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Abstract Background The most serious challenges in medicinal ‘Sanghuang’ mushroom production are the fungal diseases caused by various molds. Application of biological agents has been regarded as a potential crop disease management strategy. Here, the soil microbiome associated with ‘Sanghuang’ mushroom affected by fungal diseases grown under field cultivation (FC) and hanging cultivation (HC) was characterized using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Results A total of 12,525 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 168 pure cultures were obtained using high-throughput sequencing and a culture-dependent method, respectively. From high-throughput sequencing, we found that HC samples had more OTUs, higher α-diversity, and greater microbial community complexity than FC samples. Analysis of β-diversity divided the soil microbes into two groups according to cultivation mode. Basidiomycota (48.6%) and Ascomycota (46.5%) were the two dominant fungal phyla in FC samples, with the representative genera Trichoderma (56.3%), Coprinellus (29.4%) and Discosia (4.8%), while only the phylum Ascomycota (84.5%) was predominant in HC samples, with the representative genera Discosia (34.0%), Trichoderma (30.2%), Penicillium (14.9%), and Aspergillus (7.8%). Notably, Trichoderma was predominant in both the culture-independent and culture-dependent analyses, with Trichoderma sp. FZ0005 showing high host pathogenicity. Among the 87 culturable bacteria, 15 exhibited varying extents of antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp. FZ0005, with three strains of Bacillus spp. (HX0037, HX0016, and HX0039) showing outstanding antifungal capacity. Conclusions Overall, our results suggest that Trichoderma is the major causal agent of ‘Sanghuang’ fungal diseases and that Bacillus strains may be used as biocontrol agents in ‘Sanghuang’ cultivation.

Coffee stands as a vital pillar of Colombia’s economic prosperity, constituting approximately 7% of the nation’s agricultural GDP. Moreover, it serves as a significant contributor to national agricultural employment, with direct jobs stemming from coffee cultivation comprising 26% of the total agricultural workforce. This underscores the pivotal role coffee plays in shaping Colombia’s social and economic landscape, solidifying its position as the primary origin of mildly washed coffees for global consumers. However, Colombia’s coffee production grapples with the challenge of operating amidst persistently rainy conditions, fostering an environment conducive to fungal diseases. This, compounded by environmental, economic, commercial, and safety constraints for disease control, creates a multifaceted scenario that continuously tests disease management strategies. Addressing this complex dynamic demands a crop protection framework that seamlessly integrates efficient and sustainable methodologies. Such methodologies should prioritize outbreak prevention, cost-effectiveness, adherence to national and international regulations, and the preservation of environmental and human health. Integrated disease management emerges as a solution capable of optimizing productivity tailored to the unique conditions of each plot. By mitigating the impact of pathogens while responsibly utilizing and conserving natural resources, this approach safeguards the well-being of both producers and consumers alike.

Biotic stress in cotton plants caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides triggers symptoms of ramulosis, a disease characterized by necrotic spots on young leaves, followed by death of the affected branch’s apical meristem, plant growth paralysis, and stimulation of lateral bud production. Severe cases of ramulosis can cause up to 85% yield losses in cotton plantations. Currently, this disease is controlled exclusively by using fungicides. However, few studies have focused on biological alternatives for mitigating the effects of contamination by C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides on cotton plants. Thus, the hypothesis raised is that endophytic fungi isolated from an Arecaceae species (Butia purpurascens), endemic to the Cerrado biome, have the potential to reduce physiological damage caused by ramulosis, decreasing its severity in these plants. This hypothesis was tested using plants grown from seeds contaminated with the pathogen and inoculated with strains of Gibberella moniliformis (BP10EF), Hamigera insecticola (BP33EF), Codinaeopsis sp. (BP328EF), G. moniliformis (BP335EF), and Aspergillus sp. (BP340EF). C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides is a leaf pathogen; thus, the evaluations were focused on leaf parameters: gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and oxidative metabolism. The hypothesis that inoculation with endophytic strains can mitigate physiological and photochemical damage caused by ramulosis in cotton was confirmed, as the fungi improved plant growth and stomatal index and density, increased net photosynthetic rate (A) and carboxylation efficiency (A/Ci), and decreased photochemical stress (ABS/RC and DI0/RC) and oxidative stress by reducing enzyme activity (CAT, SOD, and APX) and the synthesis of malondialdehyde (MDA). Control plants developed leaves with a low adaxial stomatal index and density to reduce colonization of leaf tissues by C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides due to the absence of fungal antagonism. The Codinaeopsis sp. strain BP328EF can efficiently inhibit C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides in vitro (81.11% relative inhibition), improve gas exchange parameters, reduce photochemical stress of chlorophyll-a, and decrease lipid peroxidation in attacked leaves. Thus, BP328EF should be further evaluated for its potential effect as a biological alternative for enhancing the resistance of G. hirsutum plants and minimizing yield losses caused by C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides.

Ascochyta blight and Fusarium root rot are the most serious fungal diseases of pea, caused by D. pinodes and F. avenaceum, respectively. Due to the lack of fully resistant cultivars, we proposed the use of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) as a novel protecting agent. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal properties and effectiveness of bio-AgNPs, in in vitro (poisoned food technique; resazurin assay) and in vivo (seedlings infection) experiments, against D. pinodes and F. avenaceum. Moreover, the effects of diseases on changes in the seedlings’ metabolic profiles were analyzed. The MIC for spores of both fungi was 125 mg/L, and bio-AgNPs at 200 mg/L most effectively inhibited the mycelium growth of D. pinodes and F. avenaceum (by 45 and 26%, respectively, measured on the 14th day of incubation). The treatment of seedlings with bio-AgNPs or fungicides before inoculation prevented the development of infection. Bio-AgNPs at concentrations of 200 mg/L for D. pinodes and 100 mg/L for F. avenaceum effectively inhibited infections’ spread. The comparison of changes in polar metabolites’ profiles revealed disturbances in carbon and nitrogen metabolism in pea seedlings by both pathogenic fungi. The involvement of bio-AgNPs in the mobilization of plant metabolism in response to fungal infection is also discussed.

