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Desmostachys planchonianus Miers Fig. 8.17���8.25 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR ��� 1993; B. Lewis & S. Razafimandimbison 735; P[MNHN-P-P04561640]. Other material MADAGASCAR ��� 2003; R. Rabevohitra et al. 4810; P[MNHN-P-P04561628] ��� 2003; R. Rabevohitra et al. 4658; P[MNHN-P-P04561629] ��� 2002; J. Rabenantoandro et al. 1155; P[MNHN-P-P04561630]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, asymmetrical at the apex, laterally compressed, red when mature. Epicarp strigose with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, rugose when dry, revealing the underlying rugosities of the endocarp. Mesocarp 250���300 ��m thick when dry. Length 10���16 mm, width 7���12 mm, thickness 5.0��� 5.8 mm. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 11.1 mm, width ca 7.8 mm, thickness ca 3.5 mm. Apex with an asymmetrical bulge; base rounded, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose, irregular, with 20���25 mounds arranged longitudinally and interspaced by 4���5 channels. Channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Vasculature of endocarp lies in the channels between mounds. Endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 245���290 ��m thick excluding mounds (338���474 ��m thick including mounds). Endocarp wall with two layers: outermost layer with 7���10 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 16���21 ��m in length; innermost layer with 7���10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 20���27 ��m in width. Locule surface smooth., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Iodes balansae Gagnep. Fig. 12.10���12.13 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CHINA ��� Liu 171; KUN [KUN-0647593]. Other material VIETNAM ��� 1888; B. Balansa 3981; P [MNHN-P-P00698073]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, laterally compressed, red when mature. Epicarp strigose-puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 200 ��m thick when dry. Length 25���38 mm, width 14���20 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 32.7 mm, width ca 15.2 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex greatly asymmetrical; base acute, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with two types of ridges; the primary ridges composed of one main median ridge, which reaches the point of the base, and two lateral ridges that run close to the apex. Primary ridges rectangular and thin with a median channel, forming a diffuse pattern with short lateral freely ending ridgelets. Secondary ridges thin and rounded, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing numerous areoles. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of horn-like protrusions compressed on the keel, positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces, each with a central pit. Vasculature of the endocarp resting on the channels of the ridges and free in the mesocarp. Endocarp wall 434���450 ��m thick excluding ridges (550���600 ��m thick including secondary ridges and 1300 ��m thick including primary ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 12 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, followed by a layer with ca 7 rows of periclinally oriented cells, innermost layer periclinally oriented, lining the locule surface with rounded papillae, papillae ca 20 ��m in diameter. Locule surface lacunate. Remarks The cellular details of the specimen examined were not clearly visible; thus, we were unable to obtain cell size information. The inner endocarp surface was also decayed but we were able to distinguish a few papillae., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 33, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Mappianthus Hand. -Mazz. Description See description of Mappianthus iodoides Hand. -Mazz., the only species of Mappianthus examined for this study., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Phytocrene hirsuta Blume Fig. 21.17���21.24 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description INDONESIA ��� ��� Celebes ��� [Sulawesi]; 1874; O. Beccari HB.2497/98; L [L.2289338]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, with a symmetrical and elongate apex, red when mature. Epicarp with clusters of yellow-red hairs. Mesocarp thin, but thick at the accrescent part when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 30���45 mm, width 15���20 mm, thickness 15���16 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length 20���35 mm, width ca 16 mm, thickness ca 11 mm. No clear keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, but trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex asymmetrical, slightly emarginate in lateral view; base rounded and symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits circular, thin, 0.4���0.8 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with ca 13���14 pits longitudinally and 8���11 pits transversally (ca 145���150 pits per face). Pits mainly narrow, occasionally capitate, without tubercles. Ridges large and flattened, diffuse, with three main ridges longitudinally (8���10 counting all longitudinal ridges); the median ridge reaching a subbasal area and spanning to the �� of the endocarp length; the two adjacent ridges running from the apex and interconnected together at the location of the subapical pore, and becoming diffuse and faintly apparent in the middle of the endocarp length with some transverse and longitudinal freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp wall 1035���1055 ��m thick excluding pits. Detail of wall unknown. Locule surface with inflated cells. Locule with rounded protuberances due to the thickening of the wall under the pits., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 63, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Iodes scandens (Becc.) Utteridge & Byng Fig. 15.10–15.17 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description NEW GUINEA • s. loc; s.d.; s. col. s.n.; MO. Description FRUIT. Elliptical; epicarp puberulent. Calyx persistence and mesocarp thickness unknown. Length 20 mm, width 15 mm, thickness 15 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 14.7 mm, width ca 12.9 mm, thickness ca 11.2 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex rounded and asymmetrical; base rounded, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with two main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge runs from the point of the base up the half of the endocarp length, then divides into several smaller ridges and a lateral ridge, which runs from the subbase up to the subapex. Ridges rectangular, thin, with a median channel, delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 13–18 irregular ridges with arbuscular freely ending ridgelets. Vasculature of the endocarp surface in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of horn-like protrusions compressed on the keel, positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces, each with a central pit. Endocarp wall 502–564 µm thick excluding ridges (652–672 µm including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 11–13 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 14.0– 43.1 µm in length, followed by a layer with 6–8 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 21.1–25.6 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.3–9.8 µm in width, covering the locule surface, apparently with rounded papillae (detail of the surface poorly preserved). Locule lacunate.

