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Background:Care for malaria patients in endemic areas has been improved through the increasing use of Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs). Most RDTs target the histidine-rich protein-2 antigen (PfHRP2) to detect P. falciparum, as it is abundant and shows great heat stability. However, their use in South America has been widely questioned following a recent publication that pinpoints the high prevalence of Peruvian field isolates lacking the gene encoding this protein. In the remote rural health centers of French Guiana, RDTs are the main diagnosis tools. Therefore, a study of PfHRP2 RDT performances and pfhrp2 genotyping was conducted to determine whether a replacement of the current pLDH-based kit could be considered.Methods:The performance study compared the SD Malaria Ag test P.f/Pan® kit with the current gold standard diagnosis by microscopy. The prevalence of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletions were evaluated from 221 P. falciparum isolates collected between 2009 and 2011 in French Guiana.Results:Between January 2010 and August 2011, 960 suspected cases of malaria were analyzed using microscopy and RDTs. The sensitivity of the SD Malaria Ag test P.f/Pan® for detection of P. falciparum was 96.8% (95% CI: 90.9-99.3), and 86.0% (95% CI: 78.9-91.5) for the detection of P. vivax. No isolates (95% CI: 0-4.5) lacking either exon of the pfhrp2 gene were identified among the 221 P. falciparum isolates analyzed, but 7.4% (95% CI: 2.8-15.4) lacked the exon 2 part of the pfhrp3 gene.Conclusions:Field isolates lacking either exon of the pfhrp2 gene are absent in this western part of South America. Despite its sensibility to detect P. vivax, the SD Malaria Ag test P.f/Pan® kit is a satisfying alternative to microscopy in remote health centers, where it is difficult to provide highly skilled microscopists and to maintain the necessary equipment.

International audience; In French Guiana, a French overseas territory located in the South American northern coast, nearly 50% of Salmonella serotypes isolated from human infections belong to serotypes rarely encountered in metropolitan France. A reptilian source of contamination has been investigated. Between April and June 2011, in the area around Cayenne, 151 reptiles were collected: 38 lizards, 37 snakes, 32 turtles, 23 green iguanas and 21 caimans. Cloacal swab samples were collected and cultured. Isolated Salmonella strains were identified biochemically and serotyped. The overall carriage frequency of carriage was 23.2% (95% confidence interval: 16.7-30.4) with 23 serotyped strains. The frequency of Salmonella carriage was significantly higher for wild reptiles. Near two-thirds of the Salmonella serotypes isolated from reptiles were also isolated from patients in French Guiana. Our results highlight the risk associated with the handling and consumption of reptiles and their role in the spread of Salmonella in the environment.

In French Guiana, from 1984 to 2011, 14 animal rabies cases and 1 human rabies case (2008) were diagnosed. In January 2011, vampire-bat attacks occurred in 2 isolated villages. In mid-January, a medical team from the Cayenne Centre for Anti-Rabies Treatment visited the sites to manage individuals potentially exposed to rabies and, in April, an anti-rabies vaccination campaign for dogs was conducted. Twenty individuals were bitten by bats in 1 month, most frequently on the feet. The median time to start management was 15 days. The complete Zagreb vaccination protocol (2 doses on day 0 and 1 dose on days 7 and 21) was administered to 16 patients, 12 also received specific immunoglobulins. The antibody titration was obtained for 12 patients (different from those who received immunoglobulins). The antibody titers were ≥0.5 EU/mL for all of them. The serology has not been implemented for the 12 patients who received immunoglobulins. Accidental destruction of a vampire-bat colony could be responsible for the attacks. The isolation and absence of sensitization of the populations were the main explanations for the management difficulties encountered. Sensitization programs should be conducted regularly., Author Summary Rabies is a disease almost invariably fatal in humans once the first clinical signs appear. In French Guiana bats represent the virus reservoir, especially vampire bats. From 1984 to 2011, 14 animal rabies cases and 1 human rabies case (2008) were diagnosed. In case of bat bite, anti-rabies immunoglobulins (RIG) and rabies vaccine must be rapidly administrated. The specific rabies management is exclusively performed by Centre for Anti-Rabies Treatment (CART), located at the Institut Pasteur in Cayenne, the prefecture of French Guiana, and 6 Anti-Rabies Treatment Outposts distributed along the coastal edge and along the two main rivers. Only a CART physician can administer RIG. In January 2011, vampire-bat attacks occurred in 2 isolated villages. In mid-January, a medical team from the CART visited the sites to manage individuals potentially exposed to rabies and, in April, an anti-rabies vaccination campaign for dogs was conducted. The most relevant contribution of this study is to underline difficulties to provide rabies post-exposure prophylaxis to remote populations exposed to bat rabies in the Amazonian region and to show the lack of awareness of these rural populations concerning rabies and the risk associated to vampire bats.

International audience; This study is focused on the development of a 3D micro-preconcentrator for a sensitive analysis of an explosive-related compound: orthonitrotoluene (ONT). A set of potentially efficient adsorbents for the pre-concentration of ONT was investigated here. An in-depth characterization of their textural properties was carried out in order to better understand their adsorption behavior toward the target analyte. More particularly, this study allowed highlighting the interesting adsorption features of a hydrophobic zeolite and a porous activated carbon in relation to their preconcentration performances toward ONT at the ppb level. Moreover, we found a difference in the adsorption mechanism between both selected adsorbing materials.