Background. Global climate change and excessive nitrogen application has become a significant issue and inevitably threatens sustainable wheat production, not only with direct negative effects on crop growth but also with profound impacts on biology and pest and disease management. Purpose. This review addresses the current challenges, namely the negative effects of climate change and the forms and excess of nitrogen-rich fertilizers on the development of fungal diseases in wheat, as well as management strategies. Materials and methods. To achieve the stated objective of the study, the scientific literature published during the last 20 years on the impacts of climate change and the forms and excesses of nitrogen fertilizers on the development of fungal diseases and on the yield of wheat were reviewed. Results. Thus, in mitigating these challenges, it is necessary to optimize the dose of nitrogen fertilizers, apply nitrogen in the form of nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, and coated urea fertilizers, to use silicate fertilizers such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium silicate, and to perform a long rotation of wheat through perennial legumes and leguminous crops, as well as to develop, through genome editing, varieties with high yield potential, resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, and of good end-use quality, or plant new cereals that have needs for heat and a longer reproductive growth period. Conclusion. To develop an effective agricultural management strategy, future research should be based on the study of the interactions among crops, pests, pathogens and farming system under climate change, taking into account all parameters such as temperature increase and CO2, extreme precipitation, etc. A sufficient number of results must be published to be able to draw meaningful conclusions.

Background. Indian dwarf wheat (Triticum sphaerococcum Percival) has positive traits: round grain shape, excellent flour and grain quality, and a short stem, but it is difficult to develop cultivars of this species due to low productivity. The main problem in the improvement of T. sphaerococcum is the pleiotropic effect of grain roundness and ear compactness caused by the S-D1 and C2 genes. These genes are inherited together with negative features peculiar to this species: small grain, and low ear productivity. This paper presents the results of breeding improvement of Indian dwarf wheat from the VIR collection.Materials and methods. The research materials were five T. sphaerococcum accessions from the VIR collection, promising lines of Indian dwarf wheat released by the Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture, and regional reference cultivars. Conventional methods of spring bread wheat breeding were applied. Evaluation of main diseases was based on VIR’s methodological guidelines. Baking qualities were assessed using generally accepted methods and standards adopted in Russia.Results. The work resulted in producing competitive lines of T. sphaerococcum which surpassed the original accessions in yield and resistance to main fungal diseases, but their grain yield was lower than that of the reference bread wheat cultivar ‘Yoldyz’. High flour and grain quality levels of Indian dwarf wheat were confirmed. A patent was obtained for the Indian dwarf wheat cultivar ‘Sakara’.

We have developed a software solution aimed at assisting farmers in quickly detecting and finding a cure for fungal diseases in spinach leaves. This solution utilizes Deep Learning techniques, specifically a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), to effectively detect diseases caused by fungi in spinach leaves and suggest suitable remedies to the user. To train our model; we gathered a spinach fungi disease image dataset consisting of over 700 images categorized into six classes, including five diseases and one healthy category. Prior to model training, we resized the images and applied various image augmentation techniques to improve the robustness of the model. Using Keras, we constructed a sequential CNN model for disease classification. The model was trained on the dataset and evaluated on the validation set, achieving an impressive accuracy of 89.86 %. To provide an intuitive interface for end users, we implemented a PySide2-based GUI application that leverages the trained model to classify disease in spinach leaf images provided as input.Our software not only accurately classifies the disease but also suggests appropriate remedies or medications for the specific disease. Furthermore, it provides links to relevant products on various e-commerce sites, enabling users to conveniently purchase the required medications. This comprehensive solution empowers end users to analyze infected spinach leaf images, accurately classify diseases, and take necessary actions by applying appropriate remedies and acquiring the right medications. By swiftly detecting diseases and offering prompt remedies, our software aids in preserving the production of spinach and ensures farmers can effectively combat fungal diseases, ultimately benefiting the food, medicine, and skincare industries.