Iodes liberica Stapf Fig. 13.19���13.27 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description GUINEA ��� 1949; J.G. Adam 3833; P [MNHN-P-P04472332]. Other material GUINEA ��� 1949; J.G. Adam 5788; P [MNHN-P-P04472335] ��� 1949; J.G. Adam 5252; P [MNHN- P-P04472330]. IVORY COAST ��� Bingerville; 27 Mar. 1906; A. Jolly s.n.; P [MNHN-P-P04472370] ��� 1959; A.J.M. Leewenberg 2527; P [MNHN-P-P04472371]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical to obovoid, red when mature. Epicarp sparsely strigose with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp ca 200 ��m when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 8.0��� 11.9 mm, width 5.0��� 7.8 mm, thickness 5.5���7.4 mm. ENDOCARP. Light brown, elliptical to obovoid in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 10.4 mm, width ca 7.1 mm, thickness ca 7 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view, without horn-like protrusions or pores; base rounded-acute, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp sparsely ridged, with one median ridge running longitudinally, beginning at the point of the base and spanning ca �� of the endocarp length. Ridges angular-sharp, thin, with a median channel, forming a sparse diffuse pattern from the median ridge, absent from the apical �� of the endocarp length. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp wall 138��� 172 ��m thick excluding ridges (257���266 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with at least two cell layers: outermost layer with one row of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, 16.1���22.7 ��m in width; innermost layer with 8���9 rows of periclinally oriented cells, 8.8���22 ��m in width. Locule surface unknown, not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 38, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn. Fig. 35.1���35.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR ��� 1997; R. Ranaivojaona et al. 114; P [MNHN-P-P05279728]. Other material MADAGASCAR ��� 1992; S.T. Malcomber et al. 1212; P [MNHN-P-P00379386] ��� 1933; H. Perrier de la B��thie 19254; P [MNHN-P-P00440680] ��� 2009; M.Y. Ammann, M.C. Madiomanana & A.J. Tahinarivo MYA495; P [MNHN-P-P05279690]. KENYA ��� 2000; G. Simon, L. Festo & G. Massawe 527; P [MNHN-P-P04499342]. Description FRUIT. Black when dry, laterally compressed and elongate dorsally. Ventrally truncate, with a fleshy appendage (red but black in dry condition) attached at the truncate part. Epicarp glabrous, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 80���100 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length ca 6 mm, width ca 10 mm, thickness ca 3 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, bilaterally symmetrical, unilocular, single-seeded, globose-truncate in lateral view, length ca 5.5 mm, width ca 7.6 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with rounded diffuse and thin ridges, with ca 10 lateral ridges. Vasculature of the endocarp free; primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 177���266 ��m thick (excluding ridges). A sclerotic mass, ca 1.3 mm thick, is developed from the wall in the truncate part of the endocarp. Endocarp wall with sclerotic cells, with two cell layers: outermost layer with 4���7 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 29���86 ��m in length; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.0��� 16.5 ��m in width, lining the locule surface, forming ripples (the cells have a triangular shape). Remarks The sclerotic mass in the truncate part could be a mechanical reinforcement due to the connection of this part with the fleshy appendage., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 109-110, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Hosiea Hemsl. & E.H.Wilson Figs 9.19���9.25, 10.1���10.9 Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly asymmetrical at the apex, laterally highly compressed, red-brown when mature. Epicarp glabrous. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section. Small keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded and symmetrical.Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with thin rounded to sharp ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing areoles; most areoles with freely ending ridgelets. Vasculature of the endocarp free or resting on the ridges; endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall thin, divided into distinctive layers, at least one layer with anticlinally oriented cells (outer part) and another with periclinally oriented cells (inner part). Locule surface with regularly spaced and large papillae, irregular in shape. Locule surface lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 22, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha tropophila Labat, El-Achkar & R.Rabev. Fig. 30.19–30.26 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR • 1904; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 1746; P [MNHN-P-P00441092]. Other material MADAGASCAR • s.d.; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 1621; P [MNHN-P-P00440610]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical to globose, accrescent at the apex, brown-orange when mature. Epicarp puberulent with yellow long and thin hairs and yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry. Length 25–32 mm, width 17–25 mm, thickness 16–18 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical to ovoid in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 20 mm, width ca 14.1 mm, thickness ca 12 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted. Pits circular, occasionally elongate longitudinally, 0.7–1.3 mm in length, randomly arranged with 9–12 pits longitudinally and 8–10 pits transversally (ca 80–93 on each face). Pits associated with spinycylindrical tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles 2290–2702 µm in length and 992–1264 µm in diameter at the base, capitate at the apex, with ca 33 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Endocarp wall 374–394 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 2–5 rows of isodiametric to periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.5– 13.0 µm in width, followed by a layer with ca 18 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.8–21.0 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.7–16.5 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 11.8–27.0 µm (av. 16.9 µm) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate.

Key to the genus Alsodeiopsis 1. Endocarp brown with thick ridges............................................................................. A. mannii Oliv. – Endocarp cream with thin ridges...................................................................................................... 2 2. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall, base rounded....................................................................................................................................................................... A. staudtii Engl. – Endocarp primary vascular bundle in a channel on the keel, base flattened.................................... 3 3. Endocarp wall ca 180–232 µm thick......................................................................... A. poggei Engl. – Endocarp wall ca 256–302 µm thick........................................................................ A. zenkeri Engl.

Vadensea tenuifolia (Oliv.) Jongkind & O.Lachenaud Fig. 9.1���9.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON ��� 1969; J.J. Bos 4277; P[MNHN-P-P04495129]. Description FRUIT. Epicarp strigose, smooth when dry. Mesocarp 750���820 ��m thick when dry. Length 21���25 mm, width 9���15 mm, thickness 5.0��� 10.2 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 18.4 mm, width ca 9.2 mm, thickness ca 8.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical, bulged; base subacute, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with 4���6 main longitudinal ridges; the median and a lateral ridge reaching the point of the base on each face. Ridges angular and broad, almost rectangular, with a median channel clearly visible, delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 20��� 24 polygonal longitudinally elongate areoles. The ridges merge with the bulge at the apex. Endocarp primary vascular bundle in a channel on the keel. Endocarp wall 180���200 ��m thick excluding ridges (320���385 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with ca 17 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7���16 ��m in width. Locule surface smooth and lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 21, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Lavigeria Pierre Description See description of Lavigeria macrocarpa (Oliv.) Pierre, the only species of Lavigeria examined for this study., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha andapensis Labat, El-Achkar & R.Rabev. Fig. 24.1���24.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR ��� 1994; D. Ravelonarivo et al. 72; P [MNHN-P-P00440605]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical to globose, accrescent at the apex, brown-orange when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow small ovoid hairs with an acuminate apex and simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 620���1541 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by an extended gynophore. Length 20���26 mm, width 20���26 mm, thickness 17.4���26.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, globose in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 19.9 mm, width ca 18.2 mm, thickness ca 14 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted. Pits circular, occasionally elongated longitudinally, 0.2���1.1 mm in length, randomly arranged with 10���11 pits longitudinally and 13���15 pits transversally (ca 159���173 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 3���4 mm in length and 600���655 ��m in diameter at the base, capitate at the apex, with 20���21 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Endocarp wall 512���569 ��m thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 7���8 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 19.0��� 29.9 ��m in length, followed by a layer with 9���10 rows of isodiametric or occasionally periclinally oriented cells, cells 21.0��� 33.5 ��m in diameter; innermost layer with one row of isodiametric cells, cells 14���18 ��m in diameter, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 9.7���17 ��m (av. 13.9 ��m) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 72-74, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Alsodeiopsis staudtii Engl. Fig. 6.19���6.27 Material examined Specimens used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON ��� 16 km on the road from Kribi to Ebolowa, than turning right on forest exploitation Rouillon, exploitation track followed in about S direction for 24 km, on bank of the Ni��t�� River.; 2��42��� N, 10��3��� E; 21 Jun 1975; J. J. F. E. de Wilde 8304; BR [BR0000021246852] ��� Lolodorf, Mt. Minn; 22 Nov. 1967; H. Jacques-Felix 9190; P [MNHN-P-P04495847]. Other material CAMEROON ��� Galery forest of Kienke R., just E of Kribi; 2��56��� N, 9��55��� E; 5 Apr. 1969; J. J. Bos 4276; P [MNHN-P-P05036812] ��� Korup National Park; 24 Mar. 1998; D. Kenfack 1073; P [MNHN- P-P05036862] ��� 16 km on the road from Kribi to Ebolowa, than turning right on forest exploitation Rouillon, exploitation track followed in about S direction for 24 km, on bank of the Ni��t�� River.; 2��42��� N, 10��3��� E; 21 Jun. 1975; J. J. F. E. de Wilde 8304; P [MNHN-P-P04534452]. TANZANIA ��� Tanga, Korogwe District, Ambangulu Forest Reserve, W of Ambangulu cam site above Makweli village; 5��4���16��� S, 38��24���16��� E; 5 Nov. 1998; M. A. Mwangoka & C. Kayombo 101; P [MNHN- P-P05036843]. Description FRUIT. Oblong, reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 300���400 ��m thick when dry. Length 10���22 mm, width 5���15 mm, thickness 5.6���7.