The electrochemical incorporation of a sulfonated cobalt phthalocyanine (sCoPc) in conducting polypyrrole (PPy) was done, in the presence or absence of LiClO4, in order to use the resulting hybrid material for the sensing of ammonia. After electrochemical deposition, the morphological features and structural properties of polypyrrole/phthalocyanine hybrid films were investigated and compared to those of polypyrrole films. A gas sensor consisting in platinum microelectrodes arrays was fabricated using silicon microtechnologies, and the polypyrrole and polypyrrole/phthalocyanine films were electrochemically deposited on the platinum microelectrodes arrays of this gas sensor. When exposed to ammonia, polymer-based gas sensors exhibited a decrease in conductance due to the electron exchange between ammonia and sensitive polymer-based layer. The characteristics of the gas sensors (response time, response amplitude, reversibility) were studied for ammonia concentrations varying from 1 ppm to 100 ppm. Polypyrrole/phthalocyanine films exhibited a high sensitivity and low detection limit to ammonia as well as a fast and reproducible response at room temperature. The response to ammonia exposition of polypyrrole films was found to be strongly enhanced thanks to the incorporation of the phthalocyanine in the polypyrrole matrix.

The adsorption of SO2 on SnO2 surfaces obtained from hydrolysis of SnCl4 and NH3 was studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Tin dioxide surfaces were treated with SO2 at temperatures ranging from 300 to 900°C. For this temperature range, XPS shows that SO2 is adsorbed on tin dioxide surfaces to form two sulphured species: SO32− for temperatures ranging from 300 to 500°C and SO42− for temperatures ranging from 300 to 900°C. With regards to these two chemical species, we were able to confirm their formation using a second analytical technique (FTIR). The formation of these species will be discussed in terms of a comparison between the results of the two techniques. The role played by OH groups in these interactions is also discussed in this article.

International audience; Malaria is endemic in French Guiana. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the predominant species responsible and Anopheles darlingi is described as the major vector. In mid-August 2008, an increase in malaria incidence was observed in Saül. A retrospective cohort survey was performed. In vitro susceptibility profiles to antimalarials were determined on P. falciparum isolates. Collections of mosquitoes were organized. The malaria attack rate reached 70.6/100. The risk of malaria increased for people between 40 and 49 years of age, living in a house not subjected to a recent indoor residual insecticide spraying or staying overnight in the surrounding forest. All isolates were susceptible. Anopheles darlingi females and larvae were collected in the village suggesting a local transmission. Our results strongly support a role of illegal mining activities in the emergence of new foci of malaria. Therefore, public health authorities should define policies to fight malaria at a transborder level.

Background Until 2008, human rabies had never been reported in French Guiana. On 28 May 2008, the French National Reference Center for Rabies (Institut Pasteur, Paris) confirmed the rabies diagnosis, based on hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction on skin biopsy and saliva specimens from a Guianan, who had never travelled overseas and died in Cayenne after presenting clinically typical meningoencephalitis. Methodology/Principal Findings Molecular typing of the virus identified a Lyssavirus (Rabies virus species), closely related to those circulating in hematophagous bats (mainly Desmodus rotundus) in Latin America. A multidisciplinary Crisis Unit was activated. Its objectives were to implement an epidemiological investigation and a veterinary survey, to provide control measures and establish a communications program. The origin of the contamination was not formally established, but was probably linked to a bat bite based on the virus type isolated. After confirming exposure of 90 persons, they were vaccinated against rabies: 42 from the case's entourage and 48 healthcare workers. To handle that emergence and the local population's increased demand to be vaccinated, a specific communications program was established using several media: television, newspaper, radio. Conclusion/Significance This episode, occurring in the context of a Department far from continental France, strongly affected the local population, healthcare workers and authorities, and the management team faced intense pressure. This observation confirms that the risk of contracting rabies in French Guiana is real, with consequences for population educational program, control measures, medical diagnosis and post-exposure prophylaxis., Author Summary Until 2008, rabies had never been described within the French Guianan human population. Emergence of the first case in May 2008 in this French Overseas Department represented a public health event that markedly affected the local population, healthcare workers and public health authorities. The antirabies clinic of French Guiana, located at Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, had to reorganize its functioning to handle the dramatically increased demand for vaccination. A rigorous epidemiological investigation and a veterinary study were conducted to identify the contamination source, probably linked to a bat bite, and the exposed population. Communication was a key factor to controlling this episode and changing the local perception of this formerly neglected disease. Because similar clinical cases had previously been described, without having been diagnosed, medical practices must be adapted and the rabies virus should be sought more systematically in similarly presenting cases. Sharing this experience could be useful for other countries that might someday have to manage such an emergence.

Analysis of the evolution of drug target genes under changing drug policy is needed to assist monitoring of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance in the field. Here we genotype Pfcrt and Pfdmr1 of 700 isolates collected in French Guiana from 2000 (5 years after withdrawal of chloroquine) to 2008, i.e., the period when the artemether-lumefantrine combination was progressively introduced and mefloquine was abandoned. Gene sequencing showed fixation of the 7G8-type Pfcrt SMVNT resistance haplotype and near fixation of the NYCDY Pfdmr1 haplotype. Pfdmr1 gene copy number correlated with 50% inhibitory concentrations of mefloquine and halofantrine ( r = 0.64 and 0.47, respectively, n = 547); its temporal changes paralleled changes in in vitro mefloquine susceptibility. However, the molecular parameters studied did not account for the regained in vitro susceptibility to chloroquine and showed a poor correlation with susceptibility to artemether, lumefantrine, or quinine. Identification of novel markers of resistance to these antimalarials is needed in this South American area.

