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Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most serious liver disease that influences nearly-one-quarter of the worldwide adult population. Although the main mechanism of NAFLD is complex, several events can cause its progression such as oxidative stress, and inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated useful effects of purslane intake on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in NAFLD patients. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of purslane intake on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease we designed this study. Methods: We designed a randomized double-blinded clinical trial, and 74 patients with NAFLD were randomly assigned to intake either 300 mg purslane extract (n = 37) or placebo (n = 37) for 12 weeks. Outcome measures were nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ƙB), p65 nuclear activity, serum activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and NF-ƙB p65 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 22 and p value

Abstract ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production is a usual plant reaction to environmental stresses such as allelopathy. Plants possess antioxidant enzymes to scavenge cells and resist against the ROS. This study was conducted to evaluate changes in antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GPX, APX) in radish seedlings in response to allelopathic effect of safflower root and shoot residues grown under normal irrigation and drought stress. Safflower allelopathic effect led to an increase in antioxidant enzymes activities. GPX activity increased more than CAT and APX. Radish seedlings exposed to safflower residue grown under drought stress showed more antioxidant enzymes activities. Root residues enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes greater than shoot. Seedlings exposed to root residues grown under drought stress had the highest level of antioxidant enzymes activities.

Background: The mammalian retina contains an autonomous circadian clock that controls many physiological functions within this tissue. Our previous studies have indicated that disruption of this circadian clock by removing Bmal1 from the retina affects the visual function, retinal circuitry, and cone photoreceptor viability during aging. In the present study, we employed a mouse-derived cone photoreceptor‒like cell, 661W, to investigate which molecular mechanisms of the circadian clock may modulate cone photoreceptor viability during aging. Methods: Bmal1 knockout (BKO) cells were generated from 661W cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool. Deletion of Bmal1 from 661W was verified by western blot and monitoring Per2-luc bioluminescence circadian rhythms. To investigate the effect of Bmal1 removal on an oxidative stress challenge, cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2,1 mM) for two hours and then cell viability was assessed. Cells were also cultured and harvested for gene expression analysis and antioxidant assay. Results: Our data indicated that 661W cells contain a functional circadian clock that mediates the response to an oxidative stress challenge in vitro and that such a response is no longer present in the BKO cell. We also hypothesized that the effect was due to the circadian regulation of the intracellular antioxidant defense mechanism. Our results revealed that in 661W cells, the antioxidant defense mechanism showed time dependent variation , whereas in BKO cells, there was an overall reduction in this antioxidant defense mechanism, and it no longer showed time dependent variation. Conclusions: Our work supported the notion that the presence of a functional circadian clock and its ability to modulate the response to an oxidative stress is the underlying mechanism that may protect cones during aging.

Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) contribute significantly to thermotolerance acclimation. Here, we identified and cloned a putative HSF gene (HSFA2h) of 1218 nucleotide (acc. no. KP257297.1) from wheat cv. HD2985 using a de novo transcriptomic approach and predicted sHSP as its potential target. The expression of HSFA2h and its target gene (HSP17) was observed at the maximum level in leaf tissue under heat stress (HS), as compared to the control. The HSFA2h-pRI101 binary construct was mobilized in Arabidopsis, and further screening of T3 transgenic lines showed improved tolerance at an HS of 38 °C compared with wild type (WT). The expression of HSFA2h was observed to be 2.9- to 3.7-fold higher in different Arabidopsis transgenic lines under HS. HSFA2h and its target gene transcripts (HSP18.2 in the case of Arabidopsis) were observed to be abundant in transgenic Arabidopsis plants under HS. We observed a positive correlation between the expression of HSFA2h and HSP18.2 under HS. Evaluation of transgenic lines using different physio-biochemical traits linked with thermotolerance showed better performance of HS-treated transgenic Arabidopsis plants compared with WT. There is a need to further characterize the gene regulatory network (GRN) of HSFA2h and sHSP in order to modulate the HS tolerance of wheat and other agriculturally important crops.