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 18.9 mm, width ca 7.1 mm, thickness ca 3.5 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with ca 2���3 main longitudinal ridges, highly branched, with the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges slightly angular and thin, delimiting a reticulate pattern with a random global aspect, enclosing ca 40���45 irregular areoles with arbuscular freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp wall 151���295 ��m thick excluding ridges (256���302 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with ca 14 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13���20 ��m in width. Locule surface smooth., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 14, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Icacina trichantha Oliv. Fig. 11.19���11.27 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description NIGERIA ��� 1955; J.C. Okafor fhi 34969; P[MNHN-P-P04495708]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, brown-black when mature. Epicarp puberulent with yellow simple hairs, reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 300 ��m thick when dry. Length 30.8���34.0 mm, width 17���24 mm, thickness 12.0��� 18.7 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 27.4 mm, width ca 17 mm, thickness ca 14 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex greatly asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with ca four main ridges, two lateral ridges reaching the point of the base. Ridges sharp and rectangular with a median channel, delimiting a reticulate pattern well developed in the upper half of the endocarp and more diffuse in the lower half. The reticulum encloses 10���20 irregular, more or less polygonal areoles with freely ending ridgelets inside. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores compressed on the keel, positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces, each with a central pit. Endocarp wall 270���315 ��m thick excluding ridges (362���735 ��m including ridges). Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 4���6 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 19���30 ��m in length; middle layer with 4���8 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 20���27 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, which line the locule surface with inflated cells, cells 8���13 ��m in width. Locule surface smooth, lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Iodes philippinensis Merr. Fig. 15.1���15.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description PHILLIPINES ��� 1916; A.D.E. Elmer 16418; P [MNHN-P-P04504850]. Description FRUIT. Oblong, red when mature. Epicarp puberulent-strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation and uncinate hairs, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 50 ��m thick when dry. Length 11���15 mm, width 7.5���12.0 mm, thickness 5���10 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, oblong in lateral view, hexagonal in transverse section, length ca 12.4 mm, width ca 7.6 mm, thickness ca 6.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex asymmetrical and almost flat with two uncinate protuberances in lateral view; base flattened and cleft on the opposite side. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with two types of ridges. Primary ridges large and rectangular, composed of two main longitudinal ridges, running from the subbasal part up to the subapical part of the endocarp length and forming a diffuse pattern with only 2���3 lateral freely ending ridgelets. Secondary ridges thin and rounded, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing numerous areoles. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of horn-like protrusions positioned on the bigger uncinate protuberance at the apex. Vasculature of the endocarp resting on ridges. Endocarp wall 229���282 ��m thick excluding ridges (285��� 296 ��m including secondary ridges and 360���396 ��m including primary ridges). Endocarp wall with four cell layers: outermost layer with ca 5 rows of isodiametric cells, cells 12.5���16.5 ��m in diameter, followed by a layer with ca 6 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 21.4���28.3 ��m in width, then a layer with ca 5 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.1���11.9 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.7���6.9 ��m in width, covering the surface of the locule (detail of the surface unknown). Locule lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 42-44, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Miquelia Meisn. Figs 18.18���18.23, 19.1���19.17 Description FRUIT. Ovoid to elliptical, with the apex occasionally acuminate, laterally compressed, red when mature. Epicarp strigose to puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation and uncinate hairs, more or less ridged when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Calyx persistent,separated from the fruit by a gynophore. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical to ovoid or partially globose in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view, with a subapical pore on each face, occasionally absent; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged or rugose. Pits large, exclusively circular, organized in longitudinal lines. Pits associated with small, bullate tubercles protruding into the locule. Ridges thin to thick, forming a reticulate pattern, delimiting a few polygonal areoles. Vasculature of the endocarp resting on the ridges. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with at least one layer with rows of periclinally oriented cells. Locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae, occasionally lacunate, often hardly discernible., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Pleurisanthes Baill. Description See description of Pleurisanthes flava Sandwith, the only species of Pleurisanthes examined for this study., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 68, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Key to the genus Iodes 1. Endocarp with pores or horn-like protrusions at the apex................................................................ 2 ��� Endocarp lacking pores or horn-like protrusions.............................................................................. 3 2. Endocarp with pores......................................................................................................................... 4 ��� Endocarp with horn-like protrusions................................................................................................ 5 3. Outer surface of the endocarp smooth..................................................... I. seguinii (H.L��v.) Rehder ��� Outer surface of the endocarp ridged................................................................................................ 6 4. Endocarp globose in lateral view, endocarp length I. perrieri Sleumer ��� Endocarp elliptical in lateral view, endocarp length> 30 mm..................................... I. yatesii Merr. 5. Endocarp base cleft on one side........................................................................................................ 7 ��� Endocarp base symmetrical.............................................................................................................. 8 6. Pattern of ridges not reticulate................................................................................... I. liberica Stapf ��� Pattern of ridges reticulate................................................................................................................ 9 7. Pattern of ridges delimiting a few areoles, endocarp length> 12.6 mm..................... I. ovalis Blume ��� Pattern of ridges diffuse, endocarp length I. balansae Gagnep. ��� Endocarp ca 15 mm in length................................................ I. scandens ( Becc.) Utteridge & Byng 9. Fruit pilose, endocarp wall 222���245 ��m thick excluding ridges......... I. seretii (De Wild.) Boutique ��� Fruit glabrous, puberulent, endocarp wall I. cirrhosa Turcz. ��� Rugose ornamentation absent, secondary ridges present............................... I. philippinensis Merr. 11. Areoles few in number, ca 1 to 3.................................................................... I. kamerunensis Engl. ��� Areoles numerous (>13)................................................................................................................. 12 12. Fruit glabrous, endocarp with numerous areoles, ridges faintly distinct, freely ending ridgelets absent, endocarp length I. madagascariensis Baill. ��� Fruit puberulent, endocarp with (at most) 25 areoles, freely ending ridgelets present, ridges distinct, endocarp length> 10 mm................................................................................................................ 13 13. Areoles 13���15 on each face, surface rugose......................................................... I. klaineana Pierre ��� Areoles 21���25 on each face, surface not rugose....................................... I. africana Welw. ex Oliv., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 31-32, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Miquelia caudata King Fig. 19.1–19.8 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MALAYSIA • 26 Oct. 1988; Othman S. 56069; L [L.3807104] • Perak; 8 Dec. 1965; Mohd, Shah & Sidek 1168; L [L.2289517]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, apex elongate. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry, faintly revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Length 23–30 mm, width 13– 18 mm, thickness 7–10 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, length ca 17 mm, width ca 12.2 mm, thickness ca 8.2 mm. Apex slightly asymmetrical, acute in lateral view, with apical hole. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Ridges sharp and thin, with three main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge running from the point of the base up to ¾ of the endocarp length, the two lateral ridges running from the point of the apex almost to the base, each connected with the keel by four transverse ridges enclosing three areoles. Pits large (0.4–1.2 mm in diameter), exclusively circular, organized in longitudinal lines, 8–9 pits longitudinally, ca 6 pits transversally with one pit between median ridge and lateral ridges, and two pits between lateral ridges and the keel (ca 44–48 pits per face). Pits associated with bullate tubercles, ca 302 µm in length inside the endocarp. Cellular details of endocarp wall unknown. Inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 13.2–18.0 µm (av. 15.9 µm) in diameter, ca 600–800 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule lacunate.