Actually, the rapid detection of explosive agents in air has become a real need. In this context, the aim of this research work is to develop a micro-fluidic platform integrated on a silicon substrate for the monitoring of explosive traces in air. This platform is composed by a micro-preconcentrator followed by a chromatographic micro-column and a tin oxide- based sensor. The target molecule studied is the orthonitrotoluene (ONT) known as a simili vapor of trinitrotoluene (TNT). The present study is focused on the gas micro-preconcentrator performances, and in particular on the choice of the adsorbent. Various adsorbents such as activated carbons, polymer and hydrophobic zeolite were then studied in order to identify the best material to be used in the gas preconcentrator.

International audience; A three-year retrospective analysis of fungi isolated from specimens of patients with superficial fungal infections in French Guiana is presented. Clinical samples from 726 patients with presumptive diagnoses of onychomycosis (28.2% of the patients), tinea capitis (27.8%), superficial cutaneous mycoses of the feet (22.0%), and of other areas of the body (21.9%), were assessed by microscopic examination and culture. Dermatophytes accounted for 59.2% of the isolates, followed by yeasts (27.5%) and non-dermatophytic molds (13.1%). Trichophyton rubrum was the most common dermatophyte recovered from cases of onychomycosis (67.4%), tinea pedis (70.6%) and tinea corporis (52.4%). In contrast, Trichophyton tonsurans was the predominant species associated with tinea capitis (73.9%). Yeasts were identified as the principal etiologic agents of onychomycosis of the fingernails (74.2%), whereas molds were found mainly in cases of onychomycosis of the toenails. In such instances, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (70.8%) was the most common mold recovered in culture. In conclusion, the prevalence of T. rubrum and the occurrence of onychomycosis and fungal infections of the feet in French Guiana are similar to results reported from Europe, whereas the frequency of tinea capitis and the importance of T. tonsurans in such infections are similar to the situation in the Americas.

International audience; A tin oxide (SnO2)/arc-discharge single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) hybrid material based sensor was developed for the detection of NH3 and O3 at room temperature. The gas sensitive composite thin films were prepared using sol gel and dip coating techniques, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Overall, the hybrid material based sensor is found to have an enhanced sensitivity as compared to pure SnO2 or pure SWNTs based sensors. An optimum annealing temperature of the composite of 300 °C was determined. The detection limit at room temperature was evaluated at 1 ppm and lower than 20 ppb for NH3 and O3, respectively. Moreover, the hybrid sensor exhibited a fast response (few minutes), a good sensitivity and a full recovery at room temperature. The sensor efficiency has also been demonstrated to strongly depend on the SWNT source used for sensor fabrication (4 different commercial sources have been tested). These results open the way towards further optimized hybrid sensors.

Anopheles darlingi, one of the main malaria vectors in the Neotropics, is widely distributed in French Guiana, where malaria remains a major public-health problem. Elucidation of the relationships between the population dynamics of An. darlingi and local environmental factors would appear to be an essential factor in the epidemiology of human malaria in French Guiana and the design of effective vector-control strategies. In a recent investigation, longitudinal entomological surveys were carried out for 2-4 years in one village in each of three distinct endemic areas of French Guiana. Anopheles darlingi was always the anopheline mosquito that was most frequently caught on human bait, although its relative abundance (as a proportion of all the anophelines collected) and human biting rate (in bites/person-year) differed with the study site. Seasonality in the abundance of human-landing An. darlingi (with peaks at the end of the rainy season) was observed in only two of the three study sites. Just three An. darlingi were found positive for Plasmodium (either P. falciparum or P. vivax) circumsporozoite protein, giving entomological inoculation rates of 0*0-8*7 infectious bites/person-year. Curiously, no infected An. darlingi were collected in the village with the highest incidence of human malaria. Relationships between malaria incidence, An. darlingi densities, rainfall and water levels in the nearest rivers were found to be variable and apparently dependent on land-cover specificities that reflected the diversity and availability of habitats suitable for the development and reproduction of An. darlingi.

International audience; SnO2 thin layers were deposited by the way of the micro-droplet technique. The sensor substrate consisted of a thin membrane developed on oxidised silicon wafer. The sensing layers were deposited by means of the micro-droplet technique into thin layers of about 100 nm. Such devices were tested for benzene detection. The obtained results showed a very high sensitivity for this chemical compound since 500 ppb were detected. The results presented in this paper were not focused on the reactional mechanism of benzene detection but rather on the development of a cheap and sensitive sensor using sol-gel and micro-droplet processes. Since these layers were elaborated using solely tin oxide, the as-obtained sensors are not selective but these one are intended to be used by coupling with additional devices such as chromatographic micro-column and micro-pre-concentrators.

International audience; The performance of a gas pre-concentrator/gas chromatographic column/gas sensor system was studied step by step towards benzene vapor in presence of 1,3 butadiene vapor. The pre-concentrator, based on an activated carbon of high adsorption capacity, was first characterized using a GC/FID system. By this way, the adsorption capacity of each pollutant was evaluated, first separately, then mixed with different proportions in air. It was shown that the affinity of the pre-concentrator for benzene was higher than for butadiene. Once the optimal pre-concentration parameters were adjusted, we replaced the FID detector by a metal oxide gas sensor. The use of such gas pre-concentrator allowed decreasing the detection limit of the system towards benzene in presence of butadiene by at least ten times.

FONDECYT FONDECYT

8 pages; International audience; We report the fabrication of a gas chromatographic column module integrated on a silicon substrate and usable as a portable measurement device dedicated to the selective detection of various chemical compounds (gas or vapour). PDMS, PEG, and F13- TEOS stationary phases have been prepared in order to coat the inside walls of microchannels. The microcolumn tests were performed with a mixture of hydrocarbons and ketone. After having evaluated the effectiveness of such a separation module, we showed an application by coupling a GC microcolumn with a metal oxide-based gas sensor. The best results were obtained at a low isothermal temperature mode of the GC micro-column (near the ambient temperature). The coupling between the GC microcolumn and ametal oxide gas sensor enables to obtain a rapid, reliable, and selective analysis of various chemical compounds.