In grassland ecosystems, the occurrence and transmission of foliar fungal diseases are largely dependent on grazing by large herbivores. However, whether herbivores that have different body sizes differentially impact foliar fungal diseases remains largely unexplored. Thus, we conducted an 8-year grazing experiment in an alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China and tested how different types of livestock (sheep (Ovis aries), yak (Bos grunniens), or both)) affected foliar fungal diseases at the levels of both plant population and community. At the population level, grazing by a single species (yak or sheep) or mixed species (sheep and yak) significantly decreased the severity of eight leaf spot diseases. Similarly, at the community level, both single species (yak or sheep) and mixed grazing by both sheep and yak significantly decreased the community pathogen load. However, we did not find a significant difference in the community pathogen load among different types of livestock. These results suggest that grazing by large herbivores, independently of livestock type, consistently decreased the prevalence of foliar fungal diseases at both the plant population and community levels. We suggest that moderate grazing by sheep or yak is effective to control the occurrence of foliar fungal diseases in alpine grasslands. This study advances our knowledge of the interface between disease ecology, large herbivores, and grassland science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chenopodium quinoa is highly favored by consumers due to its exceptional nutritional value and health functions, with planting area gradually increasing. During the planting process, the occurrence of diseases seriously affected the yield and quality, among which fungal and oomycete diseases were major factors limiting the yield of Chenopodium quinoa. The article reviewed the causes, symptoms, occurrence patterns, and prevention and control techniques of Chenopodium quinoa fungal and oomycete diseases, in order to provide guidance for the prevention and control of fungal and oomycete diseases in Chenopodium quinoa production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most serious challenges in medicinal 'Sanghuang' mushroom production are the fungal diseases caused by various molds. Application of biological agents has been regarded as a potential crop disease management strategy. Here, the soil microbiome associated with 'Sanghuang' mushroom affected by fungal diseases grown under field cultivation (FC) and hanging cultivation (HC) was characterized using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Results: A total of 12,525 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 168 pure cultures were obtained using high-throughput sequencing and a culture-dependent method, respectively. From high-throughput sequencing, we found that HC samples had more OTUs, higher α-diversity, and greater microbial community complexity than FC samples. Analysis of β-diversity divided the soil microbes into two groups according to cultivation mode. Basidiomycota (48.6%) and Ascomycota (46.5%) were the two dominant fungal phyla in FC samples, with the representative genera Trichoderma (56.3%), Coprinellus (29.4%) and Discosia (4.8%), while only the phylum Ascomycota (84.5%) was predominant in HC samples, with the representative genera Discosia (34.0%), Trichoderma (30.2%), Penicillium (14.9%), and Aspergillus (7.8%). Notably, Trichoderma was predominant in both the culture-independent and culture-dependent analyses, with Trichoderma sp. FZ0005 showing high host pathogenicity. Among the 87 culturable bacteria, 15 exhibited varying extents of antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp. FZ0005, with three strains of Bacillus spp. (HX0037, HX0016, and HX0039) showing outstanding antifungal capacity. Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that Trichoderma is the major causal agent of 'Sanghuang' fungal diseases and that Bacillus strains may be used as biocontrol agents in 'Sanghuang' cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal infections can cause severe disease and death and impose a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems. Public health research requires a multidisciplinary approach and is essential to help save lives and prevent disability from fungal diseases. In this manuscript, we outline the main public health research priorities for fungal diseases, including the measurement of the fungal disease burden and distribution and the need for improved diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Characterizing the public health, economic, health system, and individual burden caused by fungal diseases can provide critical insights to promote better prevention and treatment. The development and validation of fungal diagnostic tests that are rapid, accurate, and cost-effective can improve testing practices. Understanding best practices for antifungal prophylaxis can optimize prevention in at-risk populations, while research on antifungal resistance can improve patient outcomes. Investment in vaccines may eliminate certain fungal diseases or lower incidence and mortality. Public health research priorities and approaches may vary by fungal pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antifungals are used in exotic avian and reptile species for the treatment of fungal diseases. Dose extrapolations across species are common due to lack of species-specific pharmacological data. This may not be ideal because interspecies physiological differences may result in subtherapeutic dosing or toxicity. This critical review aims to collate existing pharmacological data to identify antifungals with the most evidence to support their safe and effective use. In the process, significant trends and gaps are also identified and discussed. An extensive search was conducted on PubMed and JSTOR, and relevant data were critically appraised. Itraconazole or voriconazole showed promising results in Japanese quails, racing pigeons and inland bearded dragons for the treatment of aspergillosis and CANV-related infections. Voriconazole neurotoxicity manifested as seizures in multiple penguins, but as lethargy or torticollis in cottonmouths. Itraconazole toxicity was predominantly hepatotoxicity, observed as liver abnormalities in inland bearded dragons and a Parson's chameleon. Differences in formulations of itraconazole affected various absorption parameters. Non-linearities in voriconazole due to saturable metabolism and autoinduction showed opposing effects on clearance, especially in multiple-dosing regimens. These differences in pharmacokinetic parameters across species resulted in varying elimination half-lives. Terbinafine has been used in dermatomycoses, especially in reptiles, due to its keratinophilic nature, and no significant adverse events were observed. The use of fluconazole has declined due to resistance or its narrow spectrum of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Downy mildew is one of the most destructive diseases affecting grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). Caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola (Berk. and Curt.) Berl. and de Toni, it can appear anywhere where vines are cultivated. It is habitually controlled by the application of phytosanitary agents (copper-based or systemic) at different stages of the vine growth cycle. This, however, is costly, can lead to reduced yields, has a considerable environmental impact, and its overuse close to harvest can cause fermentation problems. All grapevines are susceptible to this disease, although the degree of susceptibility differs between varieties. Market demands and European legislation on viticulture and the use of phytosanitary agents (art. 14 of Directive 128/2009/EC) now make it important to know the sensitivity