Mappianthus iodoides Hand. -Mazz. Fig. 18.9���18.17 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CHINA ��� Kwangsi Province; 15 Sep. 1933; A. N. Steward & H. C. Cheo 1093; P [MNHN-P-P04513538]. Other material CHINA ��� Kouy-Tcheou Province; s.d.; Cavalerie 1518; P [MNHN-P-P05274868]. Des ion FRUIT. Elliptical, asymmetrical at the apex, red-green when mature. Epicarp strigose with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, faintly rugose when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp rugosities. Mesocarp 100���200 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 20���37 mm, width 10.0���17.7, thickness 4���8 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 25.5 mm, width ca 12.8 mm, thickness ca 6.9 mm. Channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical, acute in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose with ca 73���91 mounds; mounds more or less square polygonal, each with more or less branched freely ending channel inside. Mounds organized in 5���6 longitudinal lines separated by four main longitudinal channels. The main channel on each face reaching a pore positioned subapically. Vasculature of the endocarp in the channels between mounds; primary vascular bundle half-embedded, positioned in the channel surrounding the endocarp. Endocarp wall 293���329 ��m thick excluding mounds (484���496 ��m thick including mounds). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 1���4 rows of isodiametric, occasionally anticlinally oriented cells, cells 26���35 ��m in length, followed by a layer with 7���10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 24.6���29.0 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.1���13.8 ��m in width, lining the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 21.9���30.6 ��m (av. 25.6 ��m) in diameter, ca 138 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 52-54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Emmotum nitens (Benth.) Miers Fig. 35.18���35.27 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description BRAZIL ��� 1968; R.M. Harley & R. Souza 10028; P [MNHN-P-P05279304]. Other material BRAZIL ��� 1969; M. Claussen 1838; P [MNHN-P-P04513313] ��� 1974; R.M. Harley et al. 15081; P [MNHN-P-P04513269] ��� 1894; A. Glaziou 22041; P [MNHN-P-P04513276]. BOLIVIA ��� 1993; R. Quevedo 927; P [MNHN-P-P04513320]. Description FRUIT. Black when dry, globose. Epicarp glabrous. Calyx persistent. Length 10���15 mm, width 10��� 15 mm, thickness 15���18 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, bilaterally symmetrical, trilocular, three-seeded, globose in lateral view and transverse section, flattened in the apex-base axis, length ca 10.4 mm, width ca 14.9 mm, thickness ca 15 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp on dorsal side only. Apex and base flattened in lateral view. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose with long and brittle rugosities. Endocarp wall of two parts: the outer part, ca 400 ��m thick (930���1230 ��m with rugosities), surrounds the three inner locule walls (350���390 ��m thick), which surround the seeds. The outer surface of the endocarp with circular pores piercing the wall, ca 110 ��m in diameter. Endocarp wall with sclerotic, isodiametric and homogeneous cells (inner and outer walls), 59.4���111.9 ��m in diameter. Cells pitted and with spikes inside. Remarks The pores piercing the outer part of the wall might offer a means of gas exchange between the outer and inner parts of the locules. The significance of the spikes inside the endocarp cells is currently unclear., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 112, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha puberula Boutique Fig. 28.18���28.26 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� Botuge; 25 Mar. 1955; C. Evrard 601; BR [BR0000013148430]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, acuminate and accrescent at the apex. Epicarp strigose, with yellow uncinate hairs, slightly shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 230���312 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by a short gynophore. Length ca 19.7 mm, width ca 11.4 mm, thickness ca 4.6 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 11 mm, width ca 7.2 mm, thickness ca 4.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical and acute in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, ca 0.2���0.4 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with 9���11 pits longitudinally and 8���10 pits transversally (ca 85���100 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 977���1100 ��m in length and 285���361 ��m in diameter at the base, with ca 17 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and thin, more or less diffuse, faintly apparent, with a median ridge running longitudinally from the base to the apex. Endocarp wall 177���184 ��m thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 1���3 rows of isodiametric to periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.5���14.6 ��m in width; followed by a layer with ca 10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.2���32.5 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 4.1���10.0 ��m, lining the locule surface with inflated to papillate cells, cells 11.2���21.8 ��m (av. 17.3 ��m) in diameter. Locule not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 87-88, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Stachyanthus donisii (Boutique) Boutique Fig. 34.1���34.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� Gimbi; 4 Apr. 1948; J. H. Laurent 423; BR [BR0000005850273]. Description FRUIT. Slightly asymmetrical at the apex, yellow-blue when mature. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation and yellow uncinate hairs, rugose when dry. Mesocarp ca 200 ��m thick when dry. Length 17.0��� 18.6 mm, width 10.0��� 10.4 mm, thickness ca 7 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 16.9 mm, width ca 9.8 mm, thickness ca 6.3 mm. Pits circular in the center, more elongate laterally, 0.2���0.6 mm (av. 0.3 mm) in diameter, randomly arranged with 12���16 pits longitudinally and 9���11 pits transversally (ca 153���155 pits per face). Pits associated with bullate tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 364���418 ��m in length and 768���819 ��m in diameter at the base. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and periclinal. Ridges rounded and thin, faintly apparent, with the median ridge spanning from the apex to the �� of the base. Reticulum forming a diffuse pattern of ridges interconnecting the median ridge with the keel, arbuscle-like shaped. Endocarp wall 110���216 ��m thick excluding ridges (ca 220 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with ca 10���11 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.3���26.4 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.7���9.7 ��m in width, lining the locule surface., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Icacina mannii Oliv. Fig. 11.1���11.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� Brazzaville; 1953; J. Koechlin 2334; P[MNHN-P-P04495011]. Other material GABON ��� 1897; R.P. Klaine 489; P[MNHN-P-P04495007]. REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� Brazzaville; 1950; J. Koechlin 633; P[MNHN-P-P04495012]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical with acute apex, laterally compressed, brown when mature. Epicarp puberulent with two types of hairs, simple hairs with granular ornamentation and small papillae-like hair expansions that line the fruit; faintly rugose when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 200���400 ��m thick when dry. Length 25���35 mm, width 16.5���26.0 mm, thickness 10���17 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 25.6 mm, width ca 16.3 mm, thickness ca 12 mm. Keel running along the dorsal length of the endocarp, flanked by two channels, with the vascular bundle embedded within keel/ endocarp wall; a single channel runs along the ventral length of the endocarp. Apex acute, asymmetrical, forming a rectangular protuberance; base rounded-acute and slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugged with ca 90 mounds, more or less square-polygonal, with freely ending channels inside, more or less branched. Mounds organized in 9���12 longitudinal lines separated by 5���6 main longitudinal channels. The main channel on each face reaching the pore positioned subapically on the apical protuberance. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels between mounds and along the channel branches inside the mounds. Endocarp wall 289���372 ��m thick excluding mounds (460���544 ��m including mounds). Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with 8���9 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 22���31 ��m in length; innermost layer with 5���6 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 14���21 ��m in width. Locule surface smooth, lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 28, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha gossweileri (Exell) Byng & Utteridge Fig. 25.19–25.27 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • Mayombe, Mount Bamba; 6 Jan. 1969; Y. Attims 42; P [MNHN- P-P04494730]. Description FRUIT. Ovoid, accrescent at the apex, with an inflated cap that covers half of the length of the fruit. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 130–140 µm thick when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 16.0– 16.8 mm, width 11.3–16.0 mm, thickness 7.5–12.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, ovoid to globose in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 10.7 mm, width ca 10.5 mm, thickness ca 7.1 mm. Sharp keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex acute, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongate, 0.5–1.7 mm in length longitudinally, randomly arranged with ca 6 pits longitudinally and 6 pits transversally (ca 33–36 pits per face). Pits associated with elongateflattened tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 724 µm in length and 716 µm in diameter at the base, with ca 15 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and not elongate. Ridges rounded and thin, with three main ridges running longitudinally. Ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern with 14–15 areoles. Secondary ridges delimiting small areoles more or less enclosing each pit. Endocarp wall 423–498 µm thick excluding ridges (ca 700 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 3–4 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 10.4–43.2 µm in length, followed by a layer with 8–12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.0– 15.9 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.3–10.3 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded to elongate papillae; papillae 14.9–18.8 µm (av. 16.1 µm) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate.