Introduction Pertussis (whooping cough) is a toxic bacterial infection caused mainly by Bordetella pertussis. In mid-January 2006, several cases of pertussis were diagnosed in a military boarding-school. An investigation was carried out at the end of January to identify the risk factors for infection and to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination. Subjects and methods Three definitions were used to distinguish the cases; confirmed biologically, confirmed epidemiologically and suspected cases. The risk factor study was carried out after the exclusion of suspect cases. Vaccine efficacy (VE) was evaluated from a case–control study where only biologically confirmed cases were included. For each case, five controls were matched according to age, sex and class. A logistic regression and a conditional logistic regression were performed for the risk factor study and vaccine efficacy, respectively. Statistical analysis was carried out using Stata 9.2™ software. Results A total of 206 cases were included, 17 of them biologically confirmed, 66 epidemiologically and 123 suspected cases. The attack rate was 17.8 per 100. Girls were 1.8 times more likely to catch pertussis (p = 0.04), pupils in the first year of college, as well as those in high school were at 5 times greater risk of catching pertussis (p = 0.008) than those in the second year of college. For pupils who benefited from at least 5 doses, the VE was at 80% when the last dose dated from less than 6 years earlier. Discussion/conclusion The attack rate observed in our study was similar to those normally seen during epidemics occurring within a community. Vaccine efficacy declined depending on the time lapse since the last vaccination. Since April 2008, the Public Health Authorities have planned to provide pertussis booster vaccinations for children aged 16–18 who missed those for 11–13-year-old, and for adults aged 26–27 and those who have not been vaccinated for more than 10 years.

International audience; In thiswork, design and fabrication of a hybrid micro-device dedicated to the selective detection of hydrogen fluoride vapours is reported. This micro-device is composed by a gas chromatographic micro-column positioned in front of a tin dioxide-based gas sensor. The efficiency of this hybrid micro-system regarding to reproducibility and reversibility for various HF concentrations was investigated. The influence of the HF concentration on the electrical responses of the sensor is also studied. The experimental results show that this hybrid micro-system is efficient since it allows the elution, separation and detection of hydrogen fluoride at a low temperature close to ambient.

In this work, design and fabrication of micro-gas-sensors, polymerization and deposition of poly(pyrrole) thin films as sensitive layer for the micro-gas-sensors by electrochemical processing, and characterization of the polymer films by FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), are reported. The change in conductance of thin polymer layers is used as a sensor signal. The behaviours, including sensitivity, reproducibility and reversibility, to various ammonia gas concentrations ranging from 8 ppm to 1000 ppm are investigated. The influence of the temperature on the electrical response of the sensors is also studied. The experimental results show that these ammonia gas sensors are efficient since they are sensitive to ammonia, reversible and reproducible at room temperature.

International audience; In this work, we report on the application of multi-walled carbon nanotubes as gas sensors. We use the vertical growth of aligned carbon nanotubes on structure surfaces composed by a set of Ni electrodes and SiO2 surfaces fraction. The results show that carbon nanotubes could be efficient in terms of sensibility for detection of pollutant species like NH3 even at ambient temperature. The determination of the adsorption energies for various species on the basis of a semi-empirical potential approach show that gases, particularly the polar one, are able to bind strongly on carbon nanotubes surfaces and could explain at least qualitatively the experimental results.

International audience; The discrimination of various chemical compounds is generally impossible by using a single tin dioxide-based gas sensor. This research is focused on the development of a hybrid micro-system to get a sensitive and selective portable device for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the air. Thus, micro-fabrication technology has been applied to the development of a gas chromatographic micro-column. This system of separation will be positioned upstream of the gas sensor. In this paper, a complete description of the GC micro-column and of the prototype's architecture is given. The gas sample was formed by a gas mixture of benzene, toluene and two isomers of xylene eluted in synthetic air. This prototype, beyond its small size and its great chemical discrimination, provides fast responses and offers best results with very low temperatures of the GC micro-column.

During a national survey in 2002 in Djibouti, serum samples were collected using a valid sampling scheme from 2423 Djiboutians representing the general population of urban and rural districts. The HIV-1 seroprevalence was 2%. The HIV-1 polymerase gene from 53 untreated patients was amplified. Phylogenetic analysis of 34 isolates revealed a majority of subtype C (73%) as well as other subtypes, including CRF02_AG recombinants (18%), subtype D (6%), and subtype A (3%).

An Antopol-Goldman lesion or subepithelial pelvic hematoma of the kidney is a rare cause of hematuria. We described a 26 year-old man hospitalized for macroscopic hematuria associated with a subepithelial hematoma whose development might have been favored by arterial hypertension secondary to a renal artery stenosis.