Objectives: Due to the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, it is biologically plausible that inter-individual differences in patients' clinical manifestations might be affected by antioxidant genetic profile. The aim of our study was to assess the distribution of antioxidant genetic polymorphisms Nrf2 rs6721961, SOD2 rs4880, GPX1 rs1050450, GPX3 rs8177412, and GSTP1 (rs1695 and rs1138272) haplotype in COVID-19 patients and controls, with special emphasis on their association with laboratory biochemical parameters. Methods: The antioxidant genetic polymorphisms were assessed by appropriate PCR methods in 229 COVID-19 patients and 229 matched healthy individuals. Results: Among examined polymorphisms, only GSTP1 haplotype was associated with COVID-19 risk (p = 0.009). Polymorphisms of SOD2 and GPX1 influenced COVID-19 patients' laboratory biochemical profile: SOD2*Val allele was associated with increased levels of fibrinogen (p = 0.040) and ferritin (p = 0.033), whereas GPX1*Leu allele was associated with D-dimmer (p = 0.009). Discussion: Our findings regarding the influence of SOD2 and GPX1 polymorphisms on inflammation and coagulation parameters might be of clinical importance. If confirmed in larger cohorts, these developments could provide a more personalized approach for better recognition of patients prone to thrombosis and those for the need of targeted antiox-idant therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) is one of the oldest environmental contaminants and is well known to cause deleterious systemic effects on man and domestic animals including the reproductive system. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the combined administration of aqueous methanolic extract of Linum usitatissimum (Flaxseed) and aqueous extract of Emblica Officinalis (Amla) on lead-induced oxidative stress and pathological changes in the uterus of wistar rats. A total of 108 female adult wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups with 18 rats in each group. Group I served as vehicle control and they received distilled water, group II was fed with lead acetate @ 60 mg/kg b.wt., group III provided with Emblica Officinalis @ 100 mg/rat/day, group IV was given Linum usitatissimum @ 300 mg/kg b.wt, group V had lead acetate @ 60 mg/kg b.wt + Emblica Officinalis @ 100 mg/rat/day and group VI received lead acetate @ 60 mg/kg b.wt + Linum usitatissimum @ 300 mg/kg b. wt. for 45 days. In this study, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) increased and decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes like catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in the uterus were noticed in the lead-treated group. Histopathology of the uterus showed severe degenerative changes and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with BAX markers in the uterus revealed increased expression with BAX markers in lead treated rats. The levels of all the above parameters were significantly improved in the ameliorated group (Groups V and VI). The observations made in the study indicated that treatment of amla and flaxseed in rats concurrently with the lead was shown to have an ameliorating effect and amla was found to be relatively better than that of flaxseed in amelioration of different pathological manifestations against leadinduced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) may lead to a potent inflammatory cytokine response and a severe impairment of metabolism, causing tissue injury. The protective effect provided by cactus seed oil (CSO), from Opuntia ficus-indica, was evaluated against LPS-induced inflammation, dysregulation of peroxisomal antioxidant, and β-oxidation activities in the brain and the liver. In both tissues, a short-term LPS exposure increased the proinflammatory interleukine-1β (Il-1β), inducible Nitroxide synthase (iNos), and Interleukine-6 (Il-6). In the brain, CSO action reduced only LPS-induced iNos expression, while in the liver, CSO attenuated mainly the hepatic Il-1β and Il-6. Regarding the peroxisomal antioxidative functions, CSO treatment (as Olive oil (OO) or Colza oil (CO) treatment) induced the hepatic peroxisomal Cat gene. Paradoxically, we showed that CSO, as well as OO or CO, treatment can timely induce catalase activity or prevent its induction by LPS, respectively, in both brain and liver tissues. On the other hand, CSO (as CO) pretreatment prevented the LPS-associated Acox1 gene and activity decreases in the liver. Collectively, CSO showed efficient neuroprotective and hepato-protective effects against LPS, by maintaining the brain peroxisomal antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and by restoring hepatic peroxisomal antioxidant and β-oxidative capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences is the property of Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences (TUJNS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The mammalian retina contains an autonomous circadian clock that controls many physiological functions within this tissue. Our previous studies have indicated that disruption of this circadian clock by removing Bmal1 from the retina affects the visual function, retinal circuitry, and cone photoreceptor viability during aging. In the present study, we employed a mouse-derived cone photoreceptor‒like cell, 661W, to investigate which molecular mechanisms of the circadian clock may modulate cone photoreceptor viability during aging. Methods: Bmal1 knockout (BKO) cells were generated from 661W cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool. Deletion of Bmal1 from 661W was verified by western blot and monitoring Per2-luc bioluminescence circadian rhythms. To investigate the effect of Bmal1 removal on an oxidative stress challenge, cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2,1 mM) for two hours and then cell viability was assessed. Cells were also cultured and harvested for gene expression analysis and antioxidant assay. Results: Our data indicated that 661W cells contain a functional circadian clock that mediates the response to an oxidative stress challenge in vitro and that such a response is no longer present in the BKO cell. We also hypothesized that the effect was due to the circadian regulation of the intracellular antioxidant defense mechanism. Our results indicated that in 661W cells, the antioxidant defense mechanism is under circadian control, whereas in BKO cells, there is an overall reduction in this antioxidant defense mechanism, and it is no longer under circadian control. Conclusions: Our work supported the notion that the presence of a functional circadian clock and its ability to modulate the response to an oxidative stress is the underlying mechanism that may protect cones during aging.

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are produced in the body both in normal and pathological processes and can alter cell redox and affect cell functions. Exercise training is able to modulate oxidant/antioxidants balance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate expression of antioxidant enzymes genes in the liver and cardiac tissues of rats that performed high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and received L-carnitine (LCAR). Thirty-two male Wistar rats were were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n = 8) as follows: 1. Untreated control; 2. The group that received LCAR (200 mg/kg/day i.p.); 3. The group that performed HIIT on a readmill (5 days/week for 4 weeks); 4. The group that received LCAR and performed HIIT. At the end of the study, liver and cardiac tissues were excised and used to quantify glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and NF-κB genes expression by real-time PCR. It was found that both in LCAR and HIIT groups GPX, SOD and NF-κB (P < 0.01) expression in cardiac and liver tissues was significantly increased compared to the indices in the control group. In LCAR-HIIT group SOD and NF-κB expression in the liver was significantly increased compared to the group that received LCAR only (P = 0.046). Our results showed that LCAR supplementation is useful to improve oxidative status in cardiac and liver tissues of rat during exercise training.