Rhyticaryum elegans G.Schellenb. Fig. 31.10���31.17 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MELANESIA ��� ��� Papouasie ��� [Papuasia]; 1908; R. Schlechter 18681; P [MNHN-P-P04513302]. Description FRUIT. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation; mesocarp 50���72 ��m thick when dry. Length 16.3���18.0 mm, width 8.2���9.0 mm, thickness 5���7 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, length ca 15.2 mm, width ca 7.2 mm, thickness ca 5.8 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry.Apex acute, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with 2���4 main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges rounded and thin, with a median channel, almost diffuse but enclosing ca 6 longitudinal polygonal areoles with freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores positioned eccentrically and subapically on the median ridge. Primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 174���246 ��m thick excluding ridges (280���370 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 0���2 row(s) of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 15.9���23.5 ��m in length; middle layer with 8���10 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 18.0��� 20.9 ��m in length; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.7���11.0 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and large papillae; papillae 9.1���20.7 ��m (av. 15.1 ��m) in diameter, 500���900 papillae (av. 637 papillae) per 0.25 mm 2., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 98, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha ambrensis Labat, El-Achkar & R.Rabev. Fig. 23.19���23.27 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR ��� 1993; O. Andrianantoanina & A. Solotiana 62; P [MNHN-P-P00440603]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical to globose, accrescent at the apex, brown-orange when mature. Epicarp puberulent with yellow small ovoid hairs with an acuminate apex and simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 480���500 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by an extended gynophore. Length 25���30 mm, width 19���22 mm, thickness 15.0��� 16.6 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical to globose in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 22.5 mm, width ca 17 mm, thickness ca 15 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted. Pits circular, occasionally elongated longitudinally, 0.4���1.4 mm in length, randomly arranged with 11���12 pits longitudinally and 12���15 pits transversally (ca 145���150 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 3���4 mm in length and 647���931 ��m in diameter at the base, faintly capitate at the apex, with 26���27 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Endocarp wall 569���601 ��m thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 8���14 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 17.8���50.5 ��m in length, followed by a layer with 3���9 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 17.7���23.7 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 0.5���1.4 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and sessile rounded papillae; papillae 7.6���13.1 ��m (av. 10.6 ��m) in diameter, with ca 1000 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule surface not lacunate. Remarks The innermost row of periclinally oriented cells, which have a small width, could be collapsed due to a dryness inside the locule., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 71-72, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Iodes seretii (De Wild.) Boutique Fig. 16.1���16.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON ��� Forest near Boa Bakundu village, south west of Kumba; 19 Apr. 1986; D. Thomas & M. Etuge 63; BR [BR0000015596772]. Other material NIGERIA ��� Ekwuno PFO 370; MO [MO-2730593]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, red when mature. Epicarp pilose, with yellow long and thin hairs and yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 132���162 ��m thick when dry. Length 11.6���15.5 mm, width 8.5���10.0 mm, thickness 5.6 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 11.6 mm, width ca 8.7 mm, thickness ca 5.9 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view, with a central pit in apical view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with 3���4 main longitudinal ridges (6���7 including small longitudinal ridges); the median and two lateral ridges reaching the point of the base and running along the endocarp length. Ridges thin, rounded to rectangular, with a median channel, delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 23���25 polygonal and longitudinally extended areoles. Surface of endocarp finely covered by ridgelets-rugosities. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp wall 227���245 ��m thick excluding ridges (320���386 ��m including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 1���3 rows of isodiametric cells (mesocarp?), cells 12.2���17.2 ��m in diameter, followed by a layer with 15 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.4���13.2 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.4���8.7 ��m in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 11.8���13.7 ��m (av. 12.7 ��m) in diameter. Locule lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 45, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Icacina A.Juss. Figs 10.10���10.26, 11 Description FRUIT. Elliptical, occasionally slightly globose, asymmetrical at the apex, red-brown to black when mature. Epicarp glabrous or yellowish puberulent with small ovoid hairs to papillate hairs, which line the surface, and simple hairs with granular ornamentation or only simple hairs without granular ornamentation; ridged when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical to obovate in lateral view, globose to lenticular in transverse section. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry or faintly visible. Apex truncate or acute, always asymmetrical in lateral view; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp irregularly rugose or ridged, with a diffuse or reticulate pattern of rounded to sharp ridges. Vasculature follows the ridges or rests between rugosities. Endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside or within the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with at least one row of periclinally oriented cells. Locule surface smooth and faintly lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 26, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Rhyticaryum macrocarpum Becc. Fig. 32.10���32.18 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description NEW GUINEA ��� 1961; W. Vink 11381; L [L.2293146]. PAPUA NEW GUINEA ��� 17 Feb. 1972; Katik 46856; L [L.2293142]. Description FRUIT. Epicarp glabrous, mesocarp thick, leather-like in texture. Calyx not persistent. Length 35���43 mm, width 25���30 mm, thickness ca 15 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, length 28.8���36.3 mm, width 21.5���28.0 mm, thickness 13.7���14.6 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly flattened, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded-truncate or cleft at the base, or slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp sparsely rugose and ridged, with ca 2���5 longitudinal ridges; the median ridge spanning from the base to the apex. Ridges rounded and large, enclosing ca 0���5 polygonal areoles, occasionally without transversal ridges. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores positioned eccentrically and subapically on the median ridge. Primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 800��� 950 ��m thick excluding ridges (ca 1300 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 17 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 16.4���47.7 ��m in length, followed by a layer with ca 14 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 16.4���27.1 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and large papillae; papillae 19.4���32.7 ��m (av. 25.0 ��m) in diameter, 400 papillae per 0.25 mm 2., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 100, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha staudtii (Engl.) Engl. Fig. 29.19���29.27 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ��� Boukoko; 10 May 1950; R. P. Tisserant 1737; P [MNHN- P-P04472207]. Other material CAMEROON ��� 1982; J.N. Asonganyi 448; P [MNHN-P-P05279462] ��� 1962; F.J. Breteler 2968; WAG [WAG.1399253]. Description FRUIT. Obovoid, slightly accrescent at the apex. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 350���410 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 12���20 mm, width 10���12 mm, thickness 7���9 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical to obovoid in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 10.8 mm, width ca 9 mm, thickness ca 6.7 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongate, arranged in longitudinal lines with 5���7 pits longitudinally and 7���8 pits transversally (ca 38���43 pits per face). Pits associated with cylindrical tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 1.8 mm in length and 0.6 mm in diameter at the base, capitate at the apex, with ca 30 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and large, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing all pits in an areole. Endocarp wall 244���295 ��m thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with two cell layers: outermost layer with 12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 14.7���21.8 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.3���9.0 ��m in width, lining the locule surface. Locule not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 92, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Key to the genus Nothapodytes 1. Endocarp oblong, globose in transverse section, endocarp wall> 200 ��m thick.................................................................................................................................... N. nimmoniana (J.Graham) Mabb. ��� Endocarp elliptical, lenticular in transverse section, endocarp wall N. pittosporoides (Oliv.) Sleumer, Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 59, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Alsodeiopsis poggei Engl. Fig. 6.10���6.18 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� ��� Plateau des Cataractes ���; 24 Oct. 1969; P. Sita 1872; P [MNHN- P-P04495916]. Other material CAMEROON ��� ���Colline Nssas dans le village Pan-Pan �� 15 km au Sud, Sud-Ouest de Matomb, Matomb- Botmakak���; 11 Mar. 1986; M. Ekitik�� 48; P [MNHN-P-P04495907] ��� ���Akonolinga, Fr��s de Mendong (25 km N. d'Akonolinga)���; 7 Mar. 1962; R. Letouzey 4485; P [MNHN-P-P04495897]. GABON ��� ��� Ile de l�����l��phant���; 9 Dec. 1971; A. Hladik 1859; P [MNHN-P-P04495893]. REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� Bouenza; 3��53��� S, 13��42��� E; 23 Aug. 1965; C. Farron 4577; P [MNHN- P-P04495914]. Description FRUIT. Oblong, smooth when dry. Mesocarp ca 75 ��m thick when dry. Length 10���19 mm, width 5���10 mm, thickness 4.0��� 5.1 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 13.1 mm, width ca 6.9 mm, thickness ca 4.5 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with ca three main longitudinal ridges (with other small longitudinal ridges); the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges rounded-angular and thin, delimiting a reticulate pattern, enclosing ca 20���60 small areoles with arbuscular freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp wall 135���156 ��m thick excluding ridges (180���232 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp primary vascular bundle in a channel on the keel. Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 1���2 rows of isodiametric to periclinally oriented cells, cells 12.3���24.1 ��m in width, followed by a layer with 8���12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9���23 ��m in width. Innermost row with small periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 9 ��m in width and inflated into the locule surface., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 12, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Cassinopsis ilicifolia (Hochst.) Sleumer Fig. 7.19���7.25 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description SOUTH AFRICA ��� Natal, Ngome; 15 Dec. 1969; C. D. Louwsburg 2730; WAG [WAG.1462859]. Other material SOUTH AFRICA ��� 1948; R.J. Rodin 3952; P[MNHN-P-P05193345]. Description FRUIT. Globose, asymmetrical at the apex, laterally compressed, with traces left by the vasculature when dry. Mesocarp 210���272 ��m thick when dry. Length ca 9.5 mm, width ca 8.6 mm, thickness ca 5.2 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, globose in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length 7.6���8.7 mm, width ca 7.8 mm, thickness ca 4.4 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp smooth, with only minute channels. Endocarp wall 600���640 ��m thick. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels, with the endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with ca 24 rows of isodiametric cells, homogeneous, cells 25���55 ��m in diameter. Locule surface smooth, not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 16, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Key to the genus Phytocrene 1. Pits broad, concave........................................................................................................................... 2 ��� Pits narrow........................................................................................................................................ 3 2. Endocarp ca 14 mm in length, endocarp wall thin (114���154 ��m thick), pits with a median freely ending ridge or central dimple................................................................................. P. anomala Merr. ��� Endocarp ca 26 mm in length, endocarp wall thick (542���591 ��m thick), pits without a freely ending ridge.......................................................................................................................... P. oblonga Wall. 3. Endocarp clearly ridged........................................................................................... P. hirsuta Blume ��� Endocarp not ridged.......................................................................................................................... 4 4. Pits 60���65 on each face.......................................................................................... P. bracteata Wall. ��� Pits>90 on each face........................................................................................................................ 5 5. Endocarp 40���60 mm in length, oblong............................................. P. macrophylla (Blume) Blume ��� Endocarp P. borneensis Becc. ��� Endocarp ovoid, 168���178 pits per face.................................................................... P. palmata Wall., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 60, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Key to the genus Cassinopsis 1. Endocarp primary vascular bundle within the endocarp wall................. C. madagascariensis Baill. ��� Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall......................................................... 2 2. Endocarp globose, surface smooth..................................................... C. ilicifolia (Hochst.) Sleumer ��� Endocarp elliptical, surface clearly ridged................................................................ C. ciliata Baker, Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Lavigeria macrocarpa (Oliv.) Pierre Fig. 16.19���16.21 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON ��� 17 km from Kribi, Edea road; 8 Mar. 1969; Bos 4098; WAG [WAG.1398990] ��� ��� Prės de la riviėre Niete au SSE Zingui (40 km SE de Kribi)���; 11 Mar. 1968; R. Letouzey 8970; P[MNHN- P-P04494818] ��� Bakingini, at edge of plantation area above Mile 11; 6 Mar. 2007; J.J. Wieringa 5840; WAG[WAG.1398985]. GABON ��� 1966; N. Hall�� 3734; P[MNHN-P-P04494807]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, red when mature. Epicarp pilose and puberulent, with long and thin red hairs and simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp rugosities. Mesocarp ca 14 mm thick. Calyx not persistent. Length 53���95 mm, width 40���58 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 58 mm, width ca 37 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex slightly asymmetrical in the lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose, with large mounds in 3���4 major longitudinal rows. Mounds formed by folds of the wall. Endocarp wall 694���850 ��m thick without and with ridges. Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with 15 rows of isodiametric cells, cells 20.5���58.5 ��m in diameter; innermost layer with 15 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.3��� 32.0 ��m in width. Inner endocarp smooth with long and thin hairs. Locule surface folded, not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha capitata H.Perrier Fig. 24.18���24.26 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR ��� 2002; F. Ratovoson et al. 678; P [MNHN-P-P00440639]. Other material MADAGASCAR ��� 2005; T. Andriamihajarivo et al. 638; P [MNHN-P-P06807829]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly accrescent at the apex. Epicarp pilose with yellow long and thin hairs, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 360���400 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 17���21 mm, width 8���12 mm, thickness 4���6 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 17.1 mm, width ca 10.4 mm, thickness ca 4.5 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance but flattened laterally, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged with only 1���2 longitudinal ridges present in the flattened apical part. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, 0.2���0.6 mm in diameter, more or less randomly arranged with 10���13 pits longitudinally and 8���10 pits transversally (ca 107���114 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 1500 ��m in length and 420���620 ��m in diameter at the base, with 20���23 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Endocarp wall 246���289 ��m thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits), with three cell layers: outermost layer with 4���7 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 15.4���28.9 ��m in length, followed by a layer with 9���12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.0��� 11.2 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.0��� 9.9 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with more or less flattened cells. Locule surface not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 76, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Vadensea tenuifolia (Oliv.) Jongkind & O.Lachenaud Fig. 9.1–9.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON • 1969; J.J. Bos 4277; P[MNHN-P-P04495129]. Description FRUIT. Epicarp strigose, smooth when dry. Mesocarp 750–820 µm thick when dry. Length 21–25 mm, width 9–15 mm, thickness 5.0– 10.2 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 18.4 mm, width ca 9.2 mm, thickness ca 8.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical, bulged; base subacute, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with 4–6 main longitudinal ridges; the median and a lateral ridge reaching the point of the base on each face. Ridges angular and broad, almost rectangular, with a median channel clearly visible, delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 20– 24 polygonal longitudinally elongate areoles. The ridges merge with the bulge at the apex. Endocarp primary vascular bundle in a channel on the keel. Endocarp wall 180–200 µm thick excluding ridges (320–385 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with ca 17 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7–16 µm in width. Locule surface smooth and lacunate.