of all available varieties, including minority varieties. Such knowledge allows for a more appropriate use of phytosanitary agents, fosters the commercial use of these varieties and thus increases the offer of wines associated with different terroirs, and helps identify material for use in crop improvement programmes via crossing or genetic transformation, etc. Over 2020–2021, the susceptibility to P. viticola of 63 minority vine varieties from different regions of Spain was examined in the laboratory using the leaf disc technique. Some 87% of these varieties were highly susceptible and 11% moderately susceptible; just 2% showed low susceptibility. The least susceptible of all was the variety Morate (Madrid, IMIDRA). Those showing intermediate susceptibility included the varieties Sanguina (Castilla la Mancha, IVICAM), Planta Mula (Comunidad Valenciana, ITVE), Rayada Melonera (Madrid, IMIDRA), Zamarrica (Galicia, EVEGA), Cariñena Roja (Cataluña, INCAVI), Mandrègue (Aragón, DGA) and Bastardo Blanco (Extremadura, CICYTEX). The highly susceptible varieties could be differentiated into three subgroups depending on sporulation severity and density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis among a national cohort of Veterans. Using electronic health record data from adults tested for coccidioidomycosis between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2022, we analyzed differences in baseline demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, birth country, comorbidities, residence, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score) between 4204 coccidioidomycosis-test-positive and 63,322 test-negative Veterans. Log-binomial regression models with adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) were used to evaluate risk factors associated with coccidioidomycosis including dissemination, hospitalization, and mortality. Case counts and incidence rates were highest in select counties in Arizona and California where Coccidioides is endemic. Coccidioidomycosis-positive Veterans were younger, more likely to be male, and Philippine-born. The risk factors most highly associated with being coccidioidomycosis-positive included Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (aRR 1.068 [95%CI: 1.039–1.098]), Asian (aRR 1.060 [95%CI: 1.037–1.083]), Black (aRR 1.029 [95%CI: 1.022–1.036]), American Indian/Alaska Native (aRR 1.026 [95%CI: 1.004–1.048]) race, and Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (aRR 1.021 [95%CI: 1.013–1.028]). Black race (aRR: 1.058 [95%CI: 1.037–1.081]) and Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (aRR 1.018 [95%CI: 1.0003–1.036]) were also associated with disseminated coccidioidomycosis, strengthening the evidence for the association of coccidioidomycosis, including severe infections, with specific racial and ethnic groups. There were no statistically significant differences in hospitalization within 45 days of testing or 30-day all-cause mortality. Improving our understanding of coccidioidomycosis risk factors is important for targeted prevention strategies and to reduce delays in diagnosis and ineffective treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal disease is one of the major challenges that affects yield quality and profit in dragon fruit production today, as it causes a considerable amount of production loss. In this study, fungal pathogens of dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) plants in Southern Philippines were identified. Sample collection was conducted in selected farms in Saranggani Province, Philippines. Diseased parts of the dragon fruit plants were collected and brought to the laboratory to culture its associated fungi. Grown fungi were pure cultured and subjected to pathogenicity testing using the detached stem method. A total of eight distinct fungal colonies were isolated from the collected dragon fruit samples. The pathogenicity test revealed that three of the isolates caused lesions in a healthy dragon fruit plant tissue, which turned yellow soft and watery as the infection progressed. The three pathogenic isolates were molecularly identified as Fusarium oxysporum (FRI3), Aspergillus minisclerotigenes (FRI2), and Fusarium incarnatum (FLI3). Interestingly, F. incarnatum and A. minisclerotigenes were new recorded pathogens of dragon fruit. Identification of fungal pathogens on economically important crops is an essential step in the development of strategies to address problems related to fungal diseases which, in turn, will help farmers to enhance their production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased cultivation of high THC-containing Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis), particularly in greenhouses, has resulted in a greater incidence of diseases and molds that can negatively affect the growth and quality of the crop. Among them, the most important diseases are root rots (Fusarium and Pythium spp.), bud rot (Botrytis cinerea), powdery mildew (Golovinomyces ambrosiae), cannabis stunt disease (caused by hop latent viroid), and a range of microbes that reduce post-harvest quality. An integrated management approach to reduce the impact of these diseases/microbes requires combining different approaches that target the reproduction, spread, and survival of the associated pathogens, many of which can occur on the same plant simultaneously. These approaches will be discussed in the context of developing an integrated plan to manage the important pathogens of greenhouse-grown cannabis at different stages of plant development. These stages include the maintenance of stock plants, propagation through cuttings, vegetative growth of plants, and flowering. The cultivation of cannabis genotypes with tolerance or resistance to various pathogens is a very important approach, as well as the maintenance of pathogen-free stock plants. When combined with cultural approaches (sanitation, management of irrigation, and monitoring for diseases) and environmental approaches (greenhouse climate modification), a significant reduction in pathogen development and spread can be achieved. The use of preventive applications of microbial biological control agents and reduced-risk biorational products can also reduce disease development at all stages of production in jurisdictions where they are registered for use. The combined use of promising strategies for integrated disease management in cannabis plants during greenhouse production will be reviewed. Future areas for research are identified.

We investigated the diversity and occurrence of wood wasps in Lithuania and determined communities of associated fungi. Trapping of wood wasps resulted in three different species, including Sirex juvencus, Urocerus gigas, and Tremex fuscicornis. Fungal culturing from adult females of T. fuscicornis mainly resulted in fungi from the genera Penicillium and Trichoderma. High-throughput sequencing of ITS2 rDNA resulted in 59,797 high-quality fungal sequences, representing 127 fungal OTUs. There were 93 fungal OTUs detected in U. gigas, 66 in S. juvencus, and 10 in T. fuscicornis. The most common fungi were Fusarium sporotrichioides (63.1% of all fungal sequences), Amylostereum chailletii (14.9%), Penicillium crustosum (7.8%), Microascus sp. 2261_4 (5.0%), and Pithoascus ater (2.1%). Among these, only A. chailletii was found in all three insect species with the highest relative abundance in U. gigas (15.2%), followed by S. juvencus (7.7%), and the lowest in T. fuscicornis (0.3%) (p < 0.0003). Correspondence analysis of fungal communities showed a distant placement of different species of wood wasps, indicating that fungal communities in each of these were largely different. In conclusion, the study showed that the economically important tree pathogen A. chailletii was among the most common fungal OTUs associated with siricid wood wasps.