Objective: Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes motor deficits, urinary incontinence, and neuropathic pain. This study was designed to optimize a photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) protocol using a continuous wave (CW) 660 nm laser in rats with SCI. Specifically, the number of days of irradiation and the daily dose of PBMT were investigated. Methods: The study was performed in two steps. In the first step, a comparison between the effects of PBMT (45 sec) daily for 2 and 4 weeks on pain and movement [Basso, Beattie, and Brenham (BBB) score] was made. In the second step, a comparison between different durations of irradiation (27, 45, 90, and 117 sec) was performed. PBMT used a 100mW laser delivered to 9 points on and around the lesion site. Oxidative stress, fibroblast invasion, and time to achieve spontaneous urination were also assessed. Results: The improvement in movement and pain stopped with discontinuation of radiation at week 2 and fibroblast invasion resumed. No improvement was seen in movement and pain in the group receiving PBMT for 27 sec compared with the groups receiving higher doses of laser radiation. Animals receiving 117 sec of photobiomodulation showed a higher BBB score even in the first 3 days. Conclusions: The number of days is an important factor for improving mobility; however, the daily dose of radiation is more important for pain relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coordinating and managing teams searching for missing persons in wilderness areas is challenging. Local terrain characteristics and environmental conditions strongly influence how searchers accomplish their search tasks. When making decisions, searchers consult various maps of the area. In this paper we proposed a methodology for mapping characteristics of the area that influence user behavior when walking the area, and define a walkability model of the terrain. We define walkability as a measure of how fast a person can walk through terrain. The observed walking speed depends on factors such as the fitness and motivation of a person walking through the terrain, as well as on assistive features and the configuration of the terrain. In our method, walkability is predicted only as a feature of terrain configuration. We used singular value decomposition (SVD) to transform datasets to extract latent features of the terrain and users from multiple Global Positioning System (GPS) trails. We define the walkability measure as a latent component of walking speed, which is a function of terrain features. Finally, we use a polynomial regression algorithm to build a model for predicting terrain walkability based on remote sensing imagery from the Sentinel-2 mission. The application of the proposed model is demonstrated in the Kozjak mountain region in the Republic of Croatia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clothianidin is a systemic neonicotinoid insecticide interfering with the central nervous system by acting as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. Although previous studies on fish report low toxicity, its proven toxic potential for aquatic invertebrates and lack of data on its effect on juvenile fish have prompted us to investigate its adverse effects in environmentally relevant concentrations of 3, 15 and 30 μg/L for 7, 14 and 21 days on heart and spleen tissues of 10-month-old rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We detected a conspicuous increase in protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, which triggered antioxidant response of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), resulting in increased levels of glutathione (GSH). Clothianidin inhibited the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and lowered tissue protein levels. Heart tissue weight increased, while that of spleen decreased significantly. The effects were time- and concentration-dependent. What raises particular concern is the inhibition of AChE in the trout, even though clothianidin is claimed to be selective for insect receptors. Increased antioxidant activity in response to oxidative stress was clearly insufficient to keep MDA and protein carbonyl at normal levels, which evidences the pro-oxidant potency of the insecticide. All this calls for further investigation into potential adverse effects on biological pathways in different fish species.

Oxidative stress, which is an imbalance between the production of oxygen free radicals and the body's antioxidant defense, is strongly associated with physical activity during a horse's sporting life. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxatase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) as indicators of oxidative stress and to compare them between two horse races of Arab and Dareshoor. For this purpose, 26 non-pregnant and non-lactating female horses from Yazd province (13 Arab and 13 Dareshoor) were randomly selected. Blood samples were taken from all horses at rest. MDA, TAC and antioxidant enzymes were tested in the serum of the studied horses. The results showed that the rate of MDA in the serum of Arabian horses was significantly lower than Dareshoor horses (0.98±0.55 vs 1.59±0.56 µmol/L, respectively). Also, serum TAC concentrations in Arabian and Dareshoor horses did not show any statistically significant difference, although the rate of this parameter in Arabian horses was slightly higher than in Dareshoor (113.54±70.75 vs 112.56±53.93 µmol/L, respectively). In Arab race, level of SOD, GPX and CAT were also higher than Dareshoor. These differences between SOD and GPX enzymes were statistically significant (p

ObjectiveTo observe the impact of insufficient exogenous and/or endogenous serine on selenoprotein expression and health of pregnant rats and their offspring.MethodExperiment 1 was conducted in male rats, in which the dose-dependent effects of serine on selenoprotein expression and thyroid hormones (T3, T4 and TSH) were investigated by feeding either a serine adequate diet (20C), serine-deprived diet (20CSD) or 20CSD with different serine levels (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 times the amount of serine in 20C). In experiment 2, a PHGDH inhibitor was administrated to pregnant rats fed either 20C or 20CSD. Blood and organ tissues of pregnant rats and offspring were subjected to the analyses of thyroid hormone, serine and homocysteine and GPx3 and SELENOP in plasma and expression of GPx1 and DIO1, 2 in tissues respectively.ResultIn experiment 1, plasma SELENOP and GPx3 levels in adult male rats increased with the increasing dose of serine. Immunohistochemical results showed that GPx1 expression in liver and kidney of male rats also increased with increasing serine supplementation. Amongst all diet groups, only male rats fed 20CSD had significantly lower plasma TSH and T4 levels (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, GPx1 and DIO2 expression in the liver and kidney were suppressed in pregnant rats administered with a PHGDH compared to those who were not (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in plasma T4 and T3 amongst all diet groups (P > 0.05). Also, offspring born to pregnant rats administered with a PHGDH inhibitor exhibited slower growth rates and hyperhomocysteinemia compared to offspring from mothers not administered with the inhibitor (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Insufficient exogenous serine through the diet decreased selenoprotein synthesis in adult male rats. However, this was not observed in pregnant rats, whereby exogenous or endogenous serine deficiency had no effect on the selenoprotein levels. A possible explanation is that dams may have an adaptive mechanism to limit maternal serine utilization and ensure adequate supply to the fetus.

The effects of in ovo injection of Arthrospira (Spirulina) Platensis on hatchability, antioxidant and immunity-related genes expression, and hatchling performance of broilers and Japanese quails was assessed in 2 separate experiments. In experiment 1, a total of 240 fertilised quail eggs were divided into six groups: control (without injection), sham control (0.02 CC distilled water/egg), 0.75 mg Spirulina Platensis (SP)/egg, 1.5 mg SP/egg, 2.5 mg SP/egg, 3.5 mg SP/egg. In experiment 2, a total of 192 fertilised broiler breeder were divided into four groups: control, sham control (0.2 CC distilled water/egg), 25 mg SP/egg, 35 mg SP/egg. In experiment 1, in ovo injection of SP (1.5–3.5 mg/egg) increased hatchability of chicks (p