Key to genera of Icacinaceae s.str. 1. Endocarp wall homogeneous comprised of isodiametric cells.............................. Cassinopsis Sond. ��� Endocarp wall not homogeneous or cells not exclusively isodiametric........................................... 2 2. Hairs present on the locule surface................................................................................................... 3 ��� Hairs absent from the locule surface................................................................................................ 4 3. Endocarp width ca 40 mm, endocarp wall more than 700 ��m thick........................ Lavigeria Pierre ��� Endocarp width ca 13 mm, endocarp wall less than 400 ��m thick................................ Leretia Vell. 4. Locule surface papillate.................................................................................................................... 5 ��� Locule surface not papillate.............................................................................................................. 6 5. Outer endocarp surface pitted........................................................................................................... 7 ��� Outer endocarp surface not pitted..................................................................................................... 8 6. Hairs-like unit present on the endocarp surface................................................. Pleurisanthes Baill. ��� Hairs-like unit absent from the endocarp surface............................................................................. 9 7. Tubercles bullate....................................................................................................... Miquelia Meisn. ��� Tubercles spiny, cylindrical, peg-shaped or elongate-flattened........................ Pyrenacantha Hook. 8. Endocarp primary vascular bundle embedded within endocarp wall............................. Iodes Blume ��� Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside endocarp wall or in a channel.................................... 10 9. Outer endocarp surface pitted..........................................................................................................11 ��� Outer endocarp surface not pitted................................................................................................... 12 10. Outer endocarp surface completely smooth................................................................... Iodes Blume ��� Outer endocarp surface ridged or rugose, irregular........................................................................ 13 11. Pits within shallow mounds slightly protruding inside the locule.......................... Phytocrene Wall. ��� Pits within tubercles protruding inside the locule........................................................................... 14 12. Endocarp thickness> 12 mm..................................................................................... Icacina A.Juss. ��� Endocarp thickness Hosiea Hemsl. & E.H.Wilson ��� Endocarp length> 15 mm............................................................................................................... 16 14. Tubercles bullate................................................................................................. Stachyanthus Engl. ��� Tubercles spiny, cylindrical, peg-shaped or elongate-flattened........................ Pyrenacantha Hook. 15. Endocarp ridged and reticulate....................................................................................................... 17 ��� Endocarp rugose, irregular.............................................................................................................. 18 16. Endocarp almost smooth, irregularly rugose but without clear protuberant structures........................................................................................................................................ Sarcostigma Wight & Arn. ��� Endocarp rugose with clear protuberant structures or ridged......................................................... 19 17. Endocarp oblong.................................................................................... Alsodeiopsis Oliv. in Benth. ��� Endocarp elliptical.......................................................................................................................... 20 18. Endocarp apex with prominent bulge or pores............................................................................... 21 ��� Endocarp apex without ornamentation.......................................................................... Mappia Jacq. 19. Endocarp rugose, irregular....................................................................... Mappianthus Hand. -Mazz. ��� Endocarp ridged with a reticulate or diffuse ornamentation................................ Rhyticaryum Becc. 20. Endocarp length ca 9 mm, 4���5 areoles formed by ridges on each face......................................................................................................................................................... Natsiatum Buch. -Ham. ex Arn. ��� Endocarp length> 11 mm, 20���30 areoles formed by ridges on each face.............................................................................................................................................. Vadensea Jongkind & O.Lachenaud 21. Endocarp with subapical pores.................................................. Vadensea Jongkind & O.Lachenaud ��� Endocarp with apical bulge............................................................................................................ 22 22. Ornamentation bullate, occuring in Madagascar............................. Desmostachys Planch. ex Miers ��� Ornamentation more granular, occuring in Asia............................................... Nothapodytes Blume, Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Iodes cirrhosa Turcz. Fig. 12.14���12.23 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description VIETNAM ��� ���Indo-chine, Ba Drang���; 18 May 1921; B. Hayata 672; P [MNHN-P-P06672331]. Other material VIETNAM ��� ���Indo-chine���, Annam; 23 May 1923; E. Poilane 6622; P [MNHN-P-P06672332]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, cleft at the base, red when mature. Epicarp puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 270��� 320 ��m thick when dry. Length 12���20 mm, width 10���15 mm, thickness 7���10 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 12.6 mm, width ca 9.5 mm, thickness ca 4.5 mm. Keel thick, surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex asymmetrical with an acute protuberance on either side in lateral view; base flat and cleft on one side. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged and faintly rugose, with two thin rectangular to sharp ridges on each face, the median ridge running from the base up to �� of the endocarp length and the second ridge running up to the subapical part. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of horn-like protrusions compressed on the keel, positioned eccentrically and subapically one on either endocarp face, each protrusion with a central pit. Endocarp wall 380���405 ��m thick excluding ridges (813���1064 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers, sometimes homogeneous: outermost layer with 15���17 rows of isodiametric, occasionally anticlinally oriented cells, cells 22���49 ��m in diameter, followed by a layer with 3���4 rows of small periclinally oriented cells, cells 7���10 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 6.5 ��m in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced, sessile rounded papillae, papillae 8.6���15.5 ��m (av. 10.2 ��m) in diameter, ca 460 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule surface lacunate. Remarks The endocarp was considered ���smooth inside��� (Sleumer 1971). Here we demonstrate that the locule is densely covered by papillae. These papillae are difficult to observe without SEM., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 34-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651, {"references":["Sleumer H. 1971. Icacinaceae. In: van Steenis C. G. G. J. (ed.) Flora Malesiana. Vol. 7 (1): 1 - 87. Noordhoff, Leiden."]}

Pyrenacantha gossweileri (Exell) Byng & Utteridge Fig. 25.19���25.27 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� Mayombe, Mount Bamba; 6 Jan. 1969; Y. Attims 42; P [MNHN- P-P04494730]. Description FRUIT. Ovoid, accrescent at the apex, with an inflated cap that covers half of the length of the fruit. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 130���140 ��m thick when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 16.0��� 16.8 mm, width 11.3���16.0 mm, thickness 7.5���12.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, ovoid to globose in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 10.7 mm, width ca 10.5 mm, thickness ca 7.1 mm. Sharp keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex acute, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongate, 0.5���1.7 mm in length longitudinally, randomly arranged with ca 6 pits longitudinally and 6 pits transversally (ca 33���36 pits per face). Pits associated with elongateflattened tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 724 ��m in length and 716 ��m in diameter at the base, with ca 15 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and not elongate. Ridges rounded and thin, with three main ridges running longitudinally. Ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern with 14���15 areoles. Secondary ridges delimiting small areoles more or less enclosing each pit. Endocarp wall 423���498 ��m thick excluding ridges (ca 700 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 3���4 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 10.4���43.2 ��m in length, followed by a layer with 8���12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.0��� 15.9 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.3���10.3 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded to elongate papillae; papillae 14.9���18.8 ��m (av. 16.1 ��m) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 78, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Key to the genus Rhyticaryum 1. Endocarp 28.8���36.3 mm in length, endocarp wall 800���950 ��m thick.......... R. macrocarpum Becc. ��� Endocarp less than 23.6 mm in length, endocarp wall less than 600 ��m thick................................ 2 2. Endocarp primary vascular bundle in a channel......................... R. novoguineense (Warb.) Sleumer ��� Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall......................................................... 3 3. Endocarp ridging reticulate............................................................................................................... 4 ��� Endocarp ridging not reticulate.......................................................................... R. oleraceum Becc. 4. Subapical pores present, endocarp wall less than 250 ��m thick................... R. elegans G.Schellenb. ��� Subapical pores absent, endocarp wall more than 300 ��m thick...................................................... 5 5. Areoles 15���21 on each face, endocarp wall 514���575 ��m thick..................... R. fasciculatum Becc. ��� Fewer than 15 areoles on each face, endocarp wall less than 500 ��m thick.................................... 