Previous series have dealt with nutritional status after kidney transplantation. However, few studies have described the outcome of body composition after kidney transplantation.A total of 44 cadaver kidney transplant recipients (28 men and 16 women) were followed prospectively during the first post-transplant year. Biochemical nutritional markers, dietary records, anthropometric measurements, and body composition were assessed at kidney transplantation and 3, 6, and 12 months later.By the end of the first year, serum albumin level was not significantly different from initial values. Prealbumin and retinol binding protein decreased from 42.3 +/- 10.2 mg/dL to 30.4 +/- 6.3 mg/dL and from 1.96 +/- 0.61 g/dL to 0.65 +/- 0.2 g/dL (P0.0001). Separating patients by gender showed that dietary caloric and protein intake increased in women only. At the end of the follow-up period, mean weight change was +5.4 kg in women (P = 0.009) and -0.9 kg in men (not significant). Body composition analyses showed that in women total fat and lean masses increased (+2.1 kg, P = 0.05, and +2.4 kg, P = 0.006), whereas in men total fat mass decreased (-1.4 kg, P = 0.04), and total lean mass tended to increase (+0.5 kg, not significant). Percentage change in total bone mass was +1.4% in women (not significant) and -2.1% in men (P = 0.05). In multivariate analyses, an independent impact of female gender on weight gain was observed, although increased fat mass was related only to energy intake. Increased total lean mass was related to low steroid doses and the absence of acute rejection and delayed graft function. Bone loss was related to male gender and high steroid doses.Changes in body composition during the first year after kidney transplantation are modulated by gender, energy intake, steroid doses, the occurrence of acute rejection, and delayed graft function.

Gas sensors based on the SnO 2 thin films were prepared by dip-coating method starting from their corresponding sols. The as-elaborated thin coatings were afterwards annealed at different temperatures during various times. Their morphology, composition and microstructure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of electrical and sensing measurements indicated that the sensor annealed at 300°C for 3 hours exhibited the best sensitivity towards the detection of NH 3 at room temperature.

The development of industry and automotive trafic produces Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) whose toxicity can affect seriously human health and environment. The level of those contaminants in air must be as low as possible. In this context, there is a need for in situ systems that could monitor selectively the concentration of these compounds. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the efficiency of a system build with a pre-concentrator, a chromatographic micro-column and a tin oxide-based gas sensor for the selective and sensitive detection of atmospheric pollutants. In particular, this study is focused on the selective detection of benzene and 1,3 butadiene.

Hybrid SnO2/SWNTs thin layer were deposited by using sol-gel process. Such sensitive layers showed very high performances for O3 flow detection at ambient temperature. Limit sensitivity, lower than 21,5 ppb of O3 in air has been reached by using these hybrid layers. Compared to usefull metal oxide sensors, the main advantage of the use of such hybrid layers, is that these devices enable the detection of O3 traces at room temperature. The influence of sensor's working temperature is discussed and finally a reactional mechanism for the detection of O3 is proposed.

In order to increase the performance of mineral and plastic detectors in measuring nuclear radiation damage, surface observations were made using two complementary techniques: microtopography observations and image analysis. Chemically etched tracks of charged particles were studied in different areas of the detectors. Microtopography observations were made using a three-dimensional profilometer, with a diamond tip used as a sensor to perform numerical analysis of the depth distribution. Image analysis, using a video camera connected to an optical microscope and a specially-designed hardware system (CUE2, SCOP-Olympus), measured to track densities and enabled numerous track shapes, to be studied. Special computer programs (in C language), gather both files of results and enable both analyses to be correlated with the nuclear damage registration characteristics in the nuclear track detectors.

This study deals with the development of a hybrid SnO 2 /SWNTs based gas sensor for the detection of O 3 and NH 3 . Experiments concerned the study of the correlation between the physico-chemical properties of carbon nanotubes and the sensor s sensitivity. Four samples of SWNTs were investigated and the results showed a strong dependence between the characteristics of such nanomaterials and the efficiency of the hybrid layers for gas detection.

International audience; A gas sensor consisting in polypyrrole films electrochemically deposited on microelectrodes arrays was fabricated using silicon microtechnologies. Polypyrrole was electrodeposited on platinum microelectrodes using four different electrodeposition potentials, five counter-ions and three salt concentrations to assess the effects of these parameters on the sensing properties of polypyrrole films. The change in conductance of thin polymer layers, due to adsorption of ammonia gas, was used as a sensor signal. The behaviors of the polymer-based gas sensors, including response time, response amplitude, reproducibility and reversibility, to various ammonia gas concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 ppm were investigated. The experimental results showed that these ammonia gas sensors were efficient since they were sensitive to ammonia, and since their response was fast and reproducible at room temperature. The most efficient ammonia gas sensor was obtained with a 248 nm-thick polypyrrole film electrosynthesized from 0.1 M pyrrole and 0.1 M LiClO4 under an electrodeposition potential of +2.0 V/SCE.

The main goal of this research is to develop a miniaturized diagnostic equipment in order to identify some volatile organic compounds present in exhaled breath and referred as lung cancer biomarkers. The main scientific and technical obstacles of this project are linked to the very low concentrations of these chemical compounds and the presence of high concentrations of H2O and CO2 naturally present in exhaled breath. To address these issues, we suggest to use a SnO2-based gas sensor combined with a micro-preconcentrator and a chromatographic micro-column in order to engineer a low detection limit system. First, some specific adsorbents have been characterized with a view to concentrate chemical biomarkers trough the micro-preconcentrator. In accordance with research findings, two types of zeolites (DaY and NaY) and one type carbonaceous microspheres (W5) have been selected. Then micro-preconcentrators and chromatographic micro-columns have been developed on silicon wafers by using clean room facilities. The last step of this study was to evaluate the performances of the analytical device. After determining optimal elution and pre-concentration conditions of each VOCs, the miniaturized system achieved the analysis of an artificial breath constituted of toluene (24 ppb), 1-propanol (21 ppb) and o-xylene in presence of high concentrations of water vapors and carbon dioxide.; L’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse est de contribuer au développement d’un outil de diagnostic miniaturisé permettant d’identifier et de quantifier une combinaison de composés organiques volatils (COVs) présents dans l’haleine et qui sont considérés comme des marqueurs chimiques du cancer du poumon. Les principaux verrous scientifiques de ce projet sont liés aux très faibles concentrations de ces composés cibles (de l’ordre de quelques ppb) et également à la présence de nombreux autres composés chimiques qui sont naturellement présents dans l’haleine. La voie de développement proposée dans ce projet est d’utiliser un micro-capteur résistif à base de SnO2 associé à un micro-préconcentrateur et une micro-colonne chromatographique afin d’aboutir à un dispositif sélectif et présentant des limites de détection très basses. Dans un premier temps, plusieurs adsorbants ont été caractérisés en vue d’être utilisés dans le micro-préconcentrateur afin de concentrer les marqueurs du cancer du poumon. Les résultats ont permis de sélectionner deux types de zéolites (DaY et NaY) ainsi que des microsphères de carbone W5. Par la suite, les unités de préconcentration et de séparation des COVs ont été développées en s’appuyant sur la technologie silicium/verre disponible en salle blanche. La dernière étape de cette étude a concerné l’évaluation des performances du système d’analyse alors assimilable à un micro-chromatographe en phase gazeuse. Après avoir déterminé les conditions optimales d’élution et de préconcentration des COVs, le système miniaturisé a permis d’analyser une haleine artificielle constituée de trois COVs présents à des concentrations proches des celles mesurées dans l’haleine (toluène (24 ppb), propanol (21 ppb) et o-xylène (5 ppb)) même en présence des interférents majeurs de l’haleine (vapeur d’eau et dioxyde de carbone).