Copyright of Archives of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology / Arhiv za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Evidence from research studies reports that wine consumption is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk, partly through the amelioration of oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of regular light to moderate wine consumption from coronary heart disease (CHD) patients compared to the effect induced by alcohol intake without the presence of wine microconstituents, on oxidation-induced macromolecular damage as well as on endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. A randomized, single-blind, controlled, three-arm parallel intervention was carried out, in which 64 CHD patients were allocated to three intervention groups. Group A consumed no alcohol, and Group B (wine) and Group C (ethanol) consumed 27 g of alcohol/day for 8 weeks. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks. Urine oxidized guanine species levels, protein carbonyls, thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, were measured. Oxidized guanine species and protein carbonyl levels were significantly increased in the ethanol group during the intervention and were significantly decreased in the wine group. These results support the idea that wine's bioactive compounds may exert antioxidant actions that counteract the macromolecular oxidative damage induced by alcohol in CHD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tamiru N Alkie,1 Jondavid de Jong,1,2 Emily Moore,2 Stephanie J DeWitte-Orr1 1Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada; 2Glysantis Inc, Guelph, ON N1C 0A1, CanadaCorrespondence: Stephanie J DeWitte-OrrDepartment of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, CanadaTel +1 519 884 0710Email sdewitteorr@wlu.caPurpose: Selenium is an essential trace element that supports animal health through the antioxidant defense system by protecting cells from oxidative-related damage. Using inorganic selenium species, such as sodium selenite (Na Sel), as a food supplement is cost-effective; however, its limitation as a nutritional supplement is its cytotoxicity. One strategy to mitigate this problem is by delivering inorganic selenium using a nanoparticle delivery system (SeNP).Methods: Rainbow trout intestinal epithelial cells, bovine turbinate cells and bovine intestinal myofibroblasts were treated with soluble Na Sel or SeNPs. Two SeNP formulations were tested; SeNP-Ionic where inorganic selenium was ionically bound to cationic phytoglycogen (PhG) NPs, and SeNP-Covalent, where inorganic selenium was covalently bound to PhG NPs. Selenium-induced cytotoxicity along with selenium bioavailability were measured.Results: SeNPs (SeNP-Ionic or SeNP-Covalent) substantially reduced cytotoxicity in all cell types examined compared to similar doses of soluble inorganic selenium. The SeNP formulations did not affect selenium bioavailability, as selenium-induced glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and GPx1 transcript levels were similarly elevated whether cells were treated with soluble Na Sel or SeNPs. This was the case for all three cell types tested.Conclusion: Nanoparticle-assisted inorganic selenium delivery, which demonstrated equal bioavailability without causing deleterious cytotoxic side effects, has potential applications for safely supplementing animal diets with inorganic selenium at what are usually toxic doses.Keywords: cytotoxicity, bovine, GPx, phytoglycogen, rainbow trout, sodium selenite

The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative and apoptotic potential of fluoxetine, a widely used antidepressant in Turkey and the world, and of its metabolite norfluoxetine on a model non-target organism, Daphnia magna to see how exposure to this group of antidepressants (specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors) could affect the aquatic environment in which they end up. Juvenile D. magna specimens were chronically exposed to fluoxetine and norfluoxetine alone and in combination at concentrations found in the aquatic environment (0.091 and 0.011 μg/L, respectively) and to their 10-fold environmental concentrations for 21 days. Another group of 17-day-old animals were subacutely exposed to 100-fold environmental concentrations for four days. After exposure, we measured their glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and cholinesterase (ChE) activities, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and total protein content spectrophotometrically, while mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was analysed by fluorescence staining, and cytochrome c and ERK1/2 protein content by Western blotting. This is the first-time cytochrome c and ERK1/2 were determined at the protein level in D. magna. We also measured their carapace length, width, and caudal spine length microscopically. At environmental concentrations fluoxetine and norfluoxetine caused an increase in ChE activity and brood production. They also caused a decrease in juvenile carapace length, width, and caudal spine length and depolarised the mitochondrial membrane. At 10-fold environmental concentrations, GPx activity, lipid peroxidation levels, cytochrome c, and ERK1/2 protein levels rose. The most pronounced effect was observed in D. magna exposed to norfluoxetine. Norfluoxetine also decreased brood production. Similar effects were observed with subacute exposure to 100-fold environmental concentrations. However, total protein content decreased. All this confirms that fluoxetine and norfluoxetine have oxidative and apoptotic potential in D. magna. Daphnia spp. have a great potential to give us precious insight into the mechanisms of environmental toxicants, but there is still a long way to go before they are clarified in these organisms.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered the fourth type of cancer that causes death in the world. Changes in levels of Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), and Selenium (Se) as well as low glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity can lead to CRC and this study was aimed to evaluate their possible use as diagnostic markers. Methods: CRC patients (n=90) were divided into three groups; newly diagnosed, before surgery, and after surgery. These groups were compared to healthy subjects (n=30); the mean age ±SD was 50.63±9.26 and 49.97 ±10.85 for CRC patients and healthy subjects, respectively. Biochemical study for serum levels of Zn and Cu were measured by FAAS, Se was measured by HGAAS, and ELISA for GPx. Results: Zn, Cu, Se and GPx were significantly lower in all CRC patient groups, except for the after surgery group which showed no differences for Zn and GPx as compared to the healthy subjects. Positive correlations were found between Se and Zn and between Se and GPx (r = 0.71, r = 0.42; P < 0.01, respectively) in all CRC patient groups. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis applied for the newly diagnostic group showed that all parameters can be used as diagnostic markers for CRC. Conclusion: The present results conclude that Zn, Cu Se, and GPx can be used as diagnostic markers for CRC, where the decrease of these parameters may be associated with an increased risk of CRC and as indicators of the response to therapy.

The issue of spatial data visualization is currently an important element in the positioning and navigation process. The constant trend in increasing the accuracy and availability of position modules affects the widespread use of the mobile devices in transport. The paper presents creation of a three-dimensional visualization model based on ground tracks recorded in NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) and GPX (GPS Exchange Format) formats. Additionally, the study presents an analysis of the positioning accuracy including the sky obstructions presence and the instantaneous state of the satellite constellation. The significant deterioration in positioning accuracies was noted due to the presence of sky obstructions and low movement speed during data recording. The analysis of these parameters showed the dependence of the positioning accuracy with the number of visible satellites and the HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision) parameter.

