791–1801

The efficiency of linear trans γ-quinacridone to nucleate formation of β-crystals in isotactic polypropylene (iPP) at rapid cooling conditions has been evaluated by a combination of fast scanning chip calorimetry (FSC) and microfocus wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). For samples containing different amount of γ-quinacridone, FSC cooling experiments revealed information about a critical cooling rate above which the crystallization temperature decreases to below 105 °C, that is, to temperatures at which the growth rate of α-crystals is higher than that of β-crystals. Microfocus WAXS analysis was then applied to gain information about the competition of formation of β- and α-crystals in samples prepared at well-defined conditions of cooling at rates up to 1000 K/s in the FSC. For iPP containing 1 and 500 ppm γ-quinacridone, the crystallization temperature is lower than 105 °C on cooling faster about 10 and 70 K/s, respectively, which then on further increase of the cooling rate leads to a distinct reduction of the β-crystal fraction. The study may be considered as a first successful attempt to quantify and interpret β-crystal formation in iPP containing γ-quinacridone at processing-relevant cooling conditions in the shed of light of the different temperature-dependence of the growth rates of α- and β-crystals.