Amphibians are the most threatened group of vertebrates. While habitat loss poses the greatest threat to amphibians, a spreading fungal disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Longcore, Pessier & D.K. Nichols 1999 (Bd) is seriously affecting an increasing number of species. Although Bd is widely prevalent, there are identifiable heterogeneities in the pathogen's distribution that are linked to environmental parameters. Our objective was to identify conditions that affect the geographic distribution of this pathogen using species distribution models (SDMs) with a special focus on Eastern Europe. SDMs can help identify hotspots for future outbreaks of Bd but perhaps more importantly identify locations that may be environmental refuges ("coldspots") from infection. In general, climate is considered a major factor driving amphibian disease dynamics, but temperature in particular has received increased attention. Here, 42 environmental raster layers containing data on climate, soil, and human impact were used. The mean annual temperature range (or 'continentality') was found to have the strongest constraint on the geographic distribution of this pathogen. The modeling allowed to distinguish presumable locations that may be environmental refuges from infection and set up a framework to guide future search (sampling) of chytridiomycosis in Eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional wisdom states that genetic variation reduces disease levels in plant populations. Nevertheless, crop species have been subject to a gradual loss of genetic variation through selection for specific traits during breeding, thereby increasing their vulnerability to biotic stresses such as pathogens. We explored how genetic variation in Arabica coffee sites in southwestern Ethiopia was related to the incidence of four major fungal diseases. Sixty sites were selected along a gradient of management intensity, ranging from nearly wild to intensively managed coffee stands. We used genotyping‐by‐sequencing of pooled leaf samples (pool‐GBS) derived from 16 individual coffee shrubs in each of the 60 sites to assess the variation in genetic composition (multivariate: reference allele frequency) and genetic diversity (univariate: mean expected heterozygosity) between sites. We found that genetic composition had a clear spatial pattern and that genetic diversity was higher in less managed sites. The incidence of the four fungal diseases was related to the genetic composition of the coffee stands, but in a specific way for each disease. In contrast, genetic diversity was only related to the within‐site variation of coffee berry disease, but not to the mean incidence of any of the four diseases across sites. Given that fungal diseases are major challenges of Arabica coffee in its native range, our findings that genetic composition of coffee sites impacted the major fungal diseases may serve as baseline information to study the molecular basis of disease resistance in coffee. Overall, our study illustrates the need to consider both host genetic composition and genetic diversity when investigating the genetic basis for variation in disease levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant diseases are a serious problem for agricultural crops, the food industry and human health. Significant efforts have been made in recent years to find natural products that could reduce the growth of plant pathogens and improve food quality. At present, there is an increased interest in plants as a source of biological active compounds that can protect crops from diseases. Important sources of these phytochemicals are lesser-known pseudocereals such as amaranth. The objective of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of leaf extracts of four amaranth species (A. cruentus, A. hypochondriacus × hybridus, A. retroflexus and A. hybridus). The antifungal potency of amaranth extracts was analyzed against selected strains of fungi. The results suggested that the antimicrobial properties of the tested extracts varied depending on the amaranth species and the fungal strain. The studied extracts inhibited the growth of Fusarium equiseti, Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma harzianum and Alternaria alternata. A lower inhibitory effect of the extracts was recorded against F. solani, while no inhibitory effect was observed against F. oxysporum and Colletotrichum coccodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate integrated pest management (IPM) practices among hop growers in relation to downy mildew. Forty-eight hop samples, originating from the Saaz hop growing region (Czech Republic) and harvested in 2018 and 2019 seasons, were analyzed using HPLC-HR-MS/MS and AAS methods. Of all the samples analyzed, residues of Ametoctradin, Azoxystrobin, Boscalid, Dimethomorph, Mandipropamid, and Pyraclostrobin, and residues of copper-based fungicides were found at levels ranging from 0.02 to 32 mg/kg and from 7 to 404 mg Cu/kg, respectively. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) was applied to categorize the samples according to the fungicide treatment schemes used to control fungal plant pathogens. The data showed that (1) there was not one universal fungicidal sequence commonly used by all hop growers, and (2) that the sum of pesticide residues varied by more than two orders of magnitude, depending on the fungicide treatment scheme. This study suggests a new approach for evaluating Integrated Pest Management (IMP) practices used in hop-yards on the basis of post-harvest recognition of various fungicidal sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal plant diseases are considered one of the most destructive diseases for plants. In this current study, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum as a fungal plant pathogen was isolated from an infected Carum carvi L. plant (C. carvi) for the first time and controlled it using clove essential oil nanoemulsion (CEONE). This fungal plant pathogen was identified morphologically and genetically, then deposited in the gene bank under accession number OQ338188. CEONE was prepared and characterized using DLS, Zeta potential, and TEM analysis. The characterization results illustrated that the size of CEONE was lower than 100 nm, which was confirmed by TEM, which appeared spherical in shape. Results revealed that CEONE has promising antifungal activity towards N. dimidiatum, where inhibition percentages of CEONE at concentrations of 5000, 3000, and 1000 ppm were 82.2%, 53.3%, and 25.5%, respectively. At the pot level, N. dimidiatum was highly virulent on C. carvi, and CEONE and CEO were highly effective against N. dimidiatum blight disease, with 71.42% and 57.14% protection, respectively. Moreover, results revealed that there was a vast improvement in root length, plant height, and leaves. Additionally, the application of CEONE and CEO induced plant resistance by modifying proline, phenol, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, N. dimidiatum was highly virulent on C. carvi but can be effectively reduced by CEONE through the eco-friendly method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased branch canker and dieback were observed in commercial avocado (Persea americana) orchards in Sicily, Italy. Surveys were conducted in 2021 and 2022 on 11 orchards to investigate etiology of the disease. Seventy-five plants from four orchards, showing branch canker and dieback, were sampled. Isolations from woody diseased tissues revealed the presence of fungi (Botryosphaeriaceae). Identification of the isolates was achieved by morphological and multi-loci phylogenetic analyses (Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood) of the ITS, tef1-α, and tub2 loci. Botryosphaeria dothidea, Lasiodiplodia citricola, Macrophomina phaseolina, Neofusicoccum cryptoaustrale, and Neofusicoccum luteum were identified. Representative isolates collected from the orchards, characterized based on the tub2 locus and identified as N. parvum, were excluded from this study, since this species has already been reported in our territory. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on potted, asymptomatic, 2-year-old avocado trees using mycelial plugs. These tests showed that all the Botryosphaeriaceae species characterized in this study were pathogenic to avocado. This is the first report of L. citricola, M. phaseolina and N. cryptoaustrale causing canker and dieback on avocado trees, and is the first record of these fungi causing branch disease on avocado in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A change in agricultural policy in the European Union aims, among other things, to halve the use of pesticides and increase the share of organic farming to 25% by 2030. One of the challenges associated with this target will be the control of plant fungal diseases. The key methods in organic farming include the selection of less susceptible crop varieties. In order to test this method, a long-term trial of organic farming in Eastern Poland was established. In total, 41 different winter wheat varieties were grown from 2018 to 2022 and their resistance to fungal leaf diseases was monitored. Brown rust was found to be the disease causing the highest infestation towards the end of vegetation, often exceeding 80% of the flag leaf area. However, yield reductions were mainly related to the severe occurrence of leaf Septoria. Other leaf diseases such as tan spot, yellow rust, powdery mildew, and fusariosis were of little importance and only occurred at low infestations of Septoria and brown rust. The course of the weather was found to have a significant effect on disease incidence. Drought occurring in May and June significantly increased the incidence of brown rust and Septoria, while prolonged rains increased tan spot and Fusarium infestation. Greater overall infestation occurred in years with high average temperatures. Ten varieties with high resistance to foliar fungal diseases were selected and can be recommended for organic farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of inducers of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is widely described in the literature. Such substances have important advantages over plant protection products (PPPs) and, thus, are often indicated as their alternatives. The main risk indicated in the context of the widespread use of SAR inducers is that of yield reduction that may result from the excessive metabolic imbalance of the treated plant. The general aim of the study presented was to check the effect of using a new active substance, namely N-methoxy-N-methylbenzo(1.2.3)thiadiazole-7-carboxamide (BTHWA), on tulips cultivated in greenhouse conditions. The plant response to BTHWA treatment was also analyzed in terms of the extent to which the growth–immunity phenomena would occur. Surprisingly, the application of BTHWA provided not only efficient protection against fusariosis but also resulted in the stimulation of the growth and development of tomato plants. The results proved very interesting as they stand in contrast to other results on SAR induction. The method of BTHWA application used in this study resulted in SAR induction at a level sufficient to provide effective protection and, at the same time, did not cause disruption to plant metabolism that would result in yield reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum is a staple food crop and plays a critical role in subsistence farming in Kenya due to its adaptability to marginal agro-ecological zones. However, fungal diseases are among the major biotic constraints of sorghum production, causing over 70% yield loss in susceptible cultivars. Information on the distribution and severity of fungal diseases is important to establish efficient and improved strategies for integrated disease management of sorghum fungal diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, incidence, severity and spatial distribution of fungal diseases on sorghum across agro-ecological zones of lower eastern Kenya. A total of 384 smallholder farmers’ fields were surveyed, and in each field, 30 plants were assessed for prevalence and incidence of fungal diseases using a W-shaped pattern to cover the whole field. Sorghum anthracnose was the most prevalent disease (71%), followed by leaf blight (70.18%), rust (68.41%), smut (63.02%), sorghum mildew (55.33%), Alternaria leaf spot (48.39%) and rough leaf spot (46.02%). Disease prevalence, incidence and severity varied among the investigated agro-ecological zones. There was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in fungal disease severity across the investigated agro-ecological zones. Spatially interpolated disease maps showed a high variation in the distribution of various sorghum fungal diseases across the investigated agro-ecological zones of lower eastern Kenya. Morpho-cultural identification revealed the association of Colletotrichum sublineola with anthracnose, Curvularia lunata and Bipolaris cynodontis with leaf blight, Puccinia purpurea with rust, Peronosclerospora sorghi with downy mildew, Alternaria alternata with Alternaria leaf spot, Ascochyta sorghi with rough leaf spot and Sporisorium sorghi with covered kernel smut symptoms. Information obtained in this study will be useful to update knowledge on sorghum fungal diseases and provide a basis for the development of strategies for management and control of the investigated diseases.

One of the limiting factors in the cultivation of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) is the attack of pathogens that can reduce the yield of shallots. The use of seed-origin shallots (true shallot seed) of the Lokananta variety for the production of shallot bulbs has not been widely practiced in Indonesia, so information on the types of diseases that attack has not been widely reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the symptoms and signs of the disease, as well as to determine the types of pathogens in the Lokananta variety shallots. The study was conducted using a survey method. The survey locations were shown in Sleman and Bantul Regencies, Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. Disease inventory was carried out by directly observing symptoms of pathogen attack on leaves, tubers and plant roots randomly on each onion plant. The isolation stage and macroscopic characteristics were performed in the laboratory. The results showed that there were two main types of diseases on shallots of the Lokananta variety, namely moler's disease caused by the fungus Fusarium sp. and anthracnose (leaf rot) caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Typical symptoms of moler are yellowing leaves that tend to curl, twist (twisted), plants wilt and droop, and tubers rot. The early symptoms of anthracnose are oval to round white spots on the leaves and a depression is formed. Further symptoms are the leaves will break and droop, and blackish conidia colonies are formed. The isolation results of the Lokananta variety of shallots obtained two isolates of Fusarium sp. and one fungal isolate, C. gloeosporioides. The macroscopic characteristics are seen below the surface of two petri dishes of Fusarium sp. and one isolate of C. gloeosporioides as purple, orange and gray, respectively. This study confirmed the type of disease in the Lokananta variety of shallots as basic information in determining the right way of controlling the disease.