Selenium (Se) is an important microelement with numerous positive effects on human health and diseases. It is important to specify that the status and consumption of Se are for a specific community as the levels of Se are extremely unpredictable between different populations and regions. Our existing paper was based on the impacts of Se on human health and disease along with data on the Se levels in Middle Eastern countries. Overall, the findings of this comprehensive review show that the consumption and levels of Se are inadequate in Middle Eastern nations. Such findings, together with the growing awareness of the importance of Se to general health, require further work primarily on creating an acceptable range of blood Se concentration or other measures to determine optimal Se consumption and, consequently, to guarantee adequate Se supplementation in populations at high risk of low Se intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is an enzyme that has 8 isoenzyme forms, of which GPx-1 is an obligatory intracellular enzyme, while GPx-3 is active in extracellular fluids, especially in blood plasma. The main role of GPx is the protection of cells from oxidative stress induced by free oxygen radicals. GPx activity is taken as a reliable indicator of selenium status in the human and animal organism. Selenium is introduced in organism mainly through the food chain. Ingested selenium is incorporated in the form of selenomethionine and selenocysteine into tissue proteins, i.e. enzymes. Detailed investigation related to the content of selenium in feed and domestic animals were carried out in Serbia, especially in economically significant species such as poultry, pigs, sheep and cattle. However, working coldblooded horses, especially those that are fed exclusively with locally grown feed, or are on pasture, have not been examined in detail so far. Due to their specific way of breeding, they are ideal indicators of the selenium status of monogastric herbivores in a given locality. The goal of our study was to determine the status of selenium based on the activity of GPx-1 and GPx-3 in blood samples of non-supplemented working horses in the territory of central Serbia. In our study, a total of 12 samples of horse blood taken from the localities of the municipalities of Kraljevo, Zaječar, Valjevo and Dimitrovgrad were tested as follows: 12 samples of blood plasma and 12 samples of washed erythrocytes. Measurement of GPx-3 and GPx-1 activity was carried out using the Guncler method at a wavelength of 366 nm. For each animal, during sampling, data on gender, age, vaccination and deworming, composition and origin of the given nutrients were recorded.The average activity of GPx-1 was 502.02 ± 91.77 µKat/l, and GPx-3 3.46 ± 1.02 µKat/l, which indicates the existence of a marginal selenium deficit in the population of unsupplemented working horses in the territory of central Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of spatial data visualization is currently an important element in the positioning and navigation process. The constant trend in increasing the accuracy and availability of position modules affects the widespread use of the mobile devices in transport. The paper presents creation of a three-dimensional visualization model based on ground tracks recorded in NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) and GPX (GPS Exchange Format) formats. Additionally, the study presents an analysis of the positioning accuracy including the sky obstructions presence and the instantaneous state of the satellite constellation. The significant deterioration in positioning accuracies was noted due to the presence of sky obstructions and low movement speed during data recording. The analysis of these parameters showed the dependence of the positioning accuracy with the number of visible satellites and the HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision) parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of radon exposure on the modulation of endogenous antioxidants in a population chronically exposed to high levels of radon indoors. To do so, we measured the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of people living in an area with high indoor radon concentration (Tande-Tande sub-village, Indonesia). The activities of SOD and GPX in Tande-Tande inhabitants were compared with those in subjects living in the Topoyo village (Indonesia), an area with low indoor radon levels. The activities of SOD and GPX in Tande-Tande sub-village inhabitants did not differ from those in people living in the Topoyo village (0.37 ± 0.021 versus 0.28 ± 0.018 U/mg protein and 8.46 ± 1.48 versus 8.34 ± 1.65 U/mg protein, p >.05). For both populations, there was a significant positive correlation between SOD and GPX activities (p <.001). No significant effects of gender, age, smoking habit, and body mass index on SOD and GPX activities were found for both groups. Although no significant modulation of SOD and GPX activities in PBMCs was detected, further studies should expand the sample size and also assess antioxidant levels in the serum. This study provides a first picture of endogenous antioxidant systems in Tande-Tande sub-village inhabitants, but a more comprehensive analysis, including the measurement of catalase (CAT) activity, might provide additional insight into the effects of chronic exposure to high indoor radon concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a mixture of a suitable chalcone and p-hydrazinobenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride in 1:1.1 mol ratio in ethanol (25 ml) in the presence of glacial acetic acid (0.05 ml) was refluxed for synthesis of 4-(3-(4-Bromophenyl)-5-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) benzenesulfonamide, B4, for 7h at first experiment. Effects of B4 on antioxidant enzymes of gill and liver, and changes in hematological parameters were determined in rainbow trout. For this purpose, rainbow trout alevins were exposed to 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2.5 mg/L of B4 and 1 ml of DMSO for 96 hours. Blood samples were collected for hematological analyzes and mortalities were recorded daily. Exposure to B4 caused significant changes in antioxidant enzymes of gill and liver of alevins (p<0,05). Catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased, while MDA values increased significantly (p<0.05) in gill and liver of fish compared to control group. SOD activity was time dependent; it decreased initially, but then take increased. WBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC levels increased, while RBC Hb, Htc and PLT levels decreased with increasing dose from 0.25 to 2.5 mg/L of B4 (p<0.05) compared to control. There were no differences between control and DMSO group (p>0.05) with respect to all tested properties. It is suggested that B4 should be investigated further for possible usage in aquaculture industry to produce healthy fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy Metals as Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are toxic and harmful to humans and animals. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of three concentrations of an algal mixture of Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris in chelating of the mixture of cadmium chloride and lead nitrate in the liver of seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Na+/K+-ATPase, the total cytochrome P450 (CYP 450), antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutase SOD, Catalase CAT, Glutathione peroxidase Gpx, and non-enzymatic antioxidant metallothionein MTs were measured as biomarkers. n the experimental diets, the first group was fed with a basal diet and lived in seawater (control 1); in other groups, heavy metals (0.003 mg/l of CdCl2 + 0.003 mg/l Pb(NO3)2 were added and fed a basal diet (control 2), or 3% of diet supplemented with the algal mixture of Spirulina and Chlorella in the ratio (1: 1) (diet 1), 5% of a diet with the algal mix (diet 2), and 7% of a diet with the algal mixture (diet 3). Fish were fed 5% of the average body weight three times a day. There is a significant decrease in the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase (P <0.05) between (control 1) and the other groups. The groups of diets 2 and 3 showed significant improvements in the value of Na+/K+-ATPase compared to the control "1" group. The CYP is highly induced in the control "2" compared to the control "1" or other groups. Diet "3" shows a minimum significance of CYP concentration than the control "2". There is a significant increase in SOD and Gpx activities in the liver of treated fishes (diets 2 and 3) compared to the control "2". The results reveal that the best supplement of the algal mixture appears in the concentration of 7% (diet 3). This concentration repairs the ionic disturbance and oxidative stress of lead and cadmium toxicity and increases the antioxidant activities responsible for reactive oxygen species ROS scavenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity has been demonstrated to induce oxidative stress and inflammation processes that lead to senescence in brain cells. Obesity-induced cellular senescence in the brain is still widely investigated. This study aimed to investigate the expression of antioxidant and neuronal markers in the frontal lobes of obese rats. Methods: Eighteen adult rat Sprague Dawley divided into three groups: Control (SO), Obese-2 (DIO2), and Obese-4 (DIO4) were observed. Control rats were fed with a standard diet AIN 76A for two month. In contrast, DIO2 and DIO4 rats were fed with a high-fat diet daily for two and four months, respectively. After being sacrificed, the rats' brains were dissected out then the frontal lobes were used for RNA extraction. Reverse transcriptase PCR of SOD2, GPx, BDNF, NeuN and beta-actin was performed to investigate the relative expression of the antioxidant and neuronal markers. Results: DIO2 and DIO4 groups had significantly increased body Weights, blood glucose level and triglyceride level after being fed with a high-fat diet for two and four months, respectively. The DIO4 group had the significantly lowest mRNA expressions of SOD2, GPx, BDNF and NeuN. Conclusion: Decreased antioxidant and neuronal markers in the rats frontal lobes were observed as the chronic effect of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: L-carnitine is associated with an increase in antioxidant enzymes activities and reduction in oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and L-carnitine cconsumption on hippocampal oxidative stress and neurogenesis factors in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 45 male wistar rats were divided into six groups including sham (5 rats), healthy control (8 rats), diabetic control (8 rats), diabetic receiving L-carnitine (8 rats), diabetic receiving aerobic exercise (8 rats), diabetic receiving L-carnitine and aerobic exercise (8 rats). Rats with serum glucose level higher than 300 mg/dL were considered diabetic. L-carnitine supplemented dose was 100 mg per day. The aerobic exercise protocol including five sessions per week started at a speed of 10 for 20 min at a zero-degree grade in the first week and gradually reached a speed of 20 for 40 min at a grade of 5 in the sixth week. The Hippocampal tissues of the dependent variables (BDNF, MDA and GPX) were measured by ELISA 24 hours after the last session of the exercise program. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at P-value< 0.05 were used to analyze the data. Results: The results of the study revealed that aerobic exercise and L-carnitine consumption have a significant effect on BDNF (P-value= 001), MDA (P-value= 001) and GPX (P-value= 001) of the diabetic rats. Conclusion: According to the results, it is suggested that diabetic patients use aerobic exercise and supplementation with carnitine with caution and physician advice.

