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Summary The deep-sea environment creates the largest ecosystem in the world with the largest biological community and extensive undiscovered biodiversity. Nevertheless, these ecosystems are far from well known. Deep-sea equipment is an indispensable approach to research life in extreme environments in the deep-sea environment because of the difficulty in obtaining access to these unique habitats. This work reviewed the historical development and the state-of-the-art of deep-sea equipment suitable for researching extreme ecosystems, to clarify the role of this equipment as a promoter for the progress of life in extreme environmental studies. Linkages of the developed deep-sea equipment and the discovered species are analyzed in this study. In addition, Equipment associated with researching the deep-sea ecosystems of hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, whale falls, seamounts, and oceanic trenches are introduced and analyzed in detail. To clarify the thrust and key points of the future promotion of life in extreme environmental studies, prospects and challenges related to observing equipment, samplers, laboratory simulation systems, and submersibles are proposed. Furthermore, a blueprint for the integration of in situ observations, sampling, controllable culture, manned experiments in underwater environments, and laboratory simulations is depicted for future studies., Graphical Abstract, Earth sciences; Environmental science; Ecology; Aquatic science; Oceanography

With the development of China's economy, large-scale engineering and complex engineering are emerging. The Engineering Procurement Construction (EPC) project general contracting model is widely used in civil engineering, water conservancy, railway, water treatment, waste incineration plants and other large engineering area. The increasing complexity of construction technology and the risks are facing overwhelming and fragile supply chain. Based on the deep analysis of supply chain operation reference (SCOR) model, which is widely used in various fields of industry, this article puts forward the preliminary index system of supply chain risk of EPC project by analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The risk index system of waste incineration project including 5 first-level risk indicators and 27 second-level risk indicators has been established and determined. The multi-level grey model is used to evaluate the risk index, calculate the grey evaluation coefficient and the grey evaluation weight vector as well as the weight matrix, draw the specific risk evaluation value of the project, and sort the first level index. Finally, an EPC example of a waste incineration in Hubei Province is used to verify the feasibility and reliability of the method.

With the development of China's economy, large-scale engineering and complex engineering are emerging. The Engineering Procurement Construction (EPC) project general contracting model is widely used in civil engineering, water conservancy, railway, water treatment, waste incineration plants and other large engineering area. The increasing complexity of construction technology and the risks are facing overwhelming and fragile supply chain. Based on the deep analysis of supply chain operation reference (SCOR) model, which is widely used in various fields of industry, this article puts forward the preliminary index system of supply chain risk of EPC project by analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The risk index system of waste incineration project including 5 first-level risk indicators and 27 second-level risk indicators has been established and determined. The multi-level grey model is used to evaluate the risk index, calculate the grey evaluation coefficient and the grey evaluation weight vector as well as the weight matrix, draw the specific risk evaluation value of the project, and sort the first level index. Finally, an EPC example of a waste incineration in Hubei Province is used to verify the feasibility and reliability of the method.

The accelerating urbanization and improvement of living standards have greatly increased the municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in China. Public private partnership (PPP) widely used in the field of waste-to-energy (WTE) industry can decrease the volume of MSW, generate power and address the serious environmental problems caused by MSW. The advantage of PPP model can be expressed in its inherent incentive, expanding product quality, improving capacity utilization, saving transaction costs, improving efficiency of WTE industry. We collect data of municipal solid waste disposal fee from 69 PPP WTE projects of 231 operating projects, covering 30% of all PPP WTE operating projects in 29 provinces from 1999–2016, the spatial-temporal model is built to analyze the waste-to-energy environmental efficiency in PPP waste-toenergy industry.

This paper firstly judges the change of credit level of the credit subject from the dynamic perspective of "state-behavior". Then, according to the conditional random field theory, the data of credit behavior and credit status are taken as random variables in the conditional random field to construct multiple characteristic functions representing the relationship between the credit behavior and the credit status. And finally, the credit evaluation system based on the conditional random field is constructed. In summary, this paper constructs a credit evaluation framework of market entities from the credit evaluation system and conditional random field credit labeling, which can be used in the construction of market credit dynamic supervision for reference.

It is a scientific study to select the method of IT project valuation. Adopting scientific method of valuation contributes a more accurate IT project price, which can not only provide the basis for the financial evaluation, economic and risk analysis of the IT projects, but also provide the benchmark to implement expense (investment and cost) control effectively in the process of IT project construction, and ensure the target of IT project costs. This paper analyses two factors in selecting method of IT project valuation. They are the constraint factors of amount of valuation information in different stages of IT project and the constraint factors of the value constitution of IT project. In connection with the features of all stages of full life-cycle of IT project and different types of project, this paper elaborates separately the corresponding requests of IT project valuation as well as the principles of valuation method selection reasonably. Besides, this paper emphasizes that the human resources constitutes an important part of the value and price of IT project, thus IT project valuation should attach an importance to the evaluation of human resources as well as the selection of the corresponding method of valuation.

IT project economic benefit is the core to IT project economic analysis (national economic evaluation). To identify and measure IT project economic benefit in a scientific way laid the foundation for economic analysis. From the perspective of economic analysis, economic benefits of IT project are calculated in this paper for measuring the project contribution to the national economy. According to the theory of project economic evaluation, the connotation of IT project economic benefit were analyzed profoundly and the classification of IT project economic benefits were first proposed. According to the basic requirements of identification of IT project economic benefits, combined with the characteristics of IT project, we focused on the composition of IT project economic benefits, which were divided into the direct benefit and the indirect benefit.

Data of Economic costs of IT project consist of core and base data in economic analysis (national economic evaluation) of IT project. Scientific identification and calculation of economic costs of IT project lay a solid foundation for the economic analysis of IT project. From the point of economic analysis, this paper calculates the economic costs which represent the cost of national economy in IT project. On the basis of economic evaluation of project, this paper analyzed the meaning and features of economic costs of IT project. Furthermore, according to the basic principles of economic costs identification, this paper emphasized on the formation of economic costs with whose features taken into consideration and proposed that the economic costs be composed of direct costs and indirect costs.

On the basis of discussing the importance on information technology (IT), the meaning of IT project is defined. With the advent of information age, people realize the importance of IT project to today's society as well as its impact on both sides of the society gradually. The positive and negative impact on society that IT project may have is described from these points of view, such as socio-economic, politics, social culture, education and people's life. Through a comprehensive analysis of the social impact on IT projects, not only can improve awareness of IT project, but also settle the foundation for the social evaluation of IT project.

In order to facilitate the project construction management more scientific, standardized, process-oriented and institutionalized, this paper summarizes and abstracts the thinking and practice of process reengineering, combing with the actual needs of project construction management, it studies and puts forward the concept , characteristics, principles, methods and steps of process reengineering in project construction management, forming the theoretical skeleton and system of process reengineering in project construction management. The conclusion of the study has great significance on the practice of project construction management.

IT project price is the monetary presentation of IT project value. IT project value has its particularity, so the structure and movement of IT project price has characteristics itself. This paper analyzes the meaning of IT project price. Based on this, the paper attaches importance on the research on the structure, formation mechanism and movement characteristics of both ordered IT project price and non-ordered IT project price. The result of this paper provides the base for valuation principles and methods of IT project, thus helpful for the exact valuation of IT project.