Biological particles, along with inorganic gaseous and particulate pollutants, constitute an ever-present component of the atmosphere and surfaces. Among these particles are fungal species colonizing almost all ecosystems, including the human body. Although inoffensive to most people, fungi can be responsible for several health problems, such as allergic fungal diseases and fungal infections. Worldwide fungal disease incidence is increasing, with new emerging fungal diseases appearing yearly. Reasons for this increase are the expansion of life expectancy, the number of immunocompromised patients (immunosuppressive treatments for transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency diseases), the number of uncontrolled underlying conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus), and the misusage of medication (e.g., corticosteroids and broad-spectrum antibiotics). Managing fungal diseases is challenging; only four classes of antifungal drugs are available, resistance to these drugs is increasing, and no vaccines have been approved. The present work reviews the implications of fungal particles in human health from allergic diseases (i.e., allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, severe asthma with fungal sensitization, thunderstorm asthma, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, and occupational lung diseases) to infections (i.e., superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic infections). Topics such as the etiological agent, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment will be revised to improve the knowledge of this growing health concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango, banana, papaya, pineapple, and avocado are categorized as major tropical fruits grown for local consumption, export, and sources of income to the growers. These fruit crops are susceptible to infection by Fusarium in the field, and after harvest, it causes root rot, vascular wilt, stem rot, and fruit rot. Among the most common and economically important Fusarium species associated with diseases of major fruit are F. oxysporum and F. solani, which are prevalent in tropical regions. Other species include F. incarnatum, F. proliferatum, and F. verticilliodes. Most of these species have a wide host range and infect different parts of the plant. Due to the economic importance of these fruit crops, this review highlights the diseases and Fusarium species that infect fruit crops in the field as well as after harvest. Updated information on Fusarium species infecting major tropical fruit crops is important as disease management in the field and after harvest often relies on the causal pathogens. Moreover, major fruit crops are traded worldwide, and newly recorded species associated with these fruit crops are important for biosecurity purposes. Information on the diseases and causal pathogens may help to facilitate routine diagnosis and planning of suitable plant disease management methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of foliar pathogens often leads to yield losses in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the most important crop in Germany. In this study the efficacy of different host resistance levels of eight wheat cultivars and three fungicide strategies on fungal disease control was studied in terms of yield and net return in field trials at five sites over three crop years. Fungicide treatments included a situation-related strategy in which cultivars were treated individually based on disease control thresholds, a practice-related strategy in which all cultivars were treated after disease thresholds had been exceeded in one cultivar, and an untreated control. Disease severity and incidence differed between cultivars and were reduced by fungicide treatments compared to the untreated control. On average over all locations and years, the Fungicide Treatment Frequency Index (TFI) of all cultivars treated with the situation-related strategy was significantly lower than those treated with the practice-related strategy, except the highly susceptible cultivar JB Asano. A reduction of the TFI by up to 82% was possible in the situation-related strategy. Despite slightly increased yields in the practice-related strategy compared to the situation-related strategy, these could not compensate for the higher fungicide costs in most cases and led to lower net returns. The cultivars with multi-disease resistance showed clear advantages. Their potential benefits are not only demonstrated by the attainment of high yields, but also in fungicide savings without reducing net returns, provided that their disease resistance characteristics are taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Comprehensive management of urban greenery is a key approach to control fungal diseases of trees and shrubs to avoid the deterioration in their health status. Preliminary investigations on the health status related to fungal diseases of trees and shrubs growing in four green squares in Warsaw were conducted in 2017–2019. The examined plants were affected by diseases that are commonly identified in urban greenery, e.g., powdery mildew (causal agents: Sawadaea tulasnei, S. bicornis, Podosphaera leucotricha, Podosphaera sp., Erysiphe alphitoides, E. magnifica, E. berberidis, E. flexuosa and E. adunca), rusts (Gymnosporangium sabinae, Melampsora laricis-populina), apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), tar spot of maple (Rhytisma acerinum), and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). The causal agents of the diseases were identified based on their morphological (macro- and microscopic) features. Preventing and managing fungal plant diseases and reduction of their effects are the key tasks in conscious management of urban greenery. To address this issue, the study presents basic guidelines based on the application of various recommended actions and good practices, which constitute a comprehensive and sustainable strategy for integrated protection of trees and shrubs against these diseases. The implementation of the strategy for complex management of urban greenery is a crucial measure aimed at maintenance of a high health status of urban plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several leaves and shoot spot symptoms were observed on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) plants at Zubair and Safwan farms in Basrah, Iraq. The symptomatic plant parts were collected from different varieties of tomato. The fungal pathogens were first isolated on PDA medium followed by a diagnosis procedure of the relevant fungi conducting phenotypic characterization and microscopic featuring. A molecular identification was applied by polymerase chain reaction technology using internal transcribed spacer sequences. All along an investigation on Cladosporium species, three species including C. cladosporioides, C. oxysporum, and C. uredinicola were identified and recorded as new potential pathogen for the first time in Iraq causing leaf spot and lesion of tomato plant. Pathogenicity examination of each isolated pathogens was performed against of tomato plant. The importance of the current research is to investigate and identify the fungal pathogens of tomato plants to find the best protocols to restrict their growth and damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yam Dioscorea spp., Is a crop of economic importance in the Colombian Caribbean, it is part of the food and sustenance diet for the producers. Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is one of the most limiting diseases in the production of yam, with losses between 50 and 100 % being reported in Colombia. The resistance to anthracnose was evaluated in 84 accessions of D. alata and 28 of D. rotundata, belonging to the collection of yam from the University of Córdoba, at 120, 150 and 180 days after sowing DDS, using a severity scale of 0-6. The accessions were classified according to their resistance, using the method of the sum of ranges of the area under the ABCPE progress curve and the method of severity at 120, 150 and 180 DDS. The severity at 180 DDS had a strong linear relationship r = 0,99 with the integral variable area under the ABCPE disease progression curve and the TPE disease progression rate. The classification of resistance by the rank sum method was the most efficient, identifying in D. alata 18 resistant R accessions, 24 moderately resistant MR, 26 moderately susceptible MS and 16 susceptible S. In the species D. rotundata were identified 5 accessions R, 8 MR, 8 MS, 6 S. The yam collection at the University of Córdoba has accessions with resistance to anthracnose, and it is important to start improvement work with these accessions to identify their agronomic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