Context Diclofenac (DIC) is an NSAID and consumption of this drug creates side effects such as liver injury. Gallic acid (GA), a natural component of many plants, is used as an antioxidant agent. Objective This study assesses the hepatoprotective effects of GA in the rat model of DIC-induced liver toxicity. Materials and methods In this research, the male Wistar rats were separated into five groups (n = 6). Group 1, control, received normal saline (1 mL/kg bw, i.p.); Group 2 received DIC-only (50 mg/kg bw, i.p.); Groups 3, received DIC (50 mg/kg bw, i.p.) plus silymarin (100 mg/kg bw, po), groups 4 and 5 received DIC (50 mg/kg bw, i.p.) plus GA (50 and 100 mg/kg, po, respectively). Results The data demonstrated that the liver levels of the GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT significantly reduced and the levels of the serum protein carbonyl, AST, ALP, ALT, total bilirubin, MDA, serum IL-1β, and the liver IL-1β gene expression were remarkably increased in the second group compared to control group. On the other hand, treatment with GA led to a significant elevation in GSH, GPx, SOD, CAT, and a significant decrease in protein carbonyl, AST, ALP, ALT, total bilirubin, MDA, serum IL-1β, and gene expression of IL-1β in comparison with the second group. Histological changes were also ameliorated by GA oral administration. Discussion and Conclusions: The data show that the oral administration of GA could alleviate the noxious effects of DIC on the antioxidant defense system and liver tissue.

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder affecting carriers of premutation forms of the FMR1 gene, resulting in a progressive development of tremor, ataxia and neuropsychological problems. The disease is caused by an expanded CGG repeat in the FMR1 gene, leading to an RNA gain-of-function toxicity mechanism. In order to study the pathogenesis of FXTAS, new inducible transgenic mouse models have been developed that expresses either 11CGGs or 90CGGs at the RNA level under control of a Tet-On promoter. When bred to an hnRNP-rtTA driver line, doxycycline (dox) induced expression of the transgene could be found in almost all tissues. Dox exposure resulted in loss of weight and death within 5 d for the 90CGG RNA expressing mice. Immunohistochemical examination of tissues of these mice revealed steatosis and apoptosis in the liver. Decreased expression of GPX1 and increased expression of cytochrome C is found. These effects were not seen in mice expressing a normal sized 11CGG repeat. In conclusion, we were able to show in vivo that expression of an expanded CGG-repeat rather than overexpression of a normal CGG-repeat causes pathology. In addition, we have shown that expanded CGG RNA expression can cause mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating expression levels of several markers. Although FTXAS patients do not display liver abnormalities, our findings contribute to understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying toxicity of CGG repeat RNA expression in an animal model. In addition, the dox inducible mouse lines offer new opportunities to study therapeutic interventions for FXTAS.