The main goal of this research is to develop a miniaturized diagnostic equipment in order to identify some volatile organic compounds present in exhaled breath and referred as lung cancer biomarkers. The main scientific and technical obstacles of this project are linked to the very low concentrations of these chemical compounds and the presence of high concentrations of H2O and CO2 naturally present in exhaled breath. To address these issues, we suggest to use a SnO2-based gas sensor combined with a micro-preconcentrator and a chromatographic micro-column in order to engineer a low detection limit system. First, some specific adsorbents have been characterized with a view to concentrate chemical biomarkers trough the micro-preconcentrator. In accordance with research findings, two types of zeolites (DaY and NaY) and one type carbonaceous microspheres (W5) have been selected. Then micro-preconcentrators and chromatographic micro-columns have been developed on silicon wafers by using clean room facilities. The last step of this study was to evaluate the performances of the analytical device. After determining optimal elution and pre-concentration conditions of each VOCs, the miniaturized system achieved the analysis of an artificial breath constituted of toluene (24 ppb), 1-propanol (21 ppb) and o-xylene in presence of high concentrations of water vapors and carbon dioxide.; L’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse est de contribuer au développement d’un outil de diagnostic miniaturisé permettant d’identifier et de quantifier une combinaison de composés organiques volatils (COVs) présents dans l’haleine et qui sont considérés comme des marqueurs chimiques du cancer du poumon. Les principaux verrous scientifiques de ce projet sont liés aux très faibles concentrations de ces composés cibles (de l’ordre de quelques ppb) et également à la présence de nombreux autres composés chimiques qui sont naturellement présents dans l’haleine. La voie de développement proposée dans ce projet est d’utiliser un micro-capteur résistif à base de SnO2 associé à un micro-préconcentrateur et une micro-colonne chromatographique afin d’aboutir à un dispositif sélectif et présentant des limites de détection très basses. Dans un premier temps, plusieurs adsorbants ont été caractérisés en vue d’être utilisés dans le micro-préconcentrateur afin de concentrer les marqueurs du cancer du poumon. Les résultats ont permis de sélectionner deux types de zéolites (DaY et NaY) ainsi que des microsphères de carbone W5. Par la suite, les unités de préconcentration et de séparation des COVs ont été développées en s’appuyant sur la technologie silicium/verre disponible en salle blanche. La dernière étape de cette étude a concerné l’évaluation des performances du système d’analyse alors assimilable à un micro-chromatographe en phase gazeuse. Après avoir déterminé les conditions optimales d’élution et de préconcentration des COVs, le système miniaturisé a permis d’analyser une haleine artificielle constituée de trois COVs présents à des concentrations proches des celles mesurées dans l’haleine (toluène (24 ppb), propanol (21 ppb) et o-xylène (5 ppb)) même en présence des interférents majeurs de l’haleine (vapeur d’eau et dioxyde de carbone).

The conventional operating temperatures of most chemical gas sensors are generally above 300°C, which are not favorable to their functioning in terms of stability, repeatability and energy consumption. For this reason, in this study, we have developed a new method of thin film synthesis via sol-gel process, based on tin dioxide (SnO2) sensitive detection of very low ozone and ammonia concentrations at room temperature (RT). The adjustment of the experimental parameters (solvent, concentration of dispersant, temperature and annealing time,...) has been optimized for the preparation of SnO2 thin films highly sensitive to these target gases at RT. The precursors of SnO2 were prepared using two approaches. The first one is a synthesis pathway in which an aqueous solution of tin tetrachloride (SnCl4) is neutralized with an aqueous solution of ammonia (NH3, H2O). The second one consists of a synthesis of tin(IV) tetraethoxide by organic way via an alcoholysis reaction of anhydrous SnCl4 in absolute ethanol in the presence of triethylamine. To better control the texture of SnO2 layers obtained by this last route, small amounts of surfactant TX-100 were added to the alcoholic sol. The results particularly highlighted the importance of the nature of the solvent, annealing conditions and the concentration TX-100 on the composition and morphology of sensitive layers. This study showed that the materials synthesized by alcoholic way (SnO2(al)) have crystallites size more important than those prepared by aqueous method (SnO2(aq)), but most especially, the SnO2(al) surface is weakly hydrated, compared to that of SnO2(aq). Moreover, the microscopic analysis revealed evident differences between the two layer morphologies. In fact, the SnO2(al) films exhibit porous nanostructures whereas the SnO2(aq) layer rather appeared as a continuous film with a low porosity. The electrical responses showed that both kinds of sensitive layers enabled the detection of ozone but the sensitivity was higher for the SnO2(al) layers compared to that of SnO2(aq) thin films. The alcoholic sol–gel process enabled the development of very sensitive layers to ozone, working at ambient temperature since concentrations lower than 60 ppb were detected. This value is lower than the limit ozone detection threshold which is 75 ppb. As regards the sensitivity to the ammonia, both synthesis ways enabled its detection at room temperature. The minimum concentration detected was 5 ppm, which is less than 16.7 ppm, corresponding to the maximum level allowed for olfactive detection. In addition, it was demonstrated that the performance of ozone and ammonia detection at room temperature, was improved by the addition of surfactant (TX-100) in the organic sol. Indeed, the sensitivities of SnO2(al) layers prepared in the presence of TX-100 were multiplied by 1.5 and 2 for ozone and ammoniac respectively compared to those of SnO2(al) sensors without additive. The results of the physico-chemical characterization and the electrical responses using both layers led to the proposition of ozone and ammonia detection mechanisms using tin dioxidebased gas sensors.Finally, the development, by a simple and inexpensive sol–gel method, of novel tin dioxidesensors able to monitor ozone and ammonia gases at room temperature, was successfullyachieved. This original and multidisciplinary study, presents new and original results concerning the detection of ozone and ammonia whose detection was up to now reported to be possible at trace levels only by using metal oxide-based sensors working at high temperatures. This approach shed new light on fabricating toxic gas sensors based on metal oxides operating at room temperature.; Les températures classiques de fonctionnement de la plupart des capteurs chimiques de gaz sont généralement supérieures à 300°C, ce qui ne représente pas les conditions favorables de leur fonctionnement en termes de stabilité, répétabilité et consommation énergétique. Pour ce, dans ce travail, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode d’élaboration par voie sol-gel des couches minces à base de dioxyde d’étain(SnO2) sensibles à la détection de l’ozone et de l’ammoniac à température ambiante et à l’état de traces. L’ajustement des paramètres expérimentaux relatifs à ce procédé (solvant, concentration du dispersant, température et temps de recuit,…) a permis d’optimiser les conditions de préparation des couches minces et par la suite de contrôler les caractéristiques chimiques et texturales des couches sensibles développées. Dans cette étude les précurseurs du SnO2 ont été préparés selon deux approches.[...]Les résultats de détection de gaz ont montré qu’à l’inverse des couches élaborées par voie aqueuse qui sont quasiment insensibles à l’ozone, le procédé sol-gel en milieu alcoolique a permis de développer des couches très sensibles à ce gaz à des teneurs de l’ordre de 60 ppb, inférieures au seuil limite autorisé qui est de 75 ppb. L’originalité de ce travail porte sur le fait que les couches développées permettent la détection de O3 à température ambiante, ce dont aucune étude antérieure ne faisait état à l’origine de ce travail. Pour l’ammoniac, les deux voies de synthèse ont permis d’élaborer avec succès des capteurs sensibles à ce gaz, à température ambiante. La concentration minimale détectée de l’ordre de 5 ppm est inférieure aux 16,7 ppm correspondant au niveau maximum autorisé pour la détection olfactive par l’humain. Les performances de détection des deux gaz cibles, à température ambiante, ont été améliorées par addition dans les sols d’étain de surfactant (TX-100). En effet, les réponses des couches déposées en présence de surfactant ont été multipliées par un facteur 1,5 pour l’ozone et de 2 pour l’ammoniac, comparées avec celles des capteurs SnO2 sans additif.[...]

The objective of this study is to develop and characterize a micro-fluidic platform allowing theconcentration and the separation of a degradation compound of trinitrotoluene: the orthonitrotoluenerecognized as an explosive taggants. Tin dioxide gas sensors (SnO2) used here asdetectors suffer from a luck of selectivity and have an insufficient sensitivity toward most ofpollutants. For that, our original approach consists to work in front of a chemical gas sensor(SnO2), in particular, by developing on the one hand a gas micro-preconcentrator to improve thesensitivity and on the other hand, a chromatographic micro-column in order to overcome the luckof selectivity.First, various adsorbents have been studied and characterized for the ONT concentration. Theobtained results allowed to select three types of activated carbons (N, KL2 and KL3) and ahydrophobic zeolite DAY. Then, the micro-system devices have been realized on a siliconsubstrate and manufactured using the silicon/glass technology.The last part of this work is devoted to the evaluation of the platform performances in terms ofconcentration and separation of ONT. In particular, after the optimization of the experimentalconditions concerning the concentration and the elution of ortho-nitrotoluene, the couplingbetween the micro-fluidic platform and a tin dioxide gas sensor allowed on the one hand to showthat the detection limit of the ONT pollutant is lower than 365 ppb. In this case, a total desorptionof the analyte and a constant concentration factor were obtained with the zeolite DAY. On theother hand, the use of this type of platform allowed to obtain a good separation and detectionperformance of ONT in presence of interferent (toluene) and at high humidity rate; L’objectif de cette étude est de concevoir et caractériser une plate-forme micro-fluidique permettant la concentration et la séparation d’un produit de dégradation du trinitrotoluène :l’ortho-nitrotoluène (ONT) considéré comme un traceur de composés explosifs. Les capteurs àbase de dioxyde d’étain (SnO2) utilisés ici comme détecteurs présentent un réel manque desélectivité et leur sensibilité peut s’avérer insuffisante pour la détection de traces de polluantsdans l’atmosphère. L’approche originale envisagée dans cette étude consiste à travailler en amontdu capteur chimique (SnO2), en particulier, en développant d’une part un micro-préconcentrateurde gaz afin d’améliorer l’aspect sensibilité et d’autre part une micro-colonne chromatographiquepour s’affranchir du manque de sélectivité.Dans un premier temps, une série d’adsorbants ont été étudiés et caractérisés pour laconcentration de l’ONT. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de sélectionner trois types de charbonsactifs (N, KL2 et KL3) et une zéolithe hydrophobe DAY.Ensuite, les micro-systèmes fluidiques ont été réalisés sur un substrat de silicium et élaborés enutilisant la technologie silicium/verre.La dernière partie de ce travail est consacrée à l’évaluation des performances d’analyse de cetteplate-forme en termes de concentration et de séparation de l’ONT. En particulier, après avoirévalué les conditions optimales de concentration et d’élution de l’ortho-nitrotoluène, le couplageentre la plate-forme micro-fluidique et le capteur à base de dioxyde d’étain a permis d’une part demontrer que la limite de détection de l’ortho-nitrotoluène est inférieure à 365 ppb. Dans ce cas,une désorption totale de la molécule cible et un facteur de concentration constant ont été obtenusavec la zéolithe DAY. D’autre part, l’utilisation de ce type de plate-forme a permis d’obtenir unebonne performance de détection et de séparation de l’ONT en présence d’un interférent (toluène)et d’un taux d’hygrométrie élevé.

The objective of this study is to develop a gas sensor based on a hybrid layer of SnO2/SWNTs inorder to improve the performance of “Conventional” chemical sensors basically made from tinoxide. First, in order to control the synthesis of the sensitive material, we validated the elaborationof a sensitive layer based on tin dioxide prepared using the sol-gel process. The synthesizedmaterial was deposited by the 'microdrop' technique on a micro-platform which simultaneouslyallows the heating of the sensitive layer whilst also measuring its conductance. The study of theelectrical responses of the gas sensor in the presence of benzene has allowed us to validate thepossibility of using our prepared tin sol for the realization of gas sensitive layers. In fact, it waspossible to detect benzene at traces with an optimal temperature of the sensing layer found to be420ºC.The second part of this study describes the synthesis of the hybrid sensor obtained by dispersingSWNTs in the tin-oxide based sol. The sensitive layers made by dip-coating from the carbonnanotubes modified tin sol have clearly shown the possibility of detecting various gases (ozoneand ammonia) at room temperature. This result is one the most important points of this work tothe extent that until now the chemical sensors based on tin dioxide only showed a high sensitivityto gases when they were operated at temperatures in the range of 350 - 400ºC. Concerning the twotarget gases tested in this work, the detection limit at room temperature was evaluated at 1 ppm inthe presence of NH3 and was lower than 20 ppb in the presence of ozone.The last part of this work has focused the optimization of the detection performance of thesensitive layers. In this case, the experimental study was oriented towards examination of theeffect of various parameters such as the amount of nanotubes in the hybrid material, thecalcination temperature of the sensitive layer, the sensor working temperature and also thephysico-chemical properties of the carbon nanotubes (synthesis method, diameter...) on thedetection efficiency of the sensing layers. The results obtained in terms of detection performancewere discussed in relation to the experimental parameters used.; L’objectif de cette étude est le développement d’un capteur de gaz à base de couche hybrideSnO2/SWNTs dans le but d’améliorer les performances des capteurs chimiques « classiques »uniquement constitués de dioxyde d’étain. En premier lieu, afin de maîtriser la synthèse dumatériau sensible, nous avons validé l’élaboration d’une couche sensible à base de dioxyded’étain préparée par procédé sol-gel. Le matériau synthétisé a été déposé par la technique ‘microgoutte’sur une micro-plateforme permettant simultanément le chauffage de la couche sensible etla mesure de sa conductance. L’étude des réponses électriques du capteur de gaz en présence dubenzène a permis de valider la possibilité d’utilisation du sol d’étain préparé pour la réalisation decouches sensibles aux gaz. En effet, des traces de benzène (500 ppb) ont été détectées à latempérature optimale de couche sensible de 420°C.Le second volet de cette étude repose sur la fabrication du matériau hybride obtenu par dispersiondes nanotubes de carbone dans un sol d’étain. Les couches sensibles élaborées par dip-coating àpartir du sol d’étain modifié par les nanotubes de carbone ont clairement montré la possibilité dedétection de divers gaz (ozone et ammoniac) à température ambiante. Ce résultat constitue l’undes points importants de ce travail de thèse dans la mesure où jusqu’à présent les capteurschimiques à base de dioxyde d’étain ne présentaient une forte sensibilité aux gaz que pour destempératures de fonctionnement de l’ordre de 350-400°C. Pour les deux gaz cibles étudiés dans lecadre de ce travail, la limite de détection à température ambiante a été évaluée à 1 ppm enprésence de NH3 et est inférieure à 20 ppb en présence d’ozone.La dernière partie de ce travail a porté sur l’optimisation des performances de détection descouches hybrides. Dans ce cadre, les expérimentations ont porté sur l’étude de l’influence dedivers paramètres tels que la quantité de nanotubes dans le matériau hybride, la température decalcination de la couche sensible, la température de fonctionnement ou encore les propriétésphysico-chimiques des nanotubes de carbone (mode de synthèse, diamètre,…) sur l’efficacité dedétection des couches sensibles. Les résultats ainsi obtenus en termes de performance de détectionont été discutés en relation avec les paramètres expérimentaux utilisés.