e rice blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cavara is among the most severe plant diseases in the world. e utilization of natural antagonists, such as fungal endophytes, can be a good method to control the spread of this disease. In the present study, 68 fungal isolates were obtained from 160 rice samples collected in Guilan province fields, Iran. Morphological and molecular characteristics were used for the identification of these fungi. According to the results, the fungal isolates were Alternaria citri (Penz.) Mussat, Alternaria infectoria Simmons, Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen, Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, Trichoderma virens (Mill., Giddens & Foster) Arx, Trichoderma viride Pers., Ulocladium consortiale (um) Simmons, and Pyricularia oryzae. Eight isolates that did not cause any plant disease were selected for biocontrol studies in vitro. e dual culture, culture filtrate, slide culture, and volatile metabolites methods were used in search of natural endophytic antagonists of Pyricularia oryzae. It was found that T. harzianum, T. virens, T. viride, A. fumigatus, and A. citri isolates caused the highest percentage of mycelial growth inhibition of P. oryzae in vitro. In the greenhouse experiments, all of the studied isolates reduced the P. oryzae disease rating, with T. harzianum isolate being the most effective antagonist (27.36% reduction in the disease rating), followed by T. virens, T. viride, and A. fumigatus (20.75%, 17.92%, and 16.98%, respectively). Furthermore, in greenhouse conditions, these antagonistic fungi increased the height, fresh weight, and dry weight of plants. e results of this research showed that there are various fungi in the natural flora of rice plants that possess potential biological properties against rice blast disease that can be implemented into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs., the causal agent of tan spot, is one of the most serious biotic diseases affecting wheat worldwide (Triticum aestivum L.). Studying the interaction between different fungicide mixtures and nitrogen (N) rates under tan spot outbreaks is of key importance for reducing aboveground biomass and grain yield losses. Taking this into account, our study took a mechanistic approach to estimating the combined effect of different fungicides and N fertilization schemes on the severity of tan spot, green leaf area index, SPAD index, aboveground biomass dynamics, and yield in a wheat crop affected at the reproductive stage. Our results indicated that reductions in green leaf area, healthy area duration (HAD), and the chlorophyll concentration (SPAD index) due to increases in the percentage of damage led to decreases in biomass production (−19.2%) and grain yield (−48.1%). Fungicides containing triazole + strobilurin + carboxamides (TSC) or triazole + strobilurin (TS) combined with high N doses showed the most efficient disease control. The positive physiological effects of TSC fungicides, such as extending the green leaf area, are probably responsible for the greater production of aboveground biomass (+29.3%), as well as the positive effects on grain yield (+15.8%) with respect to TS. Both fungicide treatments increased grains per spike, kernel weight, spikes m−2, grains m−2, and grain yield. The increase in biomass in the TSC tended to cause slighter non-significant increases in grains per spike, 1000-kernel weight and grain yield compared with TS. The linear regression revealed positive associations among the extension of HAD and biomass (+5.88 g.m−2.HAD−1.day−1), grain yield (+38 kg.ha.HAD−1.day−1), and grain number (100.7 grains m2.HAD−1.day−1), explained by the interactions of high N doses and fungicides. Our study is the first report of the positive effect of TSC fungicides with high N doses on grain yield related-traits under tan spot infections in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria helianthi), rust (Puccinia helianthi) and broomrape (Orobanche cumana) on six sunflower hybrids were assessed to notice the effect of sowing time (ST). ST was set taking into account the Celsius degrees at the soil depth of 7 cm: ST1 at 5°C, ST2 at 7°C and ST3 at 9°C. The research was performed in the field experiments in Tulcea county in 2021 under rainfed conditions. Observations on the attack intensity (% of the leaves area) have done after the flowering period for A. helianthi and P. helianthi while for O. cumana the damage was estimated by calculating attack frequency at ripening. Similar results were obtained at the attack of A. helianthi for ST1 and ST2 while at ST3 the intensity was lower. The attack of P. helianthi increased upon the sowing delay. The attack of O. cumana was influenced by the resistance of the hybrid and not by the ST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the positive results of using elicitors to induce resistance against plant diseases, some factors have inhibited the popularization of their use in agriculture. There is an energetic cost related to the elicitors' induced response which can cause undesired effects on growth under low-pressure disease conditions. Elicitors can create phytotoxicity and show high variation in their efficiency between different genotypes within the same crop; in addition, the positive results related to the induced resistance may not repeat in field treatments, adding to the possibility that they are not economically viable. Thus, we carried out two experiments to investigate the technical and economic efficiency of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and its association with fungicides in the control of leaf diseases of susceptible and resistant wheat varieties, and as how it reflects on the photosynthetic and production performance of wheat. This study showed the limitations of incorporating ASM into foliar fungal disease control in economic terms. However, it was evident that ASM effectively induced plant resistance against Leaf Rust and Powdery Mildew in the field and can be considered a sustainable option for wheat cultivation. Even though its association with chemical control was not the best economic strategy the use of ASM is a tool that can be incorporated into wheat cultivation to minimize the emergence of fungicide-resistant pathogens due to the diversification of modes of action employed and reduce the toxic residue deposition to the environment and human health.

A special feature of apple fruits is that they can be kept for a longer period of time. However, during storage, the fruits are affected by certain diseases, which can cause considerable losses. As a result of research, it has been established that the technology used is one of the main factors in the storage period, able to regulate the intensity of ripening senescence processes in apple fruits, and as a result their degree of resistance to fungal diseases and physiological disorders. Fitomag has had a significant influence not only on the fruit ripening process, but also on the quality and resistance to fungal diseases and physiological disorders. The investigated fruits had an attractive appearance, high firmness, juiciness and a more pleasant taste, compared to the control fruits. The storage technology by post-harvest application of Fitomag can compete with that of storage under controlled atmosphere (AC) conditions, the advantages of the researched preparation being: simplicity in application, low electricity consumption during storage and minimal equipment investments.