Superoxide dismutase is a crucial reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and converts the superoxide radical (O2-) to H2O2, so it is thought to enhance abiotic stress tolerance by reducing ROS accumulation and so avoiding oxidative damage. In this study, we isolated a salt- and oxidative stress-responsive Cu/Zn SOD gene TaSOD5 from wheat. The ectopic overexpression of TaSOD5 in Arabidopsis increased total and Cu/Zn SOD activities, and offered the plant tolerance to salt stress. Arabidopsis ectopically expressing TaSOD5 possessed a superior resistance to oxidative stress induced H2O2. The TaSOD5 ectopic overexpression elevated the activities of both ROS scavengers and O2- producer NADPH oxidase. These findings show that Cu/Zn SOD enhances salt tolerance via regulating the machinery of redox homeostasis rather than improving SOD activity alone.

Abstract Background & aim: The use of non-enzymatic antioxidants in food supplements and proper exercise can have a positive effect on decreasing oxidative stress by free radical hunting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and consumption of l-carnitine on some of the oxidative stress factors in diabetic kidney. Methods: In the present experimental study, 45 male Wistar rats(200-300 gr) were randomly divided into six groups: 1) sham group, 2) healthy control group 3) diabetic control group, 4) diabetic group receiving l-carnitine, 5) diabetic group of aerobic training, 6) diabetic group of aerobic training and receiving l-carnitine. Rats were diabetic peritoneal injected with nicotinic amide and a single dose of STZ of 55 mg / kg body weight. Rats in the L-carnitine group received daily of 100 mg of l-carnitine orally. The aerobic exercise protocol included five sessions per week on the treadmill. Data were analyzed by two way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at P 0.05). However, six weeks of aerobic exercise had a significant effect on GPX factor in kidney tissue in diabetic rats (p=0.003). Moreover, supplementation and combined intervention of aerobic exercise and supplementation of l-carnitine did not have a significant effect on GPX factor of kidney tissue in diabetic rats (p>0.05) Conclusion: L-carnitine supplementation intake with regular exercise can have beneficial effects on the body, antioxidant defense system and decreases oxidative stress in rats with type 2 diabetes.

Epilepsy is one of the most common symptoms of many neurological disorders. The typical excessive, synchronous and aberrant firing of neurons originating from different cerebral areas cause spontaneous recurrent epileptic seizures. Prolonged epilepsy can lead to neuronal damage and cell death. The mechanisms underlying epileptic pathogenesis and neuronal death remain unclear. Ferroptosis is a newly defined form of regulated cell death that is characterized by the overload of intracellular iron ions, leading to the accumulation of lethal lipid-based reactive oxygen species (ROS). To date, studies have mainly focused on its role in tumors and various neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Current research shows that inhibition of ferroptosis is likely to be an effective therapeutic approach for epilepsy. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of ferroptosis, regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, related regulatory molecules, and their effects on epilepsy, providing a new direction for discovering new therapeutic targets in epilepsy.

Abstract In intensive care units, sepsis is the first cause of death. In this pathology, inflammation and oxidative status play a crucial role in patient outcomes. Interestingly, 92% of septic patients exhibit low selenium plasma concentrations (a component of antioxidant enzymes). Moreover, Spirulina platensis, a blue‐green algae, demonstrated anti‐inflammatory effects. In this context, the main purpose of our study was to analyze the effect of a selenium‐enriched spirulina after a selenium deficiency on sepsis outcome in rats. Sixty‐four rats were fed 12 weeks with a selenium‐deficient food. After 8 weeks, rats were supplemented (via drinking water) for 4 weeks with sodium selenite (Se), spirulina (Spi), or selenium‐enriched spirulina (SeSp). Sepsis was then induced by cecal ligature and puncture, and survival duration was observed. The plasma selenium concentration was measured by ICPMS. Expression of GPx1 and GPx3 mRNA was measured by RT‐PCR. Blood parameters (lactates and HCO3− concentrations, pH, PO2, and PCO2) were analyzed at 0, 1, and 2 h as well as inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, TNF‐α, IL‐10). Sodium selenite and SeSP supplementations restored plasma selenium concentration prior to sepsis. The survival duration of SeSP septic rats was significantly lower than that of selenium‐supplemented ones. Gpx1 mRNA was increased after a selenium‐enriched spirulina supplementation while Gpx3 mRNA levels remained unchanged. Furthermore, sodium selenite prevented sepsis‐induced acidosis. Our results show that on a basis of a Se deficiency, selenium‐enriched spirulina supplementations significantly worsen sepsis outcome when compared to Se supplementation. Furthermore, Se supplementation but not selenium‐enriched spirulina supplementation decreased inflammation and restored acid–base equilibrium after a sepsis induction.