6 6. Fruit strigose, endocarp width ca 10 mm................................. R. longifolium K.Schum. & Lauterb. ��� Fruit glabrous, endocarp width ca 13 mm......................................................... R. racemosum Becc., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 98, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Vadensea Jongkind & O.Lachenaud Figs 8.10���8.16, 9.1���9.18 Description FRUIT. Elliptical, laterally compressed, red when mature. Epicarp strigose to puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, smooth to reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream to brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular to globose in transverse section. Keel often surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, occasionally not visible. Apex more or less asymmetrical in lateral view; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with diffuse or reticulate pattern of sharp to angular ridges. When reticulate, ridges delimit polygonal areoles with or without freely ending ridgelets. Endocarp with a symmetrical pair of pores compressed on the keel, positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces, each with a central pit, or replaced by an apical bulge. Vasculature on the endocarp surface follows the reticulum of ridges. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall or in a channel on the keel. Endocarp wall with at least one row of periclinally oriented cells. Locule surface smooth, more or less lacunate. Taxonomic remark This work was largely completed before the taxonomic modification of the genus Desmostachys s. l. (Jongkind & Lachenaud 2019). For practical reasons, we decided to keep the structure of this survey, but we included the taxonomic modifications. The probable polyphyly of Desmostachys s. l. had already been outlined in the discussion, and we decided to keep these comments as a means of corroborating the study of Jongkind & Lachenaud (2019)., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651, {"references":["Jongkind C. C. & Lachenaud O. 2019. Vadensea (Icacinaceae), a new genus to accommodate continental African species of Desmostachys. Phytotaxa 405 (5): 237 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 405.5.2"]}

Rhyticaryum oleraceum Becc. Fig. 33.1���33.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description INDONESIA ��� Moluccas isl.; 1938; P. Buwalda 4471; L [L.2293162]. Description FRUIT. Epicarp glabrous; mesocarp 260���270 ��m thick when dry. Length 17���26 mm, width 10.0��� 15.7 mm, thickness 7.4���10.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 23.6 mm, width ca 15.7 mm, thickness ca 8.7 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly inflated and asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with three main ridges longitudinally. Ridges rounded and thin, forming a diffuse pattern, with two ridges spanning from the apex to nearly the base and a median ridge spanning from the base to nearly the apex. Primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 157���188 ��m thick excluding ridges (ca. 420 ��m including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 5���7 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 17.2���29.4 ��m in length, followed by a layer with 2���3 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 15.4���24.0 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 4.3���6.0 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and large papillae; papillae 8.9���28.3 ��m (av. 15.0 ��m) in diameter., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 102-104, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha soyauxii (Engl.) Byng & Utteridge Fig. 29.10���29.18 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description GABON ��� 1899; R.P. Klaine 1469; P [MNHN-P-P04494736]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, accrescent at the apex and forming an inflated cap (representing about half of the length). Epicarp pilose, with yellow long and thin hair. Mesocarp ca 100 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by a short gynophore. Length 33���50 mm, width 11.2���26.0 mm, thickness 8.6���12.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, obovoid in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 18.5 mm, width ca 10.5 mm, thickness ca 7 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex truncate and slightly asymmetrical, with protuberance; base rounded almost acute, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongate, arranged in longitudinal lines with 10���11 pits longitudinally and 8���9 pits transversally (ca 60���70 pits per face). Pits associated with elongate-flattened tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles 523���813 ��m in length and 554���651 ��m in diameter at the base, with 25���26 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and not elongate, more or less anticlinal-isodiametric. Ridges rounded, thin, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing all pits in an areole. Endocarp wall ca 400 ��m thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 4���6 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 20.5���37.0 ��m in length, followed by a layer with 11���13 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.1���16.2 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.1���9.0 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae or inflated cells, cells 9.1���23.7 ��m (av. 13.9 ��m) in diameter with ca 1300 papillae/ inflated cells per 0.25 mm 2. Locule not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 90-92, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Miquelia celebica Blume Fig. 19.9���19.17 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description INDONESIA ��� ��� Celebes ��� [Sulawesi], Tondano; 1923; J.S.A. Kruiff 23; L [L.2289530]. Other material INDONESIA ��� ��� Celebes ��� [Sulawesi]; 1840; E.A. Forsten s.n.; L [L.0014929]. PHILIPPINES ��� Ramos 80631; K. Description FRUIT. Ovoid. Epicarp strigose with yellow uncinate hairs, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 143���240 ��m thick when dry. Length 8���17 mm, width 7���12 mm, thickness 6 mm. ENDOCARP. Ovoid in lateral view, length ca 8 mm, width ca 7.8 mm, thickness ca 3 mm. Apex slightly asymmetrical, acute in lateral view, with subapical pore. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Ridges rounded and thin to thick, with three main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge running from the base up to �� of the endocarp length, the two lateral ridges running from the apex almost to the base. The two lateral ridges are each connected with some transverse ridges; transverse ridges free or connected with the keel. Pits large (0.4���0.9 mm in diameter), exclusively circular and organized in longitudinal lines, 3���5 pits longitudinally, 4 pits transversally with one pit between median ridge and lateral ridges, and one pit between lateral ridges and the keel (ca 17���19 pits per face). Pits associated with bullate tubercles, ca 400 ��m in length inside the endocarp. Endocarp wall ca 170���270 ��m thick (with and without ridges; the ridges are mainly formed by a fold of the wall rather than by extra thickening). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 2���4 rows of isodiametric cells, cells 13.0��� 22.7 ��m in diameter, followed by a layer with ca 5 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.5���17.7 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.6���15.4 ��m in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 12.6���16.0 ��m (av. 14 ��m) in diameter. Locule lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 56, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Rhyticaryum longifolium K.Schum. & Lauterb. Fig. 32.1–32.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 21 Nov. 1973; Jacobs 9671; L [L.229211] • 1962; Bowers 84; L [L.2292735]. Other material PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 1996; W. Takeuchi & J. Kulang 11657; P [MNHN-P-P05279704]. Description FRUIT. Epicarp strigose, with red simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 110–130 µm thick when dry. Length 18.2–25.0 mm, width 11.4–17.0 mm, thickness 7.6–10.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length 16.8–17.0 mm, width 10.7–11.9 mm, thickness 7.6–8.1 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex truncate, slightly inflated and asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with ca five longitudinal ridges; the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges sharp to slightly rounded and thin, with a median channel, enclosing 7–11 polygonal areoles with small freely ending ridgelets. Primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 312–445 µm thick excluding ridges (740–840 µm thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 2–3 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 14.1–20.5 µm in length, followed by a layer with ca13 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 15.6–40.3 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.1–17.4 µm in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 9.5–18.8 µm (av. 12.7 µm) in diameter, 550 papillae per 0.25 mm 2.

Phytocrene macrophylla (Blume) Blume Fig. 22.1���22.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MALAYSIA ��� Borneo; Nov.���Dec. 1931; J. & M. S. Clemens 26544 Bis; L [L.2289632]. Other material PHILIPPINE ��� 1916; A.D.E. Elmer 15960; P [MNHN-P-P04513397]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, with a symmetrical and elongate apex, red when mature. Epicarp with clusters of yellow-red hairs. Mesocarp 330���400 ��m thick, but thicker at the accrescent part when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 55���130 mm, width 19���30 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, oblong in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length 40���60 mm, width 13.3��� 25.0 mm, thickness 8���20 mm. No clear keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, but with a trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex asymmetrical, emarginate in lateral view; base acute, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily longitudinally elongate, occasionally two pits are merged, 0.4���1.0 mm in diameter, more or less longitudinally arranged, with ca 11���12 pits longitudinally and 7���9 pits transversally (ca 90���105 pits per face). Pits shortly rounded, without tubercles. Ridges rounded, limited to two lateral ridges, not branched, only present in the upper third (apical end) of the endocarp length. The two lateral ridges reaching the apex at the location of the subapical pore. Endocarp wall 550���660 ��m thick excluding pits (285 ��m thick including pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 10���16 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 15.5���23.3 ��m in length, followed by a layer with ca 13���19 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.5���12.6 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.2���9.02 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with inflated cells. Locule with rounded protuberances due to the thickening of the wall under the pits., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651