Epilepsy is one of the most common symptoms of many neurological disorders. The typical excessive, synchronous and aberrant firing of neurons originating from different cerebral areas cause spontaneous recurrent epileptic seizures. Prolonged epilepsy can lead to neuronal damage and cell death. The mechanisms underlying epileptic pathogenesis and neuronal death remain unclear. Ferroptosis is a newly defined form of regulated cell death that is characterized by the overload of intracellular iron ions, leading to the accumulation of lethal lipid-based reactive oxygen species (ROS). To date, studies have mainly focused on its role in tumors and various neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Current research shows that inhibition of ferroptosis is likely to be an effective therapeutic approach for epilepsy. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of ferroptosis, regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, related regulatory molecules, and their effects on epilepsy, providing a new direction for discovering new therapeutic targets in epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In intensive care units, sepsis is the first cause of death. In this pathology, inflammation and oxidative status play a crucial role in patient outcomes. Interestingly, 92% of septic patients exhibit low selenium plasma concentrations (a component of antioxidant enzymes). Moreover, Spirulina platensis, a blue‐green algae, demonstrated anti‐inflammatory effects. In this context, the main purpose of our study was to analyze the effect of a selenium‐enriched spirulina after a selenium deficiency on sepsis outcome in rats. Sixty‐four rats were fed 12 weeks with a selenium‐deficient food. After 8 weeks, rats were supplemented (via drinking water) for 4 weeks with sodium selenite (Se), spirulina (Spi), or selenium‐enriched spirulina (SeSp). Sepsis was then induced by cecal ligature and puncture, and survival duration was observed. The plasma selenium concentration was measured by ICPMS. Expression of GPx1 and GPx3 mRNA was measured by RT‐PCR. Blood parameters (lactates and HCO3− concentrations, pH, PO2, and PCO2) were analyzed at 0, 1, and 2 h as well as inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, TNF‐α, IL‐10). Sodium selenite and SeSP supplementations restored plasma selenium concentration prior to sepsis. The survival duration of SeSP septic rats was significantly lower than that of selenium‐supplemented ones. Gpx1 mRNA was increased after a selenium‐enriched spirulina supplementation while Gpx3 mRNA levels remained unchanged. Furthermore, sodium selenite prevented sepsis‐induced acidosis. Our results show that on a basis of a Se deficiency, selenium‐enriched spirulina supplementations significantly worsen sepsis outcome when compared to Se supplementation. Furthermore, Se supplementation but not selenium‐enriched spirulina supplementation decreased inflammation and restored acid–base equilibrium after a sepsis induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endothelial functions are highly regulated by imposed shear stress in vivo. The characteristics of shear stress determine mechanotransduction events that regulate phenotypic outcomes including redox and inflammatory states. Recent data indicate that microRNAs (miRs) in vascular endothelial cells play an essential role in shear stress-regulated endothelial responses. More specifically, atheroprotective pulsatile flow (PS) induces miRs that inhibit mediators of oxidative stress and inflammation while promoting those involved in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Conversely, oscillatory flow (OS) elicits the opposing networks. This is exemplified by the PS-responsive transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), which regulates miR expression but is also regulated by OS-sensitive miRs to ultimately regulate the oxidative and inflammatory state of the endothelium. In this review, we outline important findings demonstrating the multifaceted roles of shear stress-regulated miRs in endothelial redox and inflammatory balance. Furthermore, we discuss the use of algorithms in deciphering signaling networks differentially regulated by PS and OS.

Methyl mercury chloride "MMC" (CH3ClHg) is an ubiquitous environmental toxicant that causes a variety of adverse effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of sub-chronic toxicity of MMC on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) through the evaluation of growth performance and hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress biomarkers. From 150 healthy fish, five equally sized treatment groups were created: a control (CT) group fed with a basal diet and four MMC treatment groups exposed to 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg of MMC per kg of basal diet for 60 days. MMC exposure significantly reduced the growth performance and survival of O. niloticus and decreased red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration. Treated fish exhibited normocytic normochromic anemia in addition to leucopenia, lymphopenia, granulocytopenia, and monocytopenia. Moreover, MMC exposure significantly affected liver function, including a reduction in the total protein levels while increasing cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It also markedly increased the production of stress biomarkers such as glucose and cortisol levels. Furthermore, MMC significantly elevated the levels of hepatic enzymes, induced tissue damage, and caused inflammation, as indicated by the upregulation of mRNA expression of hepatic metallothionein. Finally, MMC exposure induced oxidative stress by altering the antioxidant status of the liver and downregulating the mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-reductase. In conclusion, MMC toxicity induced hematological and biochemical alterations, leading to an enhanced state of oxidative stress in O. niloticus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GPX and KML are open and multi-purpose, which are widely used in many fields such as basic geological survey, geochemical survey, geophysical survey, engineering survey and so on. Based on the analysis of the syntax features, basic structure and expression of GPX and KML files, this paper discussed the construction methods of GPX and KML files by taking the construction of navigation files of point information as an example. According to the specifications of GPX and KML files, an automatic construction program of GPX and KML files is designed and compiled, which realizes the automatic generation of batch point navigation files and supports in related software, and shows good effects of holding and displaying, which is helpful to simplify work flow and improve work efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The trace element selenium (Se) is needed for regular biosynthesis of selenoproteins, which contribute to antioxidative defense systems and affect redox-regulated signaling. Elevated Se intake and selenoprotein expression levels have been associated with impaired hydrogen peroxide-dependent signaling by insulin, leading to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. The relation of low Se intake with glucose status and carbohydrate metabolism is poorly known. Research design and methods: A cross sectional analysis among healthy subjects residing in two Chinese counties with different habitual Se intakes was conducted. Fasted glucose levels were related to Se concentrations of 5686 adults by linear regression analysis with Se, body mass index, age, thyroid status, insulin and sex as independent variables. Results: Serum Se correlated strongly and positively with glucose in the Se-deficient population. There was no strong relationship of Se and glucose in the non-deficient population. Overt hypoglycemia (serum glucose

Introduction: Many physiological, biochemical and toxicological reactions are occurred in liver. Therefore, healthy function of this organ is vital for the whole body. In spite of having potent endogenous antioxidant system, lots of reactions in liver make it more susceptible to stressors. It is established that improving the potency of liver antioxidants can increase its ability to resist against different kinds of oxidative stressors. Therefore, this study designed to determine whether p-coumaric alleviate ischemia-reperfusion-induced hepatic injury (IRI) in rats. Methods: Thirty-two rats were randomly assigned in sham, p-coumaric acid (PC), ischemia- reperfusion (IR) and p-coumaric acid pretreated IR (PC+IR) groups (n=8 in each group). Animals in sham group underwent laparotomy but not IR injury; rats in PC group did not experience any surgical procedures; IR and PC+IR groups underwent hepatic IR injury. P-coumaric acid at 100mg/kg were given for 7 consecutive days to PC and PC+IR groups. The last dose of p-coumaric acid was injected just before surgery on 7th days of experiment. The levels of malondialdehyde, TAC, ALT and AST were determined. A molecular evaluation to quantify the gene expression of SOD and GPx was done in liver homogenate. Results: P-coumaric mitigated the hepatic injuries induced by IR and improved TAC, ALT, AST, SOD and GPx. This pretreatment was also decreased MDA level. Conclusion: The current outcomes showed that PC via improving the endogenous level of antioxidants in liver tissues and inhibiting IR-induced inflammation maintain the liver structure and